1017:
999:
293:
5134:
3965:
5144:
4014:
1814:
1617:
5154:
5164:
434:
spoken by
Muslims (both sedentary and non-sedentary) in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq. Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non-Muslims of central and southern Iraq (including Baghdad) and by the sedentary population (both Muslims and Non-Muslims) of the rest of
886:
is Iraq's de facto national vernacular, as about half of population speaks it as a mother tongue, and most other Iraqis understand it. It is spreading to northern cities as well. Other Arabic speakers cannot easily understand
Moslawi and Baghdadi.
4396:
498:), with the exception of urban Non-Muslims who continue to speak pre-1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all, Muslims and Non-Muslims alike.
4425:
4695:
4309:
486:
killed all
Muslims. However, sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched. In southern Iraq, sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by
2076:
1802:
1605:
402:
in
Mesopotamia from the early 1st millennium BCE until the late 1st millennium CE, and as may be expected, Mesopotamian Arabic shows signs of an Aramaic
4313:
2370:
4685:
1062:
2421:
4001:
1561:
1522:
1474:
1439:
1428:
del Rio
Sanchez, Francisco (2013). "Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic". In Sala, Juan Pedro Monferrer; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (eds.).
1370:
1329:
1288:
1210:
1167:
4437:
4344:
4339:
448:
4329:
4294:
4690:
4606:
2964:
4734:
1113:
1041:
4403:
4391:
1583:
4822:
4807:
2069:
1780:
4418:
4680:
4666:
4068:
3611:
1795:
1598:
490:
from the countryside. This explains the current dialect distribution: in the south, everyone speaks
Bedouin varieties close to
305:
4284:
3138:
2404:
2251:
3979:
3586:
2363:
1060:
Muller-Kessler, Christa (2003). "Aramaic 'K', Lyk' and Iraqi Arabic 'Aku, Maku: The
Mesopotamian Particles of Existence".
5157:
4430:
5194:
2903:
2454:
4408:
4979:
4744:
4707:
4639:
2062:
2043:
1551:
444:
4324:
4832:
4812:
4654:
4644:
4634:
4334:
4103:
3547:
3026:
1788:
1591:
1398:
1097:
1191:
Procházka, Stephan (2018). "3.2. The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.).
4784:
4629:
4199:
3994:
3300:
3290:
3267:
900:
685:
660:
606:
427:
423:
411:
262:
252:
191:
186:
153:
120:
115:
4871:
4842:
4486:
3968:
3876:
3358:
2356:
315:
1268:
5099:
4847:
4511:
4244:
3425:
3123:
3066:
2469:
1244:
Phonological variation and change in
Mesopotamia: a study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul
1105:
479:
403:
218:
4802:
4661:
4531:
4506:
4376:
4128:
3231:
3191:
3116:
3111:
2875:
2411:
1635:
1016:
998:
964:
728:
148:
4906:
4774:
4386:
4259:
4238:
4158:
4118:
3957:
3790:
3742:
3552:
3534:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3324:
3059:
3031:
3021:
2825:
2449:
2169:
2038:
1769:
1686:
1192:
903:
838:
138:
5001:
4883:
4817:
4779:
4675:
4601:
4596:
4521:
4369:
3987:
3693:
3453:
3373:
2853:
2120:
1969:
1964:
1923:
1903:
1851:
1691:
668:
436:
4943:
4827:
4702:
4624:
4153:
4123:
4108:
3752:
3562:
3435:
2809:
2723:
2317:
2196:
2184:
1764:
1267:
Holes, Clive (2006). Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.).
959:
356:
225:
158:
5143:
5074:
5069:
5054:
5016:
4991:
4928:
4789:
4724:
4359:
4168:
4083:
3920:
3606:
3522:
3319:
3244:
2124:
2085:
1528:
1216:
1079:
923:
919:
407:
4349:
1130:
430:. Their names derive from the form of the word for "I said" in each variety. Gelet Arabic is a
292:
5094:
5059:
4896:
4837:
4739:
4649:
4619:
4614:
4481:
4476:
4460:
4289:
4209:
4204:
4113:
3667:
3420:
3340:
3280:
3043:
2950:
2935:
2846:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2322:
2115:
1979:
1959:
1818:
1698:
1621:
1557:
1518:
1470:
1435:
1376:
1366:
1335:
1325:
1284:
1206:
1173:
1163:
1109:
1037:
911:
907:
852:
648:
495:
456:
452:
143:
5167:
1031:
4986:
4921:
4911:
4585:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4496:
4471:
3830:
3688:
3486:
3467:
3430:
3309:
3239:
3182:
3167:
3094:
2940:
2925:
2870:
2832:
2536:
2479:
2439:
2327:
2312:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2209:
2157:
2145:
2130:
2022:
2017:
2009:
1989:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1913:
1876:
1861:
1835:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1703:
1653:
1510:
1462:
1410:
1358:
1317:
1276:
1198:
1138:
1071:
943:
939:
931:
691:
5084:
5049:
4938:
4933:
4852:
4763:
4501:
4354:
4266:
4254:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4098:
4073:
4058:
4045:
4033:
3871:
3800:
3737:
3731:
3600:
3475:
3415:
3275:
3219:
3204:
3199:
3172:
3162:
3106:
3079:
3054:
2989:
2983:
2969:
2955:
2912:
2894:
2494:
2484:
2464:
2399:
2332:
2307:
2302:
2287:
2272:
2222:
2179:
2135:
1999:
1984:
1974:
1918:
1898:
1888:
1856:
1743:
1728:
1659:
1638:
927:
883:
696:
348:
336:
209:
130:
1362:
906:, and through it also has significant influences from ancient Mesopotamian languages of
5064:
5039:
4319:
4249:
3951:
3881:
3815:
3720:
3494:
3383:
3378:
3363:
3348:
3314:
3099:
2474:
2416:
2337:
2297:
2174:
2162:
2140:
1994:
1709:
1553:
From Qəltu To Gələt: Diachronic Notes On
Linguistic Adaptation In Muslim Baghdad Arabic
1305:
947:
935:
722:
637:
431:
384:
202:
2698:
2608:
2581:
1033:
Arabic
Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday
283:
277:
5188:
5137:
5089:
5079:
5044:
4996:
4973:
4948:
4916:
4712:
4541:
4536:
4413:
4214:
4063:
3913:
3908:
3894:
3840:
3775:
3757:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3591:
3410:
3405:
3390:
3353:
3214:
3209:
3133:
3089:
2945:
2919:
2660:
2651:
2444:
2431:
2215:
1893:
1881:
1414:
1309:
1220:
915:
732:
483:
451:. Geographically, the gelet–qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively
399:
1532:
1506:
Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff
1504:
1456:
4963:
4729:
4526:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4053:
3886:
3845:
3785:
3765:
3725:
3638:
3633:
3400:
3395:
3285:
3008:
2994:
2786:
2768:
2561:
2235:
2204:
1353:
Prochazka, Stephan (2018). "The Northern Fertile Crescent". In Holes, Clive (ed.).
1280:
820:
801:
615:
3710:
1242:
5147:
5109:
4958:
4794:
4719:
4516:
4078:
3780:
3672:
3616:
3368:
2777:
2529:
858:
664:
491:
360:
89:
59:
2680:
2626:
1321:
4224:
2930:
2839:
1380:
1202:
1177:
1009:
991:
1339:
5034:
5006:
4953:
4491:
4183:
4143:
3835:
1570:
1143:
872:
867:
846:
788:
623:
464:
270:
238:
740:
17:
3711:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2696:
2688:
2678:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2624:
2616:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2579:
2571:
2562:
2553:
1466:
1004:
986:
257:
247:
4551:
4381:
4364:
4138:
4133:
3820:
3810:
3703:
2513:
2150:
1866:
1667:
1514:
1355:
Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
1160:
Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
824:
712:
708:
704:
487:
468:
323:
311:
5011:
4968:
4148:
4093:
3855:
2519:
1083:
784:
780:
736:
472:
440:
395:
319:
93:
4891:
4546:
3770:
3698:
2750:
2394:
2379:
2099:
2054:
1908:
1871:
1269:"The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq/Die arabische Halbinsel und der Irak"
831:
816:
766:
750:
700:
460:
380:
372:
104:
79:
75:
67:
1075:
758:
1429:
5104:
4088:
3850:
3805:
3795:
2714:
2669:
2642:
2615:
2588:
2552:
2524:
2348:
896:
809:
776:
754:
716:
368:
63:
1493:(Lexicon: Aramaic in the popular language of Mosul): Baghdad 1963
1431:
Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected Papers
4299:
4276:
4019:
4013:
3825:
2795:
2741:
2732:
2705:
2687:
2633:
2597:
1821:
1813:
1616:
938:
came to being. Mesopotamian Arabic also retains influences from
863:
805:
744:
619:
376:
364:
107:
also used as a L2 language by non Arab communities in the region
71:
55:
4869:
4761:
4583:
4458:
4031:
3983:
2352:
2058:
1784:
1587:
1574:
2759:
2570:
1304:
Al‐Wer, Enam; Jong, Rudolf (2017). "Dialects of Arabic". In
322:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1458:
Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature
735:(Christians and Jews), Diyarbakır villages (Christians),
1503:
Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias, eds. (1997).
1131:"The Linguistic Heritage of the Maṣlāwī Dialect in Iraq"
27:
Continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of Arabic
1491:
al-Athar, al-Aramiyyah fi lughat al-Mawsil al-amiyyah
914:. Eastern Aramaic dialects flourished and became the
5027:
4882:
4275:
4192:
4044:
3929:
3864:
3751:
3681:
3660:
3585:
3503:
3485:
3446:
3339:
3299:
3266:
3257:
3230:
3190:
3181:
3155:
3042:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2863:
2817:
2808:
2545:
2430:
2387:
2260:
2244:
2195:
2108:
2092:
2031:
2008:
1952:
1844:
1828:
1757:
1721:
1679:
1628:
268:
236:
231:
215:
199:
180:
127:
111:
99:
85:
51:
32:
297:Areas where Mesopotamian Arabic are widely spoken.
1030:Enam al-Wer, Rudolf Erik de Jong, ed. (2009).
3995:
2364:
2070:
1796:
1599:
1392:
1390:
1194:The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia
494:(continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the
422:Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties:
8:
1275:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter: 1937.
629:Rural dialects of northern and central Iraq.
43:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
4879:
4866:
4758:
4580:
4455:
4041:
4028:
4002:
3988:
3980:
3263:
3187:
2899:
2890:
2814:
2371:
2357:
2349:
2077:
2063:
2055:
1803:
1789:
1781:
1606:
1592:
1584:
1571:
1273:Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Part 3
291:
29:
4310:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
1142:
4134:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
1399:"Words of War: The Iraqi Tower of Babel"
1357:. Oxford University Press. p. 266.
1162:. Oxford University Press. p. 337.
1063:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1036:. Vol. 53. Brill. pp. 99–100.
500:
976:
316:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1055:
1053:
982:
980:
553:
536:
519:
459:. The isogloss is between the rivers
179:
7:
5163:
5105:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
410:varieties have retained features of
5153:
1247:(PhD thesis). Newcastle University.
926:, where different dialects such as
642:The surrounding area around Baghdad
581:
567:
352:
340:
44:
3956:Languages between parentheses are
1403:International Studies Perspectives
1363:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0009
1241:Ahmed, Abdulkareem Yaseen (2018).
1129:Jasim, Maha Ibrahim (2022-12-15).
918:throughout Mesopotamia during the
25:
533:
435:the country. Non-Muslims include
5162:
5152:
5142:
5133:
5132:
4438:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
4012:
3964:
3963:
2163:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
1812:
1615:
1415:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2009.00375.x
1197:. De Gruyter. pp. 243–266.
1015:
997:
895:Mesopotamian Arabic, especially
612:Northwestern Mesopotamian group
550:
78:, parts of northern and eastern
4917:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
4340:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
4330:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
4069:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
2175:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)
1710:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
1509:. Penn State University Press.
1397:Collin, Richard Oliver (2009).
4200:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
3960:of the language on their left.
2252:Levantine Arabic Sign Language
1281:10.1515/9783110184181.3.9.1930
1:
118:(acm): 17 million (2020)
4696:in ISIL-controlled territory
2455:Ancient South Arabian script
2422:Influence on other languages
1550:Palva, Heikki (2009-01-01).
1314:The Handbook of Dialectology
1102:Pronouncing Arabic, Volume 2
449:left Iraq in the 1940s–1950s
4607:Council of Representatives
4345:Weapons of mass destruction
3712:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2697:
2689:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2625:
2617:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2580:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2495:
2044:Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language
1680:Official minority languages
837:Baghdad and southern Iraq (
502:Gelet/qeltu verb contrasts
5211:
4335:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
1322:10.1002/9781118827628.ch32
1158:Holes, Clive, ed. (2018).
779:and surrounding villages (
703:and surrounding villages,
5128:
4878:
4865:
4770:
4757:
4592:
4579:
4467:
4454:
4040:
4027:
3943:
3936:Islam and Arabic language
1734:Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)
1581:
1576:Links to related articles
1203:10.1515/9783110421682-008
428:Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic
424:Gelet Mesopotamian Arabic
302:
290:
42:
37:
4686:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
4597:Administrative divisions
3877:Arabic script in Unicode
3612:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2972:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1722:Other minority languages
1312:; Watt, Dominic (eds.).
679:Qeltu dialects include:
600:Gelet dialects include:
447:, until most Iraqi Jews
341:لهجة بلاد ما بين النهرين
123:(ayp): 10 million (2020)
4245:Mandate for Mesopotamia
4119:First Babylonian Empire
3139:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1144:10.19088/creid.2022.015
4404:Insurgency (2011–2013)
4325:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4129:Middle Assyrian Empire
1316:. Wiley. p. 529.
1135:CREID Working Paper 18
965:Modern Standard Arabic
304:This article contains
4691:in post-invasion Iraq
4397:U.S. troop withdrawal
4159:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3743:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2450:Ancient North Arabian
2039:Persian Sign Language
1770:Kurdish Sign Language
1467:10.4324/9781315026503
1455:Smart, J. R. (2013).
855:(Syria, Iraq, Turkey)
4640:Council of Ministers
4522:Mesopotamian Marshes
3694:Sun and moon letters
2854:Pre-classical Arabic
2121:Circassian languages
1692:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1533:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt
1515:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt
899:, has a significant
841:and Christians only)
669:Mesopotamian Marshes
634:Central Iraqi Group
406:. The Gelet and the
5195:Mesopotamian Arabic
4902:Mesopotamian Arabic
4708:Freedom of religion
4154:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4124:Old Assyrian Period
4109:Neo-Sumerian Empire
3548:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3027:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2261:Immigrant languages
2197:Varieties of Arabic
2185:Western Neo-Aramaic
1765:Iraqi Sign Language
1645:Mesopotamian Arabic
1434:. Oriens Academic.
960:Varieties of Arabic
729:Diyarbakır dialects
647:Southern Iraqi and
503:
357:varieties of Arabic
333:Mesopotamian Arabic
164:Mesopotamian Arabic
33:Mesopotamian Arabic
4833:Telecommunications
4808:Foreign Investment
4745:Wars and conflicts
4681:in pre-Saddam Iraq
4645:Presidency Council
4431:2019–2021 protests
4360:Invasion of Kuwait
4184:Sassanid Asorestan
4179:Parthian Babylonia
4174:Seleucid Babylonia
4169:Achaemenid Assyria
4084:Jemdet Nasr period
3921:MacArabic encoding
2109:Minority languages
2086:Languages of Syria
1953:Minority languages
1845:Regional languages
1629:Official languages
1489:R. J. al-Mawsely,
924:Hellenistic period
815:Southern Moslawi:
800:Northern Moslawi:
797:group (Jews only)
661:Marshland dialects
501:
412:Babylonian Aramaic
5182:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5110:Mandaean New Year
4861:
4860:
4753:
4752:
4735:Political parties
4630:Foreign relations
4575:
4574:
4482:Lower Mesopotamia
4477:Upper Mesopotamia
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4210:Abbasid Caliphate
4205:Umayyad Caliphate
4114:Isin-Larsa period
3977:
3976:
3952:extinct languages
3891:MS-DOS codepages
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3335:
3334:
3253:
3252:
3151:
3150:
2847:Old Hijazi Arabic
2346:
2345:
2093:Official language
2052:
2051:
2010:Working languages
1829:Official language
1778:
1777:
1622:Languages of Iraq
1563:978-90-474-2559-5
1524:978-1-57506-020-0
1476:978-1-136-78805-5
1441:978-84-695-7829-2
1372:978-0-19-870137-8
1331:978-1-118-82755-0
1290:978-3-11-019987-1
1212:978-3-11-042168-2
1169:978-0-19-870137-8
1013:(27th ed., 2024)
995:(27th ed., 2024)
649:Khuzestani Arabic
593:
592:
496:Arabian Peninsula
457:Lower Mesopotamia
453:Upper Mesopotamia
355:), is a group of
343:), also known as
330:
329:
312:rendering support
308:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
5202:
5166:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5146:
5136:
5135:
4880:
4867:
4798:
4759:
4610:
4581:
4567:Sinjar Mountains
4557:Zagros Mountains
4497:Hamrin Mountains
4456:
4419:Mosul liberation
4392:Iraqi insurgency
4314:National Command
4303:
4139:Simurrum culture
4042:
4029:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3715:
3264:
3188:
3124:Western Algerian
3071:Eastern Algerian
3067:Algerian Saharan
2997:(Lesser Kabylia)
2900:
2891:
2833:Nabataean Arabic
2815:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2630:
2620:
2612:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2537:Maltese alphabet
2500:
2480:Algerian Braille
2470:Eastern numerals
2440:Nabataean script
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2225:
2218:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
1944:Khorasani Turkic
1817:
1816:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1729:Gorani (Hawrami)
1620:
1619:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1572:
1567:
1537:
1536:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1264:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1002:
1001:
984:
834:and surroundings
583:
569:
555:
552:
538:
535:
521:
513:Sedentary/qeltu
504:
480:Siege of Baghdad
367:, as well as in
354:
342:
295:
286:
280:
260:
250:
241:
221:
205:
133:
47:
46:
30:
21:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5116:
5100:Public holidays
5023:
4874:
4857:
4796:
4766:
4749:
4608:
4588:
4571:
4502:Iraqi Kurdistan
4492:Euphrates river
4463:
4442:
4409:War (2014–2017)
4355:Operation Opera
4301:
4271:
4267:Arab Federation
4255:Kingdom of Iraq
4188:
4164:Fall of Babylon
4099:Akkadian Empire
4074:Samarra culture
4059:Hassuna culture
4036:
4023:
4011:
4010:
4008:
3978:
3973:
3939:
3925:
3872:Arabic keyboard
3860:
3755:
3747:
3732:Mater lectionis
3726:Triliteral root
3677:
3648:
3589:
3581:
3499:
3481:
3442:
3331:
3295:
3249:
3226:
3177:
3147:
3038:
3018:Judeo-Maghrebi
2886:
2880:
2876:Modern Standard
2859:
2804:
2541:
2485:Maltese Braille
2465:Arabic numerals
2426:
2383:
2377:
2347:
2342:
2256:
2240:
2221:
2214:
2191:
2104:
2100:Standard Arabic
2088:
2083:
2053:
2048:
2027:
2004:
1948:
1840:
1824:
1811:
1809:
1779:
1774:
1753:
1717:
1675:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1577:
1564:
1549:
1546:
1544:Further reading
1541:
1540:
1525:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1306:Boberg, Charles
1303:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1266:
1265:
1252:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1213:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1106:Clarendon Press
1098:Mitchell, T. F.
1096:
1095:
1091:
1076:10.2307/3217756
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1003:
996:
985:
978:
973:
956:
901:Eastern Aramaic
893:
884:Baghdadi Arabic
881:
692:Anatolian Qeltu
677:
598:
432:Bedouin variety
420:
393:
371:, southeastern
353:اللهجة العراقية
310:Without proper
298:
282:
281:
276:
256:
255:
246:
245:
237:
222:
217:
210:Arabic alphabet
206:
201:
176:
154:Central Semitic
134:
131:Language family
129:
119:
45:اللهجة العراقية
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5208:
5206:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Transportation
4835:
4830:
4828:Stock Exchange
4825:
4823:Reconstruction
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Infrastructure
4800:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4662:Prime Minister
4659:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:1991 uprisings
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:Saddam Hussein
4317:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4250:Mandatory Iraq
4247:
4242:
4239:Mamluk dynasty
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Gutian dynasty
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3889:
3884:
3882:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Naskh (script)
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:Judeo-Tunisian
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3535:Judeo-Moroccan
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3518:Judeo-Egyptian
3515:
3513:Judeo-Algerian
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3495:Bedouin Arabic
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3107:Moroccan koiné
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3080:Tunisian koiné
3076:Eastern Hilal
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:Judeo-Algerian
3055:Algerian koiné
3051:Central Hilal
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:Judeo-Tunisian
3029:
3024:
3022:Judeo-Moroccan
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Arabic Braille
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2245:Sign languages
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2032:Sign languages
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:Zargari Romani
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1758:Sign languages
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1523:
1495:
1482:
1475:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1409:(3): 245–264.
1386:
1371:
1345:
1330:
1310:Nerbonne, John
1296:
1289:
1250:
1226:
1211:
1183:
1168:
1150:
1121:
1114:
1108:. p. 37.
1089:
1070:(3): 641–646.
1049:
1042:
1022:
975:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
962:
955:
952:
936:Hatran Aramaic
892:
889:
880:
879:
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
861:
856:
844:
843:
842:
835:
829:
828:
827:
813:
792:
764:
763:
762:
748:
726:
720:
715:(Christians),
681:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
658:
657:Rural dialects
655:
654:Urban dialects
645:
644:
643:
640:
638:Baghdad Arabic
632:
631:
630:
627:
616:Shāwi dialects
602:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
577:
576:
573:
570:
563:
562:
559:
556:
546:
545:
542:
539:
529:
528:
525:
522:
515:
514:
511:
508:
419:
416:
392:
389:
385:Iraqi diaspora
359:spoken in the
328:
327:
314:, you may see
300:
299:
296:
288:
287:
274:
266:
265:
242:
234:
233:
232:Language codes
229:
228:
223:
216:
213:
212:
207:
203:Writing system
200:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
182:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
137:
135:
128:
125:
124:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
87:
83:
82:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5207:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5169:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:Iraqi Turkmen
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4609:(legislative)
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Syrian Desert
4540:
4538:
4537:Shatt al-Arab
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Faw peninsula
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Fall of Mosul
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:U.S. invasion
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Iran–Iraq War
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Buyid dynasty
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Halaf culture
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3970:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Sini (script)
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Ruqʿah script
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Hijazi script
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:Central Asian
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3005:Traras-Msirda
3004:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Arabic script
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:. Routledge.
1460:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1115:0-19-823989-0
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:9789047425595
1039:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
983:
981:
977:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:lingua franca
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
890:
888:
885:
874:
871:
869:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
848:
845:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:
796:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
770:
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
683:
682:
680:
670:
666:
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:
650:
646:
641:
639:
636:
635:
633:
628:
625:
621:
617:
614:
613:
611:
610:
609:
608:
604:
603:
601:
595:
588:
585:
579:
578:
574:
571:
565:
564:
560:
557:
548:
547:
543:
540:
531:
530:
526:
523:
517:
516:
512:
510:Bedouin/gelet
509:
506:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:lingua franca
397:
390:
388:
387:communities.
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
338:
334:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
307:
301:
294:
289:
285:
279:
275:
273:
272:
267:
264:
261: –
259:
254:
251: –
249:
243:
240:
235:
230:
227:
224:
220:
214:
211:
208:
204:
198:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
136:
132:
126:
122:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5002:Christianity
4901:
4884:Demographics
4818:Oil reserves
4813:Oil Industry
4780:Central Bank
4676:Human rights
4602:Constitution
4547:Tigris river
4527:Persian Gulf
4235:Ottoman Iraq
4220:Qara Qoyunlu
4054:Ubaid period
3947:
3887:Windows-1256
3846:Taliq script
3786:Jeli Thuluth
3766:Ajami script
3730:
3634:Pidgin madam
3621:
3599:
3563:Judeo-Yemeni
3505:Judeo-Arabic
3487:Sociological
3474:
3436:Judeo-Yemeni
3259:Mesopotamian
3258:
3134:Libyan koiné
2918:
2911:
2904:Pre-Hilalian
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2826:Proto-Arabic
2824:
2459:Zabūr script
2412:Romanization
2231:Mesopotamian
2230:
1819:Languages of
1708:
1666:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1552:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1457:
1450:
1430:
1423:
1406:
1402:
1354:
1348:
1313:
1299:
1272:
1243:
1193:
1186:
1159:
1153:
1134:
1124:
1101:
1092:
1067:
1061:
1032:
1025:
1008:
990:
894:
882:
821:Tuz Khurmatu
794:
772:
684:
678:
605:
599:
482:(1258), the
477:
421:
394:
361:Mesopotamian
345:Iraqi Arabic
344:
332:
331:
303:
269:
219:Signed forms
163:
149:West Semitic
139:Afro-Asiatic
38:Iraqi Arabic
5158:WikiProject
4959:Marsh Arabs
4944:Circassians
4625:Foreign aid
4517:Mesopotamia
4079:Uruk period
3781:Jawi script
3753:Calligraphy
3682:Linguistics
3607:Gulf Pidgin
3523:Judeo-Iraqi
3464:Kashkadarya
3320:Judeo-Iraqi
3245:Palestinian
3156:Nile Valley
2818:Pre-Islamic
2530:Dagger alif
1904:Mazanderani
1852:Azerbaijani
1687:Neo-Aramaic
859:Deir ez-Zor
665:Marsh Arabs
618:(including
492:Gulf Arabic
478:During the
408:Judeo-Iraqi
318:instead of
121:Qeltu/North
116:Gelet/South
105:Iraqi Arabs
90:Mesopotamia
60:Mesopotamia
18:ISO 639:acm
5075:Television
5055:Literature
5017:Irreligion
4992:Secularism
4929:Minorities
4797:(currency)
4790:Corruption
4635:Government
4426:Insurgency
4225:Aq Qoyunlu
4046:Chronology
3668:Literature
3341:Peninsular
3281:Khuzestani
3011:(Mountain)
2931:Australian
2840:Old Arabic
2490:Diacritics
2417:Numerology
2318:Portuguese
1970:Circassian
1381:1059441655
1178:1059441655
1010:Ethnologue
992:Ethnologue
971:References
920:Achaemenid
733:Diyarbakır
699:dialects:
589:yǝšrab-ūn
575:tǝšrab-ūn
561:tǝšrab-īn
437:Christians
226:Iraqi Sign
5095:Squatting
5060:Education
5007:Mandaeism
4976:/Turkoman
4954:Mandaeans
4939:Assyrians
4934:Armenians
4897:Languages
4785:Companies
4740:Judiciary
4650:President
4620:Elections
4615:Democracy
4461:Geography
4377:Sanctions
4295:2003–2011
4290:1968–2003
4285:1958–1968
4144:Babylonia
3958:varieties
3950:indicate
3865:Technical
3836:Shahmukhi
3791:Kairouani
3689:Phonology
3468:Khorasani
3458:Bakhtiari
3310:Anatolian
3240:Jordanian
3220:Damascene
3183:Levantine
3095:Hassaniya
2936:Cottenera
2871:Classical
2810:Varieties
2388:Overviews
2223:Damascene
2210:Levantine
2125:Kabardian
1556:. Brill.
1340:989950951
1221:134361362
904:substrate
891:Substrate
873:Hit, Iraq
868:Abu Kamal
847:Euphrates
789:Ain Sifni
624:al-Raqqah
586:yišṛab-ūn
572:tišṛab-ūn
558:tišṛab-īn
527:fataḥ-tu
467:, around
465:Euphrates
418:Varieties
404:substrate
363:basin of
271:Glottolog
239:ISO 639-3
100:Ethnicity
5189:Category
5138:Category
4987:Religion
4964:Persians
4848:Railways
4843:Airlines
4725:Military
4586:Politics
4562:Wildlife
4552:Umm Qasr
4382:Iraq War
4365:Gulf War
4277:Republic
4230:Safavids
4193:638–1958
3969:Category
3821:Nastaliq
3811:Muhaqqaq
3801:Maghrebi
3661:Academic
3601:Bimbashi
3557:Tunisene
3528:Baghdadi
3476:Shirvani
3416:Hadhrami
3374:Bahraini
3325:Baghdadi
3276:Baghdadi
3215:Aleppine
3205:Lebanese
3200:Cilician
3173:Sudanese
3163:Egyptian
3044:Hilalian
3002:Western
2980:Eastern
2977:Village
2956:Żurrieqi
2920:Sicilian
2913:Andalusi
2895:Maghrebi
2864:Literary
2516:(tanwin)
2514:Nunation
2400:Alphabet
2395:Language
2382:language
2323:Japanese
2216:Aleppine
2151:Kurmanji
2116:Armenian
1980:Georgian
1965:Assyrian
1960:Armenian
1867:Kurmanji
1699:Armenian
1668:Kurmanji
1636:Standard
1100:(1990).
954:See also
912:Akkadian
908:Sumerian
853:Khawetna
825:Khanaqin
761:dialects
725:dialects
713:Nusaybin
709:Qamishli
705:Mhallami
596:Dialects
544:fataḥ-t
488:Bedouins
469:Fallujah
398:was the
324:Help:IPA
284:nort3142
278:meso1252
181:Dialects
112:Speakers
5168:Commons
5085:Smoking
5050:Culture
5045:Cuisine
5028:General
5012:Yazidis
4969:Solluba
4922:Persian
4912:Kurdish
4907:Aramaic
4872:Society
4853:Tourism
4764:Economy
4512:Islands
4487:Borders
4312: (
4302:present
4237:(incl.
4149:Assyria
4094:Subartu
4034:History
3948:Italics
3856:Thuluth
3721:Grammar
3592:pidgins
3587:Creoles
3576:Sanʽani
3461:Bukhara
3421:Sanʽani
3384:Kuwaiti
3379:Emirati
3364:Dhofari
3349:Bahrani
3315:Cypriot
3303:(Qeltu)
3130:Sulaym
3117:Western
3112:Eastern
2990:Sfaxian
2986:(Sahel)
2941:Gozitan
2926:Maltese
2546:Letters
2520:Shaddah
2509:Harakat
2504:Tashkil
2432:Scripts
2405:History
2328:Russian
2313:Chinese
2293:Italian
2283:Spanish
2278:Punjabi
2268:English
2170:Aramaic
2158:Turkish
2146:Kurdish
2131:Chechen
2023:Russian
2018:English
1990:Jadgali
1939:Semnani
1934:Turkmen
1929:Qashqai
1914:Balochi
1862:Kurdish
1836:Persian
1749:Shabaki
1739:Persian
1704:Turkish
1654:Kurdish
1084:3217756
944:Turkish
940:Persian
932:Mandaic
795:Moslawi
785:Bashiqa
781:Bahzani
773:Moslawi
737:Siverek
667:of the
663:of the
541:ḏạrab-t
524:ḏạrab-t
484:Mongols
473:Samarra
441:Yazidis
396:Aramaic
391:History
320:Unicode
244:Either:
144:Semitic
103:Mainly
94:Cilicia
5148:Portal
5090:Sports
5065:Health
5040:Cinema
4892:Iraqis
4795:Dinar
4730:Police
4532:Places
4022:topics
3771:Diwani
3758:Script
3716:(case)
3713:ʾIʿrāb
3699:Tajwid
3644:Bongor
3623:Maridi
3573:Habban
3447:Others
3431:Tihami
3411:Yemeni
3406:Shihhi
3391:Hejazi
3359:Bedawi
3354:Bareqi
3210:Syrian
3168:Saʽidi
3100:Nemadi
3086:Maqil
2984:Sahili
2951:Żejtun
2887:spoken
2885:Modern
2380:Arabic
2333:Danish
2308:Arabic
2303:Hebrew
2288:German
2273:French
2180:Turoyo
2136:Domari
2000:Khalaj
1985:Hebrew
1975:Domari
1919:Talysh
1909:Arabic
1899:Gilaki
1889:Gorani
1877:Xwarin
1872:Sorani
1857:Achomi
1744:Hebrew
1662:(Main)
1660:Sorani
1647:(Main)
1639:Arabic
1560:
1531:
1521:
1473:
1438:
1379:
1369:
1338:
1328:
1287:
1219:
1209:
1176:
1166:
1112:
1082:
1040:
946:, and
928:Syriac
849:Qeltu
832:Tikrit
817:Kirkuk
802:Sandur
769:Qeltu
767:Tigris
751:Kozluk
747:(Jews)
741:Çermik
719:(Jews)
701:Mardin
697:Mardin
651:group
507:s-stem
461:Tigris
443:, and
381:Kuwait
373:Turkey
349:Arabic
337:Arabic
159:Arabic
86:Region
80:Arabia
76:Kuwait
68:Turkey
5080:Music
5070:Media
4997:Islam
4949:Kurds
4775:Banks
4713:Women
4507:Lakes
4300:2011–
4260:Kings
4089:Sumer
3930:Other
3851:Tawqi
3806:Mashq
3796:Kufic
3704:Imāla
3673:Names
3639:Turku
3567:Adeni
3401:Omani
3396:Najdi
3301:North
3291:South
3286:Shawi
3268:Gilit
3232:South
3192:North
3090:Fessi
3009:Jebli
2995:Jijel
2970:Tunis
2965:Urban
2946:Qormi
2555:ʾAlif
2525:Hamza
2497:i‘jām
2338:Dutch
2298:Hindi
2236:Najdi
2205:Shawi
2141:Greek
1529:JSTOR
1217:S2CID
1080:JSTOR
1005:Qeltu
987:Gelet
948:Greek
897:Qeltu
812:, Šoš
810:Erbil
777:Mosul
755:Sason
723:Siirt
717:Cizre
686:Qeltu
607:Gilit
369:Syria
263:Qeltu
253:Gelet
192:Qeltu
187:Gelet
64:Syria
4980:Jews
4703:LGBT
4667:List
4655:List
4020:Iraq
3826:Rasm
3629:Nubi
3617:Juba
3590:and
3570:Beda
3542:Wqal
3539:Kjal
3369:Gulf
2717:Ġayn
2708:ʿAyn
1924:Tati
1894:Luri
1882:Laki
1822:Iran
1558:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1377:OCLC
1367:ISBN
1336:OCLC
1326:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1174:OCLC
1164:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1038:ISBN
934:and
922:and
910:and
866:and
864:Anah
839:Jews
806:Akre
745:Urfa
743:and
622:and
620:Urfa
580:3rd
566:2nd
549:2nd
532:2nd
518:1st
471:and
463:and
455:and
445:Jews
426:and
383:and
377:Iran
365:Iraq
72:Iran
56:Iraq
5035:Art
4720:Law
3914:864
3909:720
3905:711
3902:710
3899:709
3895:708
3738:IPA
2798:Yāʾ
2789:Wāw
2780:Hāʾ
2771:Nūn
2762:Mīm
2753:Lām
2744:Kāf
2735:Qāf
2726:Fāʾ
2699:Ẓāʾ
2690:Ṭāʾ
2681:Ḍād
2672:Ṣād
2663:Šīn
2654:Sīn
2645:Zāy
2636:Rāʾ
2627:Ḏāl
2618:Dāl
2609:Ḫāʾ
2600:Ḥāʾ
2591:Ǧīm
2582:Ṯāʾ
2573:Tāʾ
2564:Bāʾ
1511:doi
1463:doi
1411:doi
1359:doi
1318:doi
1277:doi
1199:doi
1139:doi
1072:doi
1068:123
1007:at
989:at
759:Muş
582:pl.
568:pl.
554:sg.
537:sg.
520:sg.
306:IPA
258:ayp
248:acm
62:),
5191::
3756:·
1527:.
1517:.
1469:.
1407:10
1405:.
1401:.
1389:^
1375:.
1365:.
1334:.
1324:.
1308:;
1283:.
1271:.
1253:^
1229:^
1215:.
1205:.
1172:.
1137:.
1133:.
1104:.
1078:.
1066:.
1052:^
979:^
950:.
942:,
930:,
823:,
819:,
808:,
804:,
787:,
783:,
775::
739:,
731::
711:,
707:,
551:f.
534:m.
475:.
439:,
414:.
379:,
375:,
351::
339::
92:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
4316:)
4241:)
4003:e
3996:t
3989:v
2372:e
2365:t
2358:v
2127:)
2123:(
2078:e
2071:t
2064:v
1804:e
1797:t
1790:v
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1566:.
1535:.
1513::
1479:.
1465::
1444:.
1417:.
1413::
1383:.
1361::
1342:.
1320::
1293:.
1279::
1223:.
1201::
1180:.
1147:.
1141::
1118:.
1086:.
1074::
1046:.
791:)
757:–
753:–
626:)
347:(
335:(
326:.
58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.