Iban culture - Knowledge

1879:

During this ritual, the chief would first take a bit of the brain using the tip of his sword and put it into a lump of glutinous rice and then eat it while reciting a prayer to declare that his spirit presides over the spirit of the head and the victim. This 'eating' symbolizes the master-slave relationship between the victim and the owner of the skull. Upon reaching the longhouse, the wives or mothers would receive the heads obtained by their husbands or sons respectively using a ceremonial plate underneath of which was placed a ritual cloth (pua kumbu) which has been woven by the respective women earlier. The common motive of the ritual cloth is called "lebur api' (the heath of fire). Therefore, the women would weave ceremonial cloths according to the progress of their men. In a way, the weaving of a certain motive would incite the men to obtain heads of their traditional enemy as necessary. A guiltless people shall not be attacked and doing so would result in adverse curse called 'busong' of the perpetrators.

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maritime set of tribes but a riverine one, and fight chiefly in canoes and boats during their resistance and rebellion against Brunei and its piratical tribes under Sulu, mainly Illanuns and Balangingis who make maritime expeditions around the island South East Asia Archipelago. One of their favorite tactics is to conceal some of their larger boats, and then to send some small and badly manned canoes forward to attack the enemy to lure them. The canoes then retreat, followed by the enemy, and as soon as they passes the spot where the larger boats are hidden, they are attacked by them in the rear, while the smaller canoes, which have acted as decoys, turn and join in the fight. The rivers arc are chosen for this kind of attack, the overhanging branches of trees and the dense foliage of the bank affording excellent hiding places for the boats.

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a sword handle, taking a small lump of the brain using the tip of his sword and puffing it into a lump of glutinous rice before eating it in one go, skinning off the skin and flesh using his sword, churning out the brain inside using a rattan to swirl out and stir the brain out of the skull in a flowing river water, making a rattan basket to keep the cleaned skull, drying the cleaned skull in sunlight for several days and smoking it during the night over a fire heath (bedilang) at the gallery (ruai). Once a warrior has obtained seven skulls, he can formally make a ring (bengkong) to hand his head trophies at the gallery for safekeeping and showcasing them. The skulls need to be ritually well-cared for and fed regularly as valuable possessions which were considered worth more than gold.

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good and the benefit of all inhabitants of the longhouse and the region. For example, a hostile enemy who attacks during farming or other routine activities can be eliminated for security and peace purposes after conflict resolution has failed. A surrendering enemy shall be not killed but taken as a slave who would be given chance to redeem themselves over time. Often, a male slave is commissioned to attack the enemy in return for his freedom and perhaps marrying a daughter of a chief who instructed him in the first place. Otherwise, the slave can plant a lot of paddy for his master in return for his freedom. A female slave can take care of the master's family especially his secludedly-raised daughter in a raised palace (meligai).

2039:(River Turtle Festival) that is held for announcing readiness of daughters for marriage and to call for suitable suitors. The wedding ceremony is itself called Melah Pinang (Areca beetle nut splitting) which is celebrated with much fanfare and ritual. Here the God invoked is Selampandai for fertility and reproductive purposes to bear many children. In addition, if an Iban married couple could not bear any child after some years of marriage, they can decide to adopt via a Gawai Bairu-Iru (Adoption Festival) to declare that they have adopted someone which shall have the same rights as their own born child. Furthermore, Gawai Batimbang (Manutrition Festival) can be held to free 732:(Bird Festival) and Gawai Amat/Asal (Real/Original Festival) with their successive ascending stages with the most famous one being Gawai Kenyalang (Hornbill Festival). This is perhaps the most elaborate and complex festival which can last into seven successive days of ritual incantation by lemambang bards. It is held normally after instructed by spirits in dreams. It is performed by tuai kayau (raid leader) called bujang berani (leading warriors) and war leader (tuai serang) who are known as "raja berani" (bravery king). In the past, this festival is vital to seek divine intervention to defeat enemies such as Baketan, Ukit, and Kayan during migrations into new territories. 507:) from any gods, people of Panggau Libau and Gelong, and any spirits or ghosts. The second method is via animal omens (burong laba) which have long-lasting effects such as from deer barking which is quite random in nature. The third method is via bird omens (burong bisa) which have short-term effects that are commonly limited to a certain farming year or a certain activity at hand. The fourth method is via pig liver divination after festival celebration At the end of critical festivals, the divination of the pig liver will be interpreted to forecast the outcome of the future or the luck of the individual who holds the festival. The fifth but not the least method is via 550:) in ascending order and complexity. Any Iban Dayak will undergo some forms of simple rituals and several elaborate festivals as necessary in their lifetime from a baby, adolescent to adulthood until death. The longhouse where the Iban Dayaks stay is constructed in a unique way to function for both living or accommodation purposes and ritual or religious practices. Nearby the longhouse, there is normally a small and simple hut called langkau ampun/sukor (forgiveness/thanksgiving hut) built to place offerings to deities. Sometimes, when potentially bad omens are encountered, a small hut is quickly built and a fire is started before saying prayers to seek good outcomes. 1888:

the heroes of Panggau and Gelong i.e. Keling and Laja when they beautifully handcrafted a hornbill statue for their sweethearts (Kumang and Lulong) respectively which become alive and flew to the doors of their sweethearts' family rooms upon revelation to the audience. The beaks of the hornbill statues must be directed to the country of the enemies so that the hornbills fly there to attack and peck the eyes of the enemies in advance of the incoming attack. Hence, the hornbill festival is held to honour and propitiate the heroes of Panggau and Gelong who are believed to be able to assist in major undertakings like wars, depending on the guardian of the warrior.

416:; many continue to observe both Christian and traditional ceremonies, particularly during marriages or festivals, although some ancestral practice such as 'Miring' are still prohibited by certain churches. After being Christianized, the majority of Iban people have changed their traditional name to a Hebrew-based "Christian name" such as David, Christopher, Janet, Magdalene, Peter or Joseph, but a minority still maintain their traditional Iban name or a combination of both with the first Christian name followed by a second traditional Iban name such as David Dunggau, Kenneth Kanang, Christopher Changgai, Janet Jenna or Joseph Jelenggai. 4772:

taking. The progress in obtaining the ascending levels of education has been likened to the ascension in the career path of traditional farming and head taking. For example, obtaining a bachelor's degree or holding executive positions is regarded as equivalent to obtaining several heads which qualifies the bachelor holders to be called 'bujang or dara berani' (brave bachelor or bachelorette). A master's degree holder is ranked to be qualified as a raid leader (tau kayau) or holding middle management posts. The PhD degree holder is qualified to be a war leader (tau serang) or top management heads.

3279: 2958: 3754: 2242: 4709:(jungle clearing) before when fresh jungles were still available in abundance. Therefore, the Ibans were willing to migrate to new areas. Before the arrival of James Brooke, the Iban had migrated from Kapuas to Saribas and Skrang, Batang Ai, Sadong, Samarahan, Katibas, Kapit and Baleh in order to own fress tracks of jungles among the reasons. Some Ibans participated in Brooke-led punitive expeditions against their own countrymen in exchange for areas to migrate to. 3315:

headhunting is indeed a last resort. In fact, territorial disputes were the bulk of the causes of headtaking e.g. during a chance encounter between the wandering tribe and the local inhabitants which resulted in conflicts regarding ownership and conservation of forest resources. In other occasions, headhunting is usually performed on a traditional enemy who reciprocated the act from time to time. So, it is engaged in as a necessity for survival.

3340: 2598:) can be varied according to the importance of the god or item. The number of each item of offerings can be multiplied to correspond with the locations for placing the offerings. A plate, wide leave or a woven bamboo basket will be used for serving the offerings. Most of the times, the offerings are hung onto a part of the building or tree branch or trunk, placed over a jar or simple platform or a bamboo stick with a receptacle at its top. 849:(ritual healing ceremony) to be held in accordance with the types of sickness determined by him through his glassy stone to see the whereabouts of the soul of the sick person. Besides, Gawai Burung can also be used for healing certain difficult-to-cure sickness via magical power by Sengalang Burong especially nowadays after headhunting has been stopped. Other self-caring ritual ceremonies that are related to wellness and longevity are 1627:(Bird Festival) in the Saribas/Skrang region or Gawai Amat (Proper Festival) in the Mujong region or Gawai Asal (Original Festival) in the Baleh region. Each set of festivals has a number of successive stages to be initiated by a notable man of prowess from time to time and hosted by individual longhouses. It originally honors warriors, but during more peaceful times has evolved into a wellness or fortune seeking ceremony. 2891: 4484: 66: 3319:

bear rice seeds before the harvesting season comes. Often, a junior warrior may go alone or in small group to attack an enemy by an element of surprise. Only a proven leader having seven heads to his credit can mobilize and lead a larger troop to raid a longhouse. A well-established leader with more than twenty one heads (three rings of skulls) can lead and wage a war against a region.

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then decides whether the warrior can own the head or not. Usually, the first head taken by a warrior will be owned by the leader while the rest owns by the warrior. The same rules applies to live catch of enemy (tangkap) or taken goods. Severed heads will be smoked by the second in command. Upon reaching the longhouse, the warrior will shout in triumph to announce victory.

4135:(fast foot movement to distract the attention of the enemy), running forward with the sword pointed towards the enemy and shouting war cries to strike the enemy and finally the glory of holding the enemy's freshly chopped head. The enemy head may be symbolised by a coconut which is hung beforehand on the tree of life and the ending move is apologising to the guests again. 523:

side of Sengalang Burong's family room while Bejampong (Crested Jay) as the second in command, Embuas (Banded Kingfisher), Kelabu Papau (Senabong) (Diard's Trogon) and Nendak (White-rumped shama) on the lefthand side. The calls and flights of the omen birds along with the circumstances and social status of the listeners are considered during the omen interpretations.

168: 2346:(paddy's net) is erected with three flags. The paddy's net is erected by splitting a bamboo trunk into four pieces along its length with their tips inserted into the ground soil. Underneath the paddy's net, all the paddy seeds in baskets or gunny sacks are kept before being distributed by a line of ladies into dibbled holes by a line men in front. 3372:. The Malay raiders and their Dayak allies would wreck and destroy every trading vessel they came across, murder most of the crew who offered any resistance, and the rest were made as slaves. The Dayak would cut off the heads of those who were slain, smoke them over the fire to dry them, and then take them home to treasure as valued possessions. 2303:(proper/real festival) as the full, elaborate and complex procedure of an Iban festival is strictly followed and implemented during its celebration. A good example to accompany this explanation is the hornbill festival which was held not only as an original festival but also as a dream festival with variations in its procedure of celebration. 4545: 485:

high priest and second in command, Menjaya as the first shaman (manang) and god of medicine, Selampandai as the god of creation, Sempulang Gana as the god of agriculture and land along with Semarugah, Ini Inda/Inee/Andan as the naturally born doctor and god of justice and Anda Mara as the god of wealth.

2756:(an odd number of lumps of sireh, betel nuts and cigarettes are offered because many Iban would always carry these items anywhere they go or during their travels to negate any bad omens or to show thanks for a good augury. A small offering platform may be built to place this simple offering and a short 4775:

Likewise, all traditional Iban rituals can be replaced by equivalent Christian prayer sessions. It is not necessary to replace the Iban cultural system with that of the Western as performed by Jesus Christ in the Bible. The Iban cultural, language, literature, adat customary law and augury and way of

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by renegade Brunei chiefs. In the 19th century there was a great deal of coastal raidings, and it was secretly encouraged by the Brunei rulers, who obtained a share of the spoil, and also by the Malays who knew well how to handle a boat. The coastal fleet consisted of a large number of long war boats

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After obtaining the first three heads, a warrior and his longhouse can hold a ritual ceremony called 'enchaboh arong' to celebrate, honour and clean the taken head. The headtaking (ngayau) chief shall clean the smoked head in three steps: cutting off the hair for safekeeping and decorating the end of

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Among the Iban Dayaks, the origin of warfare (locally known as ngayau or kayau) or headhunting (as called by Westerners) is believed to be the prior practice of using warfare as the final option for conflict or dispute resolution especially in the case of power struggles among the descendants of Raja

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The chicken feathers are pulled and smeared into the blood of the chicken whose throat has been slit and the chicken head may be put onto the main offering plate. For festivals, one or several pigs and tens of chickens may be sacrificed to appease the deities invoked and to serve human guests invited

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With headhunting banned and with the advance of Christianity, only some lower ranking ritual festivals are often celebrated by the Iban today such as Sandau Ari (Mid-Day Rite), Gawai Kalingkang (Bamboo Receptacle Festival), Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival), Gawai Tuah (Fortune Festival) and Gawai Antu

1887:

Alternatively, the Iban can choose to celebrate another type of bravery-related rite i.e. a rhinoceros hornbill festival (gawai kenyalang). This festival comprises three stages of chanting i.e. nesting (besarang), egg laying (betelu) and flying (terebai). The Iban believes this festival originated by

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There are splinter groups from the People of Tansang Kenyalang, People of Panggau and Gelong and the Iban Bejie group which are the Nising group who run away to the upper sky, Ribai group to the land across the sea and the antu grasi group who roam the forest (from Telichai and Telichu) respectively.

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The supreme God is called Bunsu (Kree) Petara, and is sometimes called Raja Entala or even Tuhan Allah Taala (Arabic defines the article al- "the" and ilāh "deity, god" to al-lāh meaning "the deity, God") in modern times. The Iban calls this supreme god who creates the universe by the three names of

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There are seven omen birds under the charge of their chief Sengalang Burong at their longhouse named Tansang Kenyalang (Hornbill Abode), which are Ketupong (Jaloh or Kikeh or Entis) (Rufous Piculet) as the first in command, Beragai (Scarlet-rumped trogon), Pangkas (Maroon Woodpecker) on the righthand

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and tribal/territorial expansion, and had a fearsome reputation as a strong and successful warring tribe in the past. Since the arrival of Europeans and the subsequent colonisation of the area, headhunting gradually faded out of practice although many other tribal customs and practices as well as the

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These invocatory inchantations must be accompanied with piring (ritual offerings) to appease the gods invoked during the festival. The inchantation can last the whole night of the festival and the next morning a pig is sacrificed for divination of its liver which is interpreted to forecast the luck,

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One Iban writer briefly describes the rhythms of taboh music played the Iban's brass band orchestra which translates as "The number of musicians to play taboh music is four ie one playing the bebendai (small gong) which is beaten first of all to determine the rhythm of the taboh, responded to by the

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After defeating and severing a head, the winning warrior will shower himself in the fresh blood dripping from the enemy's severed head (mandi darah) while shouting triumphs of victory (panjung). He also puts the severed head on his shoulders. The taken heads shall then be presented to the leader who

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Logically, the presence of these animals indicate that the land is fertile for agriculture as the animals find foods and drinks, and may live in this area where the natural growth of the forest or jungle has reached a mature stage with plenty of dead things which act as natural fertilizer when burnt

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Glutinuous rice (asi pulut pansoh) cooked in bamboo containers is a delicacy among the Iban. Powder of glutinous rice is used to make penganan pancake, kui sepit (crab crawls) and sarang semut ant nest biscuit. The source of sugar is honey and sugar cane. The Iban likes to cook their meat or fish as

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The Iban social structure is egalitarian. Upon the death of an Iban, there will be a session called ngambi tebalu (taking a fee of appreciation) from the living spouse or the family of the last surviving spouse). After this ceremony is over, the surviving spouse can remarry if he or she wished to do

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So it can be seen from the list of items above that it is customary to offer guests or gods cigarettes, sireh leaves and betel nuts as courtesy dictates. These first items are placed into a brass container which is always ready by each Iban family in the longhouse in anticipation of guests. Secondly

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It is common that all those festivals are to be celebrated after the rice harvesting completion which is normally by the end of May during which rice is plenty for holding feasts along with poultry like pigs, chickens, fish from rivers and jungle meats like deer etc. Therefore, it is fitting to call

2004:

For all three groups of war-related festival above, as the stage of the celebration ascends the list, the level of the timang incantation also increases, following the paddy farming stages with the first stage normally ends up to ngua (nursing) level after which gods will presents gifts in the forms

1878:

After a warrior obtains his first three heads, a ritual called 'enchaboh arong' (head feast) is held to honour (naku) and clean the heads by throwing out all the skin, flesh and brain inside by the most senior war leader using a war knife and a rattan to swirl out the brain in a flowing river water.

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To be an effective warrior, the Iban invoke divine assistance by performing various ritual festivals in ascending order according to the warrior's accomplishment. The Iban likens their warrior's career path to the rung of the longhouse ladder until he reaches the pinnacle. Meanwhile, the women will

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As a symbol of power and social status ranking where the more heads someone has, the more respect and glory due to him. The warleader is called tuai serang (warleader) or raja berani (king of the brave) while kayau anak (small raid) leader is only called tuai kayau (raid leader) whereby adat tebalu

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Besides rice, the Iban eat linut mulong (sago flour) and tapioca. Lingkau or nyeli and millet are also planted among the hill paddy. The Iban's signature vegetable is called the "terung asam" which is in a globe shape and sour in taste. Ensabi iban is a type of spinach planted after burning of hill

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The Iban's famous cuisine is called "lulun" or "pansoh" which is wild meat, fish or vegetable cooked in wild bamboo containers over fire. Another dish is called "kasam" which is preserved wild meat, fish or vegetable in salt and placed in a ceramic jar. Natural nuts and leaves (called buah and duan

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items are taken by those chosen one by one in the order listed above or some people take the oily penganan (sweet disc shaped pancake) as the first favorite delicacy and placed it in the middle of the place or container to prevent stickiness of the fingers and followed by other items. The aim is to

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and others extensively. It is characterized by a supreme being in the name of Bunsu (Kree) Petara who has no parents and creates everything in this world and other worlds. Under Bunsu Petara are the seven gods whose names are: Sengalang Burong as the god of war and healing, Biku Bunsu Petara as the

4771:

Head taking has been prohibited a long time ago while the traditional belief system of the Iban has been replaced by new religions. In view of this, the Iban institutes a modernized version of their culture. For example, the main activity nowadays is obtaining education instead of farming and head

3347:

The Sea Dayaks aka Ibans were embroiled in intertribal and intratribal warfare during their migration routes through the wilderness from Kapuas Delta to upper Kapuas and then crossing over to modern Sarawak. Thus, they, as their exonymn given by James Brooke seemingly implies, are not originally a

3318:

There is a set of rules used in engaging in headhunting between the leader and his followers. A usual procedure of headhunting starts when a group of warriors agree to go on a sojourn to an enemy country during the month of adventure (belelang) which is the period waiting for the paddy to grow and

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Among others, the Iban instituted a compensation custom called "adat pati nyawa' to pay the killed victim's relative, swapping of a slave or valuable jar to establish brotherhood agreement (bamboo madi) or a marriage to achieve settlement among the parties in dispute and peace in general. Hence, a

3310:

When considering a headhunting (ngayau) expedition, only an enemy shall be attacked. A guiltless tribe shall not be attacked and doing so shall result in an adverse curse called 'busong. Besides, the longhouse elders do not sanction any unwarranted provocation. The expedition must be conducted for

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For territorial expansion where some brave Dayaks intentionally migrated into new areas such as Mujah "Buah Raya" or migrated from Skrang to Paku to Kanowit while infighting among Ibans themselves in Batang Ai caused the Ulu Ai Ibans to migrate to Batang Kanyau River in Kapuas, Kalimantan and then

3148:

The augury snakes that represent the earthly forms of People of Panggau and Gelong include kendawang coral snakes (Maticora spp.), cobra (tedong), hamadryad (belalang) and python (sawa). The presence of these poisonous snakes indicate danger to humans so it is advisable to return home and take the

2280:

The original festival consists of the nine successive and ascending stages of major celebrations as listed by Dr. Robert Menua of Tun Jugah Foundation during an individual Iban man life as if he ascends the longhouse notched ladder rungs. This category of original festival can be celebrated by any

1602:

With the coming of rubber and pepper planting, the Ibans have adapted the Gawai Ngemali Umai (Paddy Farm Healing Festival) and Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival) to hold Gawai Getah (Rubber Festival) to sharpen the tapping knives and Gawai Lada (Pepper Festival) to avoid diseases and pests associated

2306:

Several types of Iban festivals originate from its own epic stories like the hornbill festival from the story of Keling and Laja of Panggau making a hornbill statue for their resptive maidens Kumang and Lulong whom they courted for their famous wives from Gelong while the Gawai Kayu Raya (Massive

553:

Common among all these propitiations is that prayers to gods and/or other spirits are made by giving offerings ("piring"), certain poetic leka main and animal sacrifices ("genselan") either chickens or pigs. The number (leka or turun) of each piring offering item is based on ascending odd numbers

2214:

While the Iban man strives to be a successful in headhunting and wealth acquisition, the Iban women aims to be skillful in weaving which is considered women's own warpath because weaving needs guiding spirits (albeit female) like those for headhunting. For women involved in weaving, their ritual

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drinking ceremony is performed in memory of the famous warriors. Before drinking the two sacred wines, the chanting bard will ask the warriors of their praisenames which they declare to the audience, which indicate the achievements of the warriors and are often followed by war cries and standing

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bards besides miring ceremonies. This category is smaller than or sometimes relegated from the full-scaled and thus costly festivals for cost savings but still maintaining the effectiveness to achieve the same purpose. Included in this category are "sandau ari" (mid-day ritual) held at the tanju

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Other traditional cakes are called sarang semut (ants' nest, penganan or penyaram (discus-shaped cake) and kui sepit (twisted cake) which can last longer due to deep frying in cooking oil. Other delicacies include emping padi (rice oat), rendai (popped rice), tumpi (disc-shaped cake), asi pulut

870:

The sixth category of festivals pertains to procreation. Gawai Lelabi (River Turtle Festival) is held to pray to the deity of creation called Selampadani, to announce the readiness of daughters for marriage and to solicit a suitable suitor. This is where those men with trophy head skulls become

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A number of worthy men are chosen or nominated to divide and serve the offerings onto old clay plates (plastic plates are to be avoided because they are recent invention and indicative of cheapness or lower status unless clay plates are not available or cannot be borrowed from neighbors; at a

907:

The Iban religion involves worshiping and honouring at least four categories of beings, i.e. Bunsu Petara (the supreme god), and his seven deities (the divine people of Tansang Kenyalang), the holy spirits of Orang Panggau Libau and Gelong, the ghost spirits (Bunsu Antu) and the souls of dead

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and various kinds of leka main (traditional poetry) is a particularly important aspect of festivals. Any ordinary person can recite poetry for entertainment and customary purposes but sacred inchantations to invoke deities are only recited by specialists which are either a manang (shaman) or

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bards is also regarded necessary possession with the Iban riverine community. This practice used to be to have one set per river tributary, if not per a longhouse. Nowadays, obtaining educational degrees is foremost in the Iban minds e.g. the target is to have a degree graduate per family

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Their types of calls, flights, places of hearing and circumstances of the listeners are factors to be considered during the interpretation of the bird omens. The bird omens can be sought deliberately before starting major activities or encountered accidentally while working or travelling.

3218:

The Iban Dayaks used to believe in having charms namely ubat (medicine), pengaroh (amulet), empelias (anti-line of fire) and engkerabun (blurredness) given by gods and spirits to help them to accomplish successes in life such as getting bountiful harvest, game or jars, to make them kebal

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so. The amount of the fee depends on the accomplishment of the deceased during his or her lifetime. The common careers of Iban men are being a warrior, chief, bard, shaman, farmer, trader, etc. while those of Iban women centre on bearing and raising children, farming, weaving, etc.

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or "arak panduk", which contains a higher alcohol content. It is made from tuak which has been distilled over fire to boil off the alcohol into vapour, which is then cooled and collected into a container. Ijok (gamulti palm) drink is another type of alcoholic drink among the Iban.

2902:

The Iban use a customary law called adat which are used as social control measures to maintain law and order, keep security and peace, and ensure shared prosperity among them. Among the main sections of customary adat of the Iban Dayaks according to Benedict Sandin are as follows:

3219:(weapon-proof), unseen to human eyes or to make them extraordinarily stronger (kering) than other men. These attributes are wanted for rice farming, headhunting and other activities. For ladies, the charms will help them to be fertile in bearing children and skillful in weaving. 2333:

such as Gawai Tuah into Nimang Tuah, Gawai Benih into Nimang Benih and Gawa Beintu-intu into their respective nimang category wherein the key activity is the timang inchantation by the bards. Gawai Matah can be relegated into a minor rite simply called matah. The first dibbling

488:

The life actions and decision-making processes of Iban Dayaks depend on divination, augury, and omens. They have several methods to receive omens where omens can be obtained by deliberate seeking or chance encounters. The first method is via dream to receive charms, amulets

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The omens can be either deliberately sought via dream during sleep, langkau burong (bird hut), pig liver divination and seclusion/isolation or unexpectedly encountered y chance especially the animal and bird omens e.g. while working at farms or walking to enemy country.

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is originally made of cooked glutinous rice (Asi Pulut) mixed with home-made yeast (Chiping/Ragi) for fermentation. It is a rice wine drunk after dinner and served to guests, especially as a welcoming drink when entering a longhouse. Nowadays, there are various kinds of

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which can be for ritual purposes or normal uses. A motive called "Lebor Api" (Melting Fire) is used to ceremously receive freshly-taken heads. Both female and male Iban will be graded according to their own personal accomplishments in their lifetime during the rite of

700:

With paddy being the major sustenance of life among Dayaks, so the first major category comprises the agricultural-related festivals which are dedicated to paddy farming to honour Sempulang Gana who is the deity of agriculture. It is a series of festivals that include

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music for ngajat dance is only two i.e. fast or slow but actually it has four types namely Ayun Lundai (slow swing), Ai Anyut (flowing water), Sinu Ngenang (sad remembrance) and Tanjak Ai (against the water flow). The first three taboh types are slow to accompany the

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leading contenders. The wedding ceremony is called Melah Pinang (Areca nut Splitting). The god of creation Selampandai is invoked here for the fertility of the daughters to bear many children. There is a series of ritual rites from birth to adolescence of children.

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To pay the dowry for marriages e.g. "derian palit mata" (eye blocking dowry) for Ibans once blood has been splashed prior to agreeing to marriage and, of course, new fresh heads show prowess, bravery, ability and capability to protect his family, community and

2139:(Tomb Festival) in the Saribas/Skrang region or Gawai Ngelumbong (Entombment Festival) in the Baleh region. This festival is used to be held once every 10 to 30 years per longhouse. This festival is the last honouring event in a series of morturial rites from 2978:

lulun or pansuh to which salt, ginger and vegetable leaves (such as bungkang, riang, tapioca) are added. Soup (sabau) is made of meat and vegetables such as shoots is cooked in an earthenware (periuk tempa) and later in a copper pot (temaga) and steel pot.

993:

There are seven deities or demi-gods or regents of the Iban who act as the messengers between human beings and God. These deities are the children of Raja Jembu and the grandchildren of Raja Durong who originated from Sumatra. Their names are as follows:

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with his other arm as he moves towards the enemy. While he moves forward he is careful with the steps of his feet to guard them from being cut by his foe. The tempo of his action is very fast with his knife and shield gleaming up and down as he dances.

2601:

Whenever a simple set of offerings need to be prepared, simple ilum pinang (clumps of Ereca nuts with sireh leave with a splash of white kapu carbonate) will be offered. This is especially so during travelling i.e. when encountering undeliberate omens.

2953:

The Iban's traditional cuisines include lulun or pansoh (foods cooked in bamaboo containers), kasam (meat, fish or vegetables salted and preserved in jars or tin), tuak (glutinous rice wine) and Langkau (vodka from distilled from boiled rice wine).

2863:(animal offering) is normally made in the form of a chicken or a pig, depending on the scale of the ceremony. For small ceremonies, e.g. bird omens, chickens will be used, while on larger occasions such as animal omens, pigs will be sacrificed. 725:(Paddy Storing Festival). According to Derek Freeman, there are 27 steps of hill paddy farming. One common ritual activity is called "mudas" (making good) any omens found during any farming stages, especially the early bush clearing stage. 2740:

In addition, biscuits and deserts are offered after meals as a sign of hospitality in Iban custom. All these ingredients are put onto plates or woven baskets made of bamboo or rattan which are then arranged in several rows on a ritual

1067:(place spirits like hills or mounts). These spirits can be helpful in achieving success in life or malevolent like causing sickness or even madness to humans. Therefore, the Iban in general needs to keep peace and harmony with nature. 296:(trunk) in West Kalimantan, because the jointed family rooms are built by jointing the tree trunks from base to tip to the left and right of the middle headman's room, which symbolizes a tree with a branch on the left and right side. 3331:

indulge in their own war path in weaving a string of ritual cloths called 'pua kumbu' whose design motive is ideally one step ahead of the current achievement of his husband or son to inspire and motivate their men for more skulls.

3145:

in addition to ash of cut and burnt trees and bushes. The Iban would observe the size of trees to be about a hug around the perimeter of the tree trunk to roughly indicate the fertility and suitability of the land for farming.

2284:

The Iban will hold a dream festival when told to do so in a dream which will instruct the type and sometimes even the procedure of the festival to be held and thus it is fittingly coined as dream festival. Some variants of the

1716:

Accordingly, the rank and status of the warrior will ascend from a bujang berani (brave warrior), tau kayau (raid leader) and tau serang (war general). Alternatively, the war leaders are called raja berani (the brave and rich)

3274:

proceed to Katibas and later on Ulu Rajang in Sarawak. The earlier migrations from Kapuas to Batang Ai, Batang Lupar, Batang Saribas, and Batang Krian rivers were also made possible by fighting the local tribes like Bukitan.

2737:

it is necessary to offer food and drinks as essential items. It is customary to ask whether guests have already eaten or to invite them straight away to eat once food and dishes are ready, especially during meal times.

4144:

is done in slower tempo and with graceful movements. The dancer softens his body, arms and hands as he swings forward and backward. When he bends his body the swinging of his hands is very soft. The performance of the

1395:

Because rice farming is the key life-sustaining activity among Dayaks, the first category of festivals is related to agriculture. Thus, there are many ritual festivals dedicated to this foremost vital activity namely:

3228:

Durong at the time of Sengalang Burung against his arch enemy, Nising and the descendants of Tambai Chiri at the time of Keling against his uncle, Apai Sabit Berkaitan who slayed his Iban father, Gamuring Gading.

2364:

festival which is celebrated every year on 1 June, at the end of the harvest season, to worship the Lord Sempulang Gana and other gods. On this day, the Iban get together to celebrate, often visiting each other.

739:) to honour the souls of the dead especially the famous and brave ones who are invited to visit the living for the Sebayan (Haedes) to feast and to bestow all sorts of helpful charms to the living relatives. The 3234:

1. Immediately after death, the corpse must be properly washed and dressed in its best dress. After this its forehead is marked with three yellow spot of turmeric, and finally the corpse is moved to the gallery

3214:

The type of sacrifice (genselan) used is determined by the type of omen i.e. a chicken is used for bird omens while a pig is used for animal omens. In the absence of a pig, two chickens can be used instead.

696:

The major festivals comprise at least seventh categories which are related to major aspects of Iban's traditional way of life i.e. agriculture, headhunting, fortune, health, death, procreation, and weaving.

2969:

The Iban's staple food is rice from paddy planted on hill or swamp with hill rice having better taste and more valuable. A second staple food used to be "mulong" (sago powder) and the third one is tapioca.

1123:). IN the upper Rajang, the offering ceremony inside the family room can be performed by women while that at the open gallery must be carried out by men of stature. Other specific miring rituals are called 4129:(apologising to guests first), showing skills of playing with the sword and the shield, biting the sword in the mouth for affirming his strength, balancing the sword over his shoulder while still dancing, 3253:

To add supernatural strength which Dayaks believed to be centred in the soul and head of humans. Fresh heads can give magical powers for communal protection, bountiful paddy harvesting, and disease curing.

2035:), as a means to acquire more land and wealth and perhaps to multiply in numbers as a natural defence against enemy tribes. So comes the fourth category of festival which is reproductivity-related i.e. 423:

are constructed in such a way as to act as an accommodation and a religious place of worship. The entire structure is built as a standing tree when viewed along its length or sideways. The open veranda

1030:

and Gelong who hailed from Java, with the most notable ones being Keling and Laja with their respective wives, Kumang and Lulong who often help the Iban Dayaks to be successful in life and adventures.

5384:

The uncivilized races of men in all countries of the world : being a comprehensive account of their manners and customs, and of their physical, social, mental, moral and religious characteristics

4895: 3106:

For agricultural augury, there are eleven augury animals which are under Sempulang Gana and empowered by the deities to send a stroke of luck (nganjong laba) to human farmers in the world of men:

4844: 4793: 1070:

The souls of dead ancestors are invoked by the Iban when seeking their blessings. They pay their respects to their souls during Gawai Antu (Festival of the Dead) and when visiting their graves.

2021:

with three successive stages (Luck Seeking, Luck Welcoming and Luck Growing). Some Iban people call Gawai Pangkong Tiang as Gawai Niat (Intention Festival) or Gawai Diri (Rising up Festival).

3231:

The subsequent revelation of the mourning law by a spirit, Puntang Raga to he Iban leader, Serapoh is not the origin of warfare among Iban. The first rule of the mourning law is as follows:

880:

for conventional use and ritual purposes. Ritual textiles woven by Iban women are used in the Bird Festival and in the past used to receive trophy heads. The ritual textiles have specific

3489:

and one of their ends are covered with a piece of animal skin such as that of a monkey and mousedeer or the skin of a monitor lizard. The major types of drum music are known as follows:

2265:

proper as a result of dream by a person or several individuals. These are popular among the Iban in the upper Rajang region. It appears that the Iban people in this region distinguishes

2206:

ovations. Only warriors who ever obtain enemy heads are permitted to drink both sacred wines. A sacred hut is made for each dead and erected over their grave on the following day.

1446:

The Jar festival also invokes Raja Sempulang Gana as the god of agriculture because surplus paddy is used to buy jars and brassware in the past. There is one important rite called

921:) which refers to gods living in the sky i.e. Sengalang Burung, Ini Andan, Seragindit, Bunsu Bintang Banyak, Bunsu Bintang Tiga, Bunsu Bintang Tujuh, Bunsu Bulan and Bunsu Guntur. 1925:

Gawai Tangga Ari (notched-ladder of day) – this festival is a reconstruction of the Iban famous ancestor, Bejie's undertaking of building a notched ladder to the sky to meet God.

3364:. Each boat was paddled by from 60 to 80 men. These boats skulked about in the sheltered coves waiting for their prey, and attacked merchant vessels making the passage between 526:

The praying and propitiation to certain gods to obtain good omens which indicate God's favour and blessings are held in a series of three-tiered classes of minor ceremonies (

2013:

Seeking health, wealth, fame and prosperity is another important activity of the Iban. Therefore, the third category of festivals is fortune-related festivals which include

1682:(bird festival) befitting his accomplishments where his human skulls are paraded, chanted for, and respected. This festival declares him a raja berani (the king of valour). 1452:

for strengthening any omen encountered during farming activity. Several of these festivals have been relegated to simpler or intermediate ceremonies, which mainly involve

1078:

Masing in 1981 and Sandin clearly categorise Iban's propitiation and worshiping into three main successive stages of increasing importance, complexity and intensity, i.e.

735:

With the suppression of headhunting, the next important and third category relates to the death-related rituals among which the biggest celebration is the Soul Festival (

2297:(ladder festival) were inspired by dreams as mentioned in Dr. James Masing's PhD thesis so these can actually be considered as dream festival. However, these are called 3290:

Often, a war leader had at least three lieutenants (called manuk sabong) who in turn had some followers. The war (ngayau) rules among the Iban Dayaks are listed below:

3072:

for the Iban Dayaks depends on several ways to obtain indicative omens for decision making and action taking, either deliberately sought or accidentally encountered:

3300:

The first time that a warrior takes a head or captures a prisoner, he must present the head or captive to the warleader in acknowledgement of the latter's leadership.

1809:

Gawai Mulong Merangau (Weeping Palm) or Lemba Bumbun (durian tree trunk cleverly carved like an old sago palm tree after all of its fruits has fallen to the ground –

2762:

prayer is recited. At least a fire is lit in recognition of the omen and to warm up those present which necessitates a pause from the current activities at hands.

2416:

Keling and orang Panggau and Gelong – when seeking their help to go to war, election, defence from enemies, or when seeking their help to invite gods to festivals.

2876:

materials can be eaten by guests, provided the chicken or pig is not killed or sacrificed to cleanse sin or bad luck like in incest cases which can cause havoc (

3297:

If the enemy surrenders, he may not take their lives, lest his army is unsuccessful in future warfare and risk fighting empty-handed war raids (balang kayau).

2172:(believed to be the lipid liquid from the dead body) as symbolized using tuak kept in a short bamboo cylinder placed inside a beautifully woven basket called 1347: 939:) which refers to augury animals, snakes, reptiles and insects i.e. Simpulang Gana, Selempandai, Seragindah and People of Panggau Libau and Gelung Batu Nakung 4902: 2391:(the number of each offering item) depends on how many deities are to be invited and presented with offerings which number should normally be an odd figure. 2398:

Sengalang Burong – when preparing for war or major event like participating in election. Gawai Burong is usually held to honor him and to seek his blessing.

2307:

Tree Festival) also originates from Keling's adventure to fetch the massive tree from overseas that can bear many types of nutritional fruits as if it is a

1285:

bards that can last from several to seven successive days and nights to follow the paddy farming cycle in succession of stages. These categories are namely

1929:

The chiefs and elders of the longhouses will convene and decide which degree of the original festival that fits the achievement of each celebrant to be.

3816:(dance with one rice ceramic plate held on each palm while tapping the plates with an empty bullet shell inserted into the middle fingers of both hands) 4848: 4797: 3250:

For soil fertility, Dayaks hunted fresh heads before the paddy harvesting seasons after which a head festival would be held in honour of the new heads.

2413:

Raja Semarugah – when seeking permission to use land for construction and other activities like agricultural activities (when erecting the first pole).

2261:

called dream festivals such as Gawai Lesong (Rice Mortar Festival) and Gawai Tangga (Notched Ladder Festival) and some newly innovated variants of the

1875:

The chiefs and elders of the longhouses will convene and decide which stage of the Bird Festival fits the life achievements of each celebrant-to-be.

2219:, the Iban traditional hand-woven cloth and custom, is used for both conventional and ceremonial uses in many occasions. There are various types of 1361:, to propitiate the above-mentioned gods can be grouped into seven categories which are related to the main ritual activities among the Iban Dayak: 2419:

Souls of dead ancestors – when seeking their blessing and showing respect for their soul. Usually during Gawai Antu and when visiting their graves.

3048: 3526:

music is accompanied by the quick beating of a beliong adze. After each of these types has been played, the drummers beat another music called

3477:

drums by one or up to eleven drummers performing at the same time. These drums are long and their cylinders are made from strong wood, such as

3303:

If a warrior takes two heads or captives, or more, one of each must be given to the warleader; the remainder belongs to the killer or captor.

2215:

festival is called Gawai Ngar (Cotton-Dyeing Festival). This can perhaps be considered the seventh category of festivals among the Iban.

728:

The second category includes the headhunting-related festivals to honour the most powerful deity of war, Sengalang Burong that comprises

4224:

According one Iban scholar, the leka main (poems, proses and folklores) for Iban Dayaks can be categorised into three major groups i.e.

1192:

Gawa includes all the medium-sized rites that normally involve one day and one night of ritual incantations by a group of bards such as

3750:

dance according to their respective functional purpose i.e. showmanship, ritual, comedial and self-defence. These are described below:

3294:

If a warleader leads a party on an expedition, he must not allow his warriors to fight a guiltless tribe that has no quarrel with them.

1380:

Death-related festival (Gawai Antu or Ngelumbong) to invite the dead souls for final separation ritual between the living and the dead.

3394:

There are three categories of long cylindrical drum music according to their purpose of play i.e. ritual, entertainment and shamanic.

4115:

orchestra, he does it as if he is fighting against an enemy. With occasional shouts he raises his shield with one arm and swings his

2199:) led by their king by the name of Raja Niram. Among the entourage are the Iban famous warriors in the region who have died. So, the 1823:

Gawai Gajah Meram (Brooding Elephant) with Besandau Liau (a strong tree trunk with branches decorated with skulls and isang leaves)-

4531: 1387:

Besides these seven main categories, there are two more types of rituals i.e. dream festival and intermediate-scale chanting rites.

223: 149: 52: 3256:

To exact revenge for murders based on the "blood credit" principle unless "adat pati nyawa" (customary compensation token) is paid.

454:(the bottom of any tree trunks) is started and followed along the longhouse construction. Any subsequent rituals will refer to the 948:) which refers to fishes and water creatures i.e. Seragindi, Bunsu Ikan, Bunsu Tekuyung, Bunsu Lelabi, Bunsu Gerama and Bunsu Baya 793:

The fifth category consists of the health-related festivals to request for curing of sickness by Menjaya or Ini Andan such as in

3360:, each about 90 feet (27 m) long or more, and carrying a brass gun in the bow, the raiders being armed with swords, spears and 2766:

minimum, the main offering plate must be on a clay plate). Women can be selected especially if the offering is done within the

4509: 87: 130: 5620: 4505: 2775:

Alternatively, if plates are not available as in the old times or interior upriver regions, square-bottom baskets (called

83: 38: 3263:

For the foundation of new buildings to be stronger and meaningful than the normal practice of not putting in human heads.

102: 5615: 2827:

serve and present the offerings beautifully and as attractive as possible to arouse the appetite of the guests or gods.

874:

The last and seventh category is Gawai Ngar (Cotton-Dyeing Festival) which is held by women who are involved in weaving

4870: 4819: 3082:

omen birds (burong Mali) which give temporary effects limited to certain activities at hands e.g. that year of farming.

1412: 256:. It is believed that the term "Iban" was originally from the Kayan Language. "Iban" or "Hivan" means human or person. 1725:

Gawai Burong which is mainly celebrated in the Saribas and Skrang region comprises nine ascending stages as follows:

3004:

Tuak and other types of drinks (both alcohol and non-alcoholic) can be served on several rounds in a ceremony called

2404:

Raja Menjaya & Ini Inda – when asking for better health during Gawai Sakit and related activities such as belian.

2045:

slaves (war captives) or serfs (debtors) and/or to adopt them as children or siblings or relatives of their masters.

2005:

of charms or medicines which help or eases the life building activities of the festival host and fellow celebrants.

1279:

Gawai comprises seven main categories of large festivals which mostly involve long ritual incantation by a group of

109: 5278: 3278: 2870:

The pig head may be offered with the offerings or buried into ground. The body of the chicken or pig and leftover

2125:

The sixth category of festivals by the Iban is related to death which is called the Spirit festival for the dead (

5487:

The role of Dayak Cultural Foundation in preserving the Iban traditional ngajat dance by Jerry Hawkin Anak Suting

3306:

The warleader must be honest with his followers in order that in future wars he may not be defeated (alah bunoh).

745:(brave king) can be honoured by his descendants up to three times via Gawai Antu. Other mortuary ceremonies are 5059: 4717:

Many Iban still believes in the necessity and importance of living in longhouses rather single-houses within a

4494: 2410:

Selampandai – when seeking blessings in marriage, growth of children, or fertility, during Gawai Melah Pinang.

1649:

to parade and praise his trophy heads by the women. This ceremony declares him a bujang berani (a lieutenant).

797:(Sickness Festival) which is held after other smaller attempts have failed to cure the sicked persons such as 116: 4954: 5179: 4513: 4498: 2848:

festivals, the number and set of offerings also increases accordingly. All major and minor gods are offered

2401:

Raja Simpulang Gana – when dealing with farming related activities, during Gawai Umai and related festivals.

2241: 190: 76: 5084: 4928: 1985:

Gawai Ijok Pumpong (a woven huge bamboo basket or mat hung using a rattan which will be slashed by a sword)

778:

The fourth category in term of complexity and importance is the fortune-related festivals which consist of

3061: 2957: 2014: 779: 706: 178: 5304: 2605:

The basic items for common piring offerings include at least the following items in a sequential order:

98: 5519: 3266:

For protection against enemy attacks according to the principle of "attack first before being attacked".

3168: 3076:

dream to present charm gifts or sumpah (curse) by spirits which normally has a long or life-time effect.

1418: 714: 442:) is the back of the longhouse. The first pillar to be erected during the longhouse construction is the 339: 5032: 4551:, a headhunting trophy skull of the Ibans, photographed in an Iban longhouse in the Betong Division in 3753: 2799:

leaves are used. Some offerings are placed on a long bamboo pole with a conical receptacle at its top (

5330: 2516:(personal offering inside a pair of hands made into a bowl-like to be eaten by the owner of the hands) 1658:(a loop made of rattan or randau) to hang and display his skull trophies over an open bedilang hearth. 593:

is commonly held for any general purposes before holding any rites or festivals during which a simple

5610: 5356: 2379:

which is the number of each offering item is basically according to the single odd numbers which are

1932:

There are nine levels of the timang inchantation length with their respective end timing as follows:

2733:

Special offerings to Lang (god of war) or Keling (cultural hero) has several unique offering items.

2068: 1488:(healer) for minor or intermediate damage of paddy farm instead of a full-scale Gawai Ngemali Umai, 1433: 820: 722: 3036:(cooked in bamaboo container or daun long leaves), senupat (cooked in woven containers or pokyuk). 1975:(original gawai) of Iban living the upper Batang Rajang with eight successive stages as per Saleh: 186: 3657:

gendang or dedumbak drum, followed by the tawak (big gong) and finalized by the engkerumong set."

3270:(widower rule) after their death would be paid according to their ranking status in the community. 2922:

Adat ngasu, berikan, ngembuah and napang manyi (Hunting, fishing, fruit and honey collection rule)

2064: 2036: 1851:

Gawai Ranyai (Tree of life) or Mudur Ruruh (the pole is made up of a bunch of warriors' spears) –

1624: 812: 729: 3397:

One important and frequently played long cylindrical drum music performed by the Ibans is called

3203: 3152:

The omen birds that sends guidance and warnings from Sengalang Burong are seven in total namely:

2060: 1439: 1424: 1406: 930:) which refers to omen birds i.e. Ketupung, Beragai, Bejampung, Pangkas, Embuas, Papau and Nendak 794: 787: 718: 710: 3085:

pig liver divination (Betenong ati babi) at the end of certain festival to read the future luck.

2925:

Adat tebalu, ngetas ulit ngau beserarak bungai(Widow/widower, mourning and soul separation rule)

2127: 2018: 1897: 1400: 783: 736: 702: 5006: 3380:

As from time immemorial, the people of the longhouse have been skilled in playing all kinds of

2163:(mourning termination). During this festival, the dead souls or spirits are invited to attend. 3875:(dance by a man with several ladies behind who lead the procession of guests during festivals) 3518:

All these types are played by drummers on the open air verandas during the celebration of the

3196: 3189: 3182: 3175: 2937:

Adat beburong, bemimpi ngau becenaga ati babi (Bird and animal omen, dream and pig liver rule)

198: 44: 5110: 4980: 4163:) with his teeth and place it again carefully on the floor, does he use extraordinary skill. 2000:

Gawai Mapal Tunggul (Decapitating tree stump with erected three poles in series in the tanju)

3339: 3024:(profit drink). The drink server will give the toast speech before each round of the drink. 2098: 2074: 2090: 2071:(Healing by Menjaya). Before employing these healing festivals, there are various types of 1374:

Reproductivity-related festival (Gawai Melah Pinang) for the deity of creation Selampandai,

2281:

Iban if it is deemed fit to do so as he ages during his lifetime, even without any dream.

2029:

Furthermore, the Iban love to bear and raise many children to continue their descendancy (

481: 277: 123: 5457: 2193:

The chanting is to narrate the invitation and coming of souls from the land of the dead (

2117:(shaman) after an official ceremony called Gawai Babangun (Manang-Officiating Festival). 1994:

Gawai Kenyalang (erection of hornbill statues to attack enemies before headhunting raids)

5497: 611:(prayer and cleansing) poetic speeches. These simple ceremonies have categories such as 474:

Among Iban Dayaks, their belief and way of life can be simply called the Iban religion (

5222:. Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia for School of Comparative Social Sciences. 4668:

Getting a lot of paddy used to be highly regarded and perhaps an indication of wealth.

4116: 3822: 3161: 2895: 2407:

Anda Mara – when seeking good fortune and material wealth, during Gawai Pangkong Tiang.

2394:

The list of deities to be prayed to and offered with foods and drinks are as follows:

253: 3088:

areca nut blossom flower (betenong ngena bungai pinang) after pelian healing ceremony.

2890: 5604: 3001:. However, these raw materials are rarely used unless available in large quantities. 2934:

Adat betenun, main lama, kajat ngau taboh (Weaving, past times, dance and music rule)

1620: 961: 265: 5540:

Leka Main: Iban Folk Poetry – An Analysis of Form and Function by Dr Chermaline Usop

2673:(disc-shaped cake made from glutinous rice flour which is deep-fried in cooking oil) 1982:

Gawai Kalingkang (a woven huge bamboo receptacle erected in the middle of the tanju)

3758: 420: 409: 405: 324: 245: 194: 4763:

Each Iban family will own at least one long boat for transportation along rivers.

3079:

omen animals (burong laba) such as deer barkings which also has life-time effects.

4610:. Possession of these jars mark someone's wealth and any fines may be paid using 2570:(leftover offering items must be all offered and cannot be eaten). These are for 2340:) session is normally preceded by a miring offering ceremony of medium size with 2053:

The Iban pay great attention to their health and well-being to have a long life (

4483: 3642:

dies and is beaten again when his coffin is lowered from the open air verandah (

2361: 1365:

Farming-related festivals to propitiate the deity of agriculture Sempulang Gana,

1342: 831:) in the ascending order. Manang is consecrated via an official ceremony called 260: 65: 2990: 1979:

Gawai Tresang Mansau (a bamboo receptacle erected under the roof atap downend)

1615:) in enemy country. Hence, the war-related festivals is held in honour of the 1611:

The second most important activity among the Iban in the past is headhunting (

786:(Luck Festival) with three ascending stages to seek and to welcome lucks, and 413: 382: 5549:

Ensera Ayor: Epik Rakyat Iban (Penerbit USM) By Noriah Taslim, Chemaline Osu

4749:(tough animal skin shirt). In addition, the Iban will look for charms called 4636:

Iban strive to own a full set of brass musical instruments which comprises a

1871:

is held is abandoned because the inhabitants have to transfer to a new house.

1667:, he can become a raid leader (at a major) attacking one longhouse at a time. 1377:

Health-related festivals for the deity of shamanism Menjaya and Ini Andan and

4874: 4823: 4470:

fortune, health and success of the feast host and his family in the future.

3879:

These types of dance can be performed either on an open space or around the

3547:

The ordinary types of music beaten by drummers for pleasure are as follows:

3403:. It is played only for religious festivals with the following instruments: 3369: 2498:) and modern items like, car, motorcycle, etc. as deemed fit and necessary. 2216: 2059:). So the fifth category of festivals is health-related festivals which are 285: 273: 3792:(a female dance with a woven blanket which is most likely woven by herself) 2854:

offerings to ensure prosperity and peace during the occasions and in life.

2830:

As the propitiation increases in importance and size from normal and brief

1991:

Gawai Lemba Bumbun (Lemba split leaves which represent taken enemy's hairs)

1896:

In the Baleh region, the Iban there celebrates a slightly different set of

4901:(in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from 2910:

Adat melah pinang, butang ngau sarak (Marriage, adultery and divorce rule)

2556:(for including others and any leftover offering items are placed together) 1988:

Gawai Sempuyung Mata Ari (a split bamboo cone to receive fresh head skull)

1900:(Proper Festival) as listed by Masing but certainly for similar purposes: 1014:

Menjaya Manang the god of health and shamanism being the first manang bali

967:

from the under world (sebayan) i.e. Raja Niram and his kingdom of the dead

5180:

https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/…/Masing_J.%20J._1981.pdf

4776:

life system form the foundation of the Iban's own identity and religion.

4556: 585:

is made by sacrificing chickens for bird omens or pigs for animal omens.

519:(self-imposed isolation) to receive amulet, curse, medicine, or healing. 2882:) in the Iban faith. If not eaten, the body may be buried as sacrifice. 2729:

A live chicken or a pig is caught and kept ready within a short distance

1630:

The rules regarding headhunting and skull-related rites are as follows:

954:

from the forest (ari kampong baong) notably antu grasi (huntsman demons)

4552: 3057: 2480:), garden of rubber or black pepper, other possessions like long boat ( 2190:(put in several ceremonial cups) which is chanted for the whole night. 401: 281: 4544: 4157:

dance. Only when the dancer bites and raises the heavy wooden mortar (

2350:(Festival for the Dead Relatives) which can be celebrated without the 1371:

Fortune-related festivals dedicated to the deity of fortune Anda Mara,

1020:

Ini Andan/Inee (female) the natural-born doctor and the god of justice

957:

from the tree branch (ari dan pun kayu) i.e. bujang inin (leopard cat)

4378: 3361: 3352: 3069: 2994: 2781:) made of bamboo split skins, woven-concave plates made of rattan or 2082: 1907:

Gawai Kalingkang (a bamboo pole receptacle with a pan made of bamboo)

1011:

Selempandai/Selempeta/Selempetoh the god of creation and procreation.

567:

piring 7 for piring gawai (festival) or bujang berani (brave warrior)

269: 249: 4731:

Iban males will have a set of war weaponry which include a knife, a

2633:(sacheted glutinous rice) corresponding with the number of offerings 2327:

have been relegated into the medium category of propitiation called

1997:

Gawai Sandung Liau (a wooden pole with a boat head statue (udu prau)

570:

piring 9 for sangkong (including others) or turu (leftover included)

3239:), where it is placed inside an enclosure of woven blanket called “ 3110:

Tuchok or Belangkiang (lizard with a white stripe along its mouth),

2867:

to the festivals within the territorial domain of the feast chief.

1004:

Sempulang Gana the god of agriculture along with his father-in-law

898:(shrine pole), cultural heroes of Panggau and Gelong, deities, and 579:

contains an offering of various traditional foods and drinks while

480:) as per Jenson's book with the same title and has been written by 5190:

Adat Gawai by Dr. Robert Menua Anak Saleh and Walter Ted Anak Wong

4543: 3867:(dance on top of gongs by ladies with gentlemen in the background) 3752: 3365: 3338: 3277: 3047: 2998: 2956: 2889: 2240: 2106: 1346: 1105:(unripe rite) if the service is performed inside the family room ( 650:

The intermediate and medium-sized propitiatory rites are known as

561:

piring 3 for piring ampun (mercy) or seluwak (wastefulness spirit)

354: 4723:

village e.g. during gatherings, meetings, farming and festivals.

4166:

When the dancers take the floor to dance, the musicians beat two

3178:) on the right hand of the Sengalang Burong's longhouse bilek and 1458:(incantation) only and are thus no longer prefixed with the word 1368:

War-related festivals to honor the deity of war Sengalang Burong,

408:, many were influenced by European missionaries and converted to 3859:(dance by a group of men and ladies on a raised up wooden plank) 3283: 2111:(medicinal healer) to be tried first. A candidate will become a 1024:

In addition to these gods, there are mystical people namely the

2931:

Adat idup di rumah panjai (Order of life in the longhouse rule)

782:(Post Banging Festival) after transferring to a new longhouse, 4601:

pasu, salang-alang, alas, rusa, menaga, ningka, sergiu, pereni

4477: 2681:(flowery-shaped molded biscuit made from glutinous rice flour) 1936:

Ngerara rumah (start of timang to discovery of Lang's absence)

1616: 1509:(ritual initial clearing to seek good omen using a birdstick ( 1246:(House Post Chant). As this category of rites involves mainly 1171:(paying land rent). Other bedara or miring ceremonies include 161: 59: 18: 5161:

Saribas Ibans' rite of paddy storage by Prof Clifford Santher

3648:) to the ground below on its way to the cemetery for burial. 2805:). A bigger and more important set of offerings is served on 2063:(Sickness Festival), Gawai Betawai (Name Changing Festival), 1619:

god, Sengalang Burong (Hawk the Bird) which manifests as the

1383:

Weaving-related festival (Gawai Ngar) for patrons of weaving.

3246:

There were various reasons for headhunting as listed below:

2916:

Adat bumai and beguna tanah (Agricultural and land use rule)

1837:

Gawai Meligai (Upper Palace) (decorated strong wood pole) –

960:

from the cave (ari lubang batu) i.e. bujang lembau (remaong

4014:(running scared dance e.g. scared of animals while hunting) 2356:(ceremonial cup chanting) which reduces its size and cost. 2245:

Detail of an Antique Dayak Iban Weaving courtesy wovensouls

400:

For hundreds of years, the ancestors of the Iban practiced

268:

continue to thrive. The Iban population is concentrated in

4103:

According to one Iban writer, when a warrior performs the

2711:(alcoholic drink fermented from glutinous rice with yeast) 3461:

gong is beaten and is added to by the beating of another

2974:

kepayang) are often added into the salt-preserved foods.

1960:

Nempalai kasai (planting of cotton) – Morning seventh day

1865:

Gawai Gerasi Papa (Demon Huntman) – the house where this

1640:

to cleanse and strengthen his souls against bad elements.

564:

piring 5 for piring minta (request) or bejalai (journey)

4622:

in the old days and presently used nowadays as part of

1951:

Ninjau balayan (surveying the padi) – Morning fifth day

1945:

Bedua antara (dividing the land) – Afternoon fourth day

1910:

Gawai Ijok Pumpong (decapitating of gamuti palm ritual)

1430:

Gawai Ngambi Sempeli (Taking Secondary Paddy Festival),

1954:

Nekok (first rite of harvesting) – Afternoon fifth day

3932:

Berayah ngelilingi pun sabang ngau tiang chandi gawai

3835:(hand combat dance normally between two male dancers) 3827:(warrior dance with full costume, a shield and sword) 3580:

festival is held for a layman to be consecrated as a

3149:

day off for safety purposes to avoid untoward harms.

3027:

Another type of a stronger alcoholic drink is called

2940:

Adat belelang tauka bejalai (Journey or Sojourn rule)

1957:

Nyimpan padi (storing the padi) – Afternoon fifth day

1939:

Ngua (nursing the trophy head) – Afternoon second day

1712:) along the longhouse gallery and among the audience. 899: 893: 887: 881: 875: 862: 856: 850: 844: 838: 832: 826: 818: 810: 804: 798: 770: 764: 758: 752: 746: 740: 688: 682: 676: 670: 663: 657: 651: 642: 636: 630: 624: 618: 612: 606: 600: 594: 588: 580: 574: 545: 539: 533: 527: 514: 508: 502: 496: 490: 475: 3744:

There are about four categories of Iban traditional

3586:(shaman), the following music must be beaten on the 2432:) is dedicated to each part of the long house room ( 2360:

this festive season among Dayak collectively as the

1942:

Nyingka (end of forging) – Later afternoon third day

1676:, he can become a war leader (a general) and hold a 951:

from the sea (ari tasek) such as Ribai and his group

1948:

Nyulap (first rite of planting) – Morning fifth day

1904:

Gawai Tresang Mansau (a red bamboo pole receptacle)

90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4703:The Iban aims to own land as much as possible via 3538:. To end the orchestral performance, the music of 1117:(ripen rite) if it is held at the family gallery ( 751:(flower separation) held three days after burial, 656:(ritually working) with its main highlight called 4196:dance is quicker in tempo than the music for the 817:(to ask Keling for curing via magical power) and 4896:"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" 4019:Ngajat ngelusu berapi, beribunka anak ngau nutok 4845:"Borneo trip planner: top five places to visit" 4794:"Borneo trip planner: top five places to visit" 4123:The man dance has various unique moves such as 2271:(original/customary/traditional festival) from 2257:There is an emerging category of life-building 1922:Gawai Nangga Langit (notched-ladder to the sky) 790:(Jar Festival) to welcome newly acquired jars. 4578:) as their most prized trophy and possession. 4568:The Ibans used to regard human skulls (called 2422:Bunsu Antu – as and when instructed in dreams. 1258:(chanting). Gawa Tuah has three stages called 605:offerings into certain portions followed by a 2913:Adat beranak (Child bearing and raising rule) 2321:For simplicity and cost savings, some of the 1643:If a warrior got 3 human skulls, he can hold 1634:If a warrior got 3 human skulls, he can hold 1204:(fortune ritual). There are various types of 197:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 8: 5585:Clifford Sather: The Iban Besugi Sakit Chant 3532:, which is followed by still another called 2529:Leka piring 5 – piring minta/ngiring bejalai 2184:tree. Another junior warriors may drink the 1913:Gawai Tangga Raja (notched-ladder of wealth) 911:The domains of these beings are as follows: 837:(Manang Consecration Festival). The shaman ( 5558:James Jemut Anak Masing: The Coming of Gods 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4718: 4704: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4569: 4512:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4124: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4001: 3993: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3880: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3830: 3819: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3745: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3643: 3637: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3398: 3381: 2649:(glutinous rice cooked in bamboo container) 843:) of the Iban Dayaks have various types of 554:which have meanings and purposes as below: 436:), thus facing to the east and the sunset ( 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2877: 2871: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2767: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2721: 2715: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2644: 2636: 2628: 2610: 2609:betel nuts, sirih leaves, sedi leaves and 2593: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2537:Leka piring 7 – piring gawai/bujang berani 2535: 2527: 2519: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2272: 2266: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2054: 2040: 2030: 1970: 1866: 1858: 1852: 1844: 1838: 1830: 1824: 1816: 1810: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1736: 1730: 1707: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1677: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1623:. These festivals are collectively called 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1356: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1025: 1001:Biku Bunsu Petara (female) the high priest 985: 979: 973: 943: 934: 925: 916: 461: 455: 449: 443: 437: 431: 425: 5478:Janang Ensiring, The Sarawak Adat Council 4847:. News.com.au. 2013-07-21. Archived from 4796:. News.com.au. 2013-07-21. Archived from 4586:The Ibans treasure jars which are called 4532:Learn how and when to remove this message 4436:(chanting by a group of lemambang bards) 3935:(dancing around the festival ritual pole) 3353:coastal raidings with navigation provided 2689:(ant nest biscuit made of glutinous rice) 224:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 16:Culture of Dayak people in Southeast Asia 4430:(chanting by a group of lemambang bards) 3821:Ngajat bujang berani ngena terabai ngau 2507:according to its purpose is as follows: 1652:If he got 7 human skulls, he can hang a 1017:Anda Mara the god of wealth and fortune. 886:(anthropomorphic) motifs that represent 662:(poetic incantation) that is recited by 4785: 4190:gong. The music for the performance of 3776:(welcoming dance) by a group of females 3685:(comedial dance). The fourth rhythm of 2588:(ritual shrine) during major festivals. 2017:(House Main Post Striking Festival) or 1969:Besides that, there is another list of 1916:Gawai Kayu Raya (tree of wealth ritual) 1706:) statue, he can parade and praise it ( 1551:(clearing unburnt trees and dibbling), 599:ceremony is done to prepare and divide 404:beliefs, although after the arrival of 5576:Clifford Sather: The Iban Pelian Chant 3736:(pathway clearing and fencing dance). 3343:The bait and trap tactic of Sea Dayaks 2989:, made with rice alternatives such as 2592:The number of each item of offerings ( 1729:Gawai Kalingkang (munti/payan pole) – 1355:Significant traditional festivals, or 1084:(serving and distributing offerings), 984:) and Seragindit which makes the sky ( 629:performed at the family ruai gallery, 5279:"Tradisi Kurban Manusia Di Nusantara" 5241:Derek Freeman: The Report on the Iban 4574:) obtained during headhunting raids ( 4244:The entertaining leka main includes: 3660:To the laymen's ears, the rhythms of 2657:(flattened glutinous rice flour cake) 2553:Leka piring 9 – piring nyangkong/turu 2474:(verandah behind the kitchen), farm ( 1743:Gawai Sandong (betung/pinang trunk)- 7: 4510:adding citations to reliable sources 3851:(dance by a group of men and ladies) 3598:) of the longhouse of the initiate: 3282:Iban Dayak bangkong fleet attacking 2521:Leka piring 3 – piring ampun/seluwak 2166:A warrior is appointed to drink the 1503:The rice planting stages start from 1252:(chant), it is also normally called 978:), Seragindah which makes the land ( 88:adding citations to reliable sources 5386:. Hartford: J. B. Burr and company. 5208:Micheal Happell Iban Social Control 4559:. The skull is about 100 years old. 4363:(speech with inter-twined meanings) 4315:(instroductory/invitational speech) 4308:The customary leka main comprises: 3927:(longhouse contribution collection) 3899:as a group of men with a sword and 3718:(taking the bride for wedding) and 3455:gongs sound together, then a first 1603:with pepper planting respectively. 1596:nanam taya ba jerami/nempalai kasai 1165:(smearing the earth with blood) or 721:(Harvest Initiation Festival), and 259:Ibans were renowned for practicing 4221:lemambang (bard) or tukang sabak. 4178:gong, a set of seven small gongs ( 4011:Ngajat bunyan baka lari maya ngasu 3813:Ngajat pinggai ngau kerubong strum 3691:is fast which is suitable for the 2907:Adat berumah (House building rule) 1697:(brave hornbill festival) instead. 1315:(River turtle/marriage festival), 558:piring 1 for piring jari (feeding) 309:Religions of Ibans (Malaysia only) 14: 4929:"Perham's Sea Dyak Gods – Part I" 3351:Many of the Sea Dayaks were also 1919:Gawai Kenyalang (hornbill ritual) 1413:Gawai Ngalihka Tanah (or Manggol) 972:Seragindi which makes the water ( 647:(request for rain or sunniness). 34:This article has multiple issues. 5567:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Pengap 5268:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5259:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5250:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5232:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5199:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5143:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5134:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Augury 5058:Anggat, Stephen (3 April 2008). 4955:"7 Iban gods from Raja Chenanum" 4873:. Pontianak Post. Archived from 4822:. Pontianak Post. Archived from 4482: 4208:dances, as in the dance itself. 3974:(stinging Ants' nest collection) 2582:(tip) (offerings for setting up 2545:Leka piring 8 – piring nyangkong 412:. Although the majority are now 181:to read and navigate comfortably 166: 64: 23: 5594:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Sabak 5170:Gawai Burong by Benedict Sandin 4752:pengaroh, empelias, pengerabun, 4151:dance is more or less like the 3052:A 20th century Iban Pig charm ( 2842:ceremonies to huge and lengthy 2665:(semi-fermented glutinous rice) 2369:Iban piring or ritual offerings 2025:Reproductivity ritual festivals 1569:(hanging the protective rope), 1337:Iban ritual festivals and rites 998:Sengalang Burong the god of war 635:(cleansing) carried out at the 448:(the main post) from which the 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5447:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Adat 5438:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Adat 5429:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Adat 5420:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Adat 5411:Benedict Sandin: The Iban Adat 5152:Raja Burong by Benedict Sandin 5091:(in Indonesian). 15 March 2013 5085:"Leka piring Iban alu tuju ia" 5033:"The Origin Of Iban Omen Bird" 4327:(asking the lady for marriage) 4062:(other animal mimicking dance) 3471:The music is played using the 3113:Ulat Bulu (Hairy caterpillar), 3008:(serving drinks to guests) as 2919:Adat ngayau (Headhunting rule) 2750:In urgent or emergency cases, 2564:9 (11, 13, 15, 18 up to 30) – 2501:The rule on how to choose the 2135:(Dead Soul Altar Festival) or 1763:Gawai Sawi (sawi/rian pole) – 1563:(surveying the paddy growth), 492:pengaroh, empelias, engkerabun 1: 5397:Gomes, Edwin Herbert (1912). 5357:"Origin of Adat Iban: Part 4" 5337:(in Indonesian). 27 June 2006 5311:(in Indonesian). 12 June 2013 5285:(in Indonesian). 23 June 2013 5013:(in Indonesian). 11 June 2013 4628:(pay) for bards and shamans. 4345:(speech with hidden meanings) 4333:(ceremonial stockade opening) 4232:(for customary purposes) and 4228:(for entertaining purposes), 2961:An Iban family serving guest 2720:) and uncooked chicken eggs ( 1700:After praising the hornbill ( 617:held at the longhouse family 284:. They traditionally live in 5305:"Panglima Mujah "Buah Raya"" 4818:Sutrisno, Leo (2015-12-26). 4038:(upside down huntsman dance) 3848:Ngajat semain laki ngau indu 2928:Adat begawai (festival rule) 2621:a lump of normal cooked rice 2540:(for festivals or brave men) 2238:(widow/widower fee taking). 1470:in the case of Gawai Benih, 1297:(real/original festival) or 1240:(Wooden Platform Chant) and 900: 894: 888: 882: 876: 863: 857: 851: 845: 839: 833: 827: 819: 811: 805: 799: 771: 765: 759: 753: 747: 741: 689: 683: 677: 671: 664: 658: 652: 643: 637: 631: 625: 619: 613: 607: 601: 595: 589: 581: 575: 546: 540: 534: 528: 515: 509: 503: 497: 491: 476: 5331:"Jerita Penyarut Batang Ai" 4869:Leo Sutrisno (2015-12-26). 4236:(for invocation purposes). 4054:(squirrel going down dance) 3951:(welcoming hornbill statue) 3636:also must be beaten when a 3592:drums at the open veranda ( 2894:A modern Iban longhouse in 2836:offerings, to medium-sized 2513:Leka piring 1 – piring jari 1436:(Rice-Keeping) Festival and 1427:(Harvest-starting Festival) 1333:(dyeing/weaving festival). 1327:(festival of the dead) and 1189:(head receiving ceremony). 1159:(cleansing the territory), 709:(Soil Ploughing Festival), 280:and the Malaysian state of 189:content into sub-articles, 5637: 5520:"Ajat Enggau Gendang Iban" 5382:Wood, John George (1878). 4109:dance with the music of a 3885:which is the tree of life 3012:(thirst quenching drink), 2886:Adat Iban or customary law 2714:hard-boiled chicken eggs ( 2524:(for apologies or economy) 1587:(separating rice grains), 1415:(Soil Ploughing Festival), 1340: 1198:(self-caring rituals) and 1174:makai di ruai/ngayanka asi 1099:Bedara (miring) is called 809:(various manang rituals), 470:Iban religion and pantheon 5218:Sandin, Benedict (1980). 5111:"Ibanology ‹ Log In" 3757:An Iban warrior in their 3679:(accompanying dance) and 3195:kelabu papau (Senabong) ( 3122:Menarat (Monitor Lizard), 2532:(for requests or journey) 2317:Intermediate ritual rites 2225:(motives or patterns) of 1442:(Jar Welcoming Festival). 1177:(dinner at the gallery), 1153:(praying to the region), 1037:Other spirits are called 717:(Farm Healing Festival), 430:) is exposed to sunrise ( 391: 381: 376: 368: 363: 353: 348: 338: 333: 323: 318: 313: 308: 3421:The music from a second 3056:) made of ironwood from 2641:(wrapped glutinous rice) 2618:cigar leaves and tobacco 2210:Weaving ritual festivals 2079:(healing ceremony) by a 2067:(Healing by Keling) and 2009:Fortune ritual festivals 1521:(clearing undergrowth), 1421:(Farm-healing Festival), 1391:Farming ritual festivals 1270:(fortune welcoming) and 1216:(Life Measuring Chant), 1135:(asking for sunniness), 1090:(literally working) and 867:(life-bamboo ceremony). 861:(destiny ceremony), and 855:(hair adding ceremony), 757:(mourning termination), 544:), and major festivals ( 248:people on the island of 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4719: 4705: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4570: 4474:Traditional possessions 4339:(food coverage opening) 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4058: 4050: 4042: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3947: 3943:(welcoming human heads) 3939: 3931: 3924:Berayah pupu buah rumah 3923: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3881: 3871: 3863: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3831: 3820: 3812: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3780: 3772: 3746: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3644: 3638: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3563:Kechendai Inggap Diatap 3540: 3534: 3528: 3511:Gendang Tinggang Batang 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467:gong to make the music. 3463: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3435:The music from a third 3429: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3407:The music from a first 3399: 3382: 3376:Iban traditional musics 3156:ketupong also known as 3140:Jani Babas (Wild boar). 2878: 2872: 2859: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2822: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2768: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2637: 2629: 2611: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2536: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2352: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2309: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2273: 2267: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2113: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2073: 2055: 2049:Health ritual festivals 2041: 2031: 1971: 1867: 1859: 1853: 1845: 1839: 1831: 1825: 1817: 1811: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1737: 1731: 1708: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1678: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1357: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1276:(fortune termination). 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1185: 1183:(mid-day ceremony) and 1179: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1026: 986: 980: 974: 944: 935: 926: 917: 690:gawa timang beintu-intu 532:), intermediate rites ( 462: 456: 450: 444: 438: 432: 426: 419:The longhouses of Iban 5458:"Ajat ngau Taboh Iban" 5361:Iban Cultural Heritage 5335:Iban Cultural Heritage 5064:Iban Cultural Heritage 5037:Iban Cultural Heritage 4985:Iban Cultural Heritage 4737:shield, a blowpipe, a 4560: 4321:(rule and fine speech) 4148:ngajat nanggong lesong 3982:(rattan pulling dance) 3872:Ngajat ngalu pengabang 3762: 3344: 3287: 3131:Kijang (Barking deer), 3119:Bengkang (Slow Loris), 3065: 3062:Honolulu Museum of Art 3016:(feet washing drink), 2966: 2899: 2747:(ceremonial blanket). 2548:(for including others) 2426:The set of offerings ( 2291:(mortar festival) and 2246: 2157:(soul separation) and 2121:Death ritual festivals 2087:(traditional healer), 1694:gawai kenyalang berani 1685:If he does not hold a 1352: 1222:(Human Mantle Chant), 825:(to ask for curing by 775:(entombing festival). 705:(Whetstone Festival), 644:minta ujan tauka panas 4981:"Part 2: Iban augury" 4918:checked: yes. p. 108. 4547: 4226:leka main pemerindang 4046:(coconut shell dance) 4043:Ngajat tempurung nyor 4035:Ngajat gerasi tunsang 3948:Naku pentik kenyalang 3756: 3342: 3281: 3169:scarlet-rumped trogon 3125:Pelandok (Mousedeer), 3051: 3044:Iban omens and augury 2960: 2893: 2703:(pop glutinous paddy) 2244: 1403:(Whetstone Festival), 1350: 1291:(farming festivals), 1228:(Soul Bamboo Chant), 1147:(omen appreciation), 693:(life caring feasts. 383:No religion / Unknown 340:Folk religion-Animist 5621:Culture of Indonesia 5401:. London: Oliphants. 5220:Iban adat and augury 5060:"The Iban Longhouse" 4695:within a longhouse. 4506:improve this section 4234:leka main invokasyen 4205:ajat nanggong lesong 4077:(self-defence dance) 3913:(pathway-clearing), 3896:Ngajat panggau libau 3843:(fort defence dance) 3560:Gendang Enjun Batang 3535:tempap tambak pechal 3499:Gendang Enjun Batang 3020:(respect drink) and 2178:hung on the erected 2095:(short prayers) and 2015:Gawai Pangkong Tiang 1607:War ritual festivals 1575:(first harvesting), 1533:(drying out trees), 1321:(Healing festival), 1309:(fortune festival), 780:Gawai Pangkong Tiang 707:Gawai Ngalihka Tanah 244:are a branch of the 84:improve this article 5616:Culture of Malaysia 4230:leka main adat basa 4138:The performance of 4085:(martial art dance) 3808:(rice mortar dance) 3773:Ngajat ngalu temuai 3508:Gendang Tama Lubang 3502:Gendang Tama Pechal 3160:or kikeh or entis ( 3134:Rusa (Sambar deer), 3128:Landak (Porcupine), 2486:) with its engine, 1792:bungkong tajau baru 1783:Gawai Salangking – 1599:(cotton planting). 1593:(rice keeping) and 1351:An Iban head feast. 1264:(fortune seeking), 1234:(Jar Board Chant), 1129:(asking for rain), 1027:orang Panggau Libau 924:from the tree top ( 300:Religion and belief 5399:Children of Borneo 5007:"Nenung Atau Babi" 4767:Modernized culture 4561: 4357:(exemplary speech) 4216:The recitation of 4067:Self-defence dance 4051:Ngajat turun tupai 4022:(lazy woman dance) 3990:(blowpiping dance) 3763: 3724:(rayah music) for 3608:Gendang Kelakendai 3345: 3288: 3204:white-rumped shama 3137:Beruang (Bear) and 3066: 2967: 2900: 2385:1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. 2277:(dream festival). 2247: 2142:nyengai antu/rabat 1530:ngerangkaika reban 1419:Gawai Ngemali Umai 1353: 1267:nimang namaka tuah 1141:(soul cleansing), 1043:(animal spirits), 1008:as the god of land 715:Gawai Ngemali Umai 687:(head feast), and 4654:(small gong) and 4542: 4541: 4534: 4059:Ngajat jelu bukai 3919:(pathway fencing) 3864:Ngajat atas tawak 3856:Ngajat niti papan 3840:Ngajat nanka kuta 3766:Showmanship dance 3759:traditional dress 3709:tinggang punggung 3700:Other rhythms of 3697:(killing dance). 3634:Gendang Bebandong 3626:Gendang Bebandong 3544:is again beaten. 3541:gendang bebandong 3493:Gendang Bebandong 3190:banded kingfisher 3183:crested jayshrike 3176:maroon woodpecker 3116:Ingkat (Tarsier), 1965:Original Festival 1883:Hornbill Festival 1566:ngitang tali buru 1527:(felling trees), 1303:(bird festival), 1261:nimang ngiga tuah 1074:Iban propitiation 1055:(ghosts) such as 1049:(plant spirits), 713:(Seed Festival), 608:sampi ngau bebiau 396: 395: 234: 233: 226: 216: 215: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 5628: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4790: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4727:Defence weaponry 4722: 4708: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4573: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4486: 4478: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4114: 4108: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4005: 3998:(paddling dance) 3997: 3989: 3981: 3973: 3971:Ngajat muar kesa 3965: 3950: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3910:Ngerandang jalai 3904: 3898: 3884: 3874: 3866: 3858: 3850: 3842: 3834: 3826: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3791: 3789:Ngajat pua kumbu 3783: 3775: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3647: 3641: 3629:Gendang Nyereman 3620:Gendang Sembayan 3617:Gendang Po Umboi 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3402: 3386:and gong music. 3385: 2881: 2875: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2825: 2816: 2811:(brass tray) or 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2771: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2646:asi pulut pansoh 2640: 2632: 2614: 2597: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2313:(tree of life). 2312: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2276: 2270: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2116: 2110: 2103:(touching) by a 2102: 2094: 2086: 2078: 2058: 2044: 2034: 1974: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1848: 1842: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1814: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1711: 1705: 1703:nimang kenyalang 1696: 1691:, he can hold a 1690: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1409:(Seed Festival), 1360: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1225:timang buloh ayu 1221: 1215: 1209: 1207:gawa beintu-intu 1203: 1197: 1195:gawa beintu-intu 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1046:antu utai tumboh 1042: 1029: 989: 983: 977: 947: 942:from the water ( 938: 929: 920: 904:(demon figure). 903: 897: 891: 885: 879: 866: 864:nimang buloh ayu 860: 854: 848: 842: 836: 830: 828:Sengalang Burong 824: 816: 808: 802: 774: 772:gawai ngelumbong 768: 762: 756: 750: 744: 692: 686: 680: 678:gawa nimang tuah 675:(unripe feast), 674: 667: 661: 655: 646: 640: 634: 628: 622: 616: 610: 604: 598: 592: 584: 578: 549: 543: 537: 531: 518: 512: 506: 500: 494: 479: 465: 459: 453: 447: 441: 435: 429: 306: 305: 229: 222: 211: 208: 202: 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5522:. 22 April 2009 5518: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5500:. 28 April 2008 5496: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4987:. 27 April 2008 4979: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4961:. 21 April 2013 4953: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4911: 4909: 4908:on 1 March 2015 4905: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4769: 4706:berumpang menua 4672:Shaman and bard 4598:which include, 4538: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4503: 4487: 4476: 4391:The invocation 4389: 4382:(courting) etc. 4306: 4292:pelandai karong 4242: 4214: 4069: 3979:Ngajat matak wi 3958: 3891: 3768: 3742: 3673:(group dance), 3654: 3551:Gendang Dumbang 3441:gong is called 3427:gong is called 3413:gong is called 3392: 3378: 3337: 3225: 3094:(seclusion) or 3046: 2951: 2888: 2817:(brass snare). 2624:a pinch of salt 2492:(jar), cannon ( 2371: 2319: 2255: 2249: 2235:ngambi entabalu 2212: 2154:baserara bungai 2145:(death vigil), 2123: 2051: 2027: 2011: 1967: 1894: 1892:Proper Festival 1885: 1723: 1609: 1393: 1345: 1339: 1294:gawai amat/asal 1231:timang panggang 1076: 1061:(huntsman) and 933:from the land ( 892:(trophy head), 748:beserara bungai 501:) and a curse ( 482:Benedict Sandin 472: 433:Mata Ari tumboh 398: 397: 389: 374: 369:Other religions 361: 346: 331: 302: 278:West Kalimantan 230: 219: 218: 217: 212: 206: 203: 184: 171: 167: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5511: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5389: 5374: 5363:. 12 June 2006 5348: 5322: 5296: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5102: 5076: 5050: 5024: 4998: 4972: 4946: 4920: 4887: 4871:"Rumah Betang" 4861: 4836: 4820:"Rumah Betang" 4810: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4729: 4728: 4715: 4714: 4701: 4700: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4665: 4634: 4633: 4584: 4583: 4566: 4565: 4540: 4539: 4490: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4466: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4238: 4213: 4210: 4184:) and a large 4112:gendang panjai 4101: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3995:Ngajat bekayuh 3991: 3987:Ngajat nyumpit 3983: 3975: 3967: 3966:(monkey dance) 3957: 3956:Comedial dance 3954: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3940:Naku antu pala 3936: 3928: 3920: 3916:ngelalau jalai 3906: 3890: 3887: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3836: 3832:Ngajat bebunoh 3828: 3817: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3784:(female dance) 3777: 3767: 3764: 3741: 3738: 3733:ngelalau jalai 3653: 3650: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557:Gendang Ringka 3555: 3552: 3522:festival. The 3516: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505:Gendang Pampat 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496:Gendang Lanjan 3494: 3469: 3468: 3447: 3433: 3419: 3391: 3388: 3377: 3374: 3336: 3333: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3224: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3197:Diard's trogon 3193: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3162:rufous piculet 3142: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3045: 3042: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2896:Kapit Division 2887: 2884: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2712: 2704: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2642: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2590: 2589: 2585:pnadong/ranyai 2561:Leka lebih ari 2557: 2549: 2541: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2444:four corners, 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2370: 2367: 2318: 2315: 2254: 2253:Dream Festival 2251: 2211: 2208: 2122: 2119: 2069:Barenong Sakit 2050: 2047: 2026: 2023: 2010: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1863: 1849: 1835: 1821: 1807: 1781: 1761: 1741: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1709:naku kenyalang 1698: 1683: 1668: 1661:If he got one 1659: 1650: 1646:naku antu pala 1641: 1637:enchaboh arong 1608: 1605: 1581:(harvesting), 1560:ninjau belayan 1497:ngambi sempeli 1473:ngalihka tanah 1444: 1443: 1437: 1434:Gawai Basimpan 1431: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1341:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1243:timang engkuni 1237:timang panggau 1186:enchaboh arong 1162:genselan menoa 1075: 1072: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1002: 999: 969: 968: 965: 958: 955: 952: 949: 940: 931: 927:ari pucuk kayu 922: 915:from the sky ( 834:Gawai Babangun 821:Berenong Sakit 723:Gawai Basimpan 684:enchaboh arong 681:(luck feast), 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 471: 468: 439:Mata Ari padam 394: 393: 390: 387: 385: 379: 378: 375: 372: 370: 366: 365: 362: 359: 357: 351: 350: 347: 344: 342: 336: 335: 332: 329: 327: 321: 320: 317: 315: 311: 310: 304: 303: 301: 298: 292:in Sarawak or 254:Southeast Asia 232: 231: 214: 213: 193:it, or adding 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 99:"Iban culture" 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5633: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5499: 5498:"NGAJAT IBAN" 5493: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5460:. 1 June 2013 5459: 5453: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5375: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5051: 5039:. 3 July 2006 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4935:. 18 May 2013 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4877:on 2015-12-29 4876: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4851:on 2015-10-16 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4826:on 2015-12-29 4825: 4821: 4814: 4811: 4800:on 2015-10-16 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4533: 4525: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4491:This section 4489: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:renong sabong 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4395:consists of: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4372:renong semain 4370: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4351:(deep speech) 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277:(plain story) 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240:Entertainment 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4090:Main kerichap 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4006:(drunk dance) 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:Ngajat lesung 3802: 3798: 3797:Ngajat lelaki 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3623:Gendang Layar 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3602:Gendang Dudok 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3573: 3566:Gendang Kanto 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3554:Gendang Ngang 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3525: 3524:Singkam Nggam 3521: 3514:Singkam Nggam 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3449:As the three 3448: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400:gendang rayah 3395: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3334: 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December 5017:3 December 4991:3 December 4965:3 December 4939:3 December 4881:2015-10-03 4855:2015-10-03 4830:2015-10-03 4804:2015-10-03 4780:References 4564:Head Skull 4445:sugi sakit 4414:(blessing) 4387:Invocation 4361:jaku silup 4349:jaku dalam 4337:muka kujuk 4325:tanya indu 4313:jaku ansah 4299:(lullaby). 3882:pun ranyai 3727:ngerandang 3706:music are 3676:ajat iring 3390:Drum music 2991:sugar cane 2778:kalingkang 2595:leka pring 2576:(base) or 2438:) such as 2300:gawai amat 2268:gawai asal 2151:(burial), 2128:Gawai Antu 2019:Gawai Tuah 1972:gawai asal 1898:Gawai Amat 1786:selangking 1401:Gawai Batu 1330:gawai ngar 1324:gawai antu 1306:gawai tuah 1180:sandau ari 1150:muja menua 1126:minta ujan 1064:antu menoa 1040:bunsu jelu 918:ari langit 889:igi balang 883:engkeramba 784:Gawai Tuah 766:Gawai Antu 737:Gawai Antu 703:Gawai Batu 669:verandah, 286:longhouses 274:Indonesian 242:Sea Dayaks 191:condensing 110:newspapers 39:improve it 5309:Ibanology 5283:Ibanology 5115:Ibanology 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