140:
radiative/nonradiative recombinations and determines the luminous efficiency of the device. Quaternary and higher compositions allow adjusting simultaneously the band gap and the lattice constant, allowing increasing radiant efficiency at wider range of wavelengths; for example AlGaInP is used for LEDs. Materials transparent to the generated wavelength of light are advantageous, as this allows more efficient extraction of photons from the bulk of the material. That is, in such transparent materials, light production is not limited to just the surface. Index of refraction is also composition-dependent and influences the extraction efficiency of photons from the material.
7559:
296:
7571:
7620:
135:. The result is ternary, quaternary, or even quinary compositions. Ternary compositions allow adjusting the band gap within the range of the involved binary compounds; however, in case of combination of direct and indirect band gap materials there is a ratio where indirect band gap prevails, limiting the range usable for optoelectronics; e.g. AlGaAs
124:
which is suitable as a lattice-matching insulating substrate for GaAs devices. Conversely, silicon is robust, cheap, and easy to process, whereas GaAs is brittle and expensive, and insulation layers cannot be created by just growing an oxide layer; GaAs is therefore used only where silicon is not sufficient.
3469:
Direct band gap for x<0.4 (corresponding to 1.42–1.95 eV); can be lattice-matched to GaAs substrate over entire composition range; tends to oxidize; n-doping with Si, Se, Te; p-doping with Zn, C, Be, Mg. Can be used for infrared laser diodes. Used as a barrier layer in GaAs devices to confine
4064:
Also InAlGaP, InGaAlP, AlInGaP; for lattice matching to GaAs substrates the In mole fraction is fixed at about 0.48, the Al/Ga ratio is adjusted to achieve band gaps between about 1.9 and 2.35 eV; direct or indirect band gaps depending on the Al/Ga/In ratios; used for waveengths between 560 and
123:
of silicon; it can be alloyed to ternary and quaternary compositions, with adjustable band gap width, allowing light emission at chosen wavelengths, which makes possible matching to the wavelengths most efficiently transmitted through optical fibers. GaAs can be also grown in a semi-insulating form,
1812:
Tin sulfide (SnS) is a semiconductor with direct optical band gap of 1.3 eV and absorption coefficient above 10 cm for photon energies above 1.3 eV. It is a p-type semiconductor whose electrical properties can be tailored by doping and structural modification and has emerged as one of the
3966:
N, x usually between 0.02 and 0.3 (0.02 for near-UV, 0.1 for 390 nm, 0.2 for 420 nm, 0.3 for 440 nm). Can be grown epitaxially on sapphire, SiC wafers or silicon. Used in modern blue and green LEDs, InGaN quantum wells are effective emitters from green to ultraviolet. Insensitive to
1550:. Intrinsic n-type, p-type doping is difficult. Heavy aluminium, indium, or gallium doping yields transparent conductive coatings; ZnO:Al is used as window coatings transparent in visible and reflective in infrared region and as conductive films in LCD displays and solar panels as a replacement of
5057:
Nielsen, Rasmus; Youngman, Tomas H.; Moustafa, Hadeel; Levcenco, Sergiu; Hempel, Hannes; Crovetto, Andrea; Olsen, Thomas; Hansen, Ole; Chorkendorff, Ib; Unold, Thomas; Vesborg, Peter C. K. (2022). "Origin of photovoltaic losses in selenium solar cells with open-circuit voltages approaching 1 V".
5437:
Burton, Lee A.; Whittles, Thomas J.; Hesp, David; Linhart, Wojciech M.; Skelton, Jonathan M.; Hou, Bo; Webster, Richard F.; O'Dowd, Graeme; Reece, Christian; Cherns, David; Fermin, David J.; Veal, Tim D.; Dhanak, Vin R.; Walsh, Aron (2016). "Electronic and optical properties of single crystal
1209:
Used in early low to medium brightness cheap red/orange/green LEDs. Used standalone or with GaAsP. Transparent for yellow and red light, used as substrate for GaAsP red/yellow LEDs. Doped with S or Te for n-type, with Zn for p-type. Pure GaP emits green, nitrogen-doped GaP emits yellow-green,
1235:
Second most common in use after silicon, commonly used as substrate for other III-V semiconductors, e.g. InGaAs and GaInNAs. Brittle. Lower hole mobility than Si, P-type CMOS transistors unfeasible. High impurity density, difficult to fabricate small structures. Used for near-IR LEDs, fast
139:
are limited to 660 nm by this. Lattice constants of the compounds also tend to be different, and the lattice mismatch against the substrate, dependent on the mixing ratio, causes defects in amounts dependent on the mismatch magnitude; this influences the ratio of achievable
424:(InAsSbP). The properties of III-V compound semiconductors are similar to their group IV counterparts. The higher ionicity in these compounds, and especially in the II-VI compound, tends to increase the fundamental bandgap with respect to the less ionic compounds.
3523:=0.015, InGaAs perfectly lattice-matches germanium; can be used in multijunction photovoltaic cells. Used in infrared sensors, avalanche photodiodes, laser diodes, optical fiber communication detectors, and short-wavelength infrared cameras.
4447:
Used in infrared detectors, infrared imaging sensors, and infrared astronomy. Better mechanical and thermal properties than HgCdTe but more difficult to control the composition. More difficult to form complex heterostructures.
1348:
Used for infrared detectors for 1–3.8 μm, cooled or uncooled. High electron mobility. InAs dots in InGaAs matrix can serve as quantum dots. Quantum dots may be formed from a monolayer of InAs on InP or GaAs. Strong
1180:. Very sensitive to ESD. Insensitive to ionizing radiation. GaN transistors can operate at higher voltages and higher temperatures than GaAs, used in microwave power amplifiers. When doped with e.g. manganese, becomes a
5847:
Shin, S.; Suga, S.; Taniguchi, M.; Fujisawa, M.; Kanzaki, H.; Fujimori, A.; Daimon, H.; Ueda, Y.; Kosuge, K. (1990). "Vacuum-ultraviolet reflectance and photoemission study of the metal-insulator phase transitions in
1900:
Efficient thermoelectric material near room temperature when alloyed with selenium or antimony. Narrow-gap layered semiconductor. High electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity. Topological insulator.
1382:
Used in infrared detectors and thermal imaging sensors, high quantum efficiency, low stability, require cooling, used in military long-range thermal imager systems. AlInSb-InSb-AlInSb structure used as
2484:
is a layered direct bandgap semiconductor with bandgap of 2.4 eV in its bulk form, whereas its 2D monolayer has an indirect bandgap of ~2.5 eV, with possibilities to tune the bandgap between 1–3 eV
3731:
Used as a buffer layer in InSb-based quantum wells and other devices grown on GaAs and GaSb substrates. Also used as the active layer in some mid-infrared LEDs and photodiodes.
6066:
Arora, Himani; Jung, Younghun; Venanzi, Tommaso; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Hübner, René; Schneider, Harald; Helm, Manfred; Hone, James C.; Erbe, Artur (2019-11-20).
5150:
Nielsen, Rasmus; Crovetto, Andrea; Assar, Alireza; Hansen, Ole; Chorkendorff, Ib; Vesborg, Peter C.K. (12 March 2024). "Monolithic
Selenium/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells".
313:
1079:
Piezoelectric. Not used on its own as a semiconductor; AlN-close GaAlN possibly usable for ultraviolet LEDs. Inefficient emission at 210 nm was achieved on AlN.
4868:
Isberg, Jan; Hammersberg, Johan; Johansson, Erik; Wikström, Tobias; Twitchen, Daniel J.; Whitehead, Andrew J.; Coe, Steven E.; Scarsbrook, Geoffrey A. (2002-09-06).
7723:
1583:
Used for blue lasers and LEDs. Easy to n-type doping, p-type doping is difficult but can be done with e.g. nitrogen. Common optical material in infrared optics.
7609:
7464:
7141:
1633:
Can be grown on AlSb, GaSb, InAs, and PbSe. Used in solar cells, components of microwave generators, blue LEDs and lasers. Used in electrooptics. Together with
5402:
Patel, Malkeshkumar; Indrajit
Mukhopadhyay; Abhijit Ray (26 May 2013). "Annealing influence over structural and optical properties of sprayed SnS thin films".
1431:. Intrinsic n-type, difficult to dope p-type, but can be p-type doped with nitrogen. Possible use in optoelectronics. Tested for high-efficiency solar cells.
4676:
4326:
6946:
4990:
S.H. Groves, C.R. Pidgeon, A.W. Ewald, R.J. Wagner
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 31, Issue 9, September 1970, Pages 2031-2049 (1970).
1323:
Commonly used as substrate for epitaxial InGaAs. Superior electron velocity, used in high-power and high-frequency applications. Used in optoelectronics.
6819:
4596:
3629:
transistors, adjusting lattice constant between GaAs substrate and GaInAs channel. Can form layered heterostructures acting as quantum wells, in e.g.
2221:
One of the most studied semiconductors. Many applications and effects first demonstrated with it. Formerly used in rectifier diodes, before silicon.
7281:
5678:
Botha, J. R.; Scriven, G. J.; Engelbrecht, J. A. A.; Leitch, A. W. R. (1999). "Photoluminescence properties of metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial Zn
7248:
7243:
6577:
2991:
Used in infrared detectors for 1–5 μm. Used in infrared astronomy. High stability, low drift, used for measurements. Low quantum efficiency.
1962:
N-type intrinsic semiconductor. Very high electron mobility. Used in infrared detectors, photodetectors, dynamic thin-film pressure sensors, and
6447:
Trukhan, V. M.; Izotov, A. D.; Shoukavaya, T. V. (2014). "Compounds and solid solutions of the Zn-Cd-P-As system in semiconductor electronics".
7717:
6295:
5831:
5804:
5368:
5341:
4852:
4722:
4632:
1759:; the detectors are slow due to high dielectric constant of PbS. Oldest material used in infrared detectors. At room temperature can detect
4648:
4153:
476:
421:
5976:
Kobayashi, K.; Yamauchi, J. (1995). "Electronic structure and scanning-tunneling-microscopy image of molybdenum dichalcogenide surfaces".
4373:. Used in solar cells. Can be used to generate and detect terahertz radiation. Can be used as a substrate for epitaxial growth of HgCdTe.
3967:
radiation damage, possible use in satellite solar cells. Insensitive to defects, tolerant to lattice mismatch damage. High heat capacity.
5791:. Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter. Vol. 41C: Non-Tetrahedrally Bonded Elements and Binary Compounds I. pp. 1–4.
435:(MOVPE) is the most popular deposition technology for the formation of compound semiconducting thin films for devices. It uses ultrapure
7286:
4340:
Can be grown on InAs, GaSb, and other substrates. Can be lattice matched by varying composition. Possibly usable for mid-infrared LEDs.
1608:
Band gap 3.54 eV (cubic), 3.91 (hexagonal). Can be doped both n-type and p-type. Common scintillator/phosphor when suitably doped.
4416:, zero band gap) and CdTe. High electron mobility. The only common material capable of operating in both 3–5 μm and 12–15 μm
645:
High carrier mobilities and high electric breakdown field at room temperature as excellent electronics characteristics. Extremely high
7302:
6654:
4124:
4049:
3066:
Used in some gamma-ray and x-ray detectors and imaging systems operating at room temperature. Used as a real-time x-ray image sensor.
417:
6400:
Hussain, Aftab M.; Fahad, Hossain M.; Singh, Nirpendra; Sevilla, Galo A. Torres; Schwingenschlögl, Udo; Hussain, Muhammad M. (2014).
7655:
7602:
7430:
7365:
7307:
6804:
6173:
5226:
4684:
4656:
4100:
3840:
3675:
3569:
432:
335:
6165:
7815:
7435:
7198:
6679:
5759:"Physics and chemistry of photocatalytic titanium dioxide: Visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy"
4302:
3266:
The following semiconducting systems can be tuned to some extent, and represent not a single material but a class of materials.
602:
Used in early radar detection diodes and first transistors; requires lower purity than silicon. A substrate for high-efficiency
7449:
6956:
6814:
6068:"Effective Hexagonal Boron Nitride Passivation of Few-Layered InSe and GaSe to Enhance Their Electronic and Optical Properties"
4483:
1502:
603:
5247:"Determination of the optical band-gap energy of cubic and hexagonal boron nitride using luminescence excitation spectroscopy"
7400:
6926:
6720:
6669:
4537:
2722:. Band gap for iron oxide nanoparticles was found to be 2.2 eV and on doping the band gap found to be increased up to 2.5 eV
629:
317:
6242:
Synthesis and Room
Temperature Magnetic Behavior of Nickel Oxide Nanocrystallites Kwanruthai Wongsaprom* and Santi Maensiri
7233:
4076:
3794:
6353:"Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Response from Copper Antimony Zinc Sulfide Thin Films on Transparent Conducting Electrode"
4278:
4182:
7595:
7520:
7500:
6880:
6639:
5384:
5305:
5245:
Evans, D. A.; McGlynn, A. G.; Towlson, B. M.; Gunn, M.; Jones, D.; Jenkins, T. E.; Winter, R.; Poolton, N. R. J (2008).
4206:
3644:
3184:
464:
65:—the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study in
6233:
Synthesis and
Characterization of Nano-Dimensional Nickelous Oxide (NiO) Semiconductor S. Chakrabarty and K. Chatterjee
5004:
4254:
7410:
6885:
6570:
3913:
3822:
3701:
5789:
Landolt-Börnstein – Group III Condensed Matter. Numerical Data and
Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
4230:
45:
it with impurities that alter its electronic properties in a controllable way. Because of their application in the
7766:
7761:
7661:
7420:
7273:
7262:
7136:
6983:
6941:
6921:
4779:
3978:
3848:
3766:
3439:
2693:
2626:
569:; dominates worldwide PV market; easy to fabricate; good electrical and mechanical properties. Forms high quality
306:
6834:
6809:
6649:
6383:
5660:
crystals on wavelength modulated photoconductivity and photoresponnse spectra of
Schottky diodes investigation".
4384:
4370:
4021:
3870:
3595:
3125:
2670:
1756:
5022:
Abass, A. K.; Ahmad, N. H. (1986). "Indirect band gap investigation of orthorhombic single crystals of sulfur".
7740:
7574:
7335:
7317:
7208:
7054:
7041:
7036:
6936:
4615:
Jones, E.D. (1991). "Control of
Semiconductor Conductivity by Doping". In Miller, L. S.; Mullin, J. B. (eds.).
3683:
3534:
1724:
646:
185:
5913:"Atomic structure and defect dynamics of monolayer lead iodide nanodisks with epitaxial alignment on graphene"
5644:
Syrbu, N. N.; Stamov, I. G.; Morozova, V. I.; Kiossev, V. K.; Peev, L. G. (1980). "Energy band structure of Zn
5087:"Ultrathin high band gap solar cells with improved efficiencies from the world's oldest photovoltaic material"
3742:
2648:
1787:
Low thermal conductivity, good thermoelectric material at elevated temperature for thermoelectric generators.
1176:
Problematic to be doped to p-type, p-doping with Mg and annealing allowed first high-efficiency blue LEDs and
3474:). AlGaAs with composition close to AlAs is almost transparent to sunlight. Used in GaAs/AlGaAs solar cells.
7734:
7425:
7345:
7223:
7193:
6951:
6931:
6860:
6746:
6741:
6710:
6705:
6187:"Synthesis of ultra small iron oxide and doped iron oxide nanostructures and their antimicrobial activities"
3485:
3214:
Copper zinc antimony sulfide is derived from copper antimony sulfide (CAS), a famatinite class of compound.
3143:
2885:
2859:
2129:
1514:
482:
413:
408:). The range of possible formulae is quite broad because these elements can form binary (two elements, e.g.
275:
269:
242:
34:
7683:
4459:
7563:
7405:
7375:
7340:
7327:
7213:
6988:
6789:
6779:
6674:
6563:
5525:
Borisenko, Sergey; et al. (2014). "Experimental
Realization of a Three-Dimensional Dirac Semimetal".
4431:
4351:
3941:
2831:
1181:
458:
361:
259:
77:
42:
5587:
7677:
7380:
7370:
7350:
7203:
7026:
6829:
6632:
6627:
4591:
4571:
4523:
3630:
3225:
2806:
444:
409:
264:
7729:
7700:
7415:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7360:
7355:
6870:
6799:
6644:
6612:
6499:
6413:
6198:
5985:
5924:
5877:
5695:
5610:
5544:
5496:
5411:
5261:
5169:
5098:
5031:
4944:
4881:
4702:
2783:
2547:
2522:
2495:
1510:
1498:
1399:. Transistors can operate below 0.5V and above 200 GHz. Terahertz frequencies maybe achievable.
1138:
784:
615:
562:
470:
179:
175:
136:
182:. Many have high carrier mobilities and direct energy gaps, making them useful for optoelectronics.
7623:
7069:
7049:
7016:
6824:
6760:
6700:
6659:
4168:
4139:
3516:
3053:
3002:
2273:
1638:
1506:
1396:
1354:
1270:
1090:
550:
6272:
Temperature
Dependence of Spectroscopic Performance of Thallium Bromide X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors
3811:
Used as a barrier layer in infrared photodetectors. Can be lattice matched to GaSb, InAs and InP.
3515:
Well-developed material. Can be lattice matched to InP substrates. Use in infrared technology and
7667:
7105:
7064:
7011:
6784:
6664:
6464:
6429:
6216:
6113:
5958:
5568:
5534:
5287:
5159:
5132:
4960:
4913:
4405:
3316:
3027:
2911:
2758:
2434:
2360:
2277:
1255:
1114:
828:
611:
574:
7110:
5662:
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of II-V Compounds
7672:
7131:
7126:
7059:
6855:
6794:
6725:
6715:
6291:
6285:
6169:
6105:
6097:
6045:
6001:
5950:
5893:
5827:
5821:
5800:
5626:
5560:
5364:
5358:
5337:
5246:
5222:
5124:
4905:
4897:
4848:
4718:
4680:
4652:
4628:
4409:
3351:
3042:
Used in some gamma-ray and x-ray detectors and imaging systems operating at room temperature.
2979:
2719:
1912:
1880:
1676:
1483:
1392:
1388:
1368:
1195:
1065:
558:
353:
174:
semiconductors: Crystallizing with high degree of stoichiometry, most can be obtained as both
100:
66:
4842:
2280:
applications. Formerly used in URDOX resistors, conducting at high temperature. Resistant to
1974:
is actually a zero band-gap Dirac semimetal in which electrons behave relativistically as in
7788:
7188:
7156:
7146:
6617:
6542:
6507:
6456:
6421:
6364:
6331:
6206:
6087:
6079:
6035:
5993:
5940:
5932:
5885:
5792:
5739:
5726:
Rahimi, N.; Pax, R. A.; MacA. Gray, E. (2016). "Review of functional titanium oxides. I: TiO
5703:
5618:
5552:
5504:
5459:
5451:
5419:
5331:
5277:
5269:
5177:
5114:
5106:
5067:
5039:
4952:
4889:
4710:
4620:
4401:
2733:
2448:
2346:
2281:
2232:
2174:
2142:
2108:
2021:
1942:
1738:
1652:
1551:
1410:
1309:
1221:
1047:
1007:
607:
544:
357:
232:
202:
192:
132:
120:
96:
5195:
Rajalakshmi, M.; Arora, Akhilesh (2001). "Stability of Monoclinic Selenium Nanoparticles".
4979:
Single-Crystal Diamond Nanomechanical Resonators with Quality Factors exceeding one Million
7782:
7745:
7100:
7031:
6251:
6185:
Kumar, Manish; Sharma, Anjna; Maurya, Indresh Kumar; Thakur, Alpana; Kumar, Sunil (2019).
5743:
4417:
4369:
Efficient solid-state x-ray and gamma-ray detector, can operate at room temperature. High
3844:
2946:
2596:
2572:
2464:
2402:
2322:
2256:
2204:
2078:
1963:
1824:
1798:
1634:
1543:
1442:
1334:
1162:
968:
751:
722:
693:
112:
6137:
6503:
6417:
6320:"Density Functional Theory Calculation of Band Gap of Iron (II) disulfide and Tellurium"
6202:
5989:
5928:
5881:
5699:
5614:
5548:
5500:
5415:
5273:
5265:
5173:
5102:
5035:
4948:
4885:
4706:
3584:
P is almost lattice-matched to GaAs, with AlGaIn used for quantum wells for red lasers.
1554:. Resistant to radiation damage. Possible use in LEDs and laser diodes. Possible use in
87:
Different semiconductor materials differ in their properties. Thus, in comparison with
7510:
7485:
7151:
7003:
6905:
6895:
6865:
6622:
5945:
5912:
5119:
5086:
4586:
4065:
650 nm; tends to form ordered phases during deposition, which has to be prevented
3899:
3381:
3104:
3077:
2706:
2419:
1989:
1774:
1619:
1468:. Crystals can act as solid-state lasers. Electroluminescent. When doped, can act as a
1284:
1025:
992:
385:
236:
222:
171:
116:
6024:"Recent progress in contact, mobility, and encapsulation engineering of InSe and GaSe"
5479:
Haacke, G.; Castellion, G. A. (1964). "Preparation and Semiconducting Properties of Cd
4869:
7809:
7172:
7095:
7085:
6998:
6890:
6607:
6586:
6546:
6220:
6117:
5962:
5136:
5043:
4964:
3999:
3783:
Used in red, orange and yellow LEDs. Often grown on GaP. Can be doped with nitrogen.
2770:
2380:
2376:
2342:
2338:
2047:
1855:
1813:
simple, non-toxic and affordable material for thin films solar cells since a decade.
1723:
Used in infrared detectors for thermal imaging. Nanocrystals usable as quantum dots.
1709:
1569:
1547:
1457:
1298:
Possible use in solar cells, but p-type doping difficult. Used frequently as alloys.
945:
919:
893:
570:
566:
436:
108:
38:
6468:
6433:
5823:
Planar Microwave Engineering: A practical guide to theory, measurement, and circuits
5586:
Kimball, Gregory M.; Müller, Astrid M.; Lewis, Nathan S.; Atwater, Harry A. (2009).
5572:
5291:
4917:
7540:
7495:
7228:
6900:
5556:
3385:
3288:
2097:
Used in infrared detectors and thermal imagers, transistors, and magnetoresistors.
1594:
1555:
1424:
1384:
1350:
1051:
1011:
513:
212:
161:
155:
149:
127:
By alloying multiple compounds, some semiconductor materials are tunable, e.g., in
50:
17:
6211:
6186:
5758:
5588:"Photoluminescence-based measurements of the energy gap and diffusion length of Zn
107:, which allows operation of power devices at higher temperatures, and gives lower
6138:"Charge transport in two-dimensional materials and their electronic applications"
5423:
4624:
3173:
is derived from CIGS, replacing the Indium/Gallium with earth abundant Zinc/Tin.
7649:
7643:
7637:
7535:
7505:
7480:
7238:
6875:
6850:
4933:"High breakdown voltage Schottky diodes synthesized on p-type CVD diamond layer"
3891:
3399:
3255:
is p-type semiconductor and it can be used in thin film solar cell application.
2295:
1465:
1428:
832:
365:
295:
167:
73:
6388:
Optical properties of Si-Ge superlattices and wide band gap II-VI superlattices
6270:
5936:
5181:
5110:
4991:
4522:
Various applications in optoelectronics (incl. photovoltaics), electronics and
1464:
S was the first efficient solar cell. Used in solar cells with CdTe. Common as
7021:
6993:
6771:
6460:
5997:
4714:
3888:
3573:
3129:
2536:
Photoconductor. Uses in nonlinear optics. Used as 2D-material. Air sensitive.
1528:
1237:
1177:
554:
393:
62:
54:
6101:
6049:
5889:
5630:
4901:
7587:
7312:
7218:
7090:
6511:
6336:
6319:
4893:
4413:
1241:
870:
677:
643:
Excellent thermal conductivity. Superior mechanical and optical properties.
588:
373:
360:
of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in
226:
216:
196:
6425:
6387:
6109:
6083:
5954:
5564:
5464:
5128:
4956:
4909:
4002:
due to its small bandgap, which reaches a minimum of around 0.08 eV in InAs
6369:
6352:
6005:
5897:
7525:
7515:
7490:
6092:
6067:
4932:
3996:
3284:
2914:
2384:
2178:
2067:
The lowest direct and indirect bandgaps are within 30 meV or each other.
1975:
1760:
1542:
Photocatalytic. Band gap is tunable from 3 to 4 eV by alloying with
1469:
846:
813:
573:
for insulation purposes. Most common material used in the fabrication of
509:
448:
401:
389:
128:
104:
46:
31:
5796:
4787:
7530:
6040:
6023:
5455:
5071:
2949:
2388:
2112:
533:
440:
405:
397:
377:
320: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
206:
88:
7619:
5622:
5508:
5707:
3121:
2561:
Air sensitive. High electrical mobility in few- and mono-layer form.
2146:
1752:
780:
755:
726:
697:
381:
6401:
5282:
1517:. Fluorescent at 790 nm. Nanoparticles usable as quantum dots.
1006:
Ultrahigh thermal conductivity for thermal management; Resistant to
199:
semiconductors: usually p-type, except ZnTe and ZnO which are n-type
5783:
O. Madelung; U. Rössler; M. Schulz, eds. (1998). "Cuprous oxide (Cu
5164:
5539:
4978:
4870:"High Carrier Mobility in Single-Crystal Plasma-Deposited Diamond"
369:
251:
81:
76:
inorganic solids. These materials are classified according to the
58:
6555:
3895:
3687:
3686:
and some niche optoelectronics. Also used as a buffer layer for
3679:
3626:
3565:
3471:
7591:
6559:
2276:, resistant to high temperatures, promising thermoelectric and
6402:"Tin – an unlikely ally for silicon field effect transistors?"
661:
289:
6535:
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials
6166:
Semiconductor materials: an introduction to basic principles
4701:(4 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 2.
2311:
Oxygen-deficient n-type semiconductor. Used in gas sensors.
4649:
Reliability and failure of electronic materials and devices
364:
13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the
6390:
Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology
3894:, ultraviolet LEDs (down to 250 nm), and AlGaN/GaN
3519:. Indium content determines charge carrier density. For
740:
Used for high-voltage and high-temperature applications
416:(InGaAs)) and quaternary alloys (four elements) such as
4977:
Y. Tao, J. M. Boss, B. A. Moores, C. L. Degen (2012).
4844:
Springer handbook of electronic and photonic materials
4038:
Used in some transistors and infrared photodetectors.
95:
have both advantages and disadvantages. For example,
4780:"NSM Archive - Physical Properties of Semiconductors"
4400:
Known as "MerCad". Extensive use in sensitive cooled
2968:
Semiconductive in both crystalline and glassy state
2935:
Semiconductive in both crystalline and glassy state
7775:
7754:
7710:
7693:
7630:
7473:
7457:
7448:
7326:
7295:
7272:
7261:
7181:
7165:
7119:
7078:
6976:
6969:
6914:
6843:
6770:
6759:
6734:
6688:
6600:
6593:
6287:
Chemical Solution Deposition of Semiconductor Films
3340:Used in infrared detectors and for thermal imaging
1698:S/CdS was the first efficient thin film solar cell
682:Low temperature allotrope (diamond cubic lattice).
103:than silicon, which allows faster operation; wider
2345:. Used in some uncooled thermal imagers. Used in
1755:, first semiconductor in practical use, used in
7724:Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser
72:Most commonly used semiconductor materials are
5442:: An earth-abundant disulfide photocatalyst".
835:. Band gap depends on fabrication conditions.
111:to low power devices at room temperature; its
7603:
7465:List of countries by photovoltaics production
7142:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
6571:
3572:structures and high-efficiency multijunction
8:
6284:Hodes; Ebooks Corporation (8 October 2002).
4619:. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 155–171.
4327:Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
3380:Adjustable band gap, allows construction of
2422:. Wide uses in electrooptics and photonics.
1844:is widely used in gas sensing applications.
618:, which impair reliability of some devices.
6947:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
6351:Prashant K Sarswat; Michael L Free (2013).
6318:Arumona Edward Arumona; Amah A. N. (2018).
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
447:source materials in an ambient gas such as
7650:Separate confinement heterostructure laser
7610:
7596:
7588:
7454:
7269:
6973:
6820:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
6767:
6597:
6578:
6564:
6556:
6482:Cisowski, J. (1982). "Level Ordering in II
5826:. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 300.
5024:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4303:Gallium indium nitride arsenide antimonide
3268:
1727:high temperature thermoelectric material.
493:
41:material is that it can be compromised by
6368:
6335:
6210:
6091:
6039:
5944:
5673:
5671:
5538:
5520:
5518:
5463:
5281:
5240:
5238:
5163:
5118:
4597:Semiconductor characterization techniques
1269:Used for infrared detectors and LEDs and
336:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:elemental semiconductors, (C, Si, Ge, Sn)
7282:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
6191:Journal of Taibah University for Science
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
1966:. Recent measurements suggest that 3D Cd
1244:, can be grown on germanium substrates.
934:Potentially useful for ultraviolet LEDs
908:Potentially useful for ultraviolet LEDs
565:. Most common semiconductor material in
7249:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
7244:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
5212:
5210:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4607:
412:(GaAs)), ternary (three elements, e.g.
7718:Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
6072:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
1763:, longer wavelengths require cooling.
1497:Used in solar cells with CdS. Used in
6324:Advanced Journal of Graduate Research
6131:
6129:
6127:
6061:
6059:
6017:
6015:
5744:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2016.07.002
5721:
5719:
5717:
4677:Handbook of optoelectronics, Volume 1
164:elemental semiconductors, (S, Se, Te)
7:
7570:
6357:International Journal of Photoenergy
5254:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
4841:Safa O. Kasap; Peter Capper (2006).
4154:Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
4077:Aluminium gallium arsenide phosphide
3898:. Can be grown on sapphire. Used in
3262:Table of semiconductor alloy systems
2418:Ferroelectric, piezoelectric, shows
477:Metal-organic molecular-beam epitaxy
454:Other techniques of choice include:
422:Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
318:adding citations to reliable sources
7287:List of photovoltaic power stations
6022:Arora, Himani; Erbe, Artur (2021).
5787:O) band structure, band energies".
5219:The Electrical Engineering Handbook
4992:Interband magnetoreflection of α-Sn
4697:Yu, Peter; Cardona, Manuel (2010).
4408:, and infrared detectors. Alloy of
4279:Gallium arsenide antimonide nitride
4183:Aluminium indium arsenide phosphide
3384:structures. Certain thicknesses of
1240:. Very similar lattice constant to
606:. Very similar lattice constant to
7303:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
6706:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
6655:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
4207:Aluminium gallium arsenide nitride
4125:Indium gallium arsenide antimonide
4050:Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
418:aluminium gallium indium phosphide
25:
7656:Distributed Bragg reflector laser
7308:Building-integrated photovoltaics
6805:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
6711:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
5757:S. Banerjee; et al. (2006).
5732:Progress in Solid State Chemistry
5221:. CRC Press. pp. 2235–2236.
4255:Indium aluminium arsenide nitride
4101:Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
1236:electronics, and high-efficiency
7618:
7569:
7558:
7557:
6680:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
5444:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
5060:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
610:. High-purity crystals used for
604:multijunction photovoltaic cells
490:Table of semiconductor materials
433:Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy
294:
144:Types of semiconductor materials
7795:List of semiconductor materials
6815:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
6696:List of semiconductor materials
4675:John Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown
4484:Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide
4231:Indium gallium arsenide nitride
1503:cadmium telluride photovoltaics
557:, and in its amorphous form as
305:needs additional citations for
6927:Incremental conductance method
6721:Copper indium gallium selenide
6670:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
5557:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.027603
4847:. Springer. pp. 54, 327.
4699:Fundamentals of Semiconductors
4538:Copper indium gallium selenide
1273:. Doped n with Te, p with Zn.
1:
7234:South African Solar Challenge
6212:10.1080/16583655.2019.1565437
5333:Semiconductors: Data Handbook
5274:10.1088/0953-8984/20/7/075233
3795:Aluminium arsenide antimonide
2874:Nonlinear optical properties
37:. The defining property of a
7644:Double heterostructure laser
6881:Photovoltaic mounting system
6547:10.1016/0960-8974(92)90030-T
6525:Arushanov, E. K. (1992). "II
6290:. CRC Press. pp. 319–.
5424:10.1016/j.optmat.2013.04.034
5357:Claus F. Klingshirn (1997).
5044:10.1016/0022-3697(86)90123-X
4625:10.1007/978-1-4615-3818-9_12
3645:Aluminium gallium antimonide
3625:Buffer layer in metamorphic
3470:electrons to GaAs (see e.g.
3185:Copper zinc antimony sulfide
99:(GaAs) has six times higher
53:industry—in devices such as
6886:Maximum power point tracker
6490:Semiconducting Compounds".
4570:. Polycrystalline. Used in
3997:mid- and long-wave infrared
3914:Aluminium gallium phosphide
3859:is lattice matched to InP.
3823:Gallium arsenide antimonide
3702:Aluminium indium antimonide
2671:Lanthanum calcium manganate
1050:, possible applications in
1010:, possible applications in
711:Used for early yellow LEDs
465:Hydride vapor-phase epitaxy
7832:
7767:Laser diode rate equations
7762:Semiconductor laser theory
7662:Distributed-feedback laser
7137:Solar panels on spacecraft
6984:Solar-powered refrigerator
6942:Concentrated photovoltaics
6922:Perturb and observe method
6701:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
5937:10.1038/s41467-020-14481-z
5688:Journal of Applied Physics
5489:Journal of Applied Physics
5182:10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.013013
5111:10.1038/s41467-017-00582-9
4420:. Can be grown on CdZnTe.
3979:Indium arsenide antimonide
3849:multi-junction solar cells
3767:Gallium arsenide phosphide
3440:Aluminium gallium arsenide
2694:Colossal magnetoresistance
2627:Gallium manganese arsenide
7553:
6835:Heterojunction solar cell
6810:Dye-sensitized solar cell
6650:Multi-junction solar cell
6640:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
6461:10.1134/S0020168514090143
6406:Physica Status Solidi RRL
6384:Yasantha Rajakarunanayake
5998:10.1103/PhysRevB.51.17085
5363:. Springer. p. 127.
5336:. Birkhäuser. p. 1.
4715:10.1007/978-3-642-00710-1
4385:Mercury cadmium telluride
4371:electro-optic coefficient
4022:Indium gallium antimonide
3930:Used in some green LEDs.
3871:Aluminium gallium nitride
3684:resonant-tunneling diodes
3596:Aluminium indium arsenide
3296:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
1210:ZnO-doped GaP emits red.
769:Used for early blue LEDs
270:Charge-transfer complexes
7741:Semiconductor ring laser
7318:Strasskirchen Solar Park
7209:American Solar Challenge
7055:Solar-powered flashlight
7042:Solar-powered calculator
7037:Solar cell phone charger
6726:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
5890:10.1103/physrevb.41.4993
5730:and its modifications".
5306:"Boron nitride nanotube"
3743:Gallium arsenide nitride
3535:Indium gallium phosphide
2649:Lead manganese telluride
2558:direct (indirect in 2D)
2453:Stable below 67 °C
1869:Complex band structure.
1515:electro-optic modulators
814:Gray (trigonal) selenium
647:nanomechanical resonator
186:Template:III-V compounds
115:gives it more favorable
7816:Semiconductor materials
7735:Interband cascade laser
7224:Frisian Solar Challenge
7194:List of solar car teams
6952:Space-based solar power
6932:Constant voltage method
6861:Solar charge controller
6747:Timeline of solar cells
6742:Growth of photovoltaics
6533:compounds and alloys".
6512:10.1002/pssb.2221110132
6492:Physica Status Solidi B
6337:10.21467/ajgr.3.1.41-46
5820:Lee, Thomas H. (2004).
5603:Applied Physics Letters
5527:Physical Review Letters
4894:10.1126/science.1074374
3576:for e.g. satellites. Ga
3486:Indium gallium arsenide
3144:Copper zinc tin sulfide
3126:cat's whisker detectors
2642:Magnetic, diluted (DMS)
2620:Magnetic, diluted (DMS)
2163:Photocatalytic, n-type
1757:cat's whisker detectors
1460:and solar cells; CdS/Cu
483:Atomic layer deposition
414:indium gallium arsenide
286:Compound semiconductors
260:Magnetic semiconductors
158:compound semiconductors
93:compound semiconductors
28:Semiconductor materials
7214:Formula Sun Grand Prix
7046:Solar-powered fountain
6989:Solar air conditioning
6790:Quantum dot solar cell
6780:Nanocrystal solar cell
6675:Sun-free photovoltaics
6426:10.1002/pssr.201308300
6136:Arora, Himani (2020).
6084:10.1021/acsami.9b13442
5217:Dorf, Richard (1993).
4957:10.1002/pssa.201000055
4931:Pierre, Volpe (2010).
4651:Academic Press, 1998,
4592:Organic semiconductors
4432:Mercury zinc telluride
4352:Cadmium zinc telluride
3942:Indium gallium nitride
3631:quantum cascade lasers
3388:have direct band gap.
2886:Zinc silicon phosphide
2860:Silver gallium sulfide
2832:Copper indium selenide
2245:N-type semiconductor.
2130:Photocatalytic, n-type
1505:; less efficient than
1182:magnetic semiconductor
946:Boron nitride nanotube
459:Molecular-beam epitaxy
350:compound semiconductor
265:Organic semiconductors
256:Layered semiconductors
7684:External-cavity laser
7678:Quantum-cascade laser
7204:World Solar Challenge
7027:Photovoltaic keyboard
6957:PV system performance
6830:Perovskite solar cell
6628:Solar cell efficiency
6145:Doctoral Dissertation
5917:Nature Communications
5911:Sinha, Sapna (2020).
5330:Madelung, O. (2004).
5091:Nature Communications
4937:Physica Status Solidi
4572:thin film solar cells
4460:Mercury zinc selenide
4010:at room temperature.
3428:Adjustable band gap.
2807:Chromium(III) bromide
1499:thin film solar cells
563:thin-film solar cells
549:Used in conventional
420:(AlInGaP)) alloy and
410:gallium(III) arsenide
362:periodic table groups
80:of their constituent
78:periodic table groups
7730:Hybrid silicon laser
7701:Volume Bragg grating
7624:Semiconductor lasers
7474:Individual producers
7182:Solar vehicle racing
6871:Solar micro-inverter
6800:Plasmonic solar cell
6645:Thin-film solar cell
6613:Photoelectric effect
5360:Semiconductor optics
5085:Todorov, T. (2017).
4617:Electronic Materials
2784:Europium(II) sulfide
2496:Molybdenum disulfide
1511:electro-optic effect
1139:Aluminium antimonide
471:Liquid phase epitaxy
314:improve this article
119:properties than the
30:are nominally small
7070:Solar traffic light
7050:Solar-powered radio
7017:Solar-powered watch
6825:Printed solar panel
6660:Solar cell research
6504:1982PSSBR.111..289C
6449:Inorganic Materials
6418:2014PSSRR...8..332H
6370:10.1155/2013/154694
6252:Arsenic sulfide (As
6203:2019JTUS...13..280K
6078:(46): 43480–43487.
5990:1995PhRvB..5117085K
5984:(23): 17085–17095.
5929:2020NatCo..11..823S
5882:1990PhRvB..41.4993S
5797:10.1007/10681727_62
5700:1999JAP....86.5614B
5615:2009ApPhL..95k2103K
5549:2014PhRvL.113b7603B
5501:1964JAP....35.2484H
5416:2013OptMa..35.1693P
5266:2008JPCM...20g5233E
5197:Solid State Physics
5174:2024PRXE....3a3013N
5103:2017NatCo...8..682T
5066:(45): 24199–24207.
5036:1986JPCS...47..143A
4949:2010PSSAR.207.2088V
4886:2002Sci...297.1670I
4880:(5587): 1670–1672.
4707:2010fuse.book.....Y
4418:atmospheric windows
4169:thermophotovoltaics
4140:thermophotovoltaics
3517:thermophotovoltaics
3128:, investigated for
3054:Thallium(I) bromide
3003:Bismuth(III) iodide
2274:Seebeck coefficient
1639:terahertz radiation
1507:crystalline silicon
1355:terahertz radiation
1353:emitter, used as a
1271:thermophotovoltaics
1091:Aluminium phosphide
829:selenium rectifiers
575:integrated circuits
551:crystalline silicon
352:is a semiconductor
18:III-V semiconductor
7668:Quantum well laser
7106:The Quiet Achiever
7065:Solar street light
7012:Solar-powered pump
6785:Organic solar cell
6665:Thermophotovoltaic
6633:Quantum efficiency
6041:10.1002/inf2.12160
5456:10.1039/C5TA08214E
5385:"Lead(II) sulfide"
5072:10.1039/D2TA07729A
4679:, CRC Press, 2006
4406:infrared astronomy
3995:Primarily used in
3902:with AlN and GaN.
3317:Lead tin telluride
3226:Copper tin sulfide
3028:Mercury(II) iodide
2912:Arsenic trisulfide
2759:Europium(II) oxide
2747:Antiferromagnetic
2435:Vanadium(IV) oxide
2387:. Conductive when
2361:Strontium titanate
2278:thermophotovoltaic
1509:but cheaper. High
1256:Gallium antimonide
1115:Aluminium arsenide
612:gamma spectroscopy
7803:
7802:
7673:Quantum dot laser
7585:
7584:
7549:
7548:
7444:
7443:
7257:
7256:
7132:Mauro Solar Riser
7127:Electric aircraft
7060:Solar-powered fan
6965:
6964:
6856:Balance of system
6844:System components
6795:Hybrid solar cell
6755:
6754:
6716:Cadmium telluride
6297:978-0-8247-4345-1
5978:Physical Review B
5870:Physical Review B
5833:978-0-521-83526-8
5806:978-3-540-64583-2
5694:(10): 5614–5618.
5623:10.1063/1.3225151
5533:(27603): 027603.
5509:10.1063/1.1702886
5404:Optical Materials
5370:978-3-540-61687-0
5343:978-3-540-40488-0
4981:. arXiv:1212.1347
4854:978-0-387-26059-4
4724:978-3-642-00709-5
4634:978-1-4613-6703-1
4578:
4577:
4410:mercury telluride
3352:Silicon-germanium
3259:
3258:
2980:Platinum silicide
2720:Antiferromagnetic
2506:1.23 eV (2H)
1913:Cadmium phosphide
1881:Bismuth telluride
1677:Copper(I) sulfide
1637:used to generate
1484:Cadmium telluride
1393:electron velocity
1389:electron mobility
1369:Indium antimonide
1196:Gallium phosphide
1066:Aluminium nitride
559:amorphous silicon
358:chemical elements
346:
345:
338:
121:indirect band gap
101:electron mobility
67:materials science
16:(Redirected from
7823:
7789:Gallium arsenide
7622:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7589:
7573:
7572:
7561:
7560:
7455:
7296:Building-mounted
7274:PV power station
7270:
7199:Solar challenges
7189:Solar car racing
7157:Solar Challenger
7147:Gossamer Penguin
6974:
6768:
6618:Solar irradiance
6598:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6397:
6391:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6281:
6275:
6268:
6262:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6214:
6182:
6176:
6168:Springer, 2003,
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6122:
6121:
6095:
6063:
6054:
6053:
6043:
6019:
6010:
6009:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5948:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5876:(8): 4993–5009.
5844:
5838:
5837:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5763:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5723:
5712:
5711:
5708:10.1063/1.371569
5675:
5666:
5665:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5600:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5542:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5495:(8): 2484–2487.
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5450:(4): 1312–1318.
5434:
5428:
5427:
5410:(9): 1693–1699.
5399:
5393:
5392:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5327:
5314:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5167:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5122:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4943:(9): 2088–2092.
4928:
4922:
4921:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4786:. Archived from
4776:
4729:
4728:
4694:
4688:
4673:
4660:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4612:
4402:infrared imaging
3845:tunnel junctions
3269:
3124:. Used in later
2734:Nickel(II) oxide
2523:Gallium selenide
2347:nonlinear optics
2282:radiation damage
2233:Copper(II) oxide
2175:Titanium dioxide
2143:Titanium dioxide
2109:Titanium dioxide
2022:Zinc diphosphide
2010:Usually p-type.
1964:magnetoresistors
1943:Cadmium arsenide
1739:Lead(II) sulfide
1653:Cuprous chloride
1552:indium tin oxide
1411:Cadmium selenide
1397:ballistic length
1310:Indium phosphide
1222:Gallium arsenide
1048:radiation damage
1008:radiation damage
649:quality factor.
608:gallium arsenide
494:
368:(old group III,
341:
334:
330:
327:
321:
298:
290:
133:lattice constant
97:gallium arsenide
21:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7783:Indium arsenide
7771:
7750:
7746:Polariton laser
7706:
7689:
7626:
7616:
7586:
7581:
7545:
7469:
7440:
7322:
7291:
7264:
7253:
7177:
7166:Water transport
7161:
7115:
7101:Solar golf cart
7074:
7032:Solar road stud
6961:
6915:System concepts
6910:
6839:
6762:
6751:
6730:
6684:
6589:
6584:
6554:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6382:
6378:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6125:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6021:
6020:
6013:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5766:Current Science
5761:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5524:
5523:
5516:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4840:
4839:
4802:
4793:
4791:
4778:
4777:
4732:
4725:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4674:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4583:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4546:
4524:thermoelectrics
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4061:direct/indirect
4009:
4005:
3965:
3961:
3900:heterojunctions
3858:
3854:
3780:direct/indirect
3728:direct/indirect
3718:
3711:
3690:quantum wells.
3671:direct/indirect
3661:
3654:
3622:direct/indirect
3612:
3605:
3583:
3579:
3561:direct/indirect
3551:
3544:
3502:
3495:
3466:direct/indirect
3456:
3449:
3416:
3410:
3377:direct/indirect
3368:
3362:
3328:
3324:
3278:Material class
3264:
3254:
3250:
3238:
3234:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3172:
3168:
3156:
3152:
3112:
3085:
3035:
3010:
2961:
2957:
2947:Arsenic sulfide
2926:
2922:
2893:
2867:
2840:
2814:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2608:
2604:
2597:Bismuth sulfide
2548:Indium selenide
2503:
2483:
2472:
2465:Lead(II) iodide
2442:
2410:
2403:Lithium niobate
2368:
2330:
2323:Barium titanate
2303:
2264:
2257:Uranium dioxide
2212:
2205:Copper(I) oxide
2186:
2154:
2120:
2090:
2086:
2079:Zinc antimonide
2059:
2055:
2029:
2001:
1997:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1924:
1920:
1892:
1888:
1843:
1832:
1825:Tin(IV) sulfide
1809:direct/indirect
1799:Tin(II) sulfide
1697:
1684:
1635:lithium niobate
1544:magnesium oxide
1463:
1443:Cadmium sulfide
1335:Indium arsenide
1163:Gallium nitride
1149:indirect/direct
1037:
1033:
969:Boron phosphide
795:
752:Silicon carbide
723:Silicon carbide
694:Silicon carbide
492:
430:
342:
331:
325:
322:
311:
299:
288:
246:
146:
113:direct band gap
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7829:
7827:
7819:
7818:
7808:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7592:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7567:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7511:Solar Frontier
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7486:Hanwha Q CELLS
7483:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7431:United Kingdom
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7366:Czech Republic
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7267:
7259:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7152:Qinetiq Zephyr
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7082:
7080:
7079:Land transport
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7006:
7004:Solar backpack
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6906:Synchronverter
6903:
6898:
6896:Solar shingles
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6866:Solar inverter
6863:
6858:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6625:
6623:Solar constant
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6560:
6553:
6552:
6541:(3): 131–201.
6530:
6526:
6517:
6498:(1): 289–293.
6487:
6483:
6474:
6455:(9): 868–873.
6439:
6412:(4): 332–335.
6392:
6376:
6343:
6310:
6296:
6276:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6244:
6235:
6226:
6197:(1): 280–285.
6177:
6157:
6123:
6055:
6034:(6): 662–693.
6011:
5968:
5903:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5832:
5812:
5805:
5784:
5775:
5749:
5727:
5713:
5683:
5679:
5667:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5636:
5609:(11): 112103.
5593:
5589:
5578:
5514:
5484:
5480:
5471:
5439:
5429:
5394:
5389:www.matweb.com
5376:
5369:
5349:
5342:
5315:
5310:www.matweb.com
5297:
5234:
5227:
5206:
5187:
5142:
5077:
5049:
5014:
5009:www.matweb.com
4996:
4983:
4970:
4923:
4860:
4853:
4800:
4730:
4723:
4689:
4661:
4647:Milton Ohring
4640:
4633:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Heterojunction
4582:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4000:photodetectors
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3382:heterojunction
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:Iron disulfide
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:Silver sulfide
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:Ferromagnetic
2793:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:Iron(II) oxide
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:Pockels effect
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:Zinc phosphide
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:Lead telluride
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1620:Zinc telluride
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1458:photoresistors
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:Indium nitride
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:Boron arsenide
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
993:Boron arsenide
990:
987:
983:
982:
980:
977:
974:
971:
966:
963:
959:
958:
956:
954:
951:
948:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
891:
888:
884:
883:
881:
879:
876:
873:
868:
865:
861:
860:
858:
855:
852:
849:
844:
841:
837:
836:
825:
822:
819:
816:
811:
808:
804:
803:
801:
799:
796:
793:
790:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
675:
672:
669:
659:
656:
652:
651:
641:
638:
635:
632:
627:
624:
620:
619:
600:
597:
594:
591:
586:
583:
579:
578:
547:
542:
539:
536:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
507:
504:
501:
498:
491:
488:
487:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
429:
426:
388:(old group V,
344:
343:
326:September 2021
302:
300:
293:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
272:
267:
262:
257:
254:
249:
247:semiconductors
244:
240:
239:semiconductors
230:
229:semiconductors
220:
219:semiconductors
210:
209:semiconductors
200:
190:
165:
159:
153:
145:
142:
117:optoelectronic
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7828:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7601:
7599:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7578:
7577:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7260:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:Air transport
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7096:Solar roadway
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7086:Solar vehicle
7084:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:Solar charger
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6891:Solar tracker
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6758:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6608:Photovoltaics
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6587:Photovoltaics
6581:
6576:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6521:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6377:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6347:
6344:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6311:
6299:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6248:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6174:0-306-47361-5
6171:
6167:
6164:B. G. Yacobi
6161:
6158:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6093:11573/1555190
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5843:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5816:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5779:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5738:(3): 86–105.
5737:
5733:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5640:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5475:
5472:
5466:
5465:10044/1/41359
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5260:(7): 075233.
5259:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5228:0-8493-0185-8
5224:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5158:(1): 013013.
5157:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4790:on 2015-09-28
4789:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4685:0-7503-0646-7
4682:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:0-12-524985-3
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:superlattices
3383:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3286:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:Ferromagnetic
2769:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:1.26–2.35 eV
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:piezoelectric
2378:
2377:Ferroelectric
2375:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:piezoelectric
2340:
2339:Ferroelectric
2337:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2048:Zinc arsenide
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:V-VI, layered
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Tin telluride
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Lead selenide
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Zinc selenide
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:random lasers
1553:
1549:
1548:cadmium oxide
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:Nanoparticles
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:Resistant to
1045:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
920:Boron nitride
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:Boron nitride
892:
889:
886:
885:
882:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
791:
789:
787:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
699:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
681:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
650:
648:
642:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
572:
571:thermal oxide
568:
567:photovoltaics
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
489:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:metalorganics
434:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
340:
337:
329:
319:
315:
309:
308:
303:This section
301:
297:
292:
291:
285:
280:
277:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
187:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
143:
141:
138:
134:
130:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:thermal noise
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:semiconductor
36:
33:
29:
19:
7794:
7694:Hybrid types
7575:
7562:
7541:Yingli Solar
7521:Sungen Solar
7496:Motech Solar
7450:PV companies
7411:South Africa
7229:Solar Splash
6970:Applications
6901:Solar mirror
6761:Photovoltaic
6695:
6538:
6534:
6520:
6495:
6491:
6477:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6379:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6327:
6323:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6286:
6279:
6271:
6266:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6144:
6075:
6071:
6031:
6027:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5873:
5869:
5842:
5822:
5815:
5788:
5778:
5769:
5765:
5752:
5735:
5731:
5691:
5687:
5661:
5639:
5606:
5602:
5581:
5530:
5526:
5492:
5488:
5474:
5447:
5443:
5432:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5359:
5352:
5332:
5309:
5300:
5257:
5253:
5218:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4986:
4973:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4843:
4792:. Retrieved
4788:the original
4784:www.ioffe.ru
4783:
4698:
4692:
4643:
4616:
4610:
3715:
3708:
3658:
3651:
3609:
3602:
3548:
3541:
3520:
3499:
3492:
3453:
3446:
3413:
3407:
3365:
3359:
3297:Description
3265:
1595:Zinc sulfide
1522:II-VI, oxide
1466:quantum dots
1429:quantum dots
1387:. Very high
1385:quantum well
1351:photo-Dember
1052:betavoltaics
1012:betavoltaics
931:quasi-direct
847:Red selenium
785:
665:
644:
522:Description
453:
431:
356:composed of
349:
347:
332:
323:
312:Please help
307:verification
304:
183:
126:
92:
86:
71:
51:photovoltaic
27:
26:
7711:Other Types
7638:Laser diode
7631:Basic types
7536:Trina Solar
7481:First Solar
7421:Switzerland
7401:Netherlands
7239:Tour de Sol
6937:Fill factor
6876:Solar cable
6851:Solar panel
6772:Solar cells
5772:(10): 1378.
4543:Cu(In,Ga)Se
3574:solar cells
3400:Silicon-tin
3130:solar cells
2573:Tin sulfide
2433:monoclinic
2427:Oxide, V-VI
2296:Tin dioxide
1238:solar cells
1178:blue lasers
922:, hexagonal
833:solar cells
614:. May grow
555:solar cells
428:Fabrication
384:) and from
366:Boron group
184:(See also:
74:crystalline
63:solar cells
55:transistors
7458:By country
7328:By country
7263:Generation
7173:Solar boat
7022:Solar Tuki
7008:Solar tree
6994:Solar lamp
6977:Appliances
6601:Technology
5923:(1): 823.
5664:: 237–242.
5165:2307.05996
5152:PRX Energy
5097:(1): 682.
5030:(2): 143.
4794:2010-07-10
4603:References
3889:blue laser
2580:>1.5 eV
2383:. Used in
1694:p-type, Cu
1529:Zinc oxide
1513:, used in
1501:and other
561:(a-Si) in
394:phosphorus
35:insulators
7776:Materials
7336:Australia
7313:Solar Ark
7219:Solar Cup
7111:Sunmobile
7091:Solar car
6689:Materials
6330:: 41–46.
6221:139826266
6118:204884014
6102:1944-8244
6050:2567-3165
5963:256633781
5631:0003-6951
5540:1309.7978
5137:256640449
5005:"Tin, Sn"
4965:122210971
4902:0036-8075
4659:, p. 310.
4414:semimetal
4404:sensors,
4331:GaInAsSbP
4307:GaInNAsSb
3564:Used for
3294:Gap type
2385:varistors
1602:3.54/3.91
1242:germanium
871:Tellurium
678:semimetal
589:Germanium
445:precursor
374:aluminium
7810:Category
7726:(VECSEL)
7564:Category
7526:Sunpower
7516:Solyndra
7491:JA Solar
7426:Thailand
7346:Bulgaria
6594:Concepts
6469:94409384
6434:93729786
6110:31651146
5955:32041958
5573:19882802
5565:25062235
5292:52027854
5283:2160/612
5129:28947765
4918:27736134
4910:12215638
4581:See also
4129:InGaAsSb
3927:indirect
3887:Used in
3839:Used in
3808:indirect
3674:Used in
3425:indirect
3285:Band gap
3281:Formula
3120:Mineral
2915:Orpiment
2800:Magnetic
2777:Magnetic
2752:Magnetic
2727:Magnetic
2700:Magnetic
2664:Magnetic
2541:Layered
2533:indirect
2509:indirect
2391:-doped.
2179:brookite
2126:indirect
1976:graphene
1751:Mineral
1691:indirect
1470:phosphor
1456:Used in
1427:used as
1357:source.
1206:indirect
1125:indirect
1101:indirect
1043:indirect
979:indirect
905:indirect
857:indirect
827:Used in
824:indirect
821:1.83–2.0
766:indirect
737:indirect
708:indirect
662:Gray tin
640:indirect
616:whiskers
599:indirect
545:indirect
519:Gap type
510:Band gap
503:Material
449:hydrogen
441:hydrides
402:antimony
390:nitrogen
386:group 15
354:compound
274:Some of
243:I–III–VI
162:Group VI
156:Group IV
150:Group IV
129:band gap
105:band gap
47:computer
32:band gap
7720:(VCSEL)
7576:Commons
7531:Suntech
7406:Romania
7376:Germany
7341:Belgium
7265:systems
6735:History
6500:Bibcode
6414:Bibcode
6386:(1991)
6363:: 1–7.
6303:28 June
6199:Bibcode
6150:July 1,
6028:InfoMat
6006:9978722
5986:Bibcode
5946:7010709
5925:Bibcode
5898:9994356
5878:Bibcode
5860:, and V
5696:Bibcode
5656:and CdP
5611:Bibcode
5545:Bibcode
5497:Bibcode
5412:Bibcode
5262:Bibcode
5170:Bibcode
5120:5613033
5099:Bibcode
5032:Bibcode
4945:Bibcode
4882:Bibcode
4874:Science
4703:Bibcode
4283:GaAsSbN
4259:InAlAsN
4235:InGaAsN
4211:AlGaAsN
4187:AlInAsP
4167:Use in
4158:InAsSbP
4138:Use in
4105:InGaAsP
4081:AlGaAsP
4054:AlGaInP
3843:and in
2950:Realgar
2741:3.6–4.0
2590:Layered
2566:Layered
2516:Layered
2489:Layered
2458:Layered
2449:optical
2389:niobium
2113:anatase
1806:1.3/1.0
1146:1.6/2.2
896:, cubic
630:Diamond
553:(c-Si)
534:Silicon
506:Formula
479:(MOMBE)
439:and/or
406:bismuth
398:arsenic
378:gallium
89:silicon
7791:(GaAs)
7785:(InAs)
7755:Theory
7381:Greece
7371:France
7351:Canada
6763:system
6467:
6432:
6294:
6219:
6172:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6048:
6004:
5961:
5953:
5943:
5896:
5830:
5803:
5629:
5571:
5563:
5367:
5340:
5290:
5225:
5203:: 109.
5135:
5127:
5117:
4963:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4851:
4721:
4683:
4655:
4631:
4555:direct
4540:, CIGS
4464:HgZnSe
4436:HgZnTe
4389:HgCdTe
4366:direct
4357:CdZnTe
4035:direct
4026:InGaSb
3992:direct
3983:InAsSb
3955:direct
3892:diodes
3884:direct
3851:. GaAs
3836:direct
3827:GaAsSb
3799:AlAsSb
3512:direct
3305:Upper
3275:Elem.
3272:Group
3244:direct
3211:direct
3187:, CZAS
3162:direct
3146:, CZTS
3122:pyrite
2932:direct
2846:direct
2837:CuInSe
2744:direct
2653:PbMnTe
2631:GaMnAs
2583:direct
2160:direct
2147:rutile
2007:direct
1866:direct
1753:galena
1720:direct
1663:direct
1630:direct
1605:direct
1580:direct
1539:direct
1494:direct
1453:direct
1421:direct
1379:direct
1345:direct
1320:direct
1295:direct
1266:direct
1232:direct
1173:direct
1076:direct
1003:direct
781:Sulfur
756:6H-SiC
727:4H-SiC
698:3C-SiC
467:(HVPE)
382:indium
281:Others
252:Oxides
180:p-type
176:n-type
61:, and
59:lasers
43:doping
7737:(ICL)
7703:laser
7686:(ECL)
7680:(QCL)
7664:(DFB)
7658:(DBR)
7652:(SCH)
7506:Sharp
7416:Spain
7396:Japan
7391:Italy
7386:India
7361:China
7356:Chile
6465:S2CID
6430:S2CID
6217:S2CID
6141:(PDF)
6114:S2CID
5959:S2CID
5762:(PDF)
5652:, ZnP
5599:(PDF)
5569:S2CID
5535:arXiv
5288:S2CID
5250:(PDF)
5160:arXiv
5133:S2CID
4961:S2CID
4914:S2CID
4687:p. 57
4531:other
4453:II-VI
4425:II-VI
4378:II-VI
4354:, CZT
4345:II-VI
4320:III-V
4296:III-V
4272:III-V
4248:III-V
4224:III-V
4200:III-V
4176:III-V
4147:III-V
4118:III-V
4094:III-V
4070:III-V
4043:III-V
4015:III-V
3972:III-V
3946:InGaN
3935:III-V
3918:AlGaP
3907:III-V
3896:HEMTs
3875:AlGaN
3864:III-V
3816:III-V
3788:III-V
3771:GaAsP
3760:III-V
3747:GaAsN
3736:III-V
3695:III-V
3680:HEMTs
3638:III-V
3589:III-V
3528:III-V
3479:III-V
3433:III-V
3310:IV-VI
3302:Lower
3228:, CTS
3219:other
3178:other
3169:ZnSnS
3153:ZnSnS
3137:other
3098:other
3071:other
3047:other
3021:other
2996:other
2973:other
2940:other
2905:other
2890:ZnSiP
2879:other
2864:AgGaS
2853:other
2834:, CIS
2825:other
2552:InSe
2407:LiNbO
2396:Oxide
2365:SrTiO
2354:Oxide
2327:BaTiO
2316:Oxide
2289:Oxide
2272:High
2250:Oxide
2226:Oxide
2198:Oxide
2168:Oxide
2136:Oxide
2102:Oxide
1849:IV-VI
1818:IV-VI
1792:IV-VI
1768:IV-VI
1732:IV-VI
1703:IV-VI
1646:I-VII
1613:II-VI
1588:II-VI
1563:II-VI
1477:II-VI
1436:II-VI
1404:II-VI
1362:III-V
1328:III-V
1303:III-V
1278:III-V
1249:III-V
1215:III-V
1189:III-V
1156:III-V
1132:III-V
1108:III-V
1084:III-V
1059:III-V
1019:III-V
986:III-V
962:III-V
939:III-V
913:III-V
887:III-V
500:Elem.
497:Group
485:(ALD)
473:(LPE)
461:(MBE)
370:boron
82:atoms
7646:(DH)
7640:(LD)
6361:2013
6305:2011
6292:ISBN
6170:ISBN
6152:2021
6106:PMID
6098:ISSN
6046:ISSN
6002:PMID
5951:PMID
5894:PMID
5828:ISBN
5801:ISBN
5627:ISSN
5561:PMID
5365:ISBN
5338:ISBN
5223:ISBN
5125:PMID
4906:PMID
4898:ISSN
4849:ISBN
4719:ISBN
4681:ISBN
4653:ISBN
4629:ISBN
4558:CuIn
4477:II-V
4442:2.25
4029:0.17
3989:0.36
3986:0.17
3924:2.45
3921:2.26
3881:6.28
3878:3.44
3857:0.49
3853:0.51
3841:HBTs
3833:1.42
3805:2.16
3802:1.61
3777:2.26
3774:1.43
3725:1.61
3722:0.17
3688:InAs
3676:HBTs
3668:1.61
3627:HEMT
3619:2.16
3616:0.36
3568:and
3566:HEMT
3558:2.26
3555:1.35
3509:1.43
3506:0.36
3472:QWIP
3463:2.16
3460:1.42
3422:1.11
3374:1.11
3371:0.67
3335:0.29
3241:0.91
3200:1.90
3196:0.40
3192:1.18
3159:1.49
3115:0.95
3061:2.68
3058:TlBr
2984:PtSi
2811:CrBr
2527:GaSe
2216:2.17
2189:3.26
2123:3.20
2072:II-V
2041:II-V
2015:II-V
1983:II-V
1936:II-V
1906:II-V
1895:0.13
1863:0.18
1860:SnTe
1782:0.32
1779:PbTe
1761:SWIR
1746:0.37
1725:Good
1717:0.26
1714:PbSe
1688:1.2
1670:I-VI
1657:CuCl
1624:ZnTe
1574:ZnSe
1546:and
1536:3.37
1491:1.49
1488:CdTe
1450:2.42
1418:1.74
1415:CdSe
1395:and
1376:0.17
1373:InSb
1342:0.36
1339:InAs
1317:1.35
1263:0.73
1260:GaSb
1229:1.42
1226:GaAs
1203:2.26
1170:3.44
1143:AlSb
1122:2.16
1119:AlAs
1098:2.45
1073:6.28
1040:3.47
1000:1.82
928:5.96
902:6.36
878:0.33
854:2.05
831:and
637:5.47
596:0.67
541:1.12
276:MOFs
178:and
137:LEDs
49:and
7501:REC
6543:doi
6508:doi
6496:111
6457:doi
6422:doi
6365:doi
6332:doi
6207:doi
6088:hdl
6080:doi
6036:doi
5994:doi
5941:PMC
5933:doi
5886:doi
5868:".
5852:, V
5793:doi
5740:doi
5704:doi
5686:".
5619:doi
5553:doi
5531:113
5505:doi
5487:".
5460:hdl
5452:doi
5438:SnS
5420:doi
5278:hdl
5270:doi
5178:doi
5115:PMC
5107:doi
5068:doi
5040:doi
4953:doi
4941:207
4890:doi
4878:297
4711:doi
4621:doi
4564:1–x
4552:1.7
4517:1.5
4502:1−y
4490:1−x
4488:(Zn
4412:(a
4395:1.5
4363:2.2
4360:1.4
4032:0.7
4008:0.6
4004:0.4
3964:1–x
3952:3.4
3847:in
3830:0.7
3665:0.7
3582:0.5
3578:0.5
3570:HBT
3419:1.0
3323:1−x
3251:SnS
3235:SnS
3208:2.2
3204:7.2
3109:FeS
3089:0.9
3032:HgI
3007:BiI
2929:2.7
2896:2.0
2788:EuS
2763:EuO
2738:NiO
2714:2.2
2711:FeO
2683:MnO
2681:0.3
2677:0.7
2611:1.3
2577:SnS
2530:2.1
2500:MoS
2480:PbI
2475:2.4
2469:PbI
2445:0.7
2371:3.3
2306:3.7
2300:SnO
2267:1.3
2240:1.2
2237:CuO
2183:TiO
2157:3.0
2151:TiO
2117:TiO
2062:1.0
2032:2.1
2026:ZnP
2004:1.5
1927:0.5
1840:SnS
1835:2.2
1829:SnS
1803:SnS
1743:PbS
1660:3.4
1627:2.3
1599:ZnS
1577:2.7
1533:ZnO
1447:CdS
1314:InP
1292:0.7
1289:InN
1200:GaP
1167:GaN
1095:AlP
1070:AlN
997:BAs
976:2.1
953:5.5
798:2.6
763:3.0
760:SiC
734:3.3
731:SiC
705:2.3
702:SiC
668:-Sn
443:as
316:by
207:VII
168:III
131:or
7812::
7436:US
6539:25
6537:.
6506:.
6494:.
6486:-V
6463:.
6453:50
6451:.
6428:.
6420:.
6408:.
6404:.
6359:.
6355:.
6326:.
6322:.
6215:.
6205:.
6195:13
6193:.
6189:.
6143:.
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6112:.
6104:.
6096:.
6086:.
6076:11
6074:.
6070:.
6058:^
6044:.
6030:.
6026:.
6014:^
6000:.
5992:.
5982:51
5980:.
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5949:.
5939:.
5931:.
5921:11
5919:.
5915:.
5892:.
5884:.
5874:41
5872:.
5858:13
5848:VO
5799:.
5770:90
5768:.
5764:.
5736:44
5734:.
5716:^
5702:.
5692:86
5690:.
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5670:^
5625:.
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5607:95
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5491:.
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5276:.
5268:.
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5237:^
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4782:.
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4717:.
4709:.
4664:^
4627:.
4574:.
4566:Se
4562:Ga
4526:.
4504:As
4500:(P
4492:Cd
4171:.
4142:.
4006:Sb
3962:Ga
3958:In
3855:Sb
3719:Sb
3714:1−
3712:In
3706:Al
3682:,
3678:,
3662:Sb
3657:1−
3655:Ga
3649:Al
3633:.
3613:As
3608:1−
3606:In
3600:Al
3580:In
3547:1−
3545:Ga
3539:In
3503:As
3498:1−
3496:Ga
3490:In
3457:As
3452:1−
3450:Ga
3444:Al
3411:Sn
3406:1−
3404:Si
3393:IV
3363:Ge
3358:1−
3356:Si
3345:IV
3329:Te
3325:Sn
3321:Pb
3291:)
3289:eV
3247:Cu
3231:Cu
3198:Sb
3194:Zn
3190:Cu
3165:Cu
3149:Cu
3132:.
3082:Ag
2954:As
2919:As
2679:Ca
2675:La
2601:Bi
2544:2
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2284:.
2261:UO
2209:Cu
2177:,
2145:,
2111:,
2087:Sb
2083:Zn
2056:As
2052:Zn
1994:Zn
1978:.
1970:As
1951:As
1947:Cd
1917:Cd
1889:Te
1885:Bi
1681:Cu
1641:.
1558:.
1472:.
1391:,
1184:.
1054:.
1034:As
1032:12
1014:.
973:BP
950:BN
925:BN
899:BN
875:Te
864:VI
851:Se
840:VI
818:Se
807:VI
788:-S
783:,
774:VI
754:,
745:IV
725:,
716:IV
696:,
687:IV
671:Sn
664:,
655:IV
623:IV
593:Ge
582:IV
577:.
538:Si
527:IV
514:eV
451:.
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
380:,
376:,
372:,
348:A
233:II
227:VI
217:VI
213:IV
197:VI
193:II
188:.)
91:,
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6032:3
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4480:4
4456:3
4439:0
4428:3
4392:0
4381:3
4348:3
4323:5
4299:5
4275:4
4251:4
4227:4
4203:4
4179:4
4150:4
4121:4
4097:4
4073:4
4046:4
4018:3
3975:3
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3949:2
3938:3
3910:3
3867:3
3819:3
3791:3
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3739:3
3716:x
3709:x
3698:3
3659:x
3652:x
3641:3
3610:x
3603:x
3592:3
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3549:x
3542:x
3531:3
3521:x
3500:x
3493:x
3482:3
3454:x
3447:x
3436:3
3414:x
3408:x
3396:2
3366:x
3360:x
3348:2
3332:0
3327:x
3313:3
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3253:3
3249:2
3237:3
3233:2
3222:3
3202:S
3181:4
3171:4
3167:2
3155:4
3151:2
3140:4
3111:2
3101:2
3086:S
3084:2
3074:2
3050:2
3034:2
3024:2
3009:3
2999:2
2976:2
2960:4
2958:S
2956:4
2943:2
2925:3
2923:S
2921:2
2908:2
2892:2
2882:3
2866:2
2856:3
2843:1
2839:2
2828:3
2813:3
2803:2
2780:2
2755:2
2730:2
2703:2
2685:3
2667:4
2645:3
2623:3
2607:3
2605:S
2603:2
2593:2
2569:2
2519:2
2502:2
2492:2
2482:2
2471:2
2461:2
2441:2
2430:2
2413:4
2409:3
2399:3
2367:3
2357:3
2333:3
2329:3
2319:3
2302:2
2292:2
2263:2
2253:2
2229:2
2213:O
2211:2
2201:2
2185:2
2171:2
2153:2
2139:2
2119:2
2105:2
2089:2
2085:3
2075:2
2058:2
2054:3
2044:2
2028:2
2018:2
2000:2
1998:P
1996:3
1986:2
1972:2
1968:3
1957:0
1953:2
1949:3
1939:2
1923:2
1921:P
1919:3
1909:2
1891:3
1887:2
1877:2
1852:2
1842:2
1831:2
1821:2
1795:2
1771:2
1735:2
1706:2
1696:2
1685:S
1683:2
1673:2
1649:2
1616:2
1591:2
1566:2
1525:2
1480:2
1462:2
1439:2
1407:2
1365:2
1331:2
1306:2
1281:2
1252:2
1218:2
1192:2
1159:2
1135:2
1111:2
1087:2
1062:2
1036:2
1030:B
1022:2
989:2
965:2
942:2
916:2
890:2
867:1
843:1
810:1
794:8
792:S
786:α
777:1
748:2
719:2
690:2
674:0
666:α
658:1
634:C
626:1
585:1
530:1
516:)
512:(
339:)
333:(
328:)
324:(
310:.
278:.
245:2
237:V
235:–
225:–
223:V
215:–
205:–
203:I
195:–
172:V
170:–
20:)
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