598:"Have we not been robbed entirely of most of our possessions, and those the greatest, while for those that remain we pay taxes? Besides pasturing and tilling for them all our other possessions, do we not pay a yearly tribute for our very bodies? How much better it would be to have been sold to masters once for all than, possessing empty titles of freedom, to have to ransom ourselves every year! How much better to have been slain and to have perished than to go about with a tax on our heads!... Among the rest of mankind death frees even those who are in slavery to others; only in the case of the Romans do the very dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it that, though none of us has any money (how, indeed, could we, or where would we get it?), we are stripped and despoiled like a murderer's victims? And why should the Romans be expected to display moderation as time goes on, when they have behaved toward us in this fashion at the very outset, when all men show consideration even for the beasts they have newly captured?"
1209:
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49:
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729:, off the coast of North Wales. On hearing the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison on Mona and returned to deal with Boudica. He moved quickly with a force of men through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before the arrival of Boudica's army but, outnumbered, he decided to abandon the town to the rebels, who burned it down after torturing and killing everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the
531:
382:
3463:
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1509:
1495:
3451:
766:
The Roman army was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels numbered 230,000 — but
Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, after which she was given a
517:
Both
Tacitus and Dio give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though it is thought that her words were never recorded during her life. Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a comparison for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to war, and to portray the
957:
No contemporary description of
Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a century after her death, provided a detailed description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a
628:
Dio gives
Boudica a speech to her people and their allies reminding them that life was much better before the Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing the blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when
1208:
2116:, p. 2 "After sacking the settlements of Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now St Albans) Boudica's army brought its destructive force to Londinium. Footnote 4: The destruction of Verulamium follows that of Londinium in some accounts."
751:, fire, or cross". Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.
633:
invaded. The willingness of those seen as barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation for the rebellions.
1148:(written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen as a violent and bloodthirsty warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the
608:
The Romans' next actions were described by
Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of the countryside, the ransacking of the king's household, and the brutal treatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was
958:
great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."
931:. In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to the endeavours of Roman rule."
746:
Dio and
Tacitus both reported that around 80,000 people were said to have been killed by the rebels. According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking the Roman population as prisoners, only in slaughter by
1356:, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler".
1255:
684:
had been erected there to
Claudius, at great expense to the local population. Combined with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans.
895:, further variations began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of the name,
339:, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. Unable to defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated a detachment of the
3032:(in Ancient Greek and English). Vol. VIII. Translated by Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Baldwin. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 61–171.
2830:
1136:
was the most notable literary work to champion the resistance of the
Britons, and helped to project British ideas of imperial expansion. It caused Boudica to become a British
695:
located in London, who were not equipped to fight
Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the
1533:
763:
with a wood behind. The Romans used the terrain to their advantage, launching javelins at the
Britons before advancing in a wedge-shaped formation and deploying cavalry.
617:. These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by
1341:
3179:
1194:, who lent his horses for use as models. The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was produced between 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the
353:, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused
1290:
1109:
During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of English nationhood. Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as in Edward Barnard's
573:
planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. The Romans allowed the kingdom to retain its independence once the uprising was suppressed.
940:
1239:
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Cassius Dio began his history of Rome and its empire about 140 years after Boudica's death. Much is lost and his account of Boudica survives only in the
349:. In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the
1223:
1271:
3500:
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to aid her army. Once the revolt had begun, the only Roman troops available to provide assistance, aside from the few within the colony, were 200
993:
the works of Tacitus and Cassius Dio became available in England, after which her status changed as it was interpreted by historians, poets and
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1964:
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produced in 1812 by Stothard. Another work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic and Christian themes.
357:
to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of the province.
273:, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the
3387:
2989:
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2157:
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in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a public vote. It shows her with her daughters and without warrior trappings.
971:
922:
2834:
1655:
3023:
2798:
1986:
687:
The Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men. Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory
2611:
Dramatists and Their Manuscripts in the Age of Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton and Heywood: authorship, authority and the playhouse
569:. The Iceni produced some of the earliest known British coins. They had revolted against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor
3560:
3510:
1879:
2178:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest
778:
may have been an honorific title, in which case the name by which she was known during most of her life is unknown. The English
3342:
3535:
3187:
2976:
2368:
1723:
1668:"... a disaster in Britain where two important towns were sacked and great numbers of citizens and allies were butchered; ...
1321:, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a
1049:
696:
3365:
Macdonald, Sharon (1988). "Boadicea: warrior, mother and myth". In Holden, Pat; Macdonald, Sharon; Ardener, Shirley (eds.).
1036:(1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica. From the 1570s to the 1590s, when
759:
Suetonius regrouped his forces. He amassed an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified location, and took a stand in a
281:. When he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to the Roman historian
1191:
3441:
3545:
2522:
692:
266:
in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.
297:
wrote that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher
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1641:
1471:
1102:
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1827:
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1068:
726:
700:
325:
919:
One of the earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work
891:. Her name was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval
2380:
981:
3530:
1544:
1525:
1230:
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570:
493:
328:
31:
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1127:
The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century
3565:
3525:
3520:
1359:
A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a Celtic Welsh heroine. A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at
290:
3259:
514:. He provides greater and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details are often fictitious.
1383:
1122:
1053:, involving a story about a British heroine he called 'Bunduca'. A variation of this name was used in the
625:; and Boudica's own entreaties. The loans were thought by the Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange.
485:
350:
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2770:
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escaped. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour had provoked the rebellion, fled abroad to
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2017:
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1313:
Boudica was once thought to have been buried at a place which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in
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2615:
2149:
1500:
1463:
1440:
1337:
1195:
911:(1782), a work whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialistic champion.
419:
361:
203:
3405:
2144:
Wall, Martin (2022). "2. The treacherous lioness: Boudicca and the great British revolt (60–61)".
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1771:
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1187:
1029:
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783:
760:
618:
462:
298:
278:
3117:
1645:
1167:, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text based on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.
1117:
of the queen as a classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by
3372:
3346:
3315:
3287:
3236:
3226:
3209:
3199:
3161:
3151:
3134:
3124:
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1960:
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in London. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention. At
1017:
128:
30:
For other uses of this word (spelled this way and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see
2784:
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1884:
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1651:
1475:
1387:
1371:
1326:
861:
823:
815:
704:
653:
504:
441:
149:
48:
2527:
Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes (Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies)
2959:
2790:
2584:"Spenser and the Historical Revolution: Briton Moniments and the Problem of Roman Britain"
1452:
1413:
1408:
1349:
1183:
1114:
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his heirs. The Romans ignored the will, and the kingdom was absorbed into the province of
511:
428:
411:
319:
255:
65:
1040:'s England was at war with Spain, Boudica proved to be a valuable asset for the English.
581:
On his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two daughters as well as the Roman Emperor
3425:
395:
3540:
3479:
3467:
3275:
3255:
3192:
2173:
1514:
1479:
1044:
904:
797:
621:; Decianus Catus's confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor
590:
558:
246:
230:
466:(121); and the longest account, a detailed description of the revolt contained within
3489:
3311:
2491:
2303:
1783:
1456:
1433:
1428:
1417:
1395:
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1322:
1156:
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1118:
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630:
586:
365:
274:
259:
103:
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1006:
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681:
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423:
415:
304:
In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed
286:
263:
3027:
1903:
1083:", became a popular patriotic song in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.
767:
lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive.
3366:
3091:
2671:
2609:
2206:
3019:
2786:
Images of Women in Peace & War: cross-cultural & historical perspectives
2583:
2132:
eadem clades municipio Verulamio fuit – Like ruin fell on the town of Verulamium
1468:
1333:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1064:
1037:
1013:(1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.
990:
665:
467:
387:
313:
305:
294:
2474:
2453:
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1888:
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1318:
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346:
309:
270:
121:
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2483:
1873:
1767:
1663:
1605:
710:, attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The
3368:
Images of Women in Peace and War: cross-cultural and historical perspectives
2181:
1959:. Roman Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 92.
1149:
1071:, in which one of the characters was Boudica. A version of that play called
994:
877:
740:
457:
336:
218:
53:
17:
2388:
1432:(1978), a British television series created by Martin Mellett and starring
1129:(1815) was an early attempt to depict her in an historically accurate way.
1759:
743:), north-west of London, though the extent of its destruction is unclear.
3404:
1025:
869:
836:
779:
711:
688:
622:
332:
1775:
1743:
954:
include references to the uprising of 60/61—but do not mention Boudica.
593:, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.
530:
381:
1391:
1059:
951:
715:
562:
554:
539:
500:
489:
453:
401:
282:
2539:
2295:
2208:
Folly and Fortune in Early British History: from Caesar to the Normans
3223:
Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen
2591:
Clio: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History
928:
892:
748:
518:
Romans as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an image of
1034:
The Lives of the Noble Ladies of the Kingdom of England and Scotland
484:
Tacitus wrote some years after the rebellion, but his father-in-law
2886:
2454:"Nationalism and Biographical Transformation: the case of Boudicca"
2287:
3264:
Poems: by William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq. in Two Volumes
3148:
Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth
1829:
Women Warlords: an illustrated military history of female warriors
1090:
970:
652:
550:
535:
529:
251:
215:
81:
2699:
2697:
1370:
Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the
935:
719:
714:
with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his
614:
582:
507:
354:
3424:
2642:
Henry Purcell: the origins and development of his musical style
2324:
Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61
488:
was an eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a
324:
for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the
1654:. Cambridge, Massaschsetts: Harvard University Press. p.
1621:
1619:
1617:
1263:
The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands
3266:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). London: J. Johnson – via
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1574:
801:
158:
1579:('tawny') can also mean 'red–brown' or 'auburn', or a shade
301:
called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Britons.
2413:
2411:
2028:
2026:
1801:. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 12.
194:
179:
170:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1716:
Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation
553:, a tribe who inhabited what is now the English county of
3386:
Tacitus, Cornelius (1906). Fisher, Charles Dennis (ed.).
2597:(3). Indiana University & Purdue University: 273–292.
2078:
2076:
1799:
The Roman Invasion of Britain: archaeology versus history
188:
164:
828:
822:'victory', and that the correct spelling of the name in
1564:
The sources describe Boudica as a wife and not a queen.
1016:
Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English historian
1340:. In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several
1024:, published between 1577 and 1587. A narrative by the
887:
Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly by Dio, who used
3439:
3371:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
2254:
2252:
1978:
1976:
191:
167:
185:
176:
161:
155:
1650:(in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Translated by
864:version of her name is attested in inscriptions as
214:'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in
182:
152:
127:
117:
109:
99:
95:
87:
79:
71:
64:
41:
3415:. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 841.
3279:
3191:
3116:
3065:The Land of Boudica: Prehistoric and Roman Norfolk
2372:
1872:
1826:
1186:on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor
814:'victorious', which in turn is derived from the
649:Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium
2243:
1644:(1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Book VI: Nero".
997:. Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in a history,
596:
3194:Boudica, the British revolt against Rome AD 60
1111:New, Complete and Authentic History of England
899:. The true spelling was totally obscured when
2914:
2912:
1534:Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
522:that turned Boudica into a legendary figure.
8:
3389:Annales ab excessu divi Augusti (Latin text)
3115:Hingley, Richard; Unwin, Christina (2006) .
2972:
2813:
2766:
2750:
2734:
2718:
2703:
2565:
2417:
2097:
2047:
2032:
2013:
1883:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1686:
1625:
1342:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
1087:Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries
941:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
360:Interest in these events was revived in the
1982:
1523:
920:
903:first appeared in around the 17th century.
791:
673:
603:—Part of a speech Cassius Dio gives Boudica
340:
317:
235:
27:Queen of the British Iceni tribe (d. 60/61)
3435:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). p. 94.
3178:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2946:Cardiff's Civic Centre: A historical guide
2856:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007).
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1336:as one of the symbols of the campaign for
557:and parts of the neighbouring counties of
47:
38:
3331:"Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists"
3093:Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England
2887:"Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists"
2538:
2473:
1075:was set to music by the English composer
840:. Variations on the historically correct
3225:. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
2523:"Warrior Queens in Holinshed's Woodcuts"
2504:
2432:
2317:
2315:
2313:
1140:and be perceived as a national heroine.
1067:that most scholars agree was written by
3446:
2350:
2231:
2113:
2082:
2063:
1997:
1880:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1820:
1818:
1744:"Boudica's Speeches in Tacitus and Dio"
1718:. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105.
1701:
1596:
1557:
1455:directed by Bill Anderson and starring
1204:
790:—based on later developments in Welsh (
3282:The Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot
3198:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
3171:
2831:"The "Warrior Queen" under Platform 9"
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2258:
1935:
1916:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1047:used the story of Boudica in his poem
1011:The History and Chronicles of Scotland
835:
699:for two days before they were killed.
2211:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 55.
1737:
1735:
1344:marches. She appears as character in
368:and as a cultural symbol in Britain.
245:
7:
3303:Tacitus: The Annals of Imperial Rome
1217:(1791), illustration by Francis West
1159:children's books mentioned Boudica;
1390:passes through countryside between
727:campaign against the island of Mona
664:The first target of the rebels was
3090:Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016).
2858:Essex: Buildings of England Series
2833:. Museum of London. Archived from
2673:Henry Purcell and the London Stage
2401:Hingley & Unwin 2006, p.
1540:List of women warriors in folklore
923:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
418:is referred to in four works from
25:
3556:Women in ancient European warfare
2920:"Queen Boudica, A Life in Legend"
1833:. London: Blandford. p. 86.
826:(the British Celtic language) is
364:and led to Boudica's fame in the
3473:
3461:
3449:
2990:"Boudicca Way (Norwich to Diss)"
2146:The Lost Battlefields of Britain
1507:
1493:
1289:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1222:
1207:
1005:, and in the Scottish historian
967:16th and 17th century literature
394:
380:
148:
3343:University of Western Australia
3123:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
3119:Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen
2948:. Priory Press. pp. 21–26.
1175:, a statue of the queen in her
1079:in 1695. One of the choruses, "
1073:Bonduca, or the British Heroine
944:(731) and the 9th century work
907:used this spelling in his poem
456:; a mention of the uprising by
345:, and burnt both Londinium and
58:Boadicea Haranguing the Britons
3501:1st-century monarchs in Europe
1282:Illustrated History of England
312:), earlier the capital of the
1:
3221:Williams, Carolyn D. (2009).
3216:– via Internet Archive.
3141:– via Internet Archive.
2960:"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea"
962:Revival and the modern legend
471:
446:
433:
3551:Women in 1st-century warfare
3329:Johnson, Marguerite (2014).
3310:(Revised ed.). London:
1904:UK public library membership
1575:
1363:was among those unveiled by
1233:after Thomas Stothard (1812)
577:Events leading to the revolt
2944:Chappell, Edgar L. (1946).
1332:Boudica was adopted by the
545:Boudica was the consort of
331:hurried from the island of
80:Consort of the king of the
3582:
3392:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2783:Macdonald, Sharon (1987).
2678:Cambridge University Press
2647:Cambridge University Press
2475:10.22459/HR.XIX.01.2013.06
2452:Lawson, Stephanie (2013).
2381:Routledge & Kegan Paul
2274:(1979). "Queen Boudica?".
2182:Routledge & Kegan Paul
1797:Hoffman, Birgitta (2019).
1172:Boadicea and Her Daughters
1113:(1790) and the drawing by
1098:Boadicea and Her Daughters
701:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
641:
470:'s history of the Empire (
29:
2521:Frénée, Samantha (2012).
2375:The Rebellion of Boudicca
1412:(1927), a British silent
1382:. A 36-mile (58 km)
1001:, by the Italian scholar
236:
46:
3146:Vandrei, Martha (2018).
3067:. Oxford: Oxford Books.
3063:Davies, John A. (2008).
2996:. Norfolk County Council
2973:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2891:Outskirts Online Journal
2814:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2767:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2751:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2735:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2719:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2704:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2582:Curran, John E. (1996).
2566:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2418:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2098:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2048:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2033:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2014:Hingley & Unwin 2006
1874:"Boudicca (d. AD 60/61)"
1825:Newark, Timothy (1989).
1687:Hingley & Unwin 2006
1666:– via HathiTrust.
1626:Hingley & Unwin 2006
1545:Women in ancient warfare
1526:Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd
1376:Colchester Castle Museum
1346:A Pageant of Great Women
1329:in the council chamber.
786:concluded that the name
725:Suetonius was leading a
680:for retired soldiers. A
571:Publius Ostorius Scapula
329:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
32:Boudica (disambiguation)
3561:Women in war in Britain
3511:60s in the Roman Empire
3432:Encyclopædia Britannica
3412:Encyclopædia Britannica
3058:– via HathiTrust.
3038:2027/mdp.39015004124510
2608:Ioppolo, Grace (2013).
1955:Elliott, Simon (2021).
1714:Grant, Michael (1995).
1190:. He was encouraged by
829:
802:
613:and her daughters were
3421:Haverfield, Francis J.
3024:"Epitome of Book LXII"
2639:Adams, Martin (1995).
1871:Potter, T. W. (2004).
1524:
1384:long distance footpath
1352:, which opened at the
1309:20th century – present
1215:The History of England
1123:Charles Hamilton Smith
1106:
986:
982:Holinshed's Chronicles
975:Boudica depicted as a
921:
792:
703:, then commanding the
674:
661:
600:
542:
486:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
341:
318:
3536:Celtic women warriors
2885:Johnson, Marguerite.
2862:Yale University Press
2670:Price, C. A. (1983).
2205:Henshall, K. (2008).
1889:10.1093/ref:odnb/2732
1760:10.1353/clw.2008.0006
1422:Phyllis Neilson-Terry
1142:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1094:
1081:Britons, Strike Home!
974:
656:
533:
335:(modern Anglesey) to
316:, but at that time a
252:ancient British Iceni
250:) was a queen of the
3098:Taylor & Francis
3096:. London; New York:
2924:www.HistoryToday.com
2864:. pp. 276–277.
2649:. pp. 334–335.
2616:Taylor & Francis
2466:Macquarie University
2322:Waite, John (2007).
2244:Frénée-Hutchins 2016
1742:Adler, Eric (2008).
1319:Colchester Town Hall
1315:King's Cross station
927:by the British monk
837:[boʊˈdiːkaː]
810:feminine adjective *
496:during this period.
463:Lives of the Caesars
3546:People from Norfolk
2458:Humanities Research
2367:Dudley, Donald R.;
2148:. Stroud, England:
1748:The Classical World
1501:Ancient Rome portal
1467:(2023), a British
1196:Victoria Embankment
1163:(1893), a novel by
1132:Cowper's 1782 poem
806:)—derives from the
503:of an 11th-century
420:classical antiquity
362:English Renaissance
3506:1st-century rebels
2994:www.norfolk.gov.uk
2547:on 13 October 2022
2326:. Cheltenham, UK:
2180:. London; Boston:
1938:, pp. 134–136
1919:, pp. 11, 54.
1786:– via JSTOR.
1444:(2003), a British
1365:David Lloyd George
1200:Westminster Bridge
1188:Thomas Thornycroft
1107:
1050:The Ruines of Time
1030:Petruccio Ubaldini
987:
950:by the Welsh monk
947:Historia Brittonum
697:Temple of Claudius
662:
543:
494:Suetonius Paulinus
372:Historical sources
289:and her daughters
269:Boudica's husband
210:'victory, win' + *
66:Queen of the Iceni
3378:978-02991-1-764-1
3321:978-01404-4-060-7
3293:978-07493-1-675-4
3286:. London: Arrow.
3232:978-0-87413-079-9
3205:978-0-8476-6043-8
3157:978-0-19-881672-0
3130:978-0-8264-4060-0
3107:978-13171-7-296-3
3074:978-1-905223-33-6
3047:978-0-434-99176-1
2687:978-05212-3-831-1
2656:978-05214-3-159-0
2625:978-11343-0-005-1
2540:10.4000/crm.12859
2337:978-07524-3-809-2
2328:The History Press
2218:978-0-230-58379-5
2191:978-0-7100-8725-6
2174:Cunliffe, Barry W
2130:. p. 14.33.
1966:978-15267-6-568-0
1902:(Subscription or
1840:978-07137-1-965-9
1808:978-15267-5-663-3
1652:Rolfe, John Carew
1474:film directed by
1380:Verulamium Museum
1361:Cardiff City Hall
1301:Beric, the Briton
1043:The English poet
1018:Raphael Holinshed
422:written by three
260:conquering forces
254:tribe, who led a
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
3573:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3426:"Boadicea"
3416:
3408:
3406:"Boadicea"
3393:
3382:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3325:
3306:. Translated by
3297:
3285:
3271:
3268:Internet Archive
3244:
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2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2543:. Archived from
2542:
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2495:
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2272:Jackson, Kenneth
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2080:
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2005:
1995:
1989:
1983:Cassius Dio 2015
1980:
1971:
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1510:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1476:Jesse V. Johnson
1372:Museum of London
1338:women's suffrage
1327:Clayton and Bell
1293:
1274:
1258:
1245:A caricature of
1242:
1229:An engraving by
1226:
1211:
1179:, complete with
1161:Beric the Briton
1134:Boadicea: An Ode
1103:Westminster Pier
999:Anglica Historia
926:
915:Early literature
909:Boadicea, an Ode
839:
832:
824:Common Brittonic
805:
795:
755:Defeat and death
679:
604:
480:
476:
473:
451:
448:
438:
435:
426:historians: the
398:
384:
344:
342:Legio IX Hispana
323:
293:. The historian
249:
247:[ˈbɨðɨɡ]
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3531:Briton monarchs
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3276:Fraser, Antonia
3274:
3256:Cowper, William
3254:
3251:
3249:Further reading
3233:
3220:
3206:
3188:Webster, Graham
3186:
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2872:
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2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2837:on 1 March 2009
2829:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2791:Macmillan Press
2782:
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2777:
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2548:
2533:(23): 417–433.
2520:
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2451:
2450:
2439:
2431:
2427:
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2409:
2400:
2396:
2383:. p. 143.
2369:Webster, Graham
2366:
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2338:
2321:
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2199:
2192:
2184:. p. 143.
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1489:
1453:television film
1414:historical film
1404:
1350:Cicely Hamilton
1311:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1266:
1261:Robert Havell,
1259:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1115:Thomas Stothard
1089:
1003:Polydore Vergil
969:
964:
917:
784:Kenneth Jackson
782:and translator
773:
757:
659:Boudican Revolt
651:
646:
644:Boudican revolt
640:
606:
602:
579:
528:
512:John Xiphilinus
478:
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412:Boudican revolt
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256:failed uprising
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3566:Women warriors
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3526:British rebels
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3521:Ancient rebels
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3398:External links
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3150:. Oxford, UK.
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2330:. p. 22.
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1480:Olga Kurylenko
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1402:In film and TV
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2676:. Cambridge:
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2645:. Cambridge:
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2505:Williams 2009
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2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
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2476:
2471:
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2448:
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2435:, p. 62.
2434:
2433:Williams 2009
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1984:
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1947:
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1941:
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1077:Henry Purcell
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655:
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2461:
2457:
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2351:Webster 1978
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2323:
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2275:
2266:
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2232:Vandrei 2018
2227:
2207:
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2168:
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2114:Vandrei 2018
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2093:
2083:Webster 1978
2064:Webster 1978
2059:
2043:
2009:
1998:Webster 1978
1993:
1956:
1912:
1892:. Retrieved
1878:
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1828:
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1792:
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1709:
1704:, p. 4.
1702:Vandrei 2018
1697:
1667:
1646:
1636:
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1599:
1580:
1569:
1560:
1532:
1462:
1446:biographical
1439:
1427:
1416:directed by
1407:
1398:in Norfolk.
1369:
1358:
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1334:suffragettes
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1312:
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1281:
1278:John Cassell
1262:
1214:
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1169:
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1126:
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888:
886:
884:in Algeria.
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808:Proto-Celtic
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416:Roman Empire
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139:
138:
91:? – c. AD 60
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3020:Cassius Dio
2975:, pp.
2816:, pp.
2769:, pp.
2706:, pp.
2507:, pp.
2259:Davies 2008
2085:, pp.
1985:, pp.
1936:Davies 2008
1917:Davies 2008
1854:Davies 2008
1689:, pp.
1628:, pp.
1348:written by
1177:war chariot
1165:G. A. Henty
1155:A range of
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1065:tragicomedy
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991:Renaissance
989:During the
693:auxiliaries
672:), a Roman
666:Camulodunum
468:Cassius Dio
450: 110s
388:Cassius Dio
314:Trinovantes
306:Camulodunum
295:Cassius Dio
133:2 daughters
75:c. AD 60–61
3490:Categories
3356:22 October
3260:"Boadicea"
3214:1348905150
3166:1009182312
3000:31 October
2901:31 October
2789:. London:
2753:, p.
2737:, p.
2721:, p.
2568:, p.
2551:13 October
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2420:, p.
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2000:, p.
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1725:0415117704
1607:The Annals
1591:References
1450:historical
1325:window by
1297:G.A. Henty
1063:(1612), a
1026:Florentine
1022:Chronicles
995:dramatists
803:Buaidheach
737:Verulamium
732:municipium
670:Colchester
547:Prasutagus
526:Background
520:patriotism
479: 235
477: – c.
475: 202
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310:Colchester
271:Prasutagus
243:pronounced
219:chronicles
122:Prasutagus
3516:61 deaths
3456:Biography
3351:1445-0445
3341:. Perth:
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3314:. 1988 .
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3174:cite book
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1647:Suetonius
1642:Suetonius
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1583:of brown.
1573:The term
1202:in 1902.
1157:Victorian
1150:engraving
979:queen in
878:Lusitania
741:St Albans
705:Legio IX
587:Britannia
538:lands in
534:A map of
505:Byzantine
458:Suetonius
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337:Londinium
229:, and in
204:Brythonic
54:John Opie
3423:(1911).
3278:(1999).
3258:(1787).
3190:(1978).
2929:4 August
2371:(1962).
2176:(1978).
2150:Amberley
1776:25471937
1487:See also
1409:Boadicea
1378:and the
1198:next to
1146:Boädicéa
1144:'s poem
1105:, London
1055:Jacobean
1028:scholar
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897:Boadicea
870:Bordeaux
854:Boadicea
846:Boudicca
844:include
780:linguist
739:(modern
712:infantry
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668:(modern
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623:Claudius
429:Agricola
308:(modern
227:Boudicea
223:Boadicea
144:Boudicca
113:AD 60/61
3496:Boudica
3480:History
3468:England
3442:Portals
3013:Sources
2977:198–199
2818:162–165
2771:159–160
2708:146–152
2389:3648719
2282:: 255.
1957:Britain
1464:Boudica
1441:Boudica
1392:Norwich
1386:called
1184:scythes
1060:Bonduca
952:Nennius
889:Buduica
882:Bodicca
874:Boudica
866:Boudiga
862:Gaulish
858:Buduica
850:Bonduca
842:Boudica
830:Boudica
812:boudīkā
788:Boudica
776:Boudica
716:cavalry
707:Hispana
676:colonia
611:flogged
563:Suffolk
555:Norfolk
540:Norfolk
501:epitome
490:tribune
460:in his
454:Tacitus
402:Tacitus
320:colonia
287:flogged
283:Tacitus
277:in his
262:of the
202:, from
140:Boudica
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2087:91, 93
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1900:
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1469:action
1303:(1893)
1284:(1857)
1265:(1821)
1249:(1820)
985:(1577)
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893:scribe
880:, and
860:. The
856:, and
818:word *
816:Celtic
796:) and
793:Buddug
761:defile
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299:Seneca
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118:Spouse
88:Tenure
3541:Iceni
2587:(PDF)
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2488:S2CID
2300:S2CID
2292:JSTOR
1987:84–87
1780:S2CID
1772:JSTOR
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1630:42–43
1581:short
1552:Notes
1472:drama
1101:near
1057:play
977:Tudor
934:Both
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291:raped
231:Welsh
216:Latin
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82:Iceni
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3347:ISSN
3316:ISBN
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