379:, also referred to as Adenites, began to be identified as a separate ethnicity to the other inhabitants of the area, despite their shared history and language. The British conquest also led to an increase in immigration of Jews from other areas of the Arabian Peninsula to the recently established Aden Protectorate. Under British rule, many Adeni Jews, speaking Ta’izzi-Adeni Arabic, established commercial enterprises and communities in the nearby Italian territory of Eritrea. In 1947, following the announcement of the United Nations plan to partition the region of Palestine, large scale riots and protests occurred throughout the British Aden Protectorate, resulting in the deaths of 82 Adeni Jews, as well as the destruction of synagogues and Jewish owned businesses. Following this, there was a large scale exodus of the Adeni Jews, as those that remained, fled Aden en masse, settling predominantly in the priorly established communities in Eritrea; at that time, a part of Ethiopia. For this reason, there still exists a relatively sizeable community of Ta’izzi-Adeni Arabic speakers within the modern state of Eritrea.
1083:
twofold. One factor influencing the integration of loan words into any Arabic dialect is the attitude of the dialect's speakers to the original language from which the loan word was derived. If speakers view the language and the process of integration with hostility, they are more inclined to resist the perceived linguistic takeover. However those speakers who are ambivalent towards or even welcome the change are more inclined to use loan words from foreign languages; as these individuals perceive the loan words to be somewhat prestigious. A further factor influencing the degree to which loan words are incorporated into dialects is the familiarity of individuals with foreign languages. Speakers who possess a comprehensive understanding of foreign languages are more likely to insert loan words into their vernacular as a substitute for a local word or to signify a concept that did not previously exist in their regional dialect.
789:. The difference between these two sounds is not aptly represented with the English alphabet, as both are represented by “g” in the English alphabet. However, the voiced palatal plosive is the sound of the “g” in the word “geese”, whereas the voiced velar plosive is the more conventional “g”, such as those in the word “gaggle”. Whilst most dialects of Arabic have done away with the Classical Arabic voiced palatal plosive, and it only remains in a select few scattered dialects across the Arab world, Ta’izzi-Adeni is one of the few that has replaced this sound with the voiced velar plosive, as most regional variations of Arabic have instead opted to replace it with the
1141:
767:, as well as the enduring impacts of the local, pre-Arabic languages on speech and phonology, Ta’izzi-Adeni has developed certain, distinctive features that distinguish it from the multitude of vernaculars spoken throughout the Arab world. Additionally, there are certain elements of the phonology of the Ta’izzi-Adeni dialect that are not unique to the dialect itself, but shared amongst the other dialects of Yemeni Arabic, differentiating this Yemeni cluster of dialects from the Literary Arabic.
354:
between the dialects spoken by the townships of the
Arabian Peninsula, and those dialects spoken by its formerly nomadic peoples. As the area where Ta’izzi-Adeni is spoken, South Western Yemen, is one of the few areas of the Arabian Peninsula that has sufficient agriculturally productivity to allow for sedentary lifestyles, the inhabitants of this area lived comparatively more sedentary lives. Hence, these lifestyles are reflected in the sounds and vocabulary of the dialect.
301:
3583:
358:
1087:
possesses the greatest number of individuals with a fluency in the
English language. Thus, as the Adeni dialect has a greater proportion of speakers who are both more familiar with English, and less hostile to perceived, foreign linguistic invasions, the use of loan words has become more prevalent in Adeni Arabic than most other Arabic dialects, including Ta’izzi Arabic.
1090:
Due to the southern region of Yemen status as a former protectorate of the
British Empire, with English settlers frequently voyaging to and even inhabiting Aden and its surrounds, English became and has maintained its position as the unofficial language of commerce and education in Aden. Further, due
317:
by the United
Kingdom in 1831 to be used as a trading port on the route between India, another of the United Kingdom's former colonies, and Great Britain itself. The port therefore saw transitory migration from both the UK and India under British rule and hence has had significantly more contact with
1082:
Further, there exists distinctive, vocabularic differences between the two sub-dialects of Adeni and Ta’izzi. One such example is the use of loan words in both dialects, as Adeni Arabic has a higher prevalence of loan words than most dialects of Arabic. The proposed reasons for this difference are
353:
Of the two main classifications of Arabic dialects, namely sedentary and nomadic (sometimes erroneously referred to as
Bedouin), the Ta’izzi-Adeni dialect belongs to the former category. This distinction has been drawn as considerable differences in both phonology and vocabulary have been observed
1086:
As Aden was previously under the control of the United
Kingdom, speakers of Adeni were, and are, more likely to have encountered both English and the various languages of India. Therefore, today the southern region of Yemen, including Aden, remains the epicentre of English within the country, and
365:
Additionally, there is a sizeable community of Ta’izzi-Adeni Arabic speakers of predominantly Jewish faith, who inhabit the East
African nation of Eritrea. Historically, the region of Aden had maintained a strong Jewish presence going back an estimated 2000 years to the time of the predominantly
312:
Historically, Aden has been a trade port on the Indian Ocean and a stopping point on the Silk Road. Even today Aden continues to be the largest dockyard servicing the country of Yemen, with the three largest ports all located within the broader city. Due to the port's position on the edge of the
349:
language family. From the limited existing fragments and records of these now-extinct languages, as well as by analysing their modern, surviving descendants, scholars have attempted to reconstruct and categorise their features. From what has been managed to be reconstructed, it appears that the
266:
The languages that existed in this region prior to the arrival of Arabic have had long lasting impacts upon the modern iteration of Ta’izzi-Adeni. Owing to this history, and a relative degree of geographic isolation, it has developed certain, distinctive phonological and vocabularic variations.
308:
There are two further sub-divisions of Ta’izzi-Adeni, namely Ta’izzi and Adeni. The Ta’izzi dialect is spoken chiefly in the Yemeni
Governorate of Ta’izz and the neighbouring governorate of Ibb, whereas Adeni is spoken further south, within Aden itself and the immediate, outlying, rural areas.
291:
often supersedes Ta’izzi-Adeni as the language of choice, as is the case with most dialects across the Arab world. For this reason, Arabic and its various dialects are classified as a diglossia; a language wherein the spoken form and the written form are divergent.
774:, a consonant sound pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the teeth, such as the “th” sound in modern English. Over the course of history, the majority of Arabic speakers have dropped this sound, instead opting to merge it with the
974:
Like many dialects, there are elements of the vocabulary of Ta’izzi-Adeni that distinguish it from other dialects. These differences have arisen largely due to the aforementioned, historical and geographic realities of South
Western Yemen.
370:
of South Arabia. These Adeni Jews spoke the local language, Ta’izzi-Adeni Arabic, and were not considered ethnically or culturally distinct from the Muslim population. Following the
British conquest of Aden, and the establishment of the
828:
of Classical Arabic, represented by the phonetic symbol , comprise the two emphatics of Classical Arabic . In the dialect of Ta’izzi-Adeni, these sounds have been merged, yet have still maintained their pharyngealization, to become the
286:
In 2016, it was estimated that the Ta’izzi-Adeni dialect was spoken by approximately 10.48 million people worldwide. In the regions where Ta’izzi-Adeni is spoken, for writing and pre-prepared speech, the more standardised
800:(in English, this sound does not exist, however, it is akin to a more guttural “k”) to vocalise the Arabic letter, “qaf”. By comparison, most varieties of Arabic utilise either the voiced velar plosive or the
815:
is constricted during articulation. Due to vast divergences in the pronunciation across the Arab world and an indeterminate history, it is uncertain how one of these emphatics, the Classical Arabic letter
345:” were spoken in the modern region encompassed by the Ta’izzi-Adeni dialect. This group of languages were closely related to each other and, like modern Arabic, were classified within the
318:
the different languages and cultures than the more insular and isolated Ta’izz. As a result, the Adeni Arabic dialect has a higher prevalence of loan words, in particular words of both
833:, . This is in contrast to the extant languages of Modern South Arabian, from which Ta’izzi-Adeni has been significantly influenced, as in Modern South Arabian these sounds have been
796:
Whilst the two dialects of Ta’izzi and Adeni have numerous, shared features in respect to their phonologies, there exist distinctive elements within both dialects. Ta’izzi uses a
350:
languages have left a significant impression on the Ta’izzi-Adeni dialect and are responsible for many of the unique features of both the dialect's phonology and vocabulary.
978:
Some examples of discrepancies and differences between Ta’izzi-Adeni and Modern Standard Arabic are transliterated below, with an accompanying English translation :
1831:
1091:
to the Adeni dialects pre-eminence within Yemen as a source of English vernacular, the other dialects in its vicinity, such as Ta’izzi and the neighbouring
943:
are heard as after emphatic consonants, shortened forms are heard as . In word-medial position, they can be heard as and with a shortened form heard as .
1988:
778:, a sound wherein the tongue blocks the flow of air, English has many such examples, with the “t”, “d”, and “k” sounds all exhibiting this quality.
309:
Comparing these two sub-divisions, there are certain, distinctive variations, owing largely to the geography and history of the respective regions.
2039:
1549:
1095:, have received English loan words into their speech, not directly through English speakers, but indirectly through Adeni Arabic speakers.
739:
723:
2582:
1452:
3612:
1824:
605:
3229:
903:
584:
2756:
2022:
625:
1255:
781:
Another such example of a key phonological difference between Ta’izzi-Adeni and Standard Arabic, is the replacement of the
3204:
1981:
790:
657:
2521:
2072:
910:
591:
3622:
1817:
877:
872:
677:
632:
3632:
3165:
2644:
929:
924:
732:
618:
494:
3607:
2918:
2908:
2885:
648:
612:
105:
3627:
3586:
3494:
2976:
1974:
889:
884:
801:
515:
1739:
1407:
3617:
2741:
2684:
2087:
670:
545:
538:
508:
1571:
2849:
2809:
2734:
2729:
2493:
2029:
1854:
1140:
962:
958:
951:
947:
940:
782:
756:
664:
335:
288:
233:
100:
3575:
3408:
3360:
3170:
3152:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3122:
2942:
2677:
2649:
2639:
2443:
2067:
797:
771:
715:
695:
461:
454:
90:
3311:
3071:
2991:
2471:
1955:
786:
559:
426:
3370:
3180:
3053:
2876:
2427:
2341:
1927:
1104:
578:
573:
486:
330:
The contemporary Arabic language originated further north than Yemen, in and around the region of
279:, itself a variation of the broader Peninsular Arabic, and is native to the areas of Southwestern
3538:
3224:
3140:
2937:
2862:
1840:
1795:
1681:
1616:
1512:
1322:
1283:
1212:
764:
441:
406:
1886:
251:. The dialect itself is further sub-divided into the regional vernaculars of Ta’izzi, spoken in
1767:
3285:
3038:
2958:
2898:
2661:
2568:
2553:
2464:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2107:
1932:
1787:
1721:
1608:
1545:
1504:
1388:
1314:
1275:
1204:
830:
825:
821:
808:
598:
552:
501:
431:
411:
372:
367:
346:
342:
314:
300:
115:
95:
3448:
3306:
3104:
3085:
3048:
2927:
2857:
2800:
2785:
2712:
2558:
2543:
2488:
2450:
2154:
2097:
2057:
1901:
1870:
1779:
1711:
1673:
1537:
1496:
1380:
1349:
1267:
1196:
640:
532:
421:
402:
397:
319:
820:” was originally vocalised. It is likely, however, that the letter was used to represent a
3489:
3418:
3355:
3349:
3218:
3093:
3033:
2893:
2837:
2822:
2817:
2790:
2780:
2724:
2697:
2672:
2607:
2601:
2587:
2573:
2530:
2512:
2112:
2102:
2082:
2017:
1922:
1896:
1092:
687:
448:
416:
224:
171:
82:
1353:
1341:
3569:
3499:
3433:
3338:
3112:
3001:
2996:
2981:
2966:
2932:
2717:
2092:
2034:
1891:
834:
481:
164:
2316:
2226:
2199:
1159:
313:
Indian Ocean and relatively near to the Red Sea, Aden along with its surroundings was
207:
3601:
3531:
3526:
3512:
3458:
3393:
3375:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3209:
3028:
3023:
3008:
2971:
2832:
2827:
2751:
2707:
2563:
2537:
2278:
2269:
2062:
2049:
1917:
1799:
1516:
1216:
1109:
276:
120:
3504:
3463:
3403:
3383:
3343:
3256:
3251:
3018:
3013:
2903:
2626:
2612:
2404:
2386:
2179:
1185:"Linguistic distance and initial reading acquisition: The case of Arabic diglossia"
524:
3328:
804:(respectively represented by the letters “k” and “g” in English) for this letter.
1230:
3398:
3290:
3234:
2986:
2395:
2147:
866:
854:
775:
2298:
2244:
1531:
1484:
1184:
817:
357:
2548:
2457:
1783:
1704:"Phonological and Morphological Integration of Loanwords into Egyptian Arabic"
1541:
1500:
1200:
1133:
918:
859:
376:
1791:
1725:
1612:
1508:
1392:
1318:
1303:"Southern Semitic and Arabic dialects of the south-western Arabian Peninsula"
1279:
1208:
770:
Some of the most pronounced phonological variations are the continued use of
341:
Prior to the advent of Arabic, a cluster of languages collectively known as “
3453:
897:
200:
184:
17:
3329:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2314:
2306:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2224:
2216:
2207:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2171:
1128:
191:
3438:
3428:
3321:
2131:
1384:
260:
1620:
1596:
1368:
1326:
1302:
3473:
2137:
1287:
954:
can be heard as and when preceding more front-articulated consonants.
838:
812:
1685:
334:, and arrived to the modern area of south-western Yemen following the
3388:
3316:
2368:
2012:
1997:
1809:
1716:
1703:
1485:"Yemen, Aden and Ethiopia: Jewish Emigration and Italian Colonialism"
361:
Map depicting the location of Eritrea relative to Yemen and Djibouti.
244:
110:
1271:
1677:
3468:
3423:
3413:
2332:
2287:
2260:
2233:
2206:
2170:
2142:
1966:
1369:"Origin and Classification of the Ancient South Arabian Languages"
331:
280:
248:
51:
793:, a sound represented by the letter “j” in the English alphabet.
3443:
2413:
2359:
2350:
2323:
2305:
2251:
2215:
256:
252:
65:
61:
1970:
1813:
1533:
Traditional Society in Transition: The Yemeni Jewish Experience
1415:
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
759:
can also be heard as palatal stop sounds among other speakers.
2377:
2188:
982:
Comparison of Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic
1772:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
824:, phonetically represented as . This letter, along with the
1256:"The Legal Status of Aden Colony and the Aden Protectorate"
763:
Due to a somewhat isolated position amidst the mountainous
1636:
The Phonetics and Phonology of an Aden Dialect of Arabic
1408:"An Agroecological Exploration of the Arabian Peninsula"
322:
and Indian descent, than most other dialects of Arabic.
1572:"Re-Killing the Jewish Dead: Another Tragedy in Yemen"
965:
can also be heard as and in various other positions.
238:
3547:
3482:
3369:
3299:
3278:
3203:
3121:
3103:
3064:
2957:
2917:
2884:
2875:
2848:
2808:
2799:
2773:
2660:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2481:
2435:
2426:
2163:
2048:
2005:
1948:
1910:
1879:
1863:
1847:
807:Further, the two emphatics of Classical Arabic are
275:Ta’izzi-Adeni Arabic is classified as a dialect of
198:
182:
177:
161:
146:
79:
71:
57:
47:
32:
1768:"The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic"
822:pharyngealised voiced alveolar lateral fricative
811:in the Ta’izzi-Adeni dialect, meaning that the
1601:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1307:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1982:
1825:
8:
1666:The Journal of the American Oriental Society
1664:Qafisheh, H (1993). "Arabic Adeni Reader".
2881:
2805:
2517:
2508:
2432:
1989:
1975:
1967:
1832:
1818:
1810:
1536:, Koninklijke Brill NV, pp. 186–192,
29:
1766:Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2006-01-15).
1715:
1634:Dawod, Tamam Hassam Omar Mohamed (1952).
791:voiced palato alveolar sibilant affricate
304:The Governorates of the Republic of Yemen
1576:Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
980:
848:
391:
356:
299:
1121:
1530:Eraqi Klorman, Bat-Zion (2014-01-01),
1483:Eraqi Klorman, Bat-Zion (2009-09-09).
1439:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
1160:"Glottolog 4.3 - Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"
841:is closed whist articulating a sound.
826:pharyngealised voiced dental fricative
1761:
1759:
1740:"What Languages Are Spoken in Yemen?"
1697:
1695:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1260:American Journal of International Law
394:
145:
7:
1489:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1183:Saiegh–Haddad, Elinor (2003-08-01).
1154:
1152:
1150:
1342:"South Arabian and Arabic dialects"
1254:Robbins, Robert R. (October 1939).
831:pharyngealised voiced alveolar stop
228:
3574:Languages between parentheses are
1441:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1354:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0011
25:
1653:. Kensington, MD: Dunwoody Press.
928:
923:
909:
902:
888:
883:
876:
871:
738:
731:
722:
694:
676:
669:
663:
656:
647:
631:
624:
617:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
558:
551:
544:
537:
523:
514:
507:
500:
493:
460:
453:
3582:
3581:
1139:
1597:"The Arabic dialects of Arabia"
3578:of the language on their left.
1:
2073:Ancient South Arabian script
2040:Influence on other languages
1340:Watson, Janet (2018-10-18).
916:
864:
3330:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2307:
2297:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2243:
2235:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2113:
1649:Feghali, Habaka J. (1991).
1367:Avanzini, A. (2009-03-01).
259:. While both are spoken in
239:
3649:
1373:Journal of Semitic Studies
998:Direct English Translation
338:of the Arabian Peninsula.
240:lahja Taʿizzīyya-ʿAdanīyya
3561:
3554:Islam and Arabic language
1784:10.1080/13670050608668631
1702:Hafez, Ola (1996-12-31).
1570:Cohen, Edy (2020-03-05).
1542:10.1163/9789004272910_009
1501:10.1017/s1356186309990034
1346:Oxford Scholarship Online
1201:10.1017/s0142716403000225
1189:Applied Psycholinguistics
922:
714:
686:
662:
610:
572:
557:
506:
480:
447:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
401:
396:
42:
37:
3495:Arabic script in Unicode
3230:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2590:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
802:voiceless uvular plosive
3613:Arab diaspora in Africa
2757:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1638:. University of London.
1010:system (or the system)
772:inter dental fricatives
255:, and Adeni, spoken in
27:Arabic variety of Yemen
1437:Watson, Janet (2007).
1406:De Pauw, Eddy (2001).
1301:Watson, Janet (2014).
993:Modern Standard Arabic
783:voiced palatal plosive
362:
336:early Muslim conquests
305:
289:Modern Standard Arabic
221:Southern Yemeni Arabic
75:12 million (2021)
38:Southern Yemeni Arabic
3361:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2068:Ancient North Arabian
1864:Main foreign language
1651:Arabic Adeni Textbook
1595:Holes, Clive (2006).
1235:seaport.homestead.com
798:voiced uvular plosive
360:
303:
3312:Sun and moon letters
2472:Pre-classical Arabic
1956:Yemeni Sign Language
1129:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
988:Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic
787:voiced velar plosive
247:spoken primarily in
217:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
126:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
33:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
3166:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2645:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1911:Varieties of Arabic
1453:"The Jews of Yemen"
1105:Varieties of Arabic
983:
3623:Languages of Yemen
3539:MacArabic encoding
1880:Minority languages
1841:Languages of Yemen
1710:(27–28): 383–410.
1708:Égypte/Monde arabe
1385:10.1093/jss/fgn048
981:
755:Velar stop sounds
363:
306:
243:) is a dialect of
3633:Peninsular Arabic
3595:
3594:
3570:extinct languages
3509:MS-DOS codepages
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
2953:
2952:
2871:
2870:
2769:
2768:
2465:Old Hijazi Arabic
1964:
1963:
1848:Official language
1551:978-90-04-27291-0
1137:(27th ed., 2024)
1080:
1079:
936:
935:
752:
751:
373:Aden Protectorate
368:Himyarite Kingdom
343:Old South Arabian
237:
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
3640:
3608:Arabic languages
3585:
3584:
3333:
2882:
2806:
2742:Western Algerian
2689:Eastern Algerian
2685:Algerian Saharan
2615:(Lesser Kabylia)
2518:
2509:
2451:Nabataean Arabic
2433:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2320:
2310:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2248:
2238:
2230:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2155:Maltese alphabet
2118:
2098:Algerian Braille
2088:Eastern numerals
2058:Nabataean script
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1717:10.4000/ema.1958
1699:
1690:
1689:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1231:"Ports of Yemen"
1227:
1221:
1220:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1032:to take care of
984:
964:
960:
953:
949:
942:
932:
927:
913:
906:
892:
887:
880:
875:
849:
765:Yemeni highlands
758:
742:
735:
726:
698:
680:
673:
667:
660:
651:
635:
628:
621:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
562:
555:
548:
541:
527:
518:
511:
504:
497:
464:
457:
392:
242:
232:
230:
229:لهجة تعزية عدنية
210:
194:
187:
167:
85:
43:لهجة تعزية عدنية
30:
21:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3628:Mashriqi Arabic
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3557:
3543:
3490:Arabic keyboard
3478:
3373:
3365:
3350:Mater lectionis
3344:Triliteral root
3295:
3266:
3207:
3199:
3117:
3099:
3060:
2949:
2913:
2867:
2844:
2795:
2765:
2656:
2636:Judeo-Maghrebi
2504:
2498:
2494:Modern Standard
2477:
2422:
2159:
2103:Maltese Braille
2083:Arabic numerals
2044:
2001:
1995:
1965:
1960:
1944:
1906:
1875:
1859:
1843:
1838:
1808:
1807:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1422:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1272:10.2307/2192881
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1101:
972:
847:
390:
385:
375:in 1839, these
328:
298:
273:
206:
190:
183:
172:Arabic alphabet
168:
163:
142:
106:Central Semitic
86:
83:Language family
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Arabs in Yemen
3615:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3500:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Naskh (script)
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:Judeo-Tunisian
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3153:Judeo-Moroccan
3150:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3136:Judeo-Egyptian
3133:
3131:Judeo-Algerian
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3113:Bedouin Arabic
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:Moroccan koiné
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:Tunisian koiné
2694:Eastern Hilal
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:Judeo-Algerian
2673:Algerian koiné
2669:Central Hilal
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:Judeo-Tunisian
2647:
2642:
2640:Judeo-Moroccan
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Arabic Braille
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1949:Sign languages
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1755:
1731:
1691:
1678:10.2307/605818
1656:
1641:
1626:
1587:
1562:
1550:
1522:
1495:(4): 415–426.
1468:
1444:
1420:
1398:
1379:(1): 205–220.
1359:
1332:
1293:
1266:(4): 700–715.
1246:
1222:
1195:(3): 431–451.
1175:
1146:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:baed al’ahyan
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:lilaietina’ b
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
971:
968:
967:
966:
955:
944:
934:
933:
921:
915:
914:
907:
900:
894:
893:
881:
869:
863:
862:
857:
852:
846:
843:
837:, wherein the
809:pharyngealized
761:
760:
750:
749:
747:
745:
743:
736:
729:
727:
720:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
692:
690:
684:
683:
681:
674:
661:
654:
652:
645:
643:
637:
636:
629:
622:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
529:
528:
521:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
489:
484:
478:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
458:
451:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
400:
395:
389:
386:
384:
381:
327:
324:
297:
294:
272:
271:Classification
269:
212:
211:
204:
196:
195:
188:
180:
179:
178:Language codes
175:
174:
169:
165:Writing system
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:Taʽizzi Arabic
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
49:
48:Native to
45:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3645:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Sini (script)
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Ruqʿah script
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Hijazi script
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:Central Asian
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2623:Traras-Msirda
2622:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Arabic script
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1938:Ta'izzi-Adeni
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:Yemeni Arabic
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
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1110:Yemeni Arabic
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295:
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277:Yemeni Arabic
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121:Yemeni Arabic
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63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3565:
3505:Windows-1256
3464:Taliq script
3404:Jeli Thuluth
3384:Ajami script
3348:
3252:Pidgin madam
3239:
3217:
3181:Judeo-Yemeni
3123:Judeo-Arabic
3105:Sociological
3092:
3054:Judeo-Yemeni
3043:
2877:Mesopotamian
2752:Libyan koiné
2536:
2529:
2522:Pre-Hilalian
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2444:Proto-Arabic
2442:
2077:Zabūr script
2030:Romanization
1937:
1928:Judeo-Yemeni
1778:(1): 75–93.
1775:
1771:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1707:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
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1604:
1600:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1555:, retrieved
1532:
1525:
1492:
1488:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
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1414:
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1335:
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1306:
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1259:
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
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1188:
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1167:. Retrieved
1163:
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769:
762:
364:
352:
340:
329:
311:
307:
285:
274:
265:
220:
216:
215:
199:
155:Adeni Arabic
125:
101:West Semitic
91:Afro-Asiatic
3399:Jawi script
3371:Calligraphy
3300:Linguistics
3225:Gulf Pidgin
3141:Judeo-Iraqi
3082:Kashkadarya
2938:Judeo-Iraqi
2863:Palestinian
2774:Nile Valley
2436:Pre-Islamic
2148:Dagger alif
1672:: 637–638.
1313:: 147–153.
835:glottalized
776:dental stop
716:Approximant
18:ISO 639:acq
3602:Categories
3286:Literature
2959:Peninsular
2899:Khuzestani
2629:(Mountain)
2549:Australian
2458:Old Arabic
2108:Diacritics
2035:Numerology
1749:2020-11-12
1744:WorldAtlas
1581:2020-11-12
1557:2020-11-12
1462:2020-11-12
1240:2020-11-12
1169:2020-11-12
1134:Ethnologue
1116:References
1065:to travel
1054:sometimes
970:Vocabulary
427:Pharyngeal
388:Consonants
377:Adeni Jews
3576:varieties
3568:indicate
3483:Technical
3454:Shahmukhi
3409:Kairouani
3307:Phonology
3086:Khorasani
3076:Bakhtiari
2928:Anatolian
2858:Jordanian
2838:Damascene
2801:Levantine
2713:Hassaniya
2554:Cottenera
2489:Classical
2428:Varieties
2006:Overviews
1800:145299220
1792:1367-0050
1726:1110-5097
1613:0308-8421
1607:: 25–34.
1517:161619548
1509:1356-1863
1393:0022-4480
1319:0308-8421
1280:0002-9300
1217:145651848
1209:0142-7164
1062:lilsafar
1043:director
785:with the
579:voiceless
574:Fricative
487:voiceless
383:Phonology
315:conquered
296:Varieties
234:romanized
201:Glottolog
185:ISO 639-3
3587:Category
3439:Nastaliq
3429:Muhaqqaq
3419:Maghrebi
3279:Academic
3219:Bimbashi
3175:Tunisene
3146:Baghdadi
3094:Shirvani
3034:Hadhrami
2992:Bahraini
2943:Baghdadi
2894:Baghdadi
2833:Aleppine
2823:Lebanese
2818:Cilician
2791:Sudanese
2781:Egyptian
2662:Hilalian
2620:Western
2598:Eastern
2595:Village
2574:Żurrieqi
2538:Sicilian
2531:Andalusi
2513:Maghrebi
2482:Literary
2134:(tanwin)
2132:Nunation
2018:Alphabet
2013:Language
2000:language
1923:Hadhrami
1621:41223878
1327:43782858
1099:See also
1093:Hadhrami
1048:ahyanan
1040:mukhrij
1021:meeting
1007:alnizam
407:Alveolar
261:Djibouti
208:taiz1242
147:Dialects
116:Southern
72:Speakers
3566:Italics
3474:Thuluth
3339:Grammar
3210:pidgins
3205:Creoles
3194:Sanʽani
3079:Bukhara
3039:Sanʽani
3002:Kuwaiti
2997:Emirati
2982:Dhofari
2967:Bahrani
2933:Cypriot
2921:(Qeltu)
2748:Sulaym
2735:Western
2730:Eastern
2608:Sfaxian
2604:(Sahel)
2559:Gozitan
2544:Maltese
2164:Letters
2138:Shaddah
2127:Harakat
2122:Tashkil
2050:Scripts
2023:History
1933:San'ani
1902:Soqotri
1871:English
1288:2192881
1076:to ask
1073:yus’al
1015:igtima
957:Sounds
946:Sounds
939:Sounds
839:glottis
813:pharynx
432:Glottal
412:Palatal
366:Jewish
347:Semitic
326:History
320:English
236::
96:Semitic
3389:Diwani
3376:Script
3334:(case)
3331:ʾIʿrāb
3317:Tajwid
3262:Bongor
3241:Maridi
3191:Habban
3065:Others
3049:Tihami
3029:Yemeni
3024:Shihhi
3009:Hejazi
2977:Bedawi
2972:Bareqi
2828:Syrian
2786:Saʽidi
2718:Nemadi
2704:Maqil
2602:Sahili
2569:Żejtun
2505:spoken
2503:Modern
1998:Arabic
1897:Razihi
1887:Hobyót
1855:Arabic
1798:
1790:
1724:
1686:605818
1684:
1619:
1611:
1548:
1515:
1507:
1391:
1325:
1317:
1286:
1278:
1215:
1207:
1070:sa’al
1059:safar
1037:mudir
1018:liqa’
1004:nidam
963:/o,oː/
959:/e,eː/
952:/u,uː/
948:/a,aː/
845:Vowels
641:voiced
533:voiced
438:plain
422:Uvular
403:Dental
398:Labial
253:Ta'izz
245:Arabic
225:Arabic
111:Arabic
58:Region
3548:Other
3469:Tawqi
3424:Mashq
3414:Kufic
3322:Imāla
3291:Names
3257:Turku
3185:Adeni
3019:Omani
3014:Najdi
2919:North
2909:South
2904:Shawi
2886:Gilit
2850:South
2810:North
2708:Fessi
2627:Jebli
2613:Jijel
2588:Tunis
2583:Urban
2564:Qormi
2173:ʾAlif
2143:Hamza
2115:i‘jām
1892:Mehri
1796:S2CID
1682:JSTOR
1617:JSTOR
1513:S2CID
1411:(PDF)
1323:JSTOR
1284:JSTOR
1213:S2CID
1026:obah
941:/i,a/
867:Close
855:Front
757:/k,ɡ/
688:Trill
449:Nasal
442:emph.
417:Velar
332:Hejaz
281:Yemen
249:Yemen
52:Yemen
3444:Rasm
3247:Nubi
3235:Juba
3208:and
3188:Beda
3160:Wqal
3157:Kjal
2987:Gulf
2335:Ġayn
2326:ʿAyn
1788:ISSN
1722:ISSN
1609:ISSN
1546:ISBN
1505:ISSN
1389:ISSN
1315:ISSN
1276:ISSN
1205:ISSN
961:and
950:and
919:Open
860:Back
482:Stop
257:Aden
66:Aden
62:Taiz
3532:864
3527:720
3523:711
3520:710
3517:709
3513:708
3356:IPA
2416:Yāʾ
2407:Wāw
2398:Hāʾ
2389:Nūn
2380:Mīm
2371:Lām
2362:Kāf
2353:Qāf
2344:Fāʾ
2317:Ẓāʾ
2308:Ṭāʾ
2299:Ḍād
2290:Ṣād
2281:Šīn
2272:Sīn
2263:Zāy
2254:Rāʾ
2245:Ḏāl
2236:Dāl
2227:Ḫāʾ
2218:Ḥāʾ
2209:Ǧīm
2200:Ṯāʾ
2191:Tāʾ
2182:Bāʾ
1780:doi
1712:doi
1674:doi
1538:doi
1497:doi
1457:obo
1381:doi
1350:doi
1268:doi
1197:doi
1131:at
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818:Ḍād
219:or
192:acq
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