103:
603:
45:
654:, QSFP-DD, OSFP, 400ZR or OpenZR+ may be used alongside DWDM and many vendors have proprietary offerings. Long-haul networks transport data across longer distances than metro networks, such as through submarine cables, or connecting several metropolitan networks. Optical line systems and packet optical transport systems can also be used for data transmission. Ultra long haul transmission transports data over distances of over 1500 kilometers.
743:
222:
5317:
5327:
706:(WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the
2777:"Mailbox Provider" refers to an organization that accepts, stores, and offers access to RFC 5322 messages ("email messages") for end users. Such an organization has typically implemented SMTP RFC 5321 and might provide access to messages through IMAP RFC 3501, the Post Office Protocol (POP) RFC 1939, a proprietary interface designed for HTTP RFC 7230, or a proprietary protocol.
5306:
5337:
726:, where there exists a market typically controlled by just one provider. A lack of competition problematically causes subscription rates to rise disproportionately with the quality of service in rural areas, causing broadband connection to be unaffordable for some, even when the infrastructure supports service in a given area.
730:
potentially negatively affected the innovation and development of infrastructure in specific rural areas remains a question. The exploration and answers developed to the question could provide guidance for possible interventions and solutions meant to remedy the digital divide between rural and urban connectivity.
641:
depend on Tier 1 ISPs and often have their own networks, but must pay for transit or internet access to Tier 1 ISPs, but may peer or send transit without paying, to other Tier 2 ISPs. Tier 3 ISPs do not engage in peering and only purchase transit from Tier 2 and Tier 1 ISPs, and often specialize in
729:
In contrast, consumers in urban areas typically benefit from lower rates and higher quality of broadband services, not only due to more advanced infrastructure but also the healthy economic competition caused by having several ISPs in a given area. How the difference in competition levels has
610:
Just as their customers pay them for
Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP such as a tier 2 or tier 1 ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the
382:
proposed an end to net neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission. On 21 November 2017, Pai announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December 2017 on whether to repeal the policy. On 11 June 2018, the repeal of the FCC's network neutrality rules took effect.
811:
Tier 1 ISPs are also interconnected with a mesh network topology. Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other. Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.
807:
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.
614:
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the
Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a
623:(PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of
3804:
370:
is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept." On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new
797:(IXPs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.
1420:
650:) for transmitting data over optical fiber. For transmissions in a metro area such as a city and for large customers such as data centers, special pluggable modules in routers, conforming to standards such as
295:. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a
2160:
1519:
563:, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing
3797:
1384:
642:
offering internet service to end customers such as businesses and individuals. Some organizations act as their own ISPs and purchase transit directly from a Tier 1 ISP. Transit ISPs may use OTN (
1720:
3521:
1948:"Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order"
1453:
175:
However, cable television companies and the telephone carriers already had wired connections to their customers and could offer
Internet connections at much higher speeds than dial-up using
3695:
1348:
2501:
John, Wolfgang; Pentikousis, Konstantinos; Agapiou, George; Jacob, Eduardo; Kind, Mario; Manzalini, Antonio; Risso, Fulvio; Staessens, Dimitri; Steinert, Rebecca; Meirosu, Catalin (2013).
1282:
321:, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015,
122:) was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the
3790:
2094:
777:
Altnets (portmanteau of "alternative network provider") are localized broadband networks, typically formed as an alternative to monopolistic internet service providers within a region.
3314:
2032:
156:
In 1989, the first
Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Australia and the United States. In
2398:
2937:
2297:
1687:
412:
Access provider ISPs provide
Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with
153:(AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the Internet was not readily available to the general public.
187:(DSL). As a result, these companies often became the dominant ISPs in their service areas, and what was once a highly competitive ISP market became effectively a monopoly or
130:. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. Some restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the
3722:
1410:
1924:
845:
828:
agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP, or even store the browsing history of users to allow government access if needed (e.g. via the
821:
367:
318:
1792:
232:
2656:
1996:
1825:
1486:
1183:
2150:
670:
in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the
Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble
2127:
1891:
1756:
1114:
451:
359:
2118:"Net neutrality redux: The battle for an open net continues – The Republican-led FCC is starting to roll back net neutrality rules. Here's what you need to know"
1947:
686:
Free ISPs are
Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial
1509:
102:
1216:
399:
or households which meet a number of other criteria an up to $ 30 per month discount toward internet service, or up to $ 75 per month on certain tribal lands.
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4281:
1552:
1048:
1654:
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1371:
1249:
333:
to the
Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of the
279:(FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule permitting ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier
1710:
966:
3380:
2349:
2193:
3752:
3513:
3231:
1443:
722:
It is hypothesized that the vast divide between broadband connection in rural and urban areas is partially caused by a lack of competition between
3692:
1338:
1272:
3426:
2836:
1150:
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1621:
647:
315:
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1315:
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3651:
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2919:
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2566:
2532:
2425:
711:
161:
2252:
2022:
987:
844:
provides for broad monitoring of
Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the
2864:
1372:"H. R. _ 114th Congress, 1st Session [Discussion Draft] - To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness..."
5361:
5273:
5119:
432:
372:
334:
211:
195:
3111:
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3354:
2305:
1677:
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2058:
2018:
1955:
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516:/backbone network; each subsequent network handles more traffic than the last. Mobile service providers also have similar networks.
276:
262:
3712:
4924:
4472:
4274:
568:
528:
is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides
450:
Customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as
308:
1914:
5035:
3564:
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam
2748:
2700:
671:
392:
2909:
973:, U.S. National Science Foundation, "In March 1991, the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic."
5030:
4581:
3183:
1986:
1782:
479:
244:
164:
became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989. These companies generally offered
1014:
942:
5055:
4213:
4208:
3813:
1815:
1476:
829:
564:
497:
5340:
3328:
1173:
504:, and have a ring or mesh network topology in their core network. The networks run by access providers can be considered
5330:
5091:
4988:
4531:
4298:
3839:
3394:
841:
836:). Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial
634:
3271:
1881:
1743:
1104:
341:, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to
5320:
4827:
4267:
4182:
4162:
4054:
3884:
2117:
1960:
533:
3667:
3615:
3589:
1206:
303:
recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve
5179:
5101:
5040:
4747:
3562:
2985:
2415:
691:
602:
475:
396:
355:
330:
1848:
1542:
1038:
60:) is an organization that provides myriad services related to accessing, using, managing, or participating in the
4951:
4912:
4757:
4657:
4586:
4519:
4346:
4009:
3984:
3849:
3129:
2882:
2380:
1644:
643:
493:
440:
3245:
3156:
1575:
1071:
5310:
4552:
4487:
4440:
4326:
4233:
3929:
3484:
3463:
899:
894:
874:
837:
587:
157:
146:
3063:
2054:
1239:
3037:
3011:
963:
198:
was decommissioned removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic and
5149:
5134:
4978:
4929:
4852:
4752:
4430:
4316:
4311:
4167:
3964:
2357:
2023:"Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015"
914:
904:
794:
651:
630:
424:
184:
138:
3744:
2744:
Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF)
2183:
856:
equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as
5071:
4857:
4672:
4617:
4612:
4425:
4390:
4104:
3997:
3934:
591:
529:
471:
106:
3200:
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2327:
168:
connections, using the public telephone network to provide last-mile connections to their customers. The
4973:
4777:
4742:
4662:
4642:
4564:
4452:
4373:
3854:
3821:
690:, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called
624:
560:
44:
3434:
4887:
4847:
4817:
4574:
4509:
4400:
3107:
2790:
2762:
2714:
2652:"Matheuristic with Machine-Learning-Based Prediction for Software-Defined Mobile Metro-Core Networks"
2454:
2228:
1140:
572:
436:
199:
31:
1611:
1305:
4897:
4837:
4596:
4558:
4415:
4356:
4341:
4187:
4124:
4074:
2583:
2155:
1853:
1514:
909:
284:
92:
3782:
5124:
5081:
5012:
4882:
4812:
4787:
4722:
4569:
4290:
4084:
3954:
3889:
3717:
2828:
2632:
2611:
Junior, Ronaldo R. R.; Vieira, Marcos A. M.; Vieira, Luiz F. M.; Loureiro, Antonio A. F. (2022).
2538:
2510:
2244:
2216:
2188:
2089:
1919:
1886:
1787:
1715:
1682:
1649:
1580:
1448:
1415:
1343:
1277:
1244:
1211:
1178:
1145:
1109:
1076:
1043:
983:
505:
485:
343:
292:
84:
3297:
1411:"In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility"
512:, aggregation networks/aggregation layers/distribution layers/edge routers/metro networks and a
3776:
2612:
5164:
5086:
5000:
4983:
4946:
4832:
4792:
4622:
4591:
4457:
4351:
4147:
4049:
4027:
3939:
3869:
3844:
3673:
3647:
3621:
3595:
3568:
3360:
3334:
3277:
3251:
3162:
3135:
3069:
3043:
3017:
2991:
2987:
Internet Computing: Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies
2961:
2915:
2888:
2820:
2562:
2528:
2421:
1136:
889:
620:
296:
288:
169:
123:
96:
1783:"In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility"
800:
ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs) are called
126:, or by arrangements through other connected companies, sometimes using dialup tools such as
5169:
5129:
5109:
5076:
5005:
4963:
4877:
4732:
4717:
4692:
4667:
4627:
4477:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4248:
4152:
3944:
3879:
2810:
2802:
2752:
2738:
2704:
2673:
2665:
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2624:
2597:
2520:
2462:
2236:
2027:
1616:
525:
501:
489:
463:
413:
4797:
4652:
4420:
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4042:
4037:
3699:
3543:
2941:
2868:
1310:
970:
853:
825:
80:
73:
65:
4395:
2935:
cisco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming)
2862:
Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers
646:) or SDH/SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Networking) with DWDM (
2458:
2232:
2151:"FCC plan would give Internet providers power to choose the sites customers see and use"
4995:
4867:
4842:
4802:
4772:
4647:
4482:
4368:
4218:
4064:
4019:
3969:
3894:
2217:"From internet "Openness" to "Freedom": How far has the net neutrality pendulum swung?"
833:
801:
723:
638:
616:
509:
459:
444:
351:
326:
304:
280:
150:
131:
2806:
742:
5355:
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4917:
4907:
4822:
4712:
4707:
4697:
4682:
4504:
4363:
4228:
4094:
4032:
3909:
2636:
2417:
Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE) Foundation Learning Guide: (CCNP ROUTE 300-101)
2248:
1379:
790:
312:
191:
in countries with a commercial telecommunications market, such as the United States.
2832:
666:(VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a
423:
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide
5022:
4862:
4807:
4737:
4702:
4637:
4536:
4526:
4378:
4119:
4079:
4069:
3992:
3904:
3899:
2558:
Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia : Convergences and Complementarities
2542:
879:
849:
513:
300:
2524:
1010:
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4727:
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4546:
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2467:
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663:
548:
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363:
338:
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reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats")
180:
88:
38:
2628:
2502:
633:
is used by routers to connect to other networks, which are identified by their
590:
provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include
5227:
4934:
4632:
4541:
4497:
4467:
4445:
4435:
4410:
3859:
3834:
2598:"Network Design Models > "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz | Cisco Press"
2240:
687:
539:
Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g.,
142:
69:
3402:
2824:
820:
Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via
5212:
4677:
4492:
4243:
4238:
4114:
4099:
3874:
2650:
Alvizu, Rodolfo; Troia, Sebastian; Maier, Guido; Pattavina, Achille (2017).
176:
619:. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one
299:
service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President
2669:
2441:
Sharma, Sidharth; Engelmann, Anna; Jukan, Admela; Gumaste, Ashwin (2020).
1444:"F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services"
350:
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting
5207:
5197:
5114:
4939:
4762:
4004:
3919:
2678:
552:
455:
379:
61:
2815:
1645:"Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. - Net Neutrality's Wise New Rules"
1306:"The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right"
5202:
5187:
3974:
3949:
3914:
2488:"Selecting a WAN Technology (1.2) > WAN Concepts | Cisco Press"
1820:
1547:
1481:
786:
576:
366:, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the
322:
188:
165:
119:
3315:"Packet-optical transport systems: Platforms for metro transformation"
1678:"As Republicans Concede, F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality"
5232:
5192:
4514:
4306:
4259:
4223:
3591:
The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet
3013:
Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals
2757:
2709:
2443:"VNF Availability and SFC Sizing Model for Service Provider Networks"
1612:"FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler: This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality"
857:
556:
1510:"Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February"
202:
were created to allow peering arrangements between commercial ISPs.
17:
2861:
2062:
1744:"FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet"
1273:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation"
5217:
5154:
4462:
4089:
3924:
2515:
1039:"F.C.C., in 'Net Neutrality' Turnaround, Plans to Allow Fast Lane"
601:
540:
417:
101:
43:
3514:"Better together: Broadband deployment and broadband competition"
3485:"A Snapshot Of Internet Service Provider Competition in the U.S."
864:
in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.
5159:
3206:. Optical Internetworking Forum. March 10, 2020. OIF-400ZR-01.0.
2791:"Competition and compatibility among Internet Service Providers"
2122:
1991:
1339:"Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C.Vote"
861:
707:
283:
position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be
127:
4263:
3786:
4405:
4139:
4059:
2319:
1987:"Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin"
1477:"Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that"
737:
694:, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.
215:
64:. ISPs can be organized in various forms, such as commercial,
375:" regulations. These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015.
231:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
48:
Internet connectivity options from end-user to tier 3/2 ISPs
109:
in Manhattan installing fiber for providing Internet access
37:"Internet service" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2584:"Survey of Next-Generation Broadband Aggregation Networks"
2273:
3643:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
3617:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
2957:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
2911:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
2215:
Koning, Kendall J.; Yankelevich, Aleksandr (2018-10-01).
2085:"F.C.C. Invokes Internet Freedom While Trying to Kill It"
567:(SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through
395:
has given households in the U.S. at or below 200% of the
79:
Internet services typically provided by ISPs can include
3777:
Telecommunications Ownership and Control (TOSCO) dataset
3155:
Jia, Zhensheng; Campos, Luis Alberto (28 October 2019).
2507:
2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS)
1816:"FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate"
1711:"The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice"
1240:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules"
753:
240:
172:
for dial-up ISPs were low and many providers emerged.
3456:"FCC: Wireless Services: 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service"
3131:
High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THZ Applications
2298:"What are the different Internet connection methods?"
5241:
5178:
5100:
5064:
5021:
4962:
4896:
4605:
4297:
4201:
4138:
4018:
3983:
3820:
2954:Medhi, Deep; Ramasamy, Karthik (6 September 2017).
2908:Medhi, Deep; Ramasamy, Karthik (6 September 2017).
2696:
Complaint Feedback Loop Operational Recommendations
1576:"F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet"
1304:Sepulveda, Ambassador Daniel A. (21 January 2015).
3182:Christian Urricariet; André Guimarães (May 2019).
1781:Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (26 February 2015).
846:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3330:Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-A: Components
2503:"Research Directions in Network Service Chaining"
2482:
2480:
2478:
939:"Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia"
822:Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
360:Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996
27:Organization that provides access to the Internet
3218:"OpenZR+ MSA Group releases first specification"
2657:Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
1543:"FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules"
594:, cloud services, or physical server operation.
416:to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV),
3814:Internet service providers of the United States
3779:on the ownership of internet service providers.
2613:"Intra and inter-flow link aggregation in SDN"
2381:"IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE DOCSIS 3.0 SOBRE REDES HFC"
1849:"Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote"
532:to send, receive, accept, and store email for
452:single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line
4275:
3798:
3713:"Obama's Speech on N.S.A. Phone Surveillance"
3381:"The search for ultra-long-haul transmission"
2399:"Network Modernization: A TDM to IP Solution"
627:for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
229:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
3542:Farrell, Maria; Berjon, Robin (2024-04-16).
2789:Foros, Øystein; Hansen, Bjørn (2001-12-01).
611:contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
5290:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3702:. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2014-03-12.
3232:"Understanding 400ZR/OpenZR+/400ZR+ Optics"
3184:"Trends in 400G Optics for the Data Center"
2979:
2977:
1207:"F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate"
816:Law enforcement and intelligence assistance
559:). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers
5326:
4282:
4268:
4260:
3805:
3791:
3783:
378:Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017,
247:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
30:"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see
3693:NSA PRISM Creates Stir, But Appears Legal
2814:
2756:
2708:
2677:
2514:
2466:
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
2884:Networked Life: 20 Questions and Answers
1271:NYT Editorial Board (14 November 2014).
1174:"Searching for Fairness on the Internet"
848:. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of
311:presented legislation, in the form of a
2857:
2855:
2853:
2320:"FTTx: Fiber To The Home/Premises/Curb"
2184:"The Net Neutrality Repeal Is Official"
1643:The Editorial Board (6 February 2015).
926:
3039:Telecommunications Technology Handbook
1676:Weisman, Jonathan (24 February 2015).
789:, where multiple ISPs interconnect at
648:Dense wavelength-division multiplexing
3421:
3419:
3065:Springer Handbook of Optical Networks
2163:from the original on 21 November 2017
2083:The Editorial Board (29 April 2017).
1828:from the original on 27 December 2017
1337:Weisman, Jonathan (19 January 2015).
1285:from the original on 15 November 2014
1252:from the original on 14 November 2014
496:. Access providers may have an MPLS (
7:
5336:
3725:from the original on 20 January 2014
3588:Norton, William B. (8 August 2011).
3247:Optical Communications in the 5G Era
3128:Choi, Jung Han (19 September 2017).
2330:from the original on August 24, 2013
2196:from the original on 25 January 2019
1847:Liebelson, Dana (26 February 2015).
1624:from the original on 4 February 2015
1489:from the original on 1 February 2015
1456:from the original on 3 February 2015
1423:from the original on 3 February 2015
1318:from the original on 22 January 2015
945:from the original on 9 February 2021
932:
930:
3356:Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV
3250:. Academic Press. 23 October 2021.
3158:Coherent Optics for Access Networks
3112:"400G and 800G Ethernet and Optics"
1915:"What the Net Neutrality Rules Say"
1814:Flaherty, Anne (25 February 2015).
1555:from the original on 3 January 2015
1522:from the original on 2 January 2015
1105:"Warnings Along F.C.C.'s Fast Lane"
676:competitive local exchange carriers
433:Integrated Services Digital Network
362:to the Internet. The FCC Chairman,
291:, a legal and technology expert at
212:Net neutrality in the United States
3755:from the original on 18 March 2015
2881:Chiang, Mung (10 September 2012).
2386:. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
2116:Reardon, Marguerite (2 May 2017).
2097:from the original on 29 April 2017
1999:from the original on 14 April 2015
1882:"F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules"
1880:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (12 March 2015).
1795:from the original on 14 April 2020
1762:from the original on 12 March 2018
1475:Flaherty, Anne (31 January 2015).
1238:Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014).
885:Index of Internet-related articles
704:wireless Internet service provider
606:Tiers 1 and 2 ISP interconnections
429:asymmetric digital subscriber line
387:Provisions for low-income families
25:
3460:Federal Communications Commission
3298:"Introduction to DWDM Technology"
3276:. Oxford University Press. 2021.
2984:Sunyaev, Ali (12 February 2020).
2420:. Cisco Press. 29 December 2014.
2274:"Affordable Connectivity Program"
2059:Federal Communications Commission
2019:Federal Communications Commission
1956:Federal Communications Commission
1927:from the original on 22 June 2018
1894:from the original on 14 June 2018
1861:from the original on 15 June 2018
1752:Federal Communications Commission
1723:from the original on 14 June 2018
1690:from the original on 14 June 2018
1657:from the original on 14 June 2018
1588:from the original on 18 July 2018
1390:from the original on 13 July 2017
1351:from the original on 14 June 2018
1219:from the original on 14 June 2018
1186:from the original on 14 June 2018
1153:from the original on 14 June 2018
1117:from the original on 14 June 2018
1084:from the original on 14 June 2018
1051:from the original on 14 June 2018
1027:Also published as Robert H. Zakon
1011:"Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1"
277:Federal Communications Commission
5335:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5304:
4925:Free-space optical communication
3745:"New KGB Takes Internet by SORM"
3561:Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009).
3544:"We Need To Rewild The Internet"
3201:"Implementation Agreement 400ZR"
3091:"400G-ZR(+) Real World Examples"
2795:Information Economics and Policy
2693:J.D. Falk, ed. (November 2011).
2149:Fung, Brian (21 November 2017).
1985:Reisinger, Don (13 April 2015).
1709:Lohr, Steve (25 February 2015).
741:
672:mobile virtual network operators
569:Internet Message Access Protocol
476:ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
220:
3669:Information Network Engineering
3524:from the original on 2021-11-14
3512:Sallet, Jonathan (2017-03-15).
3494:from the original on 2021-11-14
2839:from the original on 2020-06-23
2255:from the original on 2022-09-01
2182:Collins, Keith (11 June 2018).
2130:from the original on 2 May 2017
2035:from the original on 2 May 2015
1574:Lohr, Steve (4 February 2015).
1442:Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015).
1409:Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015).
1072:"Creating a Two-Speed Internet"
1037:Wyatt, Edward (23 April 2014).
1017:from the original on 5 May 2009
990:from the original on 2015-07-29
393:Affordable Connectivity Program
2887:. Cambridge University Press.
2871:Working Paper, August 11, 2012
1913:Sommer, Jeff (12 March 2015).
1508:Fung, Brian (2 January 2015).
824:(CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow
480:synchronous optical networking
1:
3068:. Springer. 15 October 2020.
2807:10.1016/S0167-6245(01)00044-0
1205:Wyatt, Edward (15 May 2014).
830:Investigatory Powers Act 2016
579:, or a proprietary protocol.
565:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
498:Multiprotocol label switching
488:is another option, including
391:Since December 31, 2021, The
5311:Telecommunication portal
5092:Telecommunications equipment
3395:"Hooking up to the Internet"
2525:10.1109/SDN4FNS.2013.6702549
2061:. 2017-06-12. Archived from
4828:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4163:Consolidated Communications
4055:Consolidated Communications
3885:Consolidated Communications
3672:. 株式会社 オーム社. 20 July 2015.
3427:"Internet service provider"
3016:. Springer. 13 April 2007.
2468:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3005287
2324:The Fiber Optic Association
1946:FCC Staff (12 March 2015).
1103:Carr, David (11 May 2014).
734:Satellite internet services
275:On 23 April 2014, the U.S.
243:, discuss the issue on the
5378:
5362:Internet service providers
4532:Telecommunications history
3646:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
3620:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
2629:10.1007/s11235-021-00841-7
1742:Staff (26 February 2015).
678:for voice communications.
397:Federal Poverty Guidelines
356:Communications Act of 1934
331:Communications Act of 1934
209:
36:
29:
5299:
5140:Public Switched Telephone
4952:telecommunication circuit
4913:Fiber-optic communication
4658:Francis Blake (telephone)
4453:Optical telecommunication
3850:Blue Ridge Communications
3567:. John Wiley & Sons.
3333:. Elsevier. 22 May 2002.
2617:Telecommunication Systems
2241:10.1016/j.jup.2018.07.004
1370:Staff (16 January 2015).
860:in the United States, or
644:Optical transport network
588:Internet hosting services
494:satellite Internet access
352:Title II (common carrier)
327:Title II (common carrier)
118:The Internet (originally
54:Internet service provider
5051:Orbital angular-momentum
4488:Satellite communications
4327:Communications satellite
4038:Cincinnati Bell Fioptics
3930:Northland Communications
3359:. Academic Press. 2002.
2354:ciscoccna24.blogspot.com
1541:Staff (2 January 2015).
900:Network service provider
895:Internet hosting service
875:Content delivery network
838:National Security Agency
795:Internet exchange points
536:or other organizations.
289:Professor Susan Crawford
158:Brookline, Massachusetts
139:online service providers
4930:Molecular communication
4753:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4582:Undersea telegraph line
4317:Cable protection system
4168:Frontier Communications
3965:TruVista Communications
1070:Staff (24 April 2014).
1009:Robert H'obbes' Zakon.
915:Outline of the Internet
905:Mobile network operator
631:Border Gateway Protocol
443:to end users is called
431:(ADSL), cable modem or
185:digital subscriber line
5072:Communication protocol
4858:Charles Sumner Tainter
4673:Walter Houser Brattain
4618:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4426:Information revolution
4105:Stealth Communications
3935:OneLink Communications
3042:. Artech House. 2003.
984:"Web history timeline"
964:Outreach: The Internet
750:This section is empty.
607:
561:email hosting services
500:) or formerly a SONET
472:Primary Rate Interface
307:. On 16 January 2015,
110:
107:Stealth Communications
49:
5046:Polarization-division
4778:Narinder Singh Kapany
4743:Erna Schneider Hoover
4663:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4643:Alexander Graham Bell
4374:online video platform
2670:10.1364/JOCN.9.000D19
2379:Ramos, Ángel Merino.
1172:Staff (15 May 2014).
718:ISPs in rural regions
605:
460:metropolitan Ethernet
319:discussion draft bill
200:network access points
105:
47:
4888:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4848:Almon Brown Strowger
4818:Charles Grafton Page
4473:Prepaid mobile phone
4401:Electrical telegraph
3108:Andreas Bechtolsheim
2308:on October 13, 2009.
1141:"The Wire Next Time"
710:frequency band) and
573:Post Office Protocol
437:basic rate interface
420:, and fiber optics.
241:improve this section
32:ISP (disambiguation)
4838:Johann Philipp Reis
4597:Wireless revolution
4559:The Telephone Cases
4416:Hydraulic telegraph
4075:Greenlight Networks
3721:. 17 January 2014.
3594:. DrPeering Press.
3488:BroadbandSearch.net
3234:. 11 December 2020.
2960:. Morgan Kaufmann.
2914:. Morgan Kaufmann.
2741:, ed. (June 2012).
2459:2020IEEEA...8k9768S
2360:on 25 December 2014
2233:2018UtPol..54...37K
2156:The Washington Post
1854:The Huffington Post
1610:(4 February 2015).
1515:The Washington Post
910:Open-access network
785:ISPs may engage in
724:ISPs in rural areas
285:municipal broadband
179:technology such as
5036:Frequency-division
5013:Telephone exchange
4883:Charles Wheatstone
4813:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4788:Innocenzo Manzetti
4723:Reginald Fessenden
4458:Optical telegraphy
4291:Telecommunications
4085:Lumen Technologies
3955:SRT Communications
3890:Cox Communications
3718:The New York Times
3698:2014-01-25 at the
3431:masters.donntu.org
2940:2014-01-19 at the
2867:2020-04-05 at the
2561:. Springer. 2002.
2189:The New York Times
2090:The New York Times
1920:The New York Times
1887:The New York Times
1788:The New York Times
1716:The New York Times
1683:The New York Times
1650:The New York Times
1581:The New York Times
1449:The New York Times
1416:The New York Times
1344:The New York Times
1278:The New York Times
1245:The New York Times
1212:The New York Times
1179:The New York Times
1146:The New York Times
1110:The New York Times
1077:The New York Times
1044:The New York Times
969:2014-01-18 at the
608:
506:wide area networks
447:or similar names.
435:(ISDN) (typically
344:The New York Times
337:and, according to
335:telecommunications
293:Harvard Law School
137:During the 1980s,
111:
50:
5349:
5348:
5087:Store and forward
5082:Data transmission
4996:Network switching
4947:Transmission line
4793:Guglielmo Marconi
4758:Internet pioneers
4623:Mohamed M. Atalla
4592:Whistled language
4257:
4256:
4153:AT&T Internet
4148:Astound Broadband
4028:Astound Broadband
3940:Satview Broadband
3870:Buckeye Broadband
3845:Astound Broadband
3679:978-4-274-99991-8
3653:978-0-08-047497-7
3627:978-0-08-047497-7
3601:978-1-937451-02-8
3574:978-0-470-52938-6
3366:978-0-12-395172-4
3340:978-0-08-051318-8
3283:978-0-19-883422-9
3257:978-0-12-823134-0
3220:. 8 October 2020.
3168:978-1-000-73650-2
3141:978-1-4665-9012-0
3075:978-3-030-16250-4
3049:978-1-58053-708-7
3023:978-0-387-24063-3
2997:978-3-030-34957-8
2967:978-0-12-800829-4
2921:978-0-12-800829-4
2894:978-1-107-02494-6
2568:978-2-7445-0144-9
2534:978-1-4799-2781-4
2453:: 119768–119784.
2427:978-0-13-396586-5
2397:Sterling Perrin.
2021:(13 April 2015).
1139:(28 April 2014).
890:Internet backbone
840:program known as
770:
769:
635:autonomous system
621:point of presence
520:Mailbox providers
445:Fiber To The Home
427:, DSL, typically
414:acoustic couplers
297:telecommunication
273:
272:
265:
170:barriers to entry
16:(Redirected from
5369:
5339:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5180:Notable networks
5170:Wireless network
5110:Cellular network
5102:Types of network
5077:Computer network
4964:Network topology
4878:Thomas A. Watson
4733:Oliver Heaviside
4718:Philo Farnsworth
4693:Daniel Davis Jr.
4668:Charles Bourseul
4628:John Logie Baird
4337:Data compression
4332:Computer network
4284:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4249:WorldWide Access
4140:Copper / DSL ISP
3945:Service Electric
3880:Charter Spectrum
3807:
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3472:
3471:
3462:. Archived from
3452:
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3443:
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3433:. Archived from
3423:
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3401:. Archived from
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3273:Optical Networks
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3089:Florian Hibler.
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2758:10.17487/RFC6650
2739:Murray Kucherawy
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2221:Utilities Policy
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2028:Federal Register
2015:
2009:
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1966:on 12 March 2015
1965:
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752:You can help by
745:
738:
526:mailbox provider
508:. ISPs can have
502:backbone network
464:gigabit Ethernet
408:Access providers
268:
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21:
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4653:Tim Berners-Lee
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2869:Wayback Machine
2860:
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2596:
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2582:Belinda Chang.
2581:
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2133:
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2110:
2100:
2098:
2082:
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2077:
2068:
2066:
2055:"Open Internet"
2053:
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2048:
2038:
2036:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1983:
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1204:
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1199:
1189:
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1171:
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1166:
1156:
1154:
1137:Crawford, Susan
1135:
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1120:
1118:
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1087:
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1069:
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982:
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977:
971:Wayback Machine
962:
958:
948:
946:
937:Clarke, Roger.
936:
935:
928:
924:
919:
870:
854:packet sniffing
826:law enforcement
818:
783:
775:
766:
760:
757:
736:
720:
700:
684:
660:
600:
585:
522:
510:access networks
486:Wireless access
410:
405:
403:Classifications
389:
368:First Amendment
287:, according to
269:
258:
252:
249:
238:
225:
221:
214:
208:
116:
81:internet access
74:privately owned
72:, or otherwise
66:community-owned
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5375:
5373:
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5364:
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5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:Space-division
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4976:
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4910:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4868:Camille Tissot
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:Claude Shannon
4840:
4835:
4833:Tivadar Puskás
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Antonio Meucci
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Charles K. Kao
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4748:Harold Hopkins
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:Emile Berliner
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Videotelephony
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
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4502:
4501:
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4490:
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4483:Radiotelephone
4480:
4475:
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4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:Internet video
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
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4272:
4264:
4255:
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4252:
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4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Boston CitiNet
4216:
4211:
4205:
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4199:
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4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Frontier Fiber
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4033:AT&T Fiber
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Docomo Pacific
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
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3824:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3771:External links
3769:
3767:
3766:
3736:
3704:
3685:
3678:
3659:
3652:
3633:
3626:
3607:
3600:
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3003:
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2893:
2873:
2849:
2801:(4): 411–425.
2781:
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2685:
2642:
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2574:
2567:
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2533:
2493:
2474:
2433:
2426:
2407:
2389:
2371:
2341:
2311:
2289:
2265:
2207:
2174:
2141:
2108:
2075:
2046:
2010:
1977:
1938:
1905:
1872:
1839:
1806:
1773:
1734:
1701:
1668:
1635:
1599:
1566:
1533:
1500:
1467:
1434:
1401:
1362:
1329:
1296:
1263:
1230:
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1164:
1128:
1095:
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1029:
1001:
986:. 2014-03-11.
975:
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918:
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902:
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869:
866:
834:United Kingdom
817:
814:
791:peering points
782:
779:
774:
771:
768:
767:
748:
746:
735:
732:
719:
716:
699:
696:
683:
680:
659:
656:
617:tier 1 carrier
599:
596:
592:virtual server
584:
581:
521:
518:
409:
406:
404:
401:
388:
385:
373:Net Neutrality
305:net neutrality
281:net neutrality
271:
270:
235:of the subject
233:worldwide view
228:
226:
219:
210:Main article:
207:
206:Net neutrality
204:
151:America Online
132:World Wide Web
115:
112:
91:registration,
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5374:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
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5324:
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5314:
5312:
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5301:
5298:
5291:
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5282:
5280:
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5270:
5267:
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5260:
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5199:
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5181:
5177:
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5151:
5148:
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5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
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5128:
5126:
5123:
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5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5056:Code-division
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Time-division
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:and switching
4965:
4961:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:optical fiber
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Coaxial cable
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Radia Perlman
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Lee de Forest
4711:
4709:
4708:Thomas Edison
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Donald Davies
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Claude Chappe
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Smoke signals
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:Semiconductor
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
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4461:
4459:
4456:
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4447:
4444:
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4434:
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4427:
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4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:Digital media
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
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4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
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4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
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4300:
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4285:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4250:
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4245:
4242:
4240:
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4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
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4217:
4215:
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4210:
4207:
4206:
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4179:
4176:
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4164:
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4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:NEP Telephone
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
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4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3985:Satellite ISP
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
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3941:
3938:
3936:
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3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
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3863:
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3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
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3788:
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3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3724:
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3714:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3681:
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3671:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3466:on 2019-04-05
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3437:on 2021-02-24
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3405:on 2008-12-19
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:
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3161:. CRC Press.
3160:
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3134:. CRC Press.
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2065:on 2015-06-15
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761:December 2023
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669:
668:wholesale ISP
665:
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530:email servers
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
40:
33:
19:
5023:Multiplexing
4898:Transmission
4863:Nikola Tesla
4853:Henry Sutton
4808:Samuel Morse
4738:Robert Hooke
4703:Amos Dolbear
4638:John Bardeen
4557:
4537:Telautograph
4441:Mobile phone
4396:Edholm's law
4379:social media
4312:Broadcasting
4120:Verizon FiOS
4080:GTA Teleguam
4070:Google Fiber
3993:Dish Network
3905:Full Channel
3900:Emery Telcom
3757:. Retrieved
3749:Mother Jones
3748:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3716:
3707:
3688:
3668:
3662:
3642:
3636:
3616:
3610:
3590:
3583:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3537:
3526:. Retrieved
3517:
3507:
3496:. Retrieved
3487:
3479:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3450:
3439:. Retrieved
3435:the original
3430:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:the original
3398:
3389:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3309:
3292:
3272:
3266:
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3157:
3150:
3130:
3123:
3102:
3084:
3064:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3012:
3006:
2990:. Springer.
2986:
2956:
2949:
2930:
2910:
2903:
2883:
2876:
2841:. Retrieved
2816:11250/162960
2798:
2794:
2784:
2776:
2769:. Retrieved
2743:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2695:
2688:
2661:
2655:
2645:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2592:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2506:
2496:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2416:
2410:
2392:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2353:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2314:
2306:the original
2301:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2224:
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2187:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2121:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2026:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1954:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1852:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1786:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1750:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1615:
1608:Wheeler, Tom
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1546:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1480:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1447:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1378:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1342:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1210:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1177:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1144:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1019:. Retrieved
1004:
994:21 September
992:. Retrieved
978:
959:
947:. Retrieved
880:Geo-blocking
850:surveillance
819:
810:
806:
799:
784:
776:
758:
754:adding to it
749:
728:
721:
701:
698:Wireless ISP
685:
667:
661:
658:Virtual ISPs
629:
613:
609:
598:Transit ISPs
586:
583:Hosting ISPs
571:(IMAP), the
538:
523:
514:core network
484:
449:
441:fiber-optics
422:
411:
390:
377:
349:
342:
301:Barack Obama
274:
259:
250:
230:
193:
181:cable modems
174:
155:
136:
117:
78:
57:
53:
51:
5223:NPL network
4935:Radio waves
4873:Alfred Vail
4783:Hedy Lamarr
4768:Dawon Kahng
4728:Elisha Gray
4688:Yogen Dalal
4613:Nasir Ahmed
4547:Teleprinter
4411:Heliographs
4202:Defunct ISP
4193:Ziply Fiber
4178:TDS Telecom
4158:CenturyLink
4130:Ziply Fiber
4110:TDS Telecom
3960:TDS Telecom
3865:Broadstripe
3855:Blue Stream
3830:Adams Cable
3399:Amazing.com
3383:. May 2001.
3317:. May 2012.
2944:BGP article
2447:IEEE Access
2167:21 November
1865:27 February
1832:26 February
1799:26 February
1766:26 February
1727:25 February
1694:24 February
1289:15 November
1256:15 November
1021:14 November
802:Tier 1 ISPs
664:virtual ISP
639:Tier 2 ISPs
549:Outlook.com
545:Yahoo! Mail
468:Frame Relay
364:Tom Wheeler
339:Tom Wheeler
309:Republicans
93:web hosting
89:domain name
39:Web service
5269:Antarctica
5228:Toasternet
5150:Television
4633:Paul Baran
4565:Television
4549:(teletype)
4542:Telegraphy
4520:transistor
4498:Phryctoria
4468:Photophone
4446:Smartphone
4436:Mass media
4188:Windstream
4173:T-Internet
4125:Windstream
3860:Breezeline
3835:Altice USA
3759:2 February
3729:21 January
3528:2021-11-14
3498:2021-11-14
3470:2008-03-17
3441:2020-05-26
3409:2008-07-02
2843:2020-12-06
2664:(9): D19.
2623:: 95–107.
2364:2 February
2283:2023-07-27
2259:2022-09-08
2200:25 January
2069:2017-11-29
1661:6 February
1628:5 February
1592:5 February
1493:31 January
1460:2 February
1427:2 February
1394:20 January
1355:20 January
1322:20 January
949:21 January
922:References
688:television
253:April 2024
143:CompuServe
97:colocation
70:non-profit
5253:Americas
5242:Locations
5213:Internet2
4974:Bandwidth
4678:Vint Cerf
4575:streaming
4553:Telephone
4493:Semaphore
4384:streaming
4244:Texas.net
4239:Pure Talk
4115:Ting Inc.
4100:Sonic.net
4020:Fiber ISP
3875:Cable One
3840:Armstrong
3822:Cable ISP
3518:Brookings
2825:0167-6245
2637:239542317
2516:1312.5080
2249:158428437
2227:: 37–45.
1559:2 January
1526:2 January
682:Free ISPs
625:bandwidth
534:end users
482:(SONET).
439:). Using
245:talk page
194:In 1995,
177:broadband
162:The World
5356:Category
5321:Category
5208:Internet
5198:CYCLADES
5115:Ethernet
5065:Concepts
4989:terminal
4940:wireless
4763:Bob Kahn
4606:Pioneers
4431:Internet
4322:Cable TV
4005:Starlink
3998:HughsNet
3920:Mediacom
3753:Archived
3723:Archived
3696:Archived
3522:Archived
3492:Archived
3303:. Cisco.
2938:Archived
2865:Archived
2837:Archived
2833:24402565
2328:Archived
2253:Archived
2194:Archived
2161:Archived
2128:Archived
2101:29 April
2095:Archived
2039:13 April
2033:Archived
2003:13 April
1997:Archived
1970:13 March
1931:13 March
1925:Archived
1898:13 March
1892:Archived
1859:Archived
1826:Archived
1793:Archived
1757:Archived
1721:Archived
1688:Archived
1655:Archived
1622:Archived
1586:Archived
1553:Archived
1520:Archived
1487:Archived
1454:Archived
1421:Archived
1385:Archived
1349:Archived
1316:Archived
1283:Archived
1250:Archived
1217:Archived
1184:Archived
1157:28 April
1151:Archived
1115:Archived
1088:25 April
1082:Archived
1055:23 April
1049:Archived
1015:Archived
988:Archived
967:Archived
943:Archived
868:See also
692:freenets
637:number.
553:AOL Mail
490:cellular
456:Ethernet
380:Ajit Pai
239:You may
141:such as
124:backbone
62:Internet
5341:Commons
5331:Outline
5284:Oceania
5203:FidoNet
5188:ARPANET
5001:circuit
4570:digital
4299:History
4234:Prodigy
4183:Verizon
3975:Xfinity
3950:Shentel
3915:Hargray
2771:28 June
2723:28 June
2543:9770534
2455:Bibcode
2334:June 1,
2302:Windows
2229:Bibcode
1821:AP News
1548:AP News
1482:AP News
832:in the
787:peering
781:Peering
773:Altnets
577:Webmail
470:, ISDN
425:dial-up
354:of the
329:of the
323:AP News
189:duopoly
166:dial-up
147:Prodigy
120:ARPAnet
114:History
5279:Europe
5249:Africa
5233:Usenet
5193:BITNET
5130:Mobile
5006:packet
4515:MOSFET
4510:device
4307:Beacon
4224:ATMNet
4010:Viasat
3676:
3650:
3624:
3598:
3571:
3363:
3337:
3280:
3254:
3165:
3138:
3072:
3046:
3020:
2994:
2964:
2918:
2891:
2831:
2823:
2635:
2565:
2541:
2531:
2424:
2350:"CCNA"
2247:
1223:15 May
1190:15 May
1121:11 May
858:DCSNet
557:Po box
196:NSFNET
149:, and
95:, and
5262:South
5257:North
5218:JANET
5155:Telex
5145:Radio
4984:Nodes
4979:Links
4900:media
4478:Radio
4463:Pager
4391:Drums
4357:video
4352:image
4342:audio
4229:@Home
4090:Midco
4050:Claro
3925:Midco
3548:Noema
3301:(PDF)
3204:(PDF)
3187:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
3094:(PDF)
2829:S2CID
2633:S2CID
2539:S2CID
2511:arXiv
2402:(PDF)
2384:(PDF)
2245:S2CID
2134:2 May
1964:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1747:(PDF)
1617:Wired
1388:(PDF)
1375:(PDF)
1311:Wired
842:PRISM
541:Gmail
418:Wi-Fi
5274:Asia
5160:UUCP
5120:ISDN
4209:AGIS
3970:WOW!
3761:2015
3731:2014
3674:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3622:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3335:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3252:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3018:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2889:ISBN
2821:ISSN
2773:2012
2766:6650
2749:IETF
2725:2012
2718:6449
2701:IETF
2563:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2366:2015
2336:2013
2202:2019
2169:2017
2136:2017
2123:CNET
2103:2017
2041:2015
2005:2015
1992:CNET
1972:2015
1933:2015
1900:2015
1867:2015
1834:2015
1801:2015
1768:2015
1729:2015
1696:2015
1663:2015
1630:2015
1594:2015
1561:2015
1528:2015
1495:2015
1462:2015
1429:2015
1396:2015
1357:2015
1324:2015
1291:2014
1258:2014
1225:2014
1192:2014
1159:2014
1123:2014
1090:2014
1057:2014
1023:2011
996:2015
951:2014
862:SORM
852:and
712:LMDS
708:MMDS
674:and
492:and
478:and
358:and
316:H.R.
183:and
128:UUCP
18:ISPs
5165:WAN
5135:NGN
5125:LAN
4406:Fax
4347:DCT
4214:ANS
4060:EPB
3910:GCI
2811:hdl
2803:doi
2763:RFC
2753:doi
2715:RFC
2705:doi
2674:hdl
2666:doi
2625:doi
2521:doi
2463:doi
2278:FCC
2237:doi
793:or
756:.
652:CFP
454:),
58:ISP
52:An
5358::
3751:.
3747:.
3715:.
3546:.
3520:.
3516:.
3490:.
3458:.
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