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method to compute intermediate points for sloped lines without doing multiplies or divides. The long vector hardware similarly needed only an add/subtract circuit. If a long vector program was mistakenly run on a basic machine without that option, the display processor could go wild and potentially
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system had enhanced capability and usability if accessed from a PDS-1 system; the user could make hyperlinks with a light pen and create them simply with a couple of keystrokes. Multi-window editing on FRESS was also possible when using the PDS-1. PDS-1 systems were used to design
Arpanet's network
607:
The PDS-1 monitor face was rectangular and was available in portrait or landscape orientation. The 1K x 1K grid of points was stretched 33% in the longer direction to allow text and graphics to fill the screen. All graphics programs then had to account for the non-square pixels. If the system was
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form only. There was no support for rotations or arbitrary scaling on the fly. If a symbol crossed over an edge of the screen, the beam wrapped around to the other side rather than being clipped, making a smear. So higher levels of the application had to do the clipping test, using separate data
603:
which executed a sequence of short vector strokes for that letter. Each occurrence of a letter on the screen was a display processor call to that letter's subroutine. This scheme handled arbitrary fonts, extended character sets, and even cursive right-to-left languages like Arabic. The smaller,
760:
on an Imlac editor. But most graphics applications required strong floating point support, compilers, and a file system. Those applications ran mostly on an expensive timeshared computer, which sent digested image data to the Imlac, which ran a small assembler program emulating a generic graphics
718:
backplane connecting all cards. There was no uniform backplane bus. Customer documentation included complete schematics down to the gate level, so that customers could design their own interface boards. It was possible to see, touch, and understand every detail of how the whole system worked.
531:
displays. In vector displays, the CRT electron beam 'draws' only the lines and curves displayed. In raster scan displays, the image is a grid of pixel spots (a 'bitmapped' image), and the CRT beam repeatedly sweeps the entire screen in a fixed horizontal pattern (like in TV sets), regardless of
761:
terminal. A typical use was rendering architectural drawings and animated walkthroughs that had been previously drawn offline. PDS-1 use was held back for several years by not having a standard program library supporting animation or interactive drawing and dragging of objects.
830:. The limitations of refreshed or storage vector displays were accepted only in the era when those displays were much cheaper than raster-scan alternatives. Raster graphic displays inevitably took over when the price of 128 kilobytes no longer mattered.
585:, the accumulated image could be modified or moved only by flash-erasing the entire screen and then slowing redrawing everything with data resent from some large computer. This was much less interactive than the PDS-1 and could not show animations.
566:, and those coils fought against rapid changes to their current. The screen flickered when filled with more than 800 inches of lines or more than 1200 characters, because the beam then needed more than 1/40th of a second to retrace everything.
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instructions and never modified memory. Jumps supported subroutine calls for repeated objects like letters and symbols. Jumps also supported arranging displayed objects into linked lists for quick editing. XY positions were in
619:
Instructions for the display processor consisted of 1-byte short-stroke instructions for letters and curves, and 6-byte long vector instructions, and 2-byte unconditional jumps. The display processor had no conventional
561:
The PDS-1 screen was repeatedly refreshed or redrawn 40 times per second to avoid visible flickering. But irregular beam motion was slower than the steady motions on raster displays. The beam deflections were driven by
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The PDS-1 and similar vector terminals were supplanted in the 1980s by (non-programmable) raster graphics terminals such as the AED767. And by easily programmed personal workstations with raster graphics such as the
448:
1974: PDS-4 introduced. It ran twice as fast and displayed twice as much text or graphics without flicker. Its display processor supported instantaneous interactive magnification with clipping. It had an optional
735:
The PDS-1 and PDS-4 were bought in small numbers by R&D organizations and many universities. They developed pioneering computer applications and trained the next generation of graphics system designers. The
536:-level 1024x768 black/white resolution requires 96 kilobytes of video refresh memory, 12 times more than a basic PDS-1. In 1970, that much core memory cost about $ 8000. (It now costs only 0.05 cents of shared
751:
system using PDS-1 called CES. MCS's Anvil mechanical CAD system used later Imlac workstations to interactively design mechanical parts, which were then milled out automatically from metal stock.
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The basic PDS-1 did not include the optional hardware cards for long vectors. Instead, the minicomputer created a long sequence of short-stroke display instructions. The software used a quick
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board set as its local minicomputer. This automatically gave it a much bigger set of programming tools. But it too, was usually driven by applications running on larger PDP systems.
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Some simple applications such as text editors were entirely coded in Imlac assembler and could run without much involvement with a larger computer. Hofstadter composed his book
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Cycle time for the core memory was 2.0 microseconds for the PDS-1, and 1.8 microseconds for PDS-1D. TTL logic ran 10x faster, with 10 timing pulses per core memory cycle.
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But at night time, students were willing to write large amounts of assembler code just for fun. The PDS-1 applications most remembered today are the early interactive
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Imlac display systems were bundled into various larger commercial products involving visual design and specialized software. Imlac sold a newspaper layout and
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shapes, editing text, laying out printed pages, and playing simple games. But they did not handle colors, images, filled-in areas, black-on-white screens, or
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fastest-drawing fonts were ugly, with diamond-shaped approximations of rounded loops. The display subroutine scheme also handled electronic design symbols.
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moved freely in X and Y position and angle under program control to draw individual sloped lines and letter forms, much like the pen-on-paper motions of a
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888:
In 2013, an Imlac emulator named sImlac was written. An update version of this emulator can be obtained from the GitHub repository of the
Seattle-based
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chip. Small printed circuit cards held up to 12 chips each. The shallow desk pedestal held three racks or rows of cards, with 25 cards per row, and a
516:, continually refreshed from local memory. Its normal resolution was 1024 by 1024 addressable points, and 2K x 2K in small-font scaling mode. The CRT
661:, except using 16-bit instructions and data instead of 12 bits. There were no integer multiply/divide instructions, no floating point instructions, no
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The PDS-1's built-in minicomputer was needed for responding to user keyboard and light pen interactions quickly, without delays in talking to a remote
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system of a highly interactive computer graphics display with motion. Selling for $ 8,300 before options, its price was equivalent to the cost of four
599:
But on the PDS-1, all letter shapes, sizes, and spacing were entirely controlled in software. Each desired form of the letter E had its own display
634:. Code for line drawings and overall layout was generated on the fly, by programs running on the local minicomputer or on a large remote computer.
673:. The single form of address modification was via indirect address pointers held in memory. Certain pointer cells would auto-increment when used.
641:
large computer for help. The minicomputer's main task was to build and modify the display list as needed for the next refresh cycle. For text and
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CRT technology which required no continual refresh and hence no local computer display memory at all. The glowing image was remembered by the CRT
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machine in 1973, a decade before that much memory was affordable for non-research single-user machines. And Alto led to the GUI revolution.
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line graphics this was easy and did not involve much computing. To minimize costs, Imlac designed their own simple minicomputer with as few
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to be used mainly for graphics, the monitor could be installed with an unstretched grid leaving ends of the screen permanently unused.
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The density, capacity, and price of computer memory have improved steadily and exponentially for decades, an engineering trend called
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On other displays of this era, text fonts were hardwired and could not be changed. For example, the operator consoles of the
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1977: A total of about 700 PDS-4 systems had been sold in the US. They were built upon order rather than being mass-produced.
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967:
391:, and a control panel on a small desk with most electronic logic in the desk pedestal. The electronics included a simple
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had a similar design and price point to the PDS-1D. Its desktop electronics were more compact and used a mass-produced
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794:, was created on a pair of PDS-1's. Later, up to 8 players ran on PDS-1 stations or other terminals networked to the
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1978: Dynagraphic 3250 introduced. It was designed to be used mainly by a proprietary
Fortran-coded graphics
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CRT electron beam through a metallic stencil mask with an A-shaped hole, or through a B-shaped hole, etc.
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20:
1312:"DigiBarn Systems: Advanced Electronic Design AED 767 terminal an early graphics workstation (Prototype)"
83:
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87:
1357:. From the 1972 documentary Computer Networks - The Heralds Of Resource Sharing. Notice the five keys
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compatible with anything else and so had limited tool support. Imlac eventually added a self-hosted
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which dots are turned on. Bitmap raster graphics require much more memory than vector graphics.
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1981: Hazeltine's Imlac
Dynagraphic Series II introduced. It was designed to be compatible with
328:
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structures. (This was fixed in later models.) Programming the letter font subroutines was via
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The PDS-1's display processor and its minicomputer ran simultaneously, out of the same memory.
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compiler with hour-long compiles due to the cramped memory. Some PDS models had an optional
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http://www.digibarn.com/collections/presentations/maze-war/The-aMazing-History-of-Maze.ppt
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524:. The beam skipped blank areas of the screen. Things could be drawn in arbitrary order.
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https://github.com/larsbrinkhoff/imlac-software/blob/master/washington/freeway.pdf
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1972: PDS-1D introduced. It was similar to the PDS-1 with improved circuits and
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impressed them with its interactivity and graphics. But its ugly text prompted
543:
Vector displays were good for showing data charts, modifying line drawings and
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The PDS-1 debuted in 1970. It was the first low-cost commercial realization of
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running on larger computers, without customer programming inside the terminal.
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supporting program overlays. The disks were dropped from later products.
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Programming of this minicomputer was via assembler language. It was not
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cartridge disk drive or 8-inch floppy drive. These ran a rudimentary
376:, which cost 30 times more. It was a significant step forward towards
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784:, was created on a PDS-1 as part of a psychology experiment in 1971.
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PDS-4 system reference manual: Preliminary. IMLAC Corporation, 1974.
244:
405:
IMLAC is not an acronym but is the name of a poet-philosopher from
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1187:
http://www.cadhistory.net/15%20Patrick%20Hanratty%20and%20MCS.pdf
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quantities. It had 2Kx2K resolution,192 kilobytes of RAM, and an
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1968: Imlac founded. Their business plan was interactive
402:, and a display processor for driving CRT beam movements.
349:, that manufactured graphical display systems, mainly the
1381:. It preserves some scans of contemporary code printouts.
1165:
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_TechnicalMan.pdf
105:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
1355:
At 14:36 of this video a glimpse of the PDS-1 being used
372:. The PDS-1 was functionally similar to the much bigger
1176:
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_Schematics.pdf
710:, with only a dozen logic gates or 4 register bits per
435:
1970: PDS-1 introduced for the general graphics market.
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fidelity to the fonts of professionally printed text.
1385:
1361:, a direct descendant of the one introduced for the
1327:"BitRot: sImlac v0.0 is ready for human consumption"
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burn the monitor phosphor or deflection amplifiers.
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778:, an early predecessor of the popular arcade game
527:Vector displays are a now-obsolete alternative to
1450:Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
1445:Defunct computer companies of the United States
592:formed each letter all at once by sending the
853:UCSD Pascal machine and the high performance
8:
1470:Electronics companies disestablished in 1979
492:microprocessor, all inside the monitor unit.
412:The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia
228:
86:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
19:"Imlac" redirects here. For other uses, see
101:and maintains a consistent citation style.
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1390:BitRot: An introduction to the Imlac PDS-1
1350:Tom Uban's Restored PDS-1D - Imlac Anatomy
484:library standard. Its cost was $ 9000 in
243:
234:
227:
1465:Electronics companies established in 1968
1435:Computer companies disestablished in 1979
1425:American companies disestablished in 1979
1051:http://www.dvq.com/ads/imlac_mms_8_78.jpg
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
198:Learn how and when to remove this message
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
1010:Instruction set guides: imlac card color
1410:1979 disestablishments in Massachusetts
1379:Lars Brinkhoff's Imlac Software Library
901:
345:was an American electronics company in
1430:Computer companies established in 1968
1420:American companies established in 1968
1271:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1264:
973:from the original on 24 December 2023.
841:to develop the experimental bitmapped
699:The PDS-1 electronics were built from
573:graphics terminal used an alternative
949:from the original on 3 December 2021.
860:system. And those were supplanted by
512:The monitor was a 14-inch monochrome
7:
1405:1968 establishments in Massachusetts
1369:sImlac, Josh Dersch's Imlac emulator
814:were a major data load on the early
469:1979: Imlac Corporation acquired by
1455:Defunct computer hardware companies
93:Please consider converting them to
1460:Defunct computer systems companies
997:from the original on 7 March 2024.
922:from the original on 8 March 2024.
466:????: Dynagraphic 6220 introduced.
170:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
1152:"ICF Terminals: Refresh Displays"
1127:"Section 3: The industry evolves"
1074:"Jim Michmerhuizen: Work History"
876:. And now by single chips inside
473:, a maker of text-only terminals.
41:This article has multiple issues.
806:program. Mazewar games between
180:guide to writing better articles
159:
71:
30:
890:Living Computers: Museum + Labs
677:operations were not supported.
49:or discuss these issues on the
822:Pixels replace vector displays
774:was ported from a PDP-1 demo.
432:traders, which did not happen.
97:to ensure the article remains
1:
1415:1979 mergers and acquisitions
1374:Uban's Imlac Software Library
910:"The computer display review"
802:computer running the Mazewar
653:as possible. It was a single-
1287:"The Minicomputer Orphanage"
1102:"Memory Prices 1957 to 2012"
961:"IMLAC PDS-1D advertisement"
1088:"Vector graphics terminals"
295:; 45 years ago
273:; 56 years ago
1501:
1325:Josh Dersch (2013-07-11).
985:"PDS-1D Programming Guide"
254:running on an IMLAC PDS-1D
18:
792:multiplayer computer game
569:The competing lower cost
383:The PDS-1 consisted of a
325:Graphical display systems
242:
233:
1038:"USA Visit: August 1978"
657:machine much like a DEC
508:Refreshed vector display
445:1973: PDS-1G introduced.
16:Graphical display system
174:used on Knowledge (XXG)
1024:"USA Visit: June 1976"
943:"USA Visit: June 1976"
347:Needham, Massachusetts
284:Needham, Massachusetts
178:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
21:Imlac (disambiguation)
1440:Computer workstations
1363:NLS (computer system)
471:Hazeltine Corporation
380:and modern displays.
378:computer workstations
333:Computer workstations
313:Hazeltine Corporation
581:itself. But like an
419:Timeline of products
400:magnetic-core memory
398:, 8-16 kilobytes of
1475:Graphical terminals
874:video game consoles
864:-based mass-market
790:, the first online
757:Gödel, Escher, Bach
744:graphics protocol.
708:integrated circuits
547:diagrams, tumbling
329:Graphical terminals
230:
1192:2015-08-30 at the
667:virtual addressing
632:assembler language
426:graphics terminals
370:Volkswagen Beetles
1208:. 6 January 2018.
833:Imlac PDS-1's at
768:. The two-player
343:IMLAC Corporation
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229:IMLAC Corporation
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172:encyclopedic tone
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103:Several templates
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1289:. Archived from
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1104:. Archived from
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663:microprogramming
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43:Please help
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878:smartphones
866:Macintoshes
828:Moore's Law
749:typesetting
701:7400 series
682:object code
655:accumulator
651:logic gates
529:raster scan
522:pen plotter
482:3D graphics
385:CRT monitor
263:Electronics
1399:Categories
1332:2013-10-17
1297:2012-04-15
1258:2011-04-20
1137:2012-04-10
1112:2012-10-27
896:References
843:Xerox Alto
835:Xerox PARC
639:timeshared
601:subroutine
594:Charactron
552:wire-frame
409:'s novel,
99:verifiable
46:improve it
1206:"Frogger"
884:Emulation
872:PCs, and
771:Spacewar!
741:hypertext
724:Bresenham
716:wire wrap
669:, and no
647:registers
502:PDP 11/05
440:backplane
389:light pen
366:Sketchpad
188:July 2020
133:June 2022
84:bare URLs
52:talk page
1267:cite web
1190:Archived
992:Archived
968:Archived
947:Archived
917:Archived
812:Stanford
690:IBM 2310
590:CDC 6600
579:phosphor
498:DEC GT40
478:SIGGRAPH
374:IBM 2250
319:Products
260:Industry
251:Maze War
88:link rot
870:Windows
816:Arpanet
787:Mazewar
781:Frogger
694:disk OS
686:Fortran
627:integer
556:WYSIWYG
461:library
453:add-on.
298: (
290:Defunct
276: (
268:Founded
800:PDP-10
393:16-bit
108:reFill
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798:host
766:games
738:FRESS
675:Stack
671:cache
665:, no
659:PDP-8
355:PDS-4
351:PDS-1
82:uses
1273:link
1062:IEEE
858:Unix
855:PERQ
810:and
649:and
538:DRAM
496:The
490:8086
428:for
353:and
308:Fate
300:1979
293:1979
278:1968
271:1968
116:and
808:MIT
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712:DIP
705:TTL
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