516:
1405:
1353:
2386:
38:
405:
1114:
250:
1002:
1203:
1235:
618:
1479:
952:
1323:. The mechanical powertrain has several advantages over diesel-electric propulsion systems, such as lower weight and better fuel efficiency. However, diesel engines are sensitive to sudden changes in propeller revolutions, and to counter this mechanical powertrains are usually fitted with large flywheels or hydrodynamic couplings to absorb the torque variations resulting from propeller-ice interaction.
850:
720:
1056:
141:
1349:. While the diesel engines are coupled to generators that produce power for three propulsion motors, the gas turbines are directly coupled to the propeller shafts driving controllable pitch propellers. The diesel-electric power plant can produce up to 13,000 kW (18,000 hp) while the gas turbines have a continuous combined rating of 45,000 kW (60,000 hp).
948:, the main function of icebreakers is to escort convoys of one or more ships safely through ice-filled waters. When a ship becomes immobilized by ice, the icebreaker has to free it by breaking the ice surrounding the ship and, if necessary, open a safe passage through the ice field. In difficult ice conditions, the icebreaker can also tow the weakest ships.
275:
614:. Reciprocating steam engines were preferred in icebreakers due to their reliability, robustness, good torque characteristics, and ability to reverse the direction of rotation quickly. During the steam era, the most powerful pre-war steam-powered icebreakers had a propulsion power of about 10,000 shaft horsepower (7,500 kW).
673:. Research in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union led to a design that had a very strongly built short and wide hull, with a cut away forefoot and a rounded bottom. Powerful diesel-electric machinery drove two stern and one auxiliary bow propeller. These features would become the standard for postwar icebreakers until the 1980s.
1392:, vessels with the stern shaped like an icebreaker's bow and the bow designed for open water performance. In this way, the ship remains economical to operate in open water without compromising its ability to operate in difficult ice conditions. Azimuth thrusters have also made it possible to develop new experimental
1222:
between tanks on both sides of the vessel results in continuous rolling that reduces friction and makes progress through the ice easier. Experimental bow designs such as the flat
Thyssen-Waas bow and a cylindrical bow have been tried over the years to further reduce the ice resistance and create an ice-free channel.
1282:
based on the level of ice strengthening in the ship's hull. It is usually determined by the maximum ice thickness where the ship is expected to operate and other requirements such as possible limitations on ramming. While the ice class is generally an indication of the level of ice strengthening, not
1230:
Icebreakers and other ships operating in ice-filled waters require additional structural strengthening against various loads resulting from the contact between the hull of the vessel and the surrounding ice. As ice pressures vary between different regions of the hull, the most reinforced areas in the
969:
and
Antarctic. In addition to icebreaking capability, the ships need to have reasonably good open-water characteristics for transit to and from the polar regions, facilities and accommodation for the scientific personnel, and cargo capacity for supplying research stations on the shore. Countries such
270:
with double planking to the hull and strengthening cross members inside the ship. Bands of iron were wrapped around the outside. Sometimes metal sheeting was placed at the bows, at the stern, and along the keel. Such strengthening was designed to help the ship push through ice and also to protect the
1387:
remove the need of traditional propellers and rudders by having the propellers in steerable gondolas that can rotate 360 degrees around a vertical axis. These thrusters improve propulsion efficiency, icebreaking capability and maneuverability of the vessel. The use of azimuth thrusters also allows a
1258:
up to 500 MPa (73,000 psi) in modern icebreakers results in the same structural strength with smaller material thicknesses and lower steel weight. Regardless of the strength, the steel used in the hull structures of an icebreaker must be capable of resisting brittle fracture in low ambient
1253:
used in longer ships. Near the waterline, the frames running in vertical direction distribute the locally concentrated ice loads on the shell plating to longitudinal girders called stringers, which in turn are supported by web frames and bulkheads that carry the more spread-out hull loads. While the
1367:
The number, type and location of the propellers depends on the power, draft and intended purpose of the vessel. Smaller icebreakers and icebreaking special purpose ships may be able to do with just one propeller while large polar icebreakers typically need up to three large propellers to absorb all
245:
Before the 17th century the specifications of icebreakers are unknown. The specifications for ice breaking vessels show that they were dragged by teams of horses and the heavy weight of the ship pushed down on the ice breaking it. They were used in conjunction with teams of men with axes and saws
1131:
Icebreakers are often described as ships that drive their sloping bows onto the ice and break it under the weight of the ship. In reality, this only happens in very thick ice where the icebreaker will proceed at walking pace or may even have to repeatedly back down several ship lengths and ram the
1025:
uses icebreakers to help conduct search and rescue missions in the icy, polar oceans. United States icebreakers serve to defend economic interests and maintain the nation's presence in the Arctic and
Antarctic regions. As the icecaps in the Arctic continue to melt, there are more passageways being
793:
became the first North
American surface vessels to reach the North Pole. The vessel was originally scheduled to be decommissioned in 2000; however, a refit extended the decommissioning date to 2017. It is now planned to be kept in service through the 2020s pending the introduction of two new polar
118:
onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship. A buildup of broken ice in front of a ship can slow it down much more than the breaking of the ice itself, so icebreakers have a specially designed hull to direct the broken ice around or under the vessel. The external components of the ship's
1380:
in the Baltic Sea were fitted with first one and later two bow propellers to create a powerful flush along the hull of the vessel. This considerably increased the icebreaking capability of the vessels by reducing the friction between the hull and the ice, and allowed the icebreakers to penetrate
1333:
was one of the few icebreakers fitted with steam boilers and turbogenerators that produced power for three electric propulsion motors. It was later refitted with five diesel engines, which provide better fuel economy than steam turbines. Later
Canadian icebreakers were built with diesel-electric
1221:
abrasion-resistant stainless steel ice belt that further reduces friction and protects the ship's hull from corrosion. Auxiliary systems such as powerful water deluges and air bubbling systems are used to reduce friction by forming a lubricating layer between the hull and the ice. Pumping water
1216:
Some icebreakers have a hull that is wider in the bow than in the stern. These so-called "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and thus reduce frictional resistance in the aftship as well as improve the ship's maneuverability in ice. In addition to low friction paint, some icebreakers
1139:
When an icebreaker is designed, one of the main goals is to minimize the forces resulting from crushing and breaking the ice, and submerging the broken floes under the vessel. The average value of the longitudinal components of these instantaneous forces is called the ship's ice resistance.
1315:(AC) generators and finally to frequency-controlled AC-AC systems. In modern diesel-electric icebreakers, the propulsion system is built according to the power plant principle in which the main generators supply electricity for all onboard consumers and no auxiliary engines are needed.
1199:, or the impacting of the bottom structure of the ship onto the sea surface. For this reason, the hull of an icebreaker is often a compromise between minimum ice resistance, maneuverability in ice, low hydrodynamic resistance, and adequate open water characteristics.
1318:
Although the diesel-electric powertrain is the preferred choice for icebreakers due to the good low-speed torque characteristics of the electric propulsion motors, icebreakers have also been built with diesel engines mechanically coupled to reduction gearboxes and
1445:, which had a single nuclear reactor and a steam turbine directly coupled to the propeller shaft. Russia, which remains the sole operator of nuclear-powered icebreakers, is currently building 60,000 kW (80,000 hp) icebreakers to replace the aging
1693:
779:(20,000 kW). A multi-year mid-life refit project (1987–1993) saw the ship get a new bow, and a new propulsion system. The new power plant consists of five diesels, three generators, and three electric motors, giving about the same propulsion power.
1307:, most icebreakers have been built with diesel-electric propulsion in which diesel engines coupled to generators produce electricity for propulsion motors that turn the fixed pitch propellers. The first diesel-electric icebreakers were built with
271:
ship in case it was "nipped" by the ice. Nipping occurs when ice floes around a ship are pushed against the ship, trapping it as if in a vise and causing damage. This vise-like action is caused by the force of winds and tides on ice formations.
1026:
discovered. These possible navigation routes cause an increase of interests in the polar hemispheres from nations worldwide. The United States polar icebreakers must continue to support scientific research in the expanding Arctic and
764:
was an ocean-going icebreaker able to meet the most rigorous polar conditions. Her diesel-electric machinery of 15,000 horsepower (11,000 kW) was arranged in three units transmitting power equally to each of three shafts.
1611:
1231:
hull of an icegoing vessel are the bow, which experiences the highest ice loads, and around the waterline, with additional strengthening both above and below the waterline to form a continuous ice belt around the ship.
997:
away from the protected object. In the past, such operations were carried out primarily in North
America, but today Arctic offshore drilling and oil production is also going on in various parts of the Russian Arctic.
198:
Prior to ocean-going ships, ice breaking technology was developed on inland canals and rivers using laborers with axes and hooks. The first recorded primitive icebreaker ship was a barge used by the
Belgian town of
242:) was already well established. The use of the ice breaking barges expanded in the 17th century where every town of some importance in the Low Country used some form of icebreaker to keep their waterways clear.
127:, etc.) are at greater risk of damage than the vessel's hull, so the ability of an icebreaker to propel itself onto the ice, break it, and clear the debris from its path successfully is essential for its safety.
1704:
696:
diesel generators producing electricity for three propulsion motors with a combined output of 26,500 kW (35,500 hp). In the late 2020s, they will be surpassed by the new
Canadian polar icebreakers
5294:
2166:
Norden, R. (1989): Extra high strength structural steels for ice breakers. Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC'89), Volume 2, page
1249:
Short and stubby icebreakers are generally built using transverse framing in which the shell plating is stiffened with frames placed about 400 to 1,000 millimetres (1 to 3 ft) apart as opposed to
928:
Today, most icebreakers are needed to keep trade routes open where there are either seasonal or permanent ice conditions. While the merchant vessels calling ports in these regions are strengthened for
458:
to push herself on the top of the ice and consequently break it. Britnev fashioned the bow of his ship after the shape of old Pomor boats, which had been navigating icy waters of the White Sea and
1164:
from the propellers equals the combined hydrodynamic and ice resistance of the vessel. An alternative means to determine the icebreaking capability of a vessel in different ice conditions such as
1381:
thick ice ridges without ramming. However, the bow propellers are not suitable for polar icebreakers operating in the presence of harder multi-year ice and thus have not been used in the Arctic.
1786:
638:
in 1933. At 9,000 hp (6,700 kW) divided between two propellers in the stern and one propeller in the bow, she remained the most powerful
Swedish icebreaker until the commissioning of
336:, named so for being ice-covered for over half of a year, started being settled. The mixed ethnic group of the Karelians and the Russians in the North-Russia that lived on the shores of the
360:. If a koch became squeezed by the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the water-line would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice with no damage.
654:, the first diesel-electric icebreaker in Finland, in 1939. Both vessels were decommissioned in the 1970s and replaced by much larger icebreakers in both countries, the 1976-built
1288:
266:
Ice-strengthened ships were used in the earliest days of polar exploration. These were originally wooden and based on existing designs, but reinforced, particularly around the
1136:, is easily broken and submerged under the hull without a noticeable change in the icebreaker's trim while the vessel moves forward at a relatively high and constant speed.
594:
At the beginning of the 20th century, several other countries began to operate purpose-built icebreakers. Most were coastal icebreakers, but Canada, Russia, and later, the
1668:
1254:
shell plating, which is in direct contact with the ice, can be up to 50 millimetres (2.0 in) thick in older polar icebreakers, the use of high strength steel with
1467:
can break ice by the resonance method. This causes the ice and water to oscillate up and down until the ice suffers sufficient mechanical fatigue to cause a fracture.
515:
2316:
1497:
4456:
2779:
2221:
2100:
2495:
3417:
1794:
2746:
5837:
3052:
203:
in 1383 to help clear the town moat. The efforts of the ice-breaking barge were successful enough to warrant the town purchasing four such ships.
3060:
356:. The koch's hull was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice
5412:
4418:
2831:
5009:
4607:
4195:
2263:
2257:
5801:
577:. In about the same time, Canada had to fill its obligations in the Canadian Arctic. Large steam icebreakers, like the 80-metre (260 ft)
2135:
2083:
1284:
3747:
2052:
1376:
may be used to increase the thrust at lower speeds, but they may become clogged by ice. Until the 1980s, icebreakers operating regularly in
396:
was the wooden ship to have sailed farthest north (85°57'N) and farthest south (78°41'S), and one of the strongest wooden ships ever built.
1881:
1533:
4612:
1404:
1639:
1176:. Regardless of the method, the actual performance of new icebreakers is verified in full scale ice trials once the ship has been built.
450:
of 1864 was an important predecessor of modern icebreakers with propellers. The ship was built on the orders of merchant and shipbuilder
5695:
5376:
5198:
5088:
4857:
3446:
3395:
2309:
1458:
5146:
4727:
4666:
2012:
1910:
5169:
2741:
2589:
1865:
1769:
1095:
838:, was launched in 1957 and entered operation in 1959, before being officially decommissioned in 1989. It was both the world's first
749:-class design but without the bow propeller. Then in 1960, the next step in the Canadian development of large icebreakers came when
180:
5247:
501:
to freeze over, causing a prolonged halt to navigation and huge commercial losses. Carl Ferdinand Steinhaus reused the altered bow
1729:
2385:
1981:
978:, which do not require icebreakers in domestic waters, have research icebreakers for carrying out studies in the polar regions.
214:
where significant amounts of trade and transport of people and goods took place. In the 15th century the use of ice breakers in
5478:
5464:
5438:
5275:
4169:
3246:
2772:
676:
Since the mid-1970s, the most powerful diesel-electric icebreakers have been the formerly Soviet and later Russian icebreakers
5301:
5271:
3614:
3604:
3188:
2890:
2302:
2027:
1077:
985:
moves to the Arctic seas, icebreaking vessels are needed to supply cargo and equipment to the drilling sites and protect the
843:
162:
4912:
904:
Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by
775:, was delivered in 1969. Her original three steam turbine, nine generator, and three electric motor system produces 27,000
5074:
4584:
3717:
4983:
4869:
4712:
3758:
3219:
2987:
1352:
1320:
993:
from ice by performing ice management, which includes for example breaking drifting ice into smaller floes and steering
681:
89:
110:. The bending strength of sea ice is low enough that the ice breaks usually without noticeable change in the vessel's
5431:
5053:
4887:
4828:
4782:
2900:
1267:
1073:
1035:
880:, on August 17, 1977. Several nuclear-powered icebreakers were also built outside the Soviet Union. Two shallow-draft
158:
28:
3011:
1042:
which escorted a container and fuel ship through treacherous conditions before maintaining the channel free of ice.
5791:
4516:
4490:
4483:
4223:
3934:
3835:
3827:
3810:
3428:
2974:
2826:
2765:
1423:
1419:
1183:
at the waterline is as small as possible. As a result, icebreaking ships are characterized by a sloping or rounded
817:
1561:
1066:
151:
5614:
5224:
4920:
4719:
4504:
4386:
4189:
4071:
3922:
3771:
3709:
3696:
3569:
3295:
2947:
1945:
1428:, in 1959. It had a nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain in which the nuclear reactor was used to produce steam for
1345:, have a combined diesel-electric and mechanical propulsion system that consists of six diesel engines and three
1342:
1022:
1006:
864:
839:
2229:
363:
In the 19th century, similar protective measures were adopted to modern steam-powered icebreakers. Some notable
325:, however, operated their ships in the waters that were ice-free for most of the year, in the conditions of the
5764:
5355:
5349:
5267:
5141:
4926:
4652:
4528:
4378:
4266:
4050:
1433:
1327:
870:
769:
724:
687:
529:
520:
3066:
1432:, which in turn produced electricity for propulsion motors. Starting from 1975, the Russians commissioned six
1418:
The steam-powered icebreakers were resurrected in the late 1950s when the Soviet Union commissioned the first
1179:
In order to minimize the icebreaking forces, the hull lines of an icebreaker are usually designed so that the
5831:
5494:
4647:
4521:
4441:
3950:
3777:
2979:
881:
855:
833:
633:
95:
For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack: a strengthened
5769:
5335:
4602:
3267:
2609:
2422:
1338:
1263:
1208:
750:
661:
655:
649:
454:. She had the bow altered to achieve an ice-clearing capability (20° raise from keel line). This allowed
2269:
1259:
temperatures and high loading conditions, both of which are typical for operations in ice-filled waters.
5774:
5743:
5548:
5501:
5400:
5204:
5123:
5066:
4815:
4809:
4659:
4617:
4579:
4559:
4154:
3929:
3765:
3675:
3657:
3574:
3545:
3535:
3423:
3360:
3134:
2594:
2192:
1212:
is built with a flat bow and a water deluge system designed to reduce friction between the hull and ice.
1031:
1014:
941:
670:
543:
3815:
404:
1889:
1187:
as well as sloping sides and a short parallel midship to improve maneuverability in ice. However, the
302:. Such boats have no icebreaking capabilities, but they are light and well fit to carry over the ice.
5888:
5628:
5620:
5563:
5151:
5015:
4996:
4941:
4933:
4733:
4673:
4632:
4245:
4236:
4107:
4102:
4006:
3870:
3627:
3589:
3406:
3401:
3384:
3196:
2966:
2934:
2878:
2858:
2599:
2060:
1377:
1250:
1165:
731:
559:
555:
550:
and applied them to the creation of the first polar icebreaker, which was able to run over and crush
326:
1113:
802:
705:
5893:
5749:
5671:
5136:
5059:
4975:
4756:
4748:
4697:
4337:
4295:
3790:
3753:
3642:
3389:
3276:
3079:
2884:
2726:
2670:
2452:
1616:
1492:
1312:
1275:
639:
585:
535:
475:
428:
37:
4907:
1245:, a research icebreaker. The bow of an icebreaker is usually the most reinforced area of the ship.
5470:
5362:
5343:
4882:
4424:
4318:
4282:
4258:
4149:
3996:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3863:
3841:
3820:
3701:
3691:
3438:
3326:
3254:
2927:
2918:
2910:
2821:
2801:
2680:
2355:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1271:
945:
693:
570:
528:
The first true modern sea-going icebreaker was built at the turn of the 20th century. Icebreaker
445:
88:, it may also refer to smaller vessels, such as the icebreaking boats that were once used on the
2285:
932:, they are usually not powerful enough to manage the ice by themselves. For this reason, in the
746:
591:(1952), were built for this dual use (St. Lawrence flood prevention and Arctic replenishment).
344:("seaside settlers"). Gradually they developed a special type of small one- or two-mast wooden
5842:
5648:
5642:
5598:
5583:
5512:
5484:
5392:
5329:
5239:
5211:
5191:
5129:
5037:
5001:
4875:
4842:
4835:
4788:
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4687:
4436:
4305:
4253:
4159:
4112:
4040:
4029:
3741:
3731:
3723:
3619:
3609:
3520:
3515:
3498:
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3331:
3318:
3139:
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3003:
2998:
2788:
2457:
2360:
2131:
2079:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1861:
1765:
1650:
1388:
ship to move astern in ice without losing manoeuvrability. This has led to the development of
1283:
the actual icebreaking capability of an icebreaker, some classification societies such as the
1218:
1133:
1124:
982:
956:
294:
are small human-powered boats with a covered deck, and one or more cockpits, each seating one
249:
96:
5859:
5591:
5283:
5163:
4989:
4962:
4902:
4777:
4707:
4692:
4431:
4360:
4355:
4329:
4324:
4206:
4129:
4082:
3849:
3669:
3634:
3530:
3525:
3459:
3373:
3155:
3147:
3033:
2953:
2905:
2895:
2868:
2705:
2690:
2624:
2568:
2467:
2370:
1694:"AMSA Background Research Documents: History and Development of Arctic Marine Technology er"
1590:
1525:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1304:
1188:
1169:
1001:
578:
569:
In Canada, the government needed to provide a way to prevent flooding due to ice jam on the
306:
1914:
1311:(DC) generators and propulsion motors, but over the years the technology advanced first to
5849:
5796:
5781:
5687:
5682:
5606:
5571:
5507:
5406:
5321:
5288:
5020:
4803:
4795:
4764:
4680:
4640:
4394:
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4184:
4179:
4139:
4117:
4065:
4001:
3991:
3942:
3664:
3649:
3502:
3471:
3433:
3183:
3111:
3105:
3028:
2993:
2853:
2695:
2685:
2505:
2490:
2437:
2365:
1141:
787:
629:
607:
467:
451:
389:
382:
4372:
1937:
478:
thus extending the summer navigation season by several weeks. Inspired by the success of
1202:
1038:’s facility McMurdo in Antarctica. The most recent multi-month excursion was led by the
441:(190 kW) steam engines and her wooden paddles were reinforced with iron coverings.
423:
An early ship designed to operate in icy conditions was a 51-metre (167 ft) wooden
5823:
5806:
5759:
5718:
5708:
5677:
5536:
5526:
5418:
5368:
5233:
5183:
5156:
5101:
4897:
4892:
4741:
4594:
4448:
4410:
4367:
4300:
4274:
4228:
4201:
4174:
4144:
4087:
4045:
4035:
3915:
3908:
3805:
3785:
3597:
3557:
3488:
3284:
3259:
3214:
3178:
3172:
3164:
3124:
3119:
3093:
3073:
2841:
2665:
2525:
2447:
2432:
2427:
2176:
1736:
1429:
1308:
1255:
1234:
929:
424:
416:
412:
310:
207:
73:
5882:
5786:
5728:
5723:
5713:
5663:
5658:
5634:
5578:
5455:
5449:
5444:
5043:
4954:
4947:
4702:
4497:
4476:
4344:
4122:
4092:
4060:
4055:
3892:
3798:
3681:
3476:
3289:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3129:
3038:
2873:
2736:
2731:
2614:
2482:
2375:
2326:
1484:
1239:
1010:
895:
826:
795:
739:
698:
563:
364:
211:
951:
253:
Two teams of horses and a team of workers drag an ice breaker through the canals of
5817:
5811:
5423:
5387:
5253:
5080:
5030:
4969:
4823:
4511:
4462:
4312:
4134:
4097:
4077:
4018:
3552:
3540:
3483:
3411:
3312:
3209:
3203:
3100:
3088:
2961:
2939:
2863:
2816:
2650:
2442:
2407:
1478:
1287:
have operational capability requirements for certain ice classes. Since the 2000s,
1180:
990:
975:
966:
905:
830:
756:
was completed at Lauzon, Quebec. A considerably bigger and more powerful ship than
595:
434:
345:
337:
246:
and the technology behind them didn't change much until the industrial revolution.
53:
2154:
1842:
Segercrantz, H. (1989): Icebreakers — Their Historical and Technical Development.
1152:-curve to determine the icebreaking capability of the vessel. It shows the speed (
849:
719:
711:, which will have a combined propulsion power of 34,000 kW (46,000 hp).
617:
573:. Icebreakers were built in order to maintain the river free of ice jam, east of
5854:
5754:
5702:
5520:
5307:
5095:
4470:
4402:
4164:
4023:
3986:
3886:
3878:
3686:
3022:
2645:
2619:
2573:
2563:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2510:
2500:
2472:
2462:
1579:"Ice and water. The removal of ice on waterways in the Low Countries, 1330–1800"
1357:
1346:
1292:
1184:
1118:
1055:
937:
610:
icebreakers were built in the 1930s, icebreakers were either coal- or oil-fired
574:
459:
377:
368:
353:
279:
140:
124:
41:
738:
In Canada, diesel-electric icebreakers started to be built in 1952, first with
598:, also built several oceangoing icebreakers up to 11,000 tons in displacement.
5653:
5556:
5540:
5382:
5315:
5216:
4625:
4574:
3856:
3582:
3510:
3452:
2845:
2558:
2515:
2417:
2394:
2345:
2275:
1762:
Port Engineering, Volume 1: Harbor Planning, Breakwaters, and Marine Terminals
1595:
1578:
1474:
1464:
1192:
1027:
933:
877:
776:
611:
494:
438:
219:
115:
84:
for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking
5175:
4012:
3564:
3347:
2700:
2660:
2412:
1669:"7 Things You Should Know About (Nuclear-Powered, Drone-Guided) Icebreakers"
1612:"Some places flourished in the Little Ice Age. There are lessons for us now"
1521:
1441:
1279:
986:
971:
909:
891:
471:
333:
314:
267:
254:
235:
120:
17:
768:
Canada's largest and most powerful icebreaker, the 120-metre (390 ft)
1132:
ice pack at full power. More commonly the ice, which has a relatively low
206:
Ice breaking barges continued to see use during the colder winters of the
5107:
2710:
2655:
2604:
1196:
1173:
1123:
has a typical round icebreaker bow with small stem and flare angles. The
901:
566:
in 1964, making her one of the longest serving icebreakers in the world.
551:
348:, used for voyages in the ice conditions of the Arctic seas and later on
318:
223:
215:
111:
107:
81:
2294:
5734:
5114:
3901:
3379:
3355:
3343:
2629:
1080: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
994:
539:
498:
357:
349:
322:
295:
165: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
100:
1498:
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy § Icebreakers (AGB)
274:
106:
Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into frozen-over water or
3980:
3305:
2260:: Read a Q&A with Canadian Coast Guard acting commanding officer.
1295:(PC) to replace classification society specific ice class notations.
1161:
965:
Some icebreakers are also used to support scientific research in the
876:. In service since 1975, she was the first surface ship to reach the
822:
386:
341:
299:
291:
287:
231:
200:
2757:
1701:
The Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group (PAME)
437:
by Vandusen & Birelyn in 1837. The ship was powered by two 250-
2252:
1156:) that the ship is able to achieve as a function of ice thickness (
3366:
2553:
2402:
2350:
2288:
Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs
2155:
Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs
1403:
1351:
1233:
1201:
1112:
1000:
950:
848:
718:
616:
514:
403:
372:
273:
248:
239:
227:
36:
286:
The first boats to be used in the polar waters were those of the
2340:
85:
69:
65:
4557:
2799:
2761:
2298:
2013:"Canada's largest icebreaker to undergo life extension upgrade"
1439:. Soviets also built a nuclear-powered icebreaking cargo ship,
745:(was transferred later to the Canadian Coast Guard), using the
624:
is the world's first diesel-electric icebreaker, built in 1933.
1449:
class. The first vessel of this type entered service in 2020.
1049:
916:. This icebreaker is intended to be the sixth and last of the
887:
were built in Finland for the Soviet Union in the late 1980s.
134:
77:
2200:
1640:"Navigation in ice conditions. Experience of Russian sailors"
894:
were completed for the nuclear-powered Russian icebreaker NS
1291:(IACS) has proposed adopting an unified system known as the
1882:""Ymer": The first diesel-electric icebreaker in the world"
558:
delivered 10,000 horsepower (7,500 kW). The ship was
114:. In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its
1562:
Chapter 5 Ship Design and Construction for Ice Operations
1160:). This is done by calculating the velocity at which the
524:
is considered the first true modern sea-going icebreaker.
1195:
characteristics, and make the icebreaker susceptible to
444:
With a rounded shape and strong metal hull, the Russian
34:
Ship that is able to navigate through ice-covered waters
1764:(4th ed.). Gulf Publishing Company. p. 1375.
332:
In the 11th century, in North Russia the coasts of the
99:, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through
1368:
power and deliver enough thrust. Some shallow draught
48:
at right breaks ice around the Russian-flagged tanker
2272:
Short history of Russian icebreakers by Roderick Eime
1289:
International Association of Classification Societies
1191:
and round hull have poor hydrodynamic efficiency and
466:
was used between 1864 and 1890 for navigation in the
2078:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1–20.
1030:
oceans. Every year, a heavy icebreaker must perform
5535:
5266:
4853:
4593:
3966:
3497:
3342:
2840:
2719:
2638:
2582:
2524:
2481:
2393:
2333:
2130:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus Oy.
1372:have been built with four propellers in the stern.
1965:
508:s design from Britnev to make his own icebreaker,
2496:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
1034:, clearing a safe path for resupply ships to the
825:currently operates all existing and functioning
669:In 1941, the United States started building the
632:icebreaker was the 4,330-ton Swedish icebreaker
482:, Mikhail Britnev built a second similar vessel
2157:. The National Academies Press, Washington D.C.
2124:Raakaa voimaa—Suomalaisen jäänmurtamisen tarina
2028:"Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline"
1972:. Crescent Books (Random House). 1998. p.
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1787:"U.S. Arctic Prospects Ride on New Icebreakers"
859:, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker.
554:. The ship displaced 5,000 tons, and her steam-
371:also featured the egg-shaped form like that of
352:rivers. These earliest icebreakers were called
2222:"Canadian Coast Guard Ice Breaking hovercraft"
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
2773:
2310:
1647:Norsk Polarinstitutt (Svalbard Science Forum)
546:. The ship borrowed the main principles from
8:
1735:(in Russian). pp. 36–37. Archived from
863:The second Soviet nuclear icebreaker was NS
486:("Breakage" in Russian) in 1875 and a third
2128:Brute force - the Finnish Icebreaking Story
961:escorting a merchant ship in the Baltic Sea
4567:
4554:
2809:
2796:
2780:
2766:
2758:
2317:
2303:
2295:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
912:, and the ship was launched in 1993 as NS
2747:List of merchant navy capacity by country
1594:
1326:The 1969-built Canadian polar icebreaker
1262:If built according to the rules set by a
1144:who design icebreakers use the so-called
1096:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
5838:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2266:: View a Canadian Coast Guard slideshow.
1911:"Photo from building of Icebreaker Ymer"
1127:ice belt and "reamers" are also visible.
493:The cold winter of 1870–1871 caused the
5413:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1667:Madrigal, Alexis C. (17 January 2012).
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
2149:
2147:
2122:Turunen, Ari; Partanen, Petja (2011).
1938:"Icebreakers and the U.S. Coast Guard"
1638:Marchenko, Nataly (21 November 2007).
1577:de Kraker, Adrian M.J. (6 June 2016).
298:who strokes a single or double-bladed
2001:. Doubleday and Company. p. 378.
1968:Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II
1860:. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy.
1610:Degroot, Dagomar (19 February 2019).
1285:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
900:. The vessel was put into service by
7:
1534:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1396:to open a wide channel through ice.
1078:adding citations to reliable sources
163:adding citations to reliable sources
5199:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3396:Norse colonization of North America
2026:Henderson, Isaiah (July 18, 2019).
1785:Farhall, David (13 November 2011).
1459:Resonance method of ice destruction
305:In the 9th and 10th centuries, the
52:, 250 miles (400 km) south of
4728:United States Exploring Expedition
2153:National Research Council (2007):
80:-covered waters, and provide safe
25:
5802:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5170:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2742:International Chamber of Shipping
2590:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
1942:US Coast Guard Historian's Office
1844:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
1394:icebreakers that operate sideways
1278:, icebreakers may be assigned an
433:, that was built for the city of
262:Sailing ships in the polar waters
5696:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5089:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2384:
1477:
1054:
139:
2282:visiting the North Pole in 2001
1414:, a nuclear-powered icebreaker.
1065:needs additional citations for
844:nuclear-powered civilian vessel
150:needs additional citations for
2278:: Video of nuclear icebreaker
2253:Gallery of Russian icebreakers
1526:"Design of Ice Breaking Ships"
660:in Finland and the 1977-built
1:
5075:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5010:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2179:. United States Coast Guard.
2099:Atkinson, Peter (July 2018).
2076:Coast Guard Polar Icebreakers
1999:U.S. Warships of World War II
1886:Scandinavian Shipping Gazette
1321:controllable pitch propellers
490:("Buoy" in Russian) in 1889.
5432:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5248:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
5054:French Antarctic Expeditions
4984:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4870:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2988:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2276:Icebreaker at the North Pole
2053:"World's largest icebreaker"
1997:Silverstone, Paul H (1966).
1109:Ice resistance and hull form
840:nuclear-powered surface ship
829:icebreakers. The first one,
648:was followed by the Finnish
90:canals of the United Kingdom
4517:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4196:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3061:Andrée's balloon expedition
1730:"Prolonging the navigation"
1268:American Bureau of Shipping
1036:National Science Foundation
812:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
534:, was built in 1899 at the
29:Icebreaker (disambiguation)
5910:
3718:Franklin's lost expedition
3418:Christian IV's expeditions
2059:. May 2007. Archived from
1913:. Passagen. Archived from
1456:
1437:-class nuclear icebreakers
1420:nuclear-powered icebreaker
885:-class nuclear icebreakers
818:Nuclear-powered icebreaker
815:
602:Diesel-powered icebreakers
26:
4570:
4566:
4553:
4072:Great Northern Expedition
3748:Rae–Richardson expedition
2948:British Arctic Expedition
2812:
2808:
2795:
2382:
2181:Retrieved 2013-08-24.
1946:United States Coast Guard
1596:10.1007/s12685-016-0152-3
1566:Retrieved 2013-08-20.
1356:View of the underside of
1343:United States Coast Guard
1023:United States Coast Guard
1007:United States Coast Guard
400:Steam-powered icebreakers
5356:British Antarctic Survey
5350:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4595:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2226:www.griffonhoverwork.com
1564:. Canadian Coast Guard.
1117:The Estonian icebreaker
542:under contract from the
210:with growing use in the
5832:Pole of inaccessibility
5495:Antarctic Treaty System
3836:2nd Grinnell expedition
2569:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
2468:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
1856:Laurell, Seppo (1992).
1728:Veselov, Pavel (1993).
1339:Polar-class icebreakers
1206:The Swedish icebreaker
869:, the lead ship of the
808:, for the Coast Guard.
375:boats, for example the
278:A 17th-century Russian
2610:Platform supply vessel
2423:Coastal trading vessel
2177:CGC Polar Star History
2074:Scott, Nathan (2010).
1415:
1364:
1264:classification society
1246:
1213:
1128:
1018:
962:
860:
735:
625:
525:
420:
283:
258:
57:
5502:Transglobe Expedition
5401:Operation Deep Freeze
4810:Challenger expedition
3676:Coppermine expedition
3197:Drifting ice stations
2595:Diving support vessel
2032:The California Review
1408:Reactor head for the
1407:
1355:
1237:
1205:
1116:
1032:Operation Deep Freeze
1015:Operation Deep Freeze
1004:
954:
942:Saint Lawrence Seaway
852:
722:
620:
556:reciprocating engines
544:Imperial Russian Navy
518:
407:
277:
252:
72:designed to move and
64:is a special-purpose
40:
2600:Emergency tow vessel
2101:"Keeping it Working"
1363:hull and propellers.
1299:Power and propulsion
1251:longitudinal framing
1074:improve this article
732:Canadian Coast Guard
327:Medieval Warm Period
194:Earliest icebreakers
159:improve this article
27:For other uses, see
5672:South magnetic pole
4338:Brusilov expedition
3447:Danish colonization
2885:North magnetic pole
2727:Nautical operations
2671:Floating restaurant
2453:Lighter aboard ship
2264:Canadian Geographic
1858:Höyrymurtajien aika
1617:The Washington Post
1493:List of icebreakers
1390:double acting ships
1330:Louis S. St-Laurent
1313:alternating current
955:Finnish icebreaker
784:Louis S. St-Laurent
772:Louis S. St-Laurent
727:Louis S. St-Laurent
536:Armstrong Whitworth
430:City Ice Boat No. 1
409:City Ice Boat No. 1
119:propulsion system (
5363:Operation Windmill
5344:Operation Highjump
4319:Rusanov expedition
4224:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3968:North East Passage
3772:McClure expedition
2681:Merchant submarine
2356:Maritime transport
2270:Pushing the Limits
2105:Sea Power Magazine
2015:. 4 November 2020.
1936:Canney, Donald L.
1797:on 23 October 2013
1760:Bruun, P. (1989).
1416:
1365:
1272:Det Norske Veritas
1247:
1214:
1129:
1019:
963:
946:Northern Sea Route
861:
853:A Soviet stamp of
782:On 22 August 1994
736:
628:The world's first
626:
571:St. Lawrence River
526:
421:
419:was built in 1837.
367:in the end of the
284:
259:
58:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5330:Operation Tabarin
5192:Far Eastern Party
5038:Nimrod Expedition
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4108:M. Pronchishcheva
4030:Siberian Cossacks
3499:Northwest Passage
2832:Research stations
2789:Polar exploration
2755:
2754:
2458:Livestock carrier
2361:Freight transport
2137:978-951-796-762-4
2085:978-1-60692-987-2
1917:on 7 January 2005
1385:Azimuth thrusters
1378:ridged ice fields
1370:river icebreakers
1226:Structural design
1134:flexural strength
1106:
1105:
1098:
983:offshore drilling
930:navigation in ice
753:John A. Macdonald
606:Before the first
313:, and eventually
191:
190:
183:
16:(Redirected from
5901:
5377:Ronne Expedition
4862:
4856:
4720:Dumont d'Urville
4568:
4555:
4103:V. Pronchishchev
2810:
2797:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2706:Semi-submersible
2691:Pipe-laying ship
2388:
2371:Maritime history
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2228:. Archived from
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2189:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1888:. Archived from
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:, Vol 14, No. 1.
1840:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1775:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1703:. Archived from
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1649:. Archived from
1644:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1453:Resonance method
1341:operated by the
1305:Second World War
1276:Lloyd's Register
1219:explosion-welded
1189:spoon-shaped bow
1142:Naval architects
1125:explosion-welded
1101:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1058:
1050:
944:, and along the
777:shaft horsepower
762:John A.Macdonald
692:which have nine
507:
497:and the port of
385:and other great
340:became known as
307:Viking expansion
186:
179:
175:
172:
166:
143:
135:
125:propeller shafts
21:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5864:
5539:
5531:
5407:McMurdo Station
5276:Modern research
5274:
5262:
4997:O. Nordenskjöld
4860:
4854:
4849:
4765:Ross expedition
4589:
4562:
4541:
3970:
3962:
3503:Northern Canada
3501:
3493:
3346:
3338:
2844:
2836:
2804:
2791:
2786:
2756:
2751:
2715:
2696:Research vessel
2686:Narco-submarine
2634:
2578:
2520:
2506:Hydrogen tanker
2491:Chemical tanker
2477:
2438:Heavy-lift ship
2389:
2380:
2366:Merchant marine
2329:
2323:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2197:Arctia Shipping
2191:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1461:
1455:
1430:turbogenerators
1402:
1400:Nuclear-powered
1301:
1228:
1166:pressure ridges
1111:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1071:
1059:
1048:
1046:Characteristics
926:
827:nuclear-powered
820:
814:
717:
694:twelve-cylinder
683:Admiral Makarov
630:diesel-electric
608:diesel-electric
604:
505:
468:Gulf of Finland
462:for centuries.
452:Mikhail Britnev
402:
390:Polar explorers
383:Fridtjof Nansen
321:in the Arctic.
264:
196:
187:
176:
170:
167:
156:
144:
133:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5907:
5905:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5881:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5824:Vostok Station
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5775:Cherry-Garrard
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5615:Southern Cross
5611:
5610:
5609:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5545:
5543:
5537:Farthest South
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5234:Ross Sea party
5230:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5034:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4928:Southern Cross
4921:Southern Cross
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4865:
4863:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4786:
4780:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4667:Bellingshausen
4657:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4526:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3974:
3972:Russian Arctic
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3414:
3409:
3407:Snæbjörn galti
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3309:
3302:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:Farthest North
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Fishing vessel
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Lake freighter
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Container ship
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:merchant ships
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2247:External links
2245:
2243:
2242:
2213:
2193:"Arctia Fleet"
2184:
2169:
2159:
2143:
2136:
2114:
2091:
2084:
2066:
2063:on 2009-02-27.
2044:
2018:
2004:
1989:
1982:
1957:
1928:
1902:
1873:
1866:
1848:
1808:
1777:
1770:
1752:
1720:
1685:
1659:
1656:on 2012-07-23.
1630:
1602:
1589:(2): 109–128.
1569:
1547:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1472:
1469:
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1401:
1398:
1309:direct current
1300:
1297:
1256:yield strength
1227:
1224:
1168:is to perform
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1013:in support of
1009:icebreaker in
925:
922:
842:and the first
816:Main article:
813:
810:
716:
713:
603:
600:
560:decommissioned
538:naval yard in
425:paddle steamer
417:paddle steamer
413:Delaware River
401:
398:
311:North Atlantic
263:
260:
208:Little Ice Age
195:
192:
189:
188:
147:
145:
138:
132:
129:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5906:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4955:Discovery Hut
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:A. Sibiryakov
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:Glavsevmorput
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3851:
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3135:Riiser-Larsen
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2737:Admiralty law
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2732:Affreightment
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2376:Shipping line
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2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2232:on 2017-02-07
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2203:on 2013-10-23
2202:
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2106:
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2095:
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2062:
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2057:Ships Monthly
2054:
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2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1892:on 2013-08-09
1891:
1887:
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1877:
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1869:
1867:951-47-6775-6
1863:
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1778:
1773:
1771:0-87201-843-1
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1742:on 2011-08-16
1738:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1710:on 2021-02-24
1706:
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1583:Water History
1580:
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1556:
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1527:
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1485:Oceans portal
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1126:
1122:
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1115:
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1100:
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1079:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1063:This section
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1011:McMurdo Sound
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
991:oil platforms
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
968:
960:
959:
953:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
897:50 Let Pobedy
893:
890:In May 2007,
888:
886:
884:
879:
875:
873:
868:
867:
858:
857:
851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
811:
809:
807:
806:
800:
799:
794:icebreakers,
792:
791:
785:
780:
778:
774:
773:
766:
763:
759:
755:
754:
748:
744:
743:
733:
729:
728:
721:
714:
712:
710:
709:
703:
702:
695:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
674:
672:
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665:
664:
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658:
653:
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647:
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637:
636:
631:
623:
619:
615:
613:
609:
601:
599:
597:
592:
590:
589:
583:
582:
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572:
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561:
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549:
545:
541:
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523:
522:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
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395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
365:sailing ships
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:sailing ships
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
276:
272:
269:
261:
256:
251:
247:
243:
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237:
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225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
193:
185:
182:
174:
164:
160:
154:
153:
148:This section
146:
142:
137:
136:
130:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
45:
39:
30:
19:
5830:
5818:Pole of Cold
5816:
5742:
5733:
5701:
5694:
5670:
5641:
5627:
5621:Borchgrevink
5613:
5600:
5585:
5565:
5550:
5519:
5500:
5493:
5477:
5463:
5454:
5437:
5430:
5411:
5399:
5375:
5361:
5354:
5342:
5328:
5314:
5300:
5293:
5254:
5246:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5205:
5197:
5190:
5177:
5168:
5130:
5122:
5113:
5106:
5094:
5087:
5073:
5061:Pourquoi-Pas
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5031:Orcadas Base
5029:
5021:
5008:
5002:C. A. Larsen
4990:
4982:
4968:
4961:
4948:
4940:
4934:Borchgrevink
4927:
4919:
4876:
4868:
4843:C. A. Larsen
4836:
4817:
4808:
4790:
4772:
4763:
4750:
4735:
4726:
4713:
4674:
4660:
4653:
4634:
4619:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4505:
4498:
4484:
4469:
4455:
4442:
4417:
4403:
4401:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4343:
4336:
4317:
4283:
4281:
4267:
4265:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4215:
4213:
4194:
4070:
4028:
4011:
3979:
3943:
3941:
3921:
3920:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3872:
3857:
3843:
3834:
3821:
3792:
3780:Investigator
3779:
3770:
3746:
3733:
3725:
3716:
3703:
3674:
3651:
3636:
3621:
3591:
3576:
3546:
3465:
3445:
3416:
3412:Erik the Red
3394:
3372:
3365:
3322:submersibles
3319:
3313:Arktika 2007
3311:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3278:
3269:
3266:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3202:
3195:
3171:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3112:
3110:
3081:
3078:
3067:S. A. Andrée
3059:
3046:
3021:
3013:
3010:
2986:
2968:
2955:
2946:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2883:
2675:
2651:Crane vessel
2443:Hopper barge
2408:Bulk carrier
2287:
2279:
2258:"Ice heroes"
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2225:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2196:
2187:
2172:
2162:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2075:
2069:
2061:the original
2056:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1983:0517-67963-9
1967:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1885:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1744:. Retrieved
1737:the original
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1700:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1673:The Atlantic
1672:
1662:
1651:the original
1646:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1539:. Retrieved
1532:
1462:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1383:
1366:
1359:
1347:gas turbines
1336:
1334:powertrain.
1329:
1325:
1317:
1302:
1261:
1248:
1241:
1229:
1215:
1207:
1178:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1119:
1092:
1083:
1072:Please help
1067:verification
1064:
1039:
1020:
980:
976:South Africa
964:
957:
927:
917:
913:
906:Baltic Works
896:
889:
882:
871:
865:
862:
854:
834:
821:
804:
797:
789:
783:
781:
771:
767:
761:
757:
752:
741:
737:
726:
707:
700:
688:
682:
677:
675:
668:
662:
656:
650:
645:
640:
634:
627:
621:
605:
596:Soviet Union
593:
587:
580:
568:
562:in 1963 and
547:
530:
527:
519:
510:Eisbrecher I
509:
502:
492:
487:
483:
479:
463:
455:
446:
443:
435:Philadelphia
429:
422:
408:
393:
376:
362:
338:Arctic Ocean
331:
309:reached the
304:
285:
265:
244:
205:
197:
177:
168:
157:Please help
152:verification
149:
105:
94:
61:
59:
54:Nome, Alaska
49:
43:
18:Ice breaking
5889:Icebreakers
5521:Lake Vostok
5471:Tryoshnikov
5393:Schlossbach
5284:Christensen
5226:James Caird
5147:E. R. Evans
4913:Dobrowolski
4883:de Gerlache
4585:Expeditions
4471:Aviaarktika
4425:Samoylovich
4296:Kolomeitsev
4190:Middendorff
4150:Gedenshtrom
3570:I. Fyodorov
3332:Chilingarov
3220:E. Fyodorov
2827:Expeditions
2646:Cable layer
2639:Other types
2620:Salvage tug
2574:Train ferry
2564:Ocean liner
2549:Cruiseferry
2544:Cruise ship
2539:Cargo liner
2534:Cable ferry
2511:LNG carrier
2501:Gas carrier
2473:Train ferry
2463:Reefer ship
2111:(6): 26–28.
1921:5 September
1801:22 December
1678:22 December
1623:11 November
1358:USCGC
1293:Polar Class
1238:Bow of the
1217:utilize an
1170:model tests
938:Great Lakes
788:USCGC
734:icebreaker.
666:in Sweden.
612:steam ships
588:D'Iberville
584:(1930) and
581:N.B. McLean
476:Oranienbaum
460:Barents Sea
369:Age of Sail
282:in a museum
212:Low Country
5894:Ship types
5883:Categories
5744:Terra Nova
5649:Shackleton
5592:J. C. Ross
5551:Resolution
5541:South Pole
5316:New Swabia
5240:Mackintosh
5212:Shackleton
5131:Terra Nova
5124:Terra Nova
4858:Heroic Age
4818:Challenger
4778:J. C. Ross
4688:Bransfield
4620:Resolution
4535:icebreaker
4499:Chelyuskin
4240:expedition
4218:Expedition
4160:Matyushkin
4118:Kh. Laptev
4113:Chelyuskin
4007:Heemskerck
3997:Chancellor
3992:Willoughby
3987:Koch boats
3930:Stefansson
3864:McClintock
3828:Inglefield
3670:J. C. Ross
3577:Resolution
3429:Cunningham
3327:Sagalevich
3016:expedition
2975:Stephenson
2935:C. F. Hall
2922:expedition
2896:J. C. Ross
2859:Heemskerck
2846:North Pole
2676:Icebreaker
2559:Narrowboat
2516:Oil tanker
2418:Chain boat
2346:Cargo ship
2236:2017-02-06
2207:2013-01-11
1951:2013-01-09
1896:2013-08-09
1746:2018-12-27
1714:2011-07-03
1541:2012-10-27
1504:References
1465:hovercraft
1303:Since the
1242:Polarstern
1193:seakeeping
1086:March 2024
1040:Polar Star
987:drillships
934:Baltic Sea
892:sea trials
878:North Pole
803:CCGS
796:CCGS
770:CCGS
751:CCGS
725:CCGS
706:CCGS
699:CCGS
671:Wind class
495:Elbe River
439:horsepower
381:, used by
220:Oudenaarde
171:March 2024
121:propellers
62:icebreaker
5843:Tolstikov
5629:Discovery
5599:HMS
5584:HMS
5566:Adventure
5564:HMS
5549:HMS
5485:Tolstikov
5206:Endurance
4991:Antarctic
4976:Drygalski
4949:Discovery
4942:Discovery
4903:Arctowski
4816:HMS
4789:HMS
4783:Abernethy
4771:HMS
4749:USS
4736:Vincennes
4734:USS
4714:Astrolabe
4654:San Telmo
4635:Adventure
4633:HMS
4618:HMS
4613:Kerguelen
4575:Continent
4560:Antarctic
4437:Urvantsev
4395:Vilkitsky
4248:Jeannette
4246:USS
4238:Jeannette
4202:Weyprecht
4180:Pakhtusov
4130:Chichagov
4123:D. Laptev
4066:Permyakov
4041:Stadukhin
4036:Perfilyev
4013:Mangazeya
3951:H. Larsen
3916:Rasmussen
3871:HMS
3842:USS
3791:HMS
3778:HMS
3742:Collinson
3732:HMS
3724:HMS
3702:HMS
3650:HMS
3635:HMS
3620:HMS
3605:Mackenzie
3592:Discovery
3590:HMS
3575:HMS
3547:Discovery
3526:Frobisher
3489:Rasmussen
3402:Gunnbjörn
3348:Greenland
3277:USS
3268:USS
3140:Ellsworth
3082:Roosevelt
3012:Nansen's
2969:Discovery
2967:HMS
2954:HMS
2901:Abernethy
2869:Marmaduke
2701:Riverboat
2661:Drillship
2526:Passenger
2413:Car float
2395:Dry cargo
2334:Overviews
1791:Bloomberg
1442:Sevmorput
1280:ice class
1028:Antarctic
972:Argentina
910:Leningrad
805:Imnaryuaq
790:Polar Sea
747:USCG Wind
708:Imnaryuaq
644:in 1957.
586:CGS
579:CGS
472:Kronstadt
387:Norwegian
334:White Sea
315:Greenland
268:waterline
255:Amsterdam
236:Diksmuide
82:waterways
46:(WAGB-20)
5855:A. Fuchs
5812:V. Fuchs
5792:McKinley
5755:E. Evans
5714:Bjaaland
5709:Amundsen
5659:Marshall
5572:Furneaux
5424:V. Fuchs
5388:E. Ronne
5383:F. Ronne
5322:Ritscher
5176:SY
5164:Filchner
5108:Framheim
5102:Amundsen
4908:Racoviță
4893:Amundsen
4888:Lecointe
4757:Ringgold
4751:Porpoise
4641:Furneaux
4477:Shevelev
4432:Begichev
4411:Amundsen
4373:Nagórski
4351:Brusilov
4345:Sv. Anna
4259:Melville
4229:Palander
4185:Tsivolko
4145:Sannikov
4140:Billings
4083:Chirikov
4002:Barentsz
3944:St. Roch
3935:Bartlett
3909:Amundsen
3893:Sverdrup
3793:Resolute
3682:Franklin
3610:Kotzebue
3477:Sverdrup
3460:Scoresby
3434:Lindenov
3285:Plaisted
3270:Nautilus
3215:Shirshov
3189:Belyakov
3184:Baydukov
3158:Nautilus
3120:Amundsen
3080:SS
3039:Sverdrup
3034:Johansen
3004:Brainard
2999:Lockwood
2854:Barentsz
2711:Snagboat
2605:Fireboat
2037:July 18,
1522:Riska, K
1471:See also
1266:such as
1240:RV
1197:slamming
1174:ice tank
995:icebergs
940:and the
924:Function
902:Murmansk
798:Arpatuuq
758:Labrador
742:Labrador
701:Arpatuuq
575:Montréal
564:scrapped
552:pack ice
470:between
350:Siberian
319:Svalbard
290:. Their
257:in 1733.
224:Kortrijk
216:Flanders
108:pack ice
76:through
74:navigate
5860:Messner
5807:Hillary
5787:Balchen
5735:Polheim
5729:Wisting
5607:Crozier
5579:Weddell
5557:J. Cook
5527:Kapitsa
5508:Fiennes
5450:Klenova
5419:Hillary
5369:Ketchum
5295:BANZARE
5270:·
5115:Polheim
5081:Shirase
5067:Charcot
4877:Belgica
4796:Crozier
4708:Morrell
4703:Weddell
4681:Lazarev
4626:J. Cook
4580:History
4530:Arktika
4506:Krassin
4491:Voronin
4463:Schmidt
4449:Ushakov
4388:Vaygach
4356:Albanov
4325:Rusanov
4306:Kolchak
4301:Matisen
4275:Makarov
4254:De Long
4155:Wrangel
4135:Lyakhov
4088:Malygin
4046:Dezhnev
3873:Pandora
3844:Advance
3811:Kennedy
3806:Belcher
3799:Kellett
3786:McClure
3710:Beechey
3704:Blossom
3697:Simpson
3665:Crozier
3658:Hoppner
3615:J. Ross
3583:J. Cook
3531:Gilbert
3424:J. Hall
3390:Ingólfr
3380:Naddodd
3374:Vikings
3361:Brendan
3356:Pytheas
3344:Iceland
3298:Arktika
3290:Herbert
3255:Badygin
3225:Krenkel
3210:Papanin
3179:Chkalov
3165:Wilkins
3130:Wisting
3074:F. Cook
2980:Markham
2940:Bessels
2929:Polaris
2920:Polaris
2891:J. Ross
2874:Carolus
2822:History
2720:Related
2656:Dredger
2630:Tugboat
2583:Support
2483:Tankers
2428:Collier
2325:Modern
1536:(EOLSS)
1447:Arktika
1435:Arktika
1374:Nozzles
1120:Botnica
920:class.
918:Arktika
872:Arktika
866:Arktika
540:England
499:Hamburg
411:at the
358:portage
323:Vikings
296:paddler
288:Eskimos
131:History
101:sea ice
5770:Bowers
5765:Wilson
5724:Hassel
5719:Helmer
5688:Mackay
5678:Mawson
5643:Nimrod
5601:Terror
5586:Erebus
5513:Burton
5308:Rymill
5184:Mawson
5178:Aurora
5157:Lashly
5142:Wilson
5045:Nimrod
5022:Scotia
4829:Murray
4804:Cooper
4791:Terror
4773:Erebus
4742:Wilkes
4693:Palmer
4661:Vostok
4608:Bouvet
4532:-class
4512:Gakkel
4380:Taymyr
4361:Konrad
4330:Kuchin
4268:Yermak
4175:Lavrov
4093:Ovtsyn
4078:Bering
4056:Ivanov
4019:Hudson
3981:Pomors
3958:Cowper
3923:Karluk
3822:Isabel
3816:Bellot
3766:Austin
3734:Terror
3726:Erebus
3622:Griper
3598:Clerke
3558:Baffin
3541:Hudson
3472:Nansen
3385:Garðar
3306:Barneo
3173:ANT-25
3149:Italia
3125:Nobile
3094:Henson
3053:Amedeo
3029:Nansen
2994:Greely
2864:Hudson
2802:Arctic
2625:Tender
2615:Pusher
2290:(2007)
2134:
2082:
1980:
1864:
1768:
1172:in an
1162:thrust
967:Arctic
936:, the
883:Taymyr
823:Russia
715:Canada
689:Krasin
531:Yermak
521:Yermak
415:. The
342:Pomors
300:paddle
292:kayaks
232:Veurne
201:Bruges
42:USCGC
5850:Crary
5797:Dufek
5760:Oates
5750:Scott
5683:David
5664:Adams
5635:Barne
5456:Mirny
5445:Somov
5255:Quest
5152:Crean
5137:Scott
5016:Bruce
4970:Gauss
4963:Gauss
4837:Jason
4824:Nares
4698:Davis
4675:Mirny
4648:Smith
4603:Roché
4523:Lenin
4443:Sadko
4368:Wiese
4313:Sedov
4284:Zarya
4207:Payer
4170:Litke
4165:Anjou
4098:Minin
4061:Vagin
4051:Popov
4024:Poole
3879:Young
3692:Dease
3637:Hecla
3628:Parry
3553:Bylot
3536:Davis
3511:Cabot
3484:Peary
3466:Jason
3453:Egede
3367:Papar
3279:Skate
3260:Wiese
3240:NP-37
3233:NP-36
3113:Norge
3101:Sedov
3089:Peary
3047:Jason
2962:Nares
2956:Alert
2911:Hayes
2879:Parry
2817:Ocean
2554:Ferry
2403:Barge
2351:Cargo
2286:Book
2280:Yamal
2126:[
1740:(PDF)
1733:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1529:(PDF)
1425:Lenin
1411:Yamal
1360:Healy
1328:CCGS
1181:flare
874:class
856:Lenin
835:Lenin
740:HMCS
730:is a
678:Ermak
548:Pilot
506:'
503:Pilot
480:Pilot
464:Pilot
456:Pilot
447:Pilot
373:Pomor
354:kochi
240:Hulst
228:Ieper
86:ships
50:Renda
44:Healy
5782:Byrd
5703:Fram
5654:Wild
5336:Marr
5302:BGLE
5289:Byrd
5217:Wild
5096:Fram
4898:Cook
4419:AARI
4404:Maud
4291:Toll
4216:Vega
3902:Gjøa
3887:Fram
3850:Kane
3687:Back
3652:Fury
3643:Lyon
3565:Munk
3204:NP-1
3106:Byrd
3023:Fram
3014:Fram
2906:Kane
2341:Ship
2167:839.
2132:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2039:2019
1978:ISBN
1923:2013
1862:ISBN
1803:2018
1766:ISBN
1680:2018
1625:2019
1337:Two
1209:Oden
1185:stem
1021:The
989:and
974:and
958:Otso
914:Ural
801:and
786:and
723:The
704:and
686:and
663:Ymer
657:Sisu
651:Sisu
646:Ymer
641:Oden
635:Ymer
622:Ymer
488:Booy
474:and
394:Fram
378:Fram
317:and
280:koch
238:and
112:trim
97:hull
70:boat
66:ship
5479:3rd
5465:2nd
5439:1st
5272:IGY
5268:IPY
3858:Fox
3754:Rae
3320:Mir
3296:NS
1974:308
1591:doi
1274:or
1076:by
981:As
970:as
908:of
846:.
484:Boy
161:by
116:bow
78:ice
68:or
60:An
5885::
4384:/
2224:.
2195:.
2146:^
2109:61
2107:.
2103:.
2055:.
2030:.
1976:.
1944:.
1940:.
1884:.
1811:^
1789:.
1699:.
1671:.
1645:.
1614:.
1585:.
1581:.
1550:^
1531:.
1524:.
1511:^
1463:A
1422:,
1270:,
1005:A
831:NS
760:,
680:,
512:.
427:,
392:.
329:.
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
123:,
103:.
92:.
4861:"
4855:"
4798:)
4794:(
4785:)
4776:(
2781:e
2774:t
2767:v
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
2239:.
2210:.
2140:.
2088:.
2041:.
1986:.
1954:.
1925:.
1899:.
1870:.
1805:.
1774:.
1749:.
1717:.
1682:.
1627:.
1599:.
1593::
1587:9
1544:.
1158:h
1154:v
1150:v
1148:-
1146:h
1099:)
1093:(
1088:)
1084:(
1070:.
1017:.
218:(
184:)
178:(
173:)
169:(
155:.
56:.
31:.
20:)
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