3643:
25:
1215:
The character sequencing of the ICU implementation is different. It transposes preposed vowels with the following consonant, and processes the marks on a consonant in the order in which they are stored in memory. (Most Thai input methods ensure that the marks are stored in bottom to top order.) It
1097:
The standard specifies the order in which the accents should be typed, but not all input systems will record accents in the order in which they are typed. Unicode specifies two normalised forms for letters with multiple accents, and transliterated text is highly likely to be stored in one of these
1109:
on the web, and with one exception this seems to be a comply with the standard. The exception is that, except for the macron, accents over consonants are actually offset to the right, giving the impression that they have been entered as the corresponding non-combining characters. The standard
1098:
forms. This complicates automatic back-transliteration. As
Unicode-compliant processes must handle such variations correctly, the transliterations on this page have been chosen for ease of display – present day rendering systems may display equivalent forms differently.
1216:
does not transpose preposed vowels with complete consonant clusters; consonant clusters cannot be identified with complete accuracy, and transposing vowels with clusters would require an additional symbol to permit reliable conversion back to the Thai script.
510:
function is obtained by leaving the most frequent unmarked, marking the second commonest by a dot below, marking the third commonest by a horn, and marking the fourth commonest by underlining. The use of a dot below has a similar effect to the
2969:
997:
In general characters are transliterated from left to right and, where characters have the same horizontal position, from top to bottom. The vertical sequencing is in fact simply specified as tone marks and
531:. The transliterations of consonants should be entered in the order base letter, macron if any, and then dot below, horn or "macron below". Only three consonants have the horn in their transliteration, ฅ
734:
have been included here because of their use as complete vowel symbols, but their transliteration does not depend on how they are being used and the standard simply lists them with the consonants.
2481:
1110:
specifies the transliterations in code points, but someone working from this free explanation could easily deduce that the spacing forms of the tone accents should be used.
2476:
1981:
1359:
118:
2203:
1274:
1068:
1042:
35:
3278:
3198:
2989:
2984:
2830:
2996:
1313:
1350:
3529:
1891:
3598:
3399:
2922:
2305:
1896:
1866:
1119:
3243:
2573:
2370:
1694:
2770:
1794:
1002:(–์) preceding any other marks above or below the consonant. The standard denies at the end of Section 4.2 that the combination of
711:(ๅ) has been shown only in combination with the vowel letters ฤ and ฦ. The standard simply lists ฤ and ฦ with the consonants and
3334:
2506:
2350:
3429:
3424:
3131:
50:
3677:
3223:
2553:
2486:
2066:
1714:
1123:
1259:
93:
3568:
3046:
1343:
1297:
1018:, all the non-vowel marks attached to a consonant in Thai are attached to the consonant in the Roman transliteration.
65:
3228:
3136:
3086:
2845:
2178:
2173:
3672:
3494:
3439:
3218:
3203:
3183:
2461:
1881:
1377:
72:
3542:
3449:
3238:
3213:
2425:
2420:
1130:, uses a prime instead of a horn in the transliteration of consonants. This affects the transliteration of ฅ
129:, published in 1998 and updated in September 2003 and confirmed in 2008. An extension to this standard named
3096:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2198:
2183:
2123:
1557:
1552:
1512:
1014:, but does not show the transliteration of the combination. The effect of these rules is that, except for
79:
3667:
3646:
3414:
3404:
2533:
1951:
1532:
1336:
1185:
normalisation. This has the side effect of improving legibility when applied to an underdotted consonant.
1178:
1101:
Many fonts display novel combinations of consonants and accents badly. For example, the
Institute of the
2835:
2698:
2345:
1719:
1567:
1537:
1430:
1420:
1381:
1373:
1247:
495:
1318:
61:
3593:
3499:
3233:
3208:
3051:
2892:
2330:
2133:
2006:
1789:
1269:
3434:
3173:
1264:
1204:(two ASCII vertical bars). As the ICU implementation uses Unicode, it cannot reliably distinguish
528:
516:
499:
3379:
3314:
1654:
503:
2208:
1324:
Romanisation of Thai placenames in the KNAB Database of the
Institute of the Estonian Language
1102:
2942:
2683:
2011:
980:
3552:
3273:
3178:
2932:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2335:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
483:
122:
2840:
2588:
2400:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
1587:
1577:
1026:
86:
1010:(◌ํ) can occur and then gives an example of it when specifying the transliteration of
3661:
3628:
3603:
3588:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3349:
3294:
3263:
3253:
3116:
3106:
3076:
3071:
3021:
3001:
2979:
2964:
2917:
2882:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2688:
2633:
2608:
2603:
2583:
2456:
1996:
1572:
1435:
1405:
1106:
126:
1296:
files transforms/ThaiLogical-Latin.xml and transforms/Thai-ThaiLogical.xml (used by
3489:
3459:
3319:
2663:
2658:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2430:
2375:
2325:
2258:
2213:
2188:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2056:
2021:
1931:
1926:
1754:
1562:
1328:
1025:
to transpose preposed vowels and consonants may be comforting to those used to the
519:
by a dot below, but there are subtle differences – it is the transliterations of ธ
506:
to the high class consonant. Further differentiation of consonants with identical
502:. High and low pairs of consonants are systematically differentiated by applying a
737:
Compound vowel symbols are transliterated in accordance with their constituents.
3464:
3161:
3156:
3151:
2735:
2652:
1624:
1293:
490:
is derived from their usual pronunciation as an initial consonant. An unmarked
130:
24:
3454:
3359:
3066:
3041:
2805:
2760:
2496:
2153:
1966:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1809:
1784:
1659:
1415:
705:
is the only precomposed character specified in the output of transliteration.
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3583:
3573:
3534:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3344:
3329:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3248:
3193:
3188:
3168:
3146:
3126:
3081:
3061:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2974:
2937:
2927:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2887:
2872:
2867:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2730:
2725:
2673:
2668:
2618:
2593:
2578:
2548:
2501:
2491:
2471:
2466:
2451:
2446:
2360:
2081:
2076:
1971:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
507:
487:
3258:
3036:
2740:
2568:
2405:
2395:
2380:
2355:
2340:
2315:
2310:
2193:
2168:
2163:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2093:
2088:
2071:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1699:
1689:
1582:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
512:
1323:
3547:
3339:
3324:
3121:
3111:
3101:
2877:
2693:
2643:
2538:
2526:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1592:
1547:
1542:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1182:
1127:
948:
944:
1238:
1226:
1079:
1053:
3409:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3056:
3031:
2959:
2815:
2800:
2780:
2775:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2598:
2563:
2410:
2061:
1876:
1440:
2897:
3444:
3419:
3141:
3026:
2678:
2543:
2415:
2390:
2385:
2365:
1739:
1709:
1704:
1425:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1165:
to avoid ambiguity with the hypothetical Thai script sequence ะํ (
1073:
1047:
985:
817:(–๎) is represented by a spacing tilde, not a superscript tilde.
3091:
2954:
2947:
2613:
2558:
2158:
1769:
719:
would also be transliterated by a small letter "i" with stroke (
1332:
1105:
publishes an explanation of the application of the standard to
3578:
3268:
2320:
18:
42:
1246:
Finally, this implementation generates transliterations in
1029:, but recommends that preposed vowels not be transposed.
943:(ฯ), even though neither the national character standard
723:), but such should not occur in Thai, Pāli, or Sanskrit.
1212:
without a semantic analysis, and makes no such attempt.
46:
527:
that are dotted below, not those of the corresponding
935:
ISO 11940:1998 distinguishes the abbreviation symbol
3561:
3287:
2439:
1388:
16:
ISO standard for transliteration of Thai characters
1122:implementation, recorded in Version 1.4.1 of the
133:defines a simplified transcription based on it.
979:(๚) are transliterated by the letters used for
1344:
1294:http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/1.4.1/core.zip
1157:This implementation transliterates ำ as
543:, and only one consonant has an underline, ฑ
8:
51:introducing citations to additional sources
1173:). The ICU implementation transliterates ฺ
1351:
1337:
1329:
1275:Royal Thai General System of Transcription
1232:
1220:
1060:
1034:
983:, not by double dagger, vertical bars or
1188:The ICU implementation transliterates ฯ
824:
744:
554:
140:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1286:
1219:For example, under this implementation
1146:is also transliterated differently, as
353:
7:
1319:Transliteration rules on Unicode.org
1181:instead of to avoid problems with
14:
951:Version 5.0 distinguishes them.
939:(ฯ) from the sentence terminator
3642:
3641:
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
1300:"Thai-Latin" and "Latin-Thai")
1074:
1052:) should be transliterated to
1048:
715:with the vowels. An isolated
1:
1124:Common Locale Data Repository
1260:List of ISO transliterations
1239:
1227:
1080:
1054:
1021:The standard concedes that
515:practice of distinguishing
3694:
726:The transliterations of ว
387:
321:
231:
3637:
1370:
1233:
1221:
1061:
1035:
275:
821:Punctuation and digits
1298:ICU's transliterators
1248:Unicode Normalisation
963:is transliterated as
955:is transliterated as
741:Other combining marks
3678:Romanization of Thai
1270:Romanization of Thai
1196:(double dagger) and
993:Character sequencing
529:retroflex consonants
517:retroflex consonants
500:aspirated consonants
47:improve this article
1265:Romanization of Lao
1364:by standard number
1225:transliterates to
3655:
3654:
1378:ISO romanizations
1314:Official ISO site
1103:Estonian Language
1072:
1046:
933:
932:
811:
810:
699:
698:
480:
479:
121:standard for the
112:
111:
97:
3685:
3673:ISO romanization
3645:
3644:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1301:
1291:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1180:
1114:ICU (CLDR 1.4.1)
1083:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1037:
981:click consonants
825:
745:
555:
494:is used to form
141:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
27:
19:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3633:
3557:
3283:
2435:
1384:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1256:
1116:
1095:
1090:
1065:
1039:
995:
823:
743:
553:
545:tho nang montho
484:transliteration
139:
127:Thai characters
123:transliteration
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1308:External links
1306:
1303:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1250:Form C (NFC).
1115:
1112:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1059:
1033:
1027:Roman alphabet
994:
991:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
822:
819:
809:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
742:
739:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
552:
549:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
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45:. Please help
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1382:IEC standards
1379:
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1374:ISO standards
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1129:
1126:sponsored by
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1111:
1108:
1104:
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1087:
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1056:
1044:
1032:For example,
1030:
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1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:(◌ุ, ◌ู) and
1005:
1001:
992:
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982:
978:
974:
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967:. Note that
966:
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116:
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92:
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81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3500:27000 series
2648:
1289:
1245:
1240:cheīyngh̄ım̀
1228:p̣hās̄ʹāthịy
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:rather than
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1117:
1100:
1096:
1081:echīyngıh̄m̀
1055:p̣hās̛̄āịthy
1031:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
984:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:TIS 620-2533
940:
936:
934:
814:
812:
736:
731:
727:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
700:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
491:
486:of the pure
481:
114:
113:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
33:
3288:20000–29999
2440:10000–19999
1206:angkhandiao
1161:instead of
1140:so bo ruesi
1136:tho phuthao
1000:thanthakhat
973:angkhandiao
961:angkhandiao
941:angkhandiao
717:lakkhangyao
713:lakkhangyao
709:Lakkhangyao
701:The letter
537:tho phuthao
513:Indological
131:ISO 11940-2
62:"ISO 11940"
3662:Categories
3067:16949 (TS)
2664:11941 (TR)
1362:standards
1281:References
1198:angkhankhu
1088:Variations
1075:Chiang Mai
1049:Phasa Thai
1023:attempting
977:angkhankhu
813:Note that
488:consonants
137:Consonants
73:newspapers
3022:15926 WIP
2386:9592/9593
2311:9000/9001
2199:8805/8806
1234:เชียงใหม่
1210:paiyannoi
1190:paiyannoi
1171:nikkhahit
1062:เชียงใหม่
1016:nikkhahit
1012:nikkhahit
1008:nikkhahit
969:paiyannoi
953:Paiyannoi
937:paiyannoi
521:tho thong
498:denoting
115:ISO 11940
103:June 2022
43:talk page
3647:Category
1372:List of
1254:See also
1144:to patak
1132:kho khon
815:yamakkan
541:so ruesi
533:kho khon
508:phonetic
496:digraphs
3548:29199-2
3420:23094-2
3415:23094-1
3405:23090-3
3274:19794-5
3269:19775-1
3057:16612-2
3047:16355-1
2736:13406-2
2694:12234-2
2462:10118-3
1222:ภาษาไทย
1183:Unicode
1175:phinthu
1128:Unicode
1071::
1045::
1036:ภาษาไทย
949:Unicode
728:wo waen
570: ำ
525:so sala
388:
354:
322:
276:
232:
87:scholar
3562:30000+
2401:9797-1
2209:8820-5
2154:8501-1
1710:1073-2
1705:1073-1
1389:1–9999
1167:sara a
1138:and ษ
1093:Causes
1004:sara u
986:dandas
730:and อ
551:Vowels
539:and ษ
523:and ศ
504:macron
117:is an
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
3629:80000
3624:56000
3619:55000
3614:50001
3609:45001
3604:42010
3599:40500
3594:39075
3589:38500
3584:37001
3579:32000
3574:31000
3569:30170
3553:29500
3543:29148
3539:29110
3535:28000
3530:27729
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