47:
447:. The second is that politicians' skills and competence are influenced by personal experience. The areas of skill and competence can define where they devote resources and attention as a leader. The third pathway is that biographical attributes may define and shape political incentives. A leader's previous profession, for example, could be viewed as of higher importance, causing a disproportionate investment of leadership resources to ensure the growth and health of that profession, including former colleagues. Other examples besides profession include the politician's innate characteristics, such as race or gender. The fourth pathway is how a politician's biography affects their public perception, which can, in turn, affect their leadership style. Female politicians, for example, may use different strategies to attract the same level of respect given to male politicians.
304:
1000:
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988:
356:
19th century made heavy use of newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters. In the 20th century, they branched into radio and television, making television commercials the single most expensive part of an election campaign. In the 21st century, they have become increasingly involved with the social media based on the
Internet and smartphones.
355:
Politicians are known for their rhetoric, as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes that allow them to develop their political positions in terms familiar to the voters. Politicians of necessity become expert users of the media. Politicians in the
455:
Numerous scholars have studied the characteristics of politicians, comparing those at the local and national levels, and comparing the more liberal or the more conservative ones, and comparing the more successful and less successful in terms of elections. In recent years, special attention has
475:
Many critics attack politicians for being out of touch with the public. Areas of friction include how politicians speak, which has been described as being overly formal and filled with many euphemistic and metaphorical expressions and commonly perceived as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and
442:
The personal histories of politicians have been frequently studied, as it is presumed that their experiences and characteristics shape their beliefs and behaviors. There are four pathways by which a politician's biography could influence their leadership style and abilities. The first is that
46:
378:
working for them. Historically, there has been a subtle conflict between the long-term goals of each side. In patronage-based systems, such as the United States in the 19th century, winning politicians replace the
483:, taking money in exchange for goods or services, rather than working for the general public good. Politicians in many countries are regarded as the "most hated professionals".
411:
Mattozzi and Merlo argue that two main career paths are typically followed by politicians in modern democracies. First, is career politicians. They are politicians who rule the
677:
641:
415:
sector until retirement. Second, are the "political careerists". These are politicians who gain a reputation for expertise in ruling certain levels of
362:
has always played a major role in politics, with negative rumors about an opponent typically more effective than positive rumors about one's own side.
456:
focused on the distinctive career path of women politicians. For example, there are studies of the "Supermadre" model in Latin
American politics.
871:
844:
790:
Timothy S. Prinz, "The career paths of elected politicians: a review and prospectus." in
Shirley Williams and Edward L. Lascher, eds.
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567:
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638:
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31:
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340:
316:
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In the popular image, politicians are thought of as clueless, selfish, manipulative, dishonest, incompetent and
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Politicians are people who are politically active, especially in party politics. Political positions range from
936:
From
Humility to Hubris among Scholars and Politicians: Exploring Expressions of Self-Esteem and Achievement
403:. However, in many less developed countries, the spoils system remained in full-scale operation as of 1982.
992:
502:
111:
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803:
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Morris
Szeftel, "Political graft and the spoils system in Zambia—the state as a resource in itself."
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121:
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Many politicians have the knack to remember thousands of names and faces. United States
Presidents
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Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media
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776:
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681:
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The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the
Stories that Shape the Political World
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217:
207:
52:
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292:
141:
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Tag
Teaming the Press: How Bill and Hillary Clinton Work Together to Handle the Media
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72:
68:
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17:
950:
744:
Andrea
Mattozzi and Antonio Merlo, "Political careers or career politicians?."
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263:
197:
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Stebbins, Robert A. "Democracy's
Politicians: An Occupation Like no Other."
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Identifying Ideologues: A Global Dataset on Political Leaders, 1945–2019
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biography may influence one's core beliefs, which are used to shape a
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Margin of Victory: How Technologists Help Politicians Win Elections
359:
295:, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government.
151:
75:
discussing Representative Ford's nomination to the vice presidency
980:
705:
Joel D. Aberbach, Robert D. Putnam, and Bert A. Rockman, eds.,
760:"Studying Leaders and Elites: The Personal Biography Approach"
758:
Krcmaric, Daniel; Nelson, Stephen C.; Roberts, Andrew (2020).
983:. A dataset on over 1,000,000 legislators from 16 countries.
585:
The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia
956:
Welch, Susan, John Gruhl, John Comer, and Susan M. Rigdon.
609:
Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor
792:
Ambition and beyond: career paths of American politicians
635:
Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices
523:"politician – Webster's New World College Dictionary"
399:
reform was initiated to eliminate the corruption of
866:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 32.
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255:
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191:
186:
174:
164:
85:
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922:Bureaucrats and politicians in western democracies
902:Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds.
707:Bureaucrats and politicians in western democracies
898:
896:
836:Assessing George W. Bush's Legacy: The Right Man?
938:. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2017.
821:Supermadre: Women in Politics in Latin America
808:Unfinished Democracy: women in Nordic politics
692:David Coast and Jo Fox, "Rumour and Politics"
558:Gaines, Larry K.; Miller, Roger LeRoy (2012).
370:Once elected, the politician has to deal with
8:
960:. 8th ed. Belmont: Thompson Wadsworth, 2006
718:David A. Schultz, and Robert Maranto, eds.,
587:. University of Georgia Press. p. 449.
39:
904:Political corruption: Concepts and contexts
656:Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Keith Spillett,
583:Grant, Donald Lee; Grant, Jonathan (2001).
545:"politician – Princeton Wordnet dictionary"
287:is a person who has political power in the
929:Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption
45:
775:
439:making use of their political contacts.
302:
514:
920:D. Putnam, and Bert A. Rockman, eds.,
435:, then leave politics and start a new
38:
777:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032801
562:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 152.
7:
720:The politics of civil service reform
733:Review of African Political Economy
391:with their supporters. It was the "
823:(University of Texas Press, 2014).
764:Annual Review of Political Science
467:were renowned for their memories.
311:depicting the Athenian politician
25:
525:. Yourdictionary.com. 21 May 2013
1012:
998:
986:
981:Comparative Legislators Database
924:(Harvard University Press, 1981)
709:(Harvard University Press, 1981)
888:Invitation to Critical Thinking
307:Nineteenth-century painting by
291:of a state, a person active in
32:The Politician (disambiguation)
1:
1003:The dictionary definition of
251:Qualification is not required
347:are considered politicians.
746:Journal of Public Economics
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951:10.1007/s12115-019-00399-w
611:(Palgrave-MacMillan, 2005)
607:Jonathan Charteris-Black,
560:Criminal Justice in Action
29:
886:Vincent E. Barry (2007):
860:James E. Mueller (2008).
696:(2015), 13#5 pp. 222–234.
421:International Governments
389:government services rules
366:Government job and spoils
341:international governments
44:
27:Person active in politics
945:, 56(5), 461–462, 2019,
839:. Springer. p. 45.
387:not protected under the
833:Iwan W. Morgan (2010).
806:and Torild Skard, eds.
669:Nathaniel G. Pearlman,
407:Careers and biographies
1050:Positions of authority
1017:Quotations related to
971:Herre, Bastian. 2021.
503:Independent politician
324:
315:delivering his famous
1040:Political occupations
927:Heywood, Paul M. ed.
748:92#3 (2008): 597–608.
306:
995:at Wikimedia Commons
934:Stebbins, Robert A.
804:Elina Haavio-Mannila
680:30 June 2017 at the
644:30 June 2017 at the
385:government employees
376:government employees
122:Member of parliament
30:For other uses, see
425:Federal Governments
381:government officers
372:government officers
337:federal governments
132:Lieutenant governor
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735:9.24 (1982): 4–21.
633:Robert J. Dinkin,
493:Political campaign
351:Media and rhetoric
345:government leaders
325:
247:Education required
97:Member of congress
51:U.S. politicians (
1045:Legal professions
991:Media related to
794:(1993) pp: 11–63.
433:Local Governments
429:State Governments
333:state governments
329:local governments
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203:Critical thinking
16:(Redirected from
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527:. Retrieved
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465:Bill Clinton
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271:Related jobs
192:Competencies
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1035:Politicians
993:Politicians
770:: 133–151.
187:Description
73:Oval Office
69:White House
1029:Categories
1019:Politician
1006:politician
509:References
476:confuse".
417:government
413:government
289:government
285:politician
264:Government
259:employment
213:Law making
198:Leadership
181:Government
170:Politician
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471:Criticism
445:worldview
257:Fields of
228:Budgeting
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678:Archived
642:Archived
487:See also
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313:Pericles
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943:Society
931:(2014)
906:(2011).
890:p. 319
722:(1998).
673:(2012)
637:(1989)
624:(2000).
529:26 June
481:corrupt
276:Monarch
147:Premier
117:Speaker
102:Senator
977:(PDF).
870:
843:
810:(2013)
675:online
660:(2014)
639:online
591:
566:
343:. All
360:Rumor
152:Mayor
86:Names
57:Nixon
868:ISBN
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564:ISBN
531:2013
463:and
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