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large segments of the population, which his government ultimately needed to remain in power without resort to force. He sought to meet demands of the population for increased participation in government by instituting a system of local representative government and the "erection of a central council ... in a pyramid with the local councils as a base." The creation of such councils clearly shifted power to the rural areas, whose
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609:. Finally, in August 1964, in a desperate attempt to find a solution to the enervating campaign in the south, Abboud established a 25-man commission to study the problem and make recommendations for its solution. When the commission, in turn, asked for public debate on the "southern question," the students of
613:
initiated a series of debates that soon turned into a forum for open criticism of all aspects of the administration. The government banned these debates, precipitating student demonstrations in which one student was killed. The situation rapidly deteriorated, and within two days the civil service and
524:
Although Abboud dealt with the important economic problems and improved foreign relations, he made little attempt to capitalize on his successes to forge a political following outside the army. His political independence certainly enabled him to act decisively, but his actions frequently alienated
475:
At first Abboud and his ruling
Supreme Council of Twelve had the tacit support of the Sudanese politicians and people. The country was tired of the intrigues of the politicians and was prepared to permit the military to inaugurate an efficient and incorruptible administration. There was opposition
459:
leader and successor to al-Azhari as prime minister, was able to overcome the weaknesses of the political system or to grapple with the country's problems. Parliamentary government was so discredited that Gen. Abboud, who formerly had remained studiously aloof from politics, led a
415:, and then rose rapidly to commander of the Sudan Defence Force in 1949 and assistant commander in chief in 1954. With the declaration of independence for the Sudan in 1956, he was made commander in chief of the Sudanese military forces. After the Sudanese army staged a
466:
on 17 November 1958, to end, in his words, "the state of degeneration, chaos, and instability of the country." The
Council of State and cabinet were dismissed, parliament and all political parties were declared dissolved, and the constitution was suspended.
614:
the transport workers were on strike. Demonstrations followed in the provinces. Rather than suppress the opposition by armed force and bloodshed, Abboud dissolved his government on 26 October 1964, and allowed the formation of a provisional cabinet under
618:
to replace the
Supreme Council. Abboud himself was forced to resign on 15 November in favor of a civilian provisional government, and he retreated into retirement, thus ending the Republic of the Sudan's first period of military rule.
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in the south provoked strikes in the schools and open revolt in the countryside. Opposition to the government was met by force, and many southerners fled as refugees into neighbouring countries. By 1963 the conflict had escalated to a
516:
waters, and although Sudan did not receive as great an allotment as many
Sudanese thought equitable, Egypt recognized the independence of Sudan, and frontier conflicts ceased. Finally, in 1961, an ambitious 10-year
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In spite of its weaknesses, Abboud's government might have lasted longer if not for the "southern problem." Abboud was personally popular or, at least, respected. He was even invited to the
443:
leaders from both major parties sought to find solutions to the seemingly intractable problems of building a nation, developing the economy and creating a permanent constitution. Neither
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only within the military in the first few months of the military government. This was the result of disagreements among the senior military leaders. But within a year many younger
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southern Sudan, however, the arbitrary rule of the military government produced a more negative reaction than in the north. Thus, the government's vigorous program of
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Abboud moved swiftly to deal with the Sudan's problems. The provisional constitution was suspended and all political parties dissolved. The price of
Sudanese
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was lowered, and the surplus from the crop of 1958 and the bumper crop of 1959 was sold, easing the financial crisis. An agreement was reached with
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Welcoming
Remarks to President Abboud of the Republic of the Sudan at Andrews Air Force Base, 4 October 1961,
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was launched, designed to end Sudan's dependence on cotton exports and many foreign manufactured imports.
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urban critics who were becoming increasingly frustrated by increasingly arbitrary administration.
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of the
Sudanese military. Upon independence, Abboud became the Commander in Chief of the
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roamed the countryside. Abboud's forces were responsible for large numbers of deaths in
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The
Statesman's Year-Book 1973-74: The Encyclopaedia for the Businessman-of-the-World
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praised Sudan for having set a good example for living in peace with its neighbours.
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in 1964; however, he soon resigned, ending Sudan's first period of military rule. A
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Ibrahim Abboud was born 26 October 1900 in
Mohammed-Gol, near the old port city of
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http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKWHA-051-002.aspx
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Integration and
Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance
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in which the northern troops held the towns while the southern
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851:"IBRAHIM ABBOUD, 82, WAS SUDAN'S LEADER FROM 1958 TO 1964"
824:"50 years on: Remembering Sudan's October Revolution"
324:; 26 October 1900 – 8 September 1983) was a Sudanese
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Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
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795:Mawut Achiecque Mach Guarak (21 February 2011).
667:. London: Europa Publications. 1972. p. 2.
429:, Gen. Abboud led the new military government.
895:video clip of Abboud meeting President Kennedy
391:in 1925, after its creation separate from the
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915:
433:alleged that CIA engineered the 1958 coup in
403:, with the Sudan Defence Force, and with the
8:
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75:17 November 1958 – 16 November 1964
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119:18 November 1958 – 30 October 1964
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703:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945
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630:on 8 September 1983, at the age of 82.
529:would counter complaints from the more
455:, nor his rival, Abdallah Khalil, the
411:. After the war, Abboud commanded the
849:Treaster, Joseph (9 September 1983).
822:Berridge, William (20 October 2014).
659:
657:
655:
7:
647:Biography of El Ferik Ibrahim Abboud
356:. In 1949, Abboud became the deputy
16:President of Sudan from 1958 to 1964
700:Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014).
665:The International Who's Who 1972-73
496:Ibrahim Abboud during his visit to
421:in November 1958, overthrowing the
395:. During World War II he served in
375:. He trained as an engineer at the
321:
383:. He received a commission in the
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885:National Portrait Gallery, London
1428:Sudanese Military College alumni
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1106:Transitional Sovereignty Council
1094:Transitional Sovereignty Council
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471:Chief of the Military Government
439:Between 1956 and 1958, Sudanese
45:
512:concerning the division of the
387:in 1918 and transferred to the
379:and at the Military College in
1423:Leaders who took power by coup
801:. AuthorHouse. pp. 118–.
756:J. Paxton (28 December 2016).
626:for several years and died in
1:
1398:University of Khartoum alumni
1088:Transitional Military Council
336:between 1958 and 1964 and as
1235:Democratic Republic of Sudan
1004:Democratic Republic of Sudan
762:. Springer. pp. 1333–.
202:Democratic Republic of Sudan
881:Portraits of Ibrahim Abboud
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706:. Routledge. p. 709.
449:Nationalist Unionist Party
1403:People from Red Sea State
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1292:post abolished, 1989–2017
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728:"Sudan Embassy in Canada"
616:Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa
561:in 1961, where President
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155:
150:Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa
112:
98:Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa
68:
56:
44:
35:
1418:Prime ministers of Sudan
1167:Prime ministers of Sudan
36:
687:O'Ballance, Secret War.
453:Prime Minister of Sudan
377:Gordon Memorial College
107:Prime Minister of Sudan
51:Official portrait, 1958
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334:head of state of Sudan
298:First Arab-Israeli War
291:North African Campaign
828:africanargumanets.org
544:
495:
281:East African Campaign
247:Years of service
734:on 24 September 2015
545:Ibrahim Abboud with
182:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1408:Presidents of Sudan
1317:Transitional period
1068:Transitional period
984:Sovereignty Council
974:Sovereignty Council
956:Sovereignty Council
938:Presidents of Sudan
830:. African Arguments
611:Khartoum University
389:Sudan Defence Force
344:, Abboud served in
237:Sudan Defence Force
86:Sovereignty Council
856:The New York Times
555:
537:"Southern Problem"
502:
358:Commander in Chief
338:President of Sudan
332:who served as the
63:President of Sudan
1413:Sudanese soldiers
1375:
1374:
1272:Republic of Sudan
1175:Republic of Sudan
1126:
1125:
1025:Republic of Sudan
946:Republic of Sudan
808:978-1-4567-2356-9
769:978-0-230-27102-9
713:978-1-134-26490-2
547:President Kennedy
362:Military of Sudan
310:
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254:1956–1964 (Sudan)
250:1918–1925 (Egypt)
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1108:† (2021–present)
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730:. Archived from
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622:Abboud lived in
519:development plan
447:, leader of the
445:Ismail al-Azhari
330:political figure
326:military officer
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276:Second World War
208:Military service
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191:8 September 1983
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160:Personal details
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649:at bookrags.com
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563:John F. Kennedy
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488:Abboud's Regime
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435:In the Company.
427:Abdallah Khalil
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451:and the first
425:government of
342:career soldier
314:Ibrahim Abboud
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1059:† (1993–2019)
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1053:) (1986–1993)
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1035:Swar al-Dahab
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1347:vacant, 2022
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1337:vacant, 2021
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1327:vacant, 2019
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1291:
1194:
1086:† (with the
1049:† (with the
961:
860:. Retrieved
854:
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832:. Retrieved
827:
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797:
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758:
736:. Retrieved
732:the original
722:
702:
683:
664:
642:
621:
582:Islamization
567:
556:
527:conservatism
523:
503:
474:
461:
438:
434:
416:
409:North Africa
405:British Army
366:
346:World War II
322:إبراهيم عبود
313:
311:
269:Battles/wars
193:(1983-09-08)
145:Succeeded by
114:
93:Succeeded by
70:
38:إبراهيم عبود
18:
1393:1983 deaths
1388:1900 births
1275:(1985–2019)
1238:(1969–1985)
1178:(1956–1969)
1041:al-Mirghani
1037:† (1985–86)
1028:(1985–2019)
1007:(1969–1985)
986:) (1965–69)
949:(1956–1969)
862:3 September
834:5 September
578:Arabization
559:White House
551:White House
500:, July 1960
480:, and even
463:coup d'état
441:nationalist
431:Philip Agee
418:coup d'état
413:Camel Corps
133:Preceded by
81:Preceded by
1382:Categories
1365:† military
1201:Al-Khalifa
1119:† military
982:(with the
968:Al-Khalifa
738:12 October
674:0900362480
634:References
591:guerrillas
498:Yugoslavia
457:Umma party
213:Allegiance
171:1900-10-26
1282:Daf'allah
1185:al-Azhari
1100:al-Burhan
1096:(2019–21)
1084:al-Burhan
1057:al-Bashir
1047:al-Bashir
1043:(1986–89)
980:al-Azhari
976:(1964–65)
958:(1956–58)
587:civil war
124:President
115:In office
71:In office
1368:* acting
1287:al-Mahdi
1245:Awadalla
1211:al-Mahdi
1102:† (2021)
1090:) (2019)
1080:† (2019)
628:Khartoum
478:officers
423:civilian
401:Ethiopia
381:Khartoum
312:General
198:Khartoum
100:(Acting)
1352:Hussein
1261:Nimeiry
1250:Nimeiry
1216:Mahgoub
1206:Mahgoub
1078:Ibn Auf
1014:Nimeiry
883:at the
624:Britain
568:In non-
549:at the
531:liberal
397:Eritrea
373:Red Sea
371:on the
263:General
127:Himself
26:General
1342:Hamdok
1332:Hamdok
1302:Moussa
1195:Abboud
1190:Khalil
970:(1964)
962:Abboud
805:
766:
710:
671:
603:Maridi
574:Muslim
572:, non-
553:, 1961
506:cotton
482:cadets
369:Suakin
318:Arabic
178:Suakin
1307:Ayala
1297:Saleh
595:Kodok
510:Egypt
399:, in
350:Egypt
223:Sudan
217:Egypt
1256:Bakr
864:2017
836:2017
803:ISBN
764:ISBN
740:2009
708:ISBN
669:ISBN
601:and
580:and
570:Arab
514:Nile
354:Iraq
352:and
328:and
259:Rank
188:Died
165:Born
105:3rd
61:1st
599:Yei
407:in
348:in
1384::
853:.
826:.
748:^
692:^
654:^
597:,
364:.
320::
200:,
180:,
1354:*
1263:†
1252:†
1197:†
1152:e
1145:t
1138:v
1016:†
923:e
916:t
909:v
866:.
838:.
811:.
772:.
742:.
716:.
677:.
316:(
173:)
169:(
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