79:. The propagation path loss as well as the attenuation by materials such as brick and concrete is lower in the UHF and VHF bands than in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, which increases the possible range compared to 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac. The frequency channels are 6 to 8 MHz wide, depending on the regulatory domain. Up to four channels may be bonded in either one or two contiguous blocks. MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either
415:
This closed-loop scheme requires each station to report its position after a timer has expired or it has moved 50 m or more, and to stop transmitting within 5 s when instructed to do so. Compared to the open-loop scheme used by the FCC, the closed-loop scheme used by the ETSI and Ofcom is more granular and allows for a more efficient spectrum utilization.
414:
permit TV white space operation in 8 MHz channels between 490 and 790 MHz, with the GDB granting use for up to 2 hours. The allowed transmit power is dynamically set on a per-station basis, based on factors including the geographical distance to the next primary user in the given frequency.
95:
The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels. With four spatial streams and four bonded channels, the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit/s in 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit/s for 8 MHz
806:
Villardi, Gabriel; Sum, Chin-Sean; Sun, Chen; Alemseged, Yohannes; Lan, Zhou; Harada, Hiroshi (2012). "Efficiency of
Dynamic Frequency Selection Based Coexistence Mechanisms for TV White Space Enabled Cognitive Wireless Access Points".
62:
technology is used to transmit on unused portions of TV channel band allocations, with the standard taking measures to limit interference for primary users, such as analog TV, digital TV, and wireless microphones.
442:(WRAN) standard, for ranges up to 100 km. Coexistence between 802.22 and 802.11af standards can be implemented either in centralized or distributed manners and based on various coexistence techniques.
1120:
771:
Villardi, Gabriel; Alemseged, Yohannes; Sun, Chen; Sum, Chin-Sean; Nguyen, Tran; Baykas, Tuncer; Harada, Hiroshi (2011). "Enabling
Coexistence of Multiple Cognitive Networks in TV White Space".
426:
is another WLAN standard for sub 1 GHz operation being developed by the IEEE. Unlike 802.11af, it operates in unlicensed bands. Its main application is expected to be in sensor networks.
645:
403:
granting use for up to 48 hours. For mobile stations, allowed transmit power is fixed to 100 mW per 6 MHz channel, or 40 mW if an adjacent channel is in use by a primary user.
407:
396:
1327:
2095:
72:
860:
652:
679:
Lee, Wookbong; Kwak, Jin-Sam; Kafle, Padam; Tingleff, Jens; Yucek, Tevfik; Porat, Ron; Erceg, Vinko; Lan, Zhou; Harada, Hiroshi (2012-07-10).
532:
2131:
2121:
388:(GDB) provided by a regional regulatory agency to discover which frequency channels are available for use at a given time and position.
970:
1396:
915:
392:
589:
1095:
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43:
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2169:
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846:
588:
Flores, Adriana B.; Guerra, Ryan E.; Knightly, Edward W.; Ecclesine, Peter; Pandey, Santosh (October 2013).
456:
400:
385:
1342:
903:
480:
2136:
1259:
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47:
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2015:
539:
1284:
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824:
788:
434:
In addition to 802.11af, the IEEE has standardized another white space cognitive radio standard,
380:
Access points and stations determine their position using a satellite positioning system such as
1833:
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1597:
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1577:
438:. While 802.11af is a wireless LAN standard designed for ranges up to 1 km, 802.22 is a
395:(FCC) permits TV white space operation in 6 MHz channels between 54 and 698 MHz in
1726:
1392:
816:
780:
35:
1155:
511:"Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22 standards – physical layer and cognitive functionality"
84:
59:
2010:
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1135:
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1005:
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1387:
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1367:
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1307:
828:
533:"Enabling Co-channel Coexistence of 802.22 and 802.11af Systems in TV White Spaces"
1972:
1712:
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58:
bands between 54 and 790 MHz. The standard was approved in
February 2014.
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752:"Metropolitan and Regional Wireless Networking: 802.16, 802.20 and 802.22"
1417:
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76:
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1115:
955:
476:
411:
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1085:
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945:
538:. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Archived from
842:
590:"IEEE 802.11af: A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing"
381:
55:
51:
96:
channels. GI (Guard
Interval) : Timing between symbols
624:"Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines"
646:"TVWS Regulation and Standardization (IEEE 802.11af)"
71:
The physical (PHY) layer in 802.11af is based on the
2109:
2073:
1971:
1711:
1411:
1293:
1188:
1179:
876:
504:
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509:Lekomtcev, Demain; Maršálek, Roman (June 2012).
618:
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408:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
674:
672:
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8:
699:
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1185:
861:
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839:
73:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
705:"P802.11ah Project Authorization Request"
531:Xiaojun Feng; Qian Zhang; Bo Li (2011).
98:
496:
468:
102:Data rate per spatial stream (Mbit/s)
7:
730:"802.11ah: WiFi Standard for 900MHz"
399:2, 5, 6, 14–35, and 38–51, with the
14:
393:Federal Communications Commission
384:and use the Internet to query a
483:) also uses OFDM in this band.
440:wireless regional area network
1:
728:Churchill, Sam (2013-08-30).
809:IEEE Wireless Communications
773:IEEE Wireless Communications
750:Thiel, Justin (2006–2007).
406:In the European Union, the
75:(OFDM) scheme specified in
44:wireless local area network
2209:
2165:IEEE Standards Association
644:Dongguk Lim (2013-05-23).
391:In the United States, the
101:
15:
2155:
124:
122:6 and 7 MHz channels
121:
116:
111:
106:
821:10.1109/MWC.2012.6393520
785:10.1109/MWC.2011.5999762
419:Comparison with 802.11ah
16:Not to be confused with
2170:Category:IEEE standards
475:Broadcast TV&Radio(
46:(WLAN) operation in TV
595:. IEEE. Archived from
481:Digital Radio Mondiale
430:Comparison with 802.22
26:, also referred to as
87:(MU-MIMO) operation.
81:space–time block code
457:Geolocation Database
401:geolocation database
386:geolocation database
125:8 MHz channels
48:white space spectrum
42:family, that allows
732:. dailywireless.org
681:"TGaf PHY proposal"
376:Spectrum regulation
36:computer networking
710:. IEEE. 2010-09-30
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38:standard in the
34:, is a wireless
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60:Cognitive radio
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870:IEEE standards
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683:. IEEE P802.11
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513:. elektrorevue
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67:Physical layer
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1253:WiMAX · d · e
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658:on 2020-04-23
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424:IEEE 802.11ah
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24:IEEE 802.11af
19:
2159:
1955:
1931:
1897:
1871:
1846:
1791:
1555:
1528:
1501:
815:(6): 69–75.
812:
808:
801:
779:(4): 32–40.
776:
772:
766:
755:. Retrieved
745:
734:. Retrieved
723:
712:. Retrieved
685:. Retrieved
660:. Retrieved
653:the original
639:
628:. Retrieved
626:. 2014-03-24
604:. Retrieved
597:the original
547:. Retrieved
540:the original
526:
515:. Retrieved
471:
433:
422:
405:
390:
379:
94:
70:
31:
27:
23:
22:
2191:IEEE 802.11
1732:legacy mode
452:Super Wi-Fi
410:(ETSI) and
397:TV channels
139:2.25 μs GI
32:Super Wi-Fi
2110:Superseded
1181:802 series
757:2013-12-31
736:2014-02-11
714:2014-02-11
687:2013-12-29
662:2013-12-29
630:2014-03-24
606:2013-12-29
549:2014-01-19
517:2013-12-29
491:References
112:Modulation
91:Data rates
85:multi-user
83:(STBC) or
1985:Bluetooth
136:4.5 μs GI
2185:Category
2160:See also
2117:754-1985
2074:Proposed
1418:Ethernet
904:Revision
793:28929874
446:See also
77:802.11ac
28:White-Fi
2101:P1906.1
1962:Wi-Fi 8
1938:Wi-Fi 7
1904:Wi-Fi 6
1853:Wi-Fi 5
1798:Wi-Fi 4
877:Current
829:3134504
354:256-QAM
331:256-QAM
133:3 μs GI
130:6 μs GI
50:in the
18:802.3af
2005:Zigbee
1973:802.15
1713:802.11
951:1149.1
827:
791:
436:802.22
308:64-QAM
285:64-QAM
262:64-QAM
239:16-QAM
216:16-QAM
117:Coding
40:802.11
2096:P1823
2091:P1699
2086:P1619
2081:P1363
1863:WiGig
1727:-1997
1718:Wi-Fi
1427:-1983
1413:802.3
1295:802.1
1171:42010
1166:29148
1161:16326
1156:16085
1151:14764
1146:12207
1141:11073
825:S2CID
789:S2CID
708:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
649:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
593:(PDF)
543:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
477:DVB-T
463:Notes
412:Ofcom
369:35.6
346:32.0
323:26.7
300:24.0
277:21.3
254:16.0
231:10.7
109:index
2147:1471
2142:1364
2137:1362
2132:1233
2127:1219
1397:LACP
1136:2050
1131:2030
1126:1905
1121:1904
1116:1902
1111:1901
1106:1900
1101:1855
1096:1850
1091:1849
1086:1815
1081:1801
1076:1800
1071:1733
1066:1722
1061:1685
1056:1675
1051:1667
1046:1666
1041:1619
1036:1613
1031:1603
1026:1596
1021:1588
1016:1584
1011:1547
1006:1541
1001:1516
996:1497
991:1451
986:1394
981:1355
976:1284
971:1278
966:1275
961:1164
956:1154
946:1076
941:1016
936:1014
931:1003
366:32.0
363:26.7
360:24.0
343:28.8
340:24.0
337:21.6
320:24.0
317:20.0
314:18.0
297:21.6
294:18.0
291:16.2
274:19.2
271:16.0
268:14.4
251:14.4
248:12.0
245:10.8
208:8.0
193:QPSK
185:5.3
170:QPSK
162:2.7
147:BPSK
119:rate
114:type
54:and
30:and
2122:830
2046:.4z
2041:.4g
2036:.4f
2031:.4e
2026:.4d
2021:.4c
2016:.4b
2011:.4a
1338:Qbb
1333:Qaz
1328:Qay
1323:Qat
1318:Qav
1285:.24
1280:.22
1275:.21
1270:.20
1265:.18
1260:.17
1248:.16
1243:.14
1238:.12
1233:.10
1190:802
926:896
921:829
916:828
911:854
899:754
894:730
889:693
884:488
817:doi
781:doi
382:GPS
357:5/6
334:3/4
311:5/6
288:3/4
265:2/3
242:3/4
228:9.6
225:8.0
222:7.2
219:1/2
205:7.2
202:6.0
199:5.4
196:3/4
182:4.8
179:4.0
176:3.6
173:1/2
159:2.4
156:2.0
153:1.8
150:1/2
107:MCS
56:UHF
52:VHF
2187::
2061:.7
2056:.6
2051:.5
2001:.4
1996:.3
1991:.2
1981:.1
1957:bn
1952:bk
1949:bi
1946:bh
1943:bf
1933:be
1928:bd
1925:bc
1921:bb
1917:ba
1914:az
1910:ay
1899:ax
1894:aq
1891:ak
1887:aj
1882:ai
1877:ah
1872:af
1868:ae
1859:ad
1848:ac
1843:aa
1703:df
1698:de
1693:dd
1688:db
1683:da
1678:cz
1673:cy
1668:cx
1663:cw
1658:cv
1653:cu
1648:ct
1643:cs
1638:cr
1633:cq
1628:cp
1623:cn
1618:cm
1613:ck
1608:ch
1603:cg
1598:ce
1593:cd
1588:cc
1583:cb
1578:ca
1573:bz
1568:by
1563:bu
1557:bt
1551:ba
1546:az
1541:av
1536:au
1530:at
1524:aq
1519:an
1514:ak
1509:ah
1503:af
1497:ae
1492:ad
1487:ac
1482:ab
1403:BA
1393:AX
1388:AS
1383:aq
1378:ak
1373:ah
1368:ag
1363:AE
1358:ad
1353:AB
1228:.9
1223:.8
1218:.7
1213:.6
1208:.5
1203:.4
1198:.2
823:.
813:19
811:.
787:.
777:18
775:.
696:^
671:^
615:^
558:^
499:^
479:,
2007:)
2003:(
1987:)
1983:(
1964:)
1960:(
1940:)
1936:(
1906:)
1902:(
1865:)
1861:(
1855:)
1851:(
1839:z
1834:y
1829:w
1824:v
1819:u
1814:s
1809:r
1804:p
1800:)
1796:(
1793:n
1787:k
1782:j
1777:i
1772:h
1767:g
1762:f
1757:e
1752:d
1747:c
1742:b
1737:a
1720:)
1716:(
1477:z
1472:y
1467:x
1462:u
1457:j
1452:i
1447:e
1442:d
1437:b
1432:a
1420:)
1416:(
1399:)
1395:(
1348:X
1343:w
1313:Q
1308:p
1303:D
862:e
855:t
848:v
831:.
819::
795:.
783::
760:.
739:.
717:.
690:.
665:.
633:.
609:.
552:.
520:.
351:9
328:8
305:7
282:6
259:5
236:4
213:3
190:2
167:1
144:0
20:.
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