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243:, designed and built by H. Relyea, had a single backbone and wire guy-ropes. The mast on subsequent boats were stepped further forward than in the past with shortened jibs were shortened and the center of effort and resistance brought into balance, aligning both with the main runners. The shallow cockpit box became elliptical. A few "Class A'' stern steerers with at least 250 square feet (23 m) of sail area survived in to the late 20th century.
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180:. The first American Challenge Pennant occurred in 1881 on the Hudson river with five ice-yacht clubs competing. Races were sailed five times around a triangular course with one-mile legs, two of which were to windward. Iceboats were divided into four classes with sail areas ranging from less than 300 square feet to over 600 square feet.
173:
In the mid-19th century, two "ice yachting" clubs had formed, the
Poughkeepsie Ice Yacht Club (1865) and the Hudson River Ice Yacht Club (1870), where wealthy boat owners sailed large iceboats with up to seven crew members. Boats were as long as 69 feet (21 m) and sailed as fast as 107 miles per
329:
Iceboats designs dating from the mid 20th century onwards typically consist of a triangular or cross-shaped frame, supported by three skate blades called "runners", with the steering runner in front. Runners are made of iron or steel with sharpened edges, which hold onto the ice, preventing slippage
223:
17th-century Dutch ice yachts consisted of flat-bottomed sailboats atop a cross-wise plank, resting on outboard metal runners, which carried the bulk of the weight of the craft. At the stern was a steering runner, attached to a rudder-like structure. to which are affixed four steel runners, one each
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class is built according to close specifications, little changed since the 1930s. It is the largest one-design iceboat class in Europe and the only double-handed iceboat class for which there are international championships. The 205-kilogram (452 lb) is 7.5Ă4.2 metres (25Ă14 ft) in length
505:
class is the most popular class in both North
America, Europe and Asia. It is a one-person wood boat twelve feet long with a cross-plank eight feet long that carries a mast 16 feet (4.88 m) high. Modern competitive DNs use flexible masts commonly made of composite materials. The DN 60 derives
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The
Renegade is a class of home-built iceboat whose prototype appeared in 1947 in Wisconsin, designed by Elmer Millenbach to be carried atop an automobile. Plans were published in 1950. It has a 67-square-foot (6.2 m) sail on a flexible aerodynamic spar.
45:
510:
for a high-performance, inexpensive, home-built iceboat design. Modern DNs share many one-design features with the original boat, including the basic aerodynamic fuselage design, runner configurations and 60 square feet (5.6 m) of high-performance sail.
78:
Because of their low resistance to forward motion over ice, iceboats are capable of speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour (100 km/h). Because of their speed, iceboats are used both for recreation and for racing. Racing craft typically carry one person.
384:
Classic iceboats: While claimed speeds for such craft have been as high as 140 miles per hour (230 km/h) in the early 20th century, other sources cast doubt on both the technology for achieving and for measuring such speeds at those
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70:
supported on metal runners for traveling over ice. One of the runners is steerable. Originally, such craft were boats with a support structure, riding on the runners and steered with a rear blade, as with a conventional
419:
Among the classes of iceboat are sailing craft that have associations in Europe and North
America: IceOptimist, International DN, and Monotype XV. Others are regional in North America: Nite, Renegade, and Skeeter.
170:, was a square box atop three runners, the two forward runners being nailed to the box and the third acted as a rudder operated by a tiller. This type of craft was accessible to sportsmen of modest means.
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Because of the high boat speeds, iceboat race courses are established around fixed marks which are to be rounded in a one-way route, enhancing boat-to-boat traffic safety. The courses are a straight line
214:
A European ice sailing club formed first in Sweden (1901), followed by the
European Ice Yachting Union, which formed in 1928 with member states Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Sweden, Austria, and Germany.
250:, were designed to traverse both ice and water with a shallow, oval 15Ă5 feet (4.6Ă1.5 m) hull on fixed runners. These sailing craft were steered by manipulating the sails, there being no rudder.
147:. Initially boats were used for commerce, but soon evolved into pleasure craftâ"ice yachts". Ice sailing came to North America, where the sailing craft evolved into recreational and racing versions.
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at bow, stern and each end of the planking. These boats used conventional gaff mainsails and jibs, attached to the mast by travellers. A tiller or wheel stern controls the steering runner.
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Nite is a class of iceboat that has a two-seat side-by-side fiberglass fuselage and a 67-square-foot (6.2 m) sail. It is constructed according to tight specifications.
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The traditional stern-steerer boats were largely replaced by front steering boats in the 1930s, following the development of this style by Walter
Beauvois of
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75:. As iceboats evolved, the structure became a frame with a seat or cockpit for the iceboat sailor, resting on runners. Steering was shifted to the front.
227:
In the 19th century iceboats evolved into a box, riding on cross-pieces, supported by runners. These "stern-steerer" iceboats were generally rigged as
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boats may be single or two-place tandem with a mast that does not exceed 28.5 feet (8.7 m). They may incorporate carbon fiber construction.
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334:. Given their low forward resistance, iceboats can sail up to five times the speed of the true wind. Because the velocity of the iceboat (V
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in the United States in 1790, where the practice flourished as a sport. The first recorded boat, built in 1790 by Oliver Booth of
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The
Skeeter class is divided into sub-classes (A, B and C) all of which are limited to 75 square feet (7.0 m) of sail area.
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and the canals of the
Netherlands into the 18th century. Ice boats carried cargo on Dutch canals during the 17th century.
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style with a single sail was also used. In 1879 the archetypical Hudson River iceboat began to emerge. The
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skeeters may be single or two-place tandem with a mast that does not exceed 20.25 feet (6.17 m).
30:
1932:
284:, Wisconsin. The Skeeter class adopted the logo of a mosquito on their sail, and has evolved into an
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1937:
493:. World and European Championships are sailed each winter with a fleet of approximately 40 racers.
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The history of iceboating began in Europe in areas where smooth ice was found in the bays of the
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The
Monotype XV is a class of stern-steering iceboat based on a 1932 design by an Estonian,
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with two wooden prototypes. The design was refined and fiberglass production began in 1970.
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Iceboating began in the 17th century as a documented means of transport on the frozen
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sideways from the lateral force of the wind developed by the sails, as they develop
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machine. The
Skeeter class is limited to just 75 square feet (7.0 m) of sail.
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83:
767:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 241–242.
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hour (172 km/h), a record exceeding any other conveyance in 1885, set by the
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The IceOptimist is a youth iceboat class that uses the sails and the rig of the
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By the beginning of the 20th century, iceboating had spread to Minnesota (
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1213:"General rules and regulations of the International Skeeter Association"
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37:: Landscape with skaters (cca. 1615), 17th century boer type iceboats
203:), and venues in Maine and Vermont. In Canada, there were venues on
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sponsored a new home-buildable ice boat design, which became the
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485:. In 2002, the class was registered under the guardianship of
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350:) is only a few degrees from the direction of travel on most
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Different classes of iceboat can achieve speeds, as follow.
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719:"Explore the History of Ice Yachting in the Hudson Valley"
444:
International DN class iceboats at the start of a race in
378:
International DN: 55â68 miles per hour (89â109 km/h).
1249:
1031:"IDNIYRA | International DN Ice Yacht Racing Association"
486:
953:
International DN Ice Yacht Racing Association Newsletter
783:"As The Hudson River Freezes, Classic Ice Yachts Emerge"
162:
The first iceboats were introduced on New York State's
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is generated by the combination of iceboat velocity (V
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An iceboat at the 2011 DN European Championships in
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528:and width with a 7.2-metre (24 ft) high mast.
338:) is so much greater than the true wind velocity (V
246:In the early 1900s some smaller iceboats, called
276:. This boat led to the "Skeeter" class, and the
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972:. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. pp. 17â21.
8:
849:
847:
50:Boer Ice sailing in the Netherlands in 1938.
1006:"ICE OPTI and DN JUNIOR â IDNIYRA â Europe"
992:The 16th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium
895:. Four Lakes Ice Yacht Club. Archived from
861:The 16th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium
381:Skeeter: 84 miles per hour (135 km/h).
325:) on an iceboat on different points of sail
1736:
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561:boats have seats for two (side by side).
523:. It may be single or double-handed. The
985:"Sailing Yacht Design for Maximum Speed"
946:"Putting Numbers on Iceboat Performance"
856:"Sailing Yacht Design for Maximum Speed"
481:in 1978, with scaled-down elements of a
252:
1061:"Endless winter, the iceboater's dream"
617:
422:
354:and the sail is close-hauled in each. V
235:sail forward of the mast, although the
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1255:International XV Monotype Association
1065:Changing Times-The Kiplinger Magazine
1054:
1052:
966:Smith, Doug (JanuaryâFebruary 2004).
830:. Big Earth Publishing. p. 152.
712:
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7:
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1211:Class committee (October 16, 2016).
1164:Brennan, Walter X. (December 1950).
1116:International Nite Class Association
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1187:"International Skeeter Association"
1145:. International Skeeter Association
1084:"Monotype XV European Championship"
1033:. December 27, 2017. Archived from
717:Levine, David (November 19, 2013).
685:. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House.
66:) is a recreational or competition
506:its name from the 1937 request of
25:
1260:International Skeeter Association
1166:"Building the Renegade Ice Yacht"
1082:Whitehorse, Deb (March 4, 2019).
864:, Anapolis: SNAME, archived from
2057:
2046:
2036:
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824:Andrews, Candice Gaukel (2006).
781:Fisher, Daniel (March 7, 2014).
575:
477:. The first design was built in
456:
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827:Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends
807:Bentsen, Ellen (January 1981).
683:A mariner's book of days, 2007
1:
632:Editors (February 17, 2020).
596:Northumberland Strait iceboat
475:International Optimist dinghy
103:
969:Sailing on slivers of steel
944:Dill, Bob (February 2004).
362:) and true wind velocity (V
321:Diagram of apparent wind (V
131:Ice Boating in Toledo, Ohio
62:or traditionally called an
2115:
893:"Commonly Asked Questions"
813:. Yachting. pp. 61â3.
681:Spectre, Peter H. (2006).
2030:
1842:Short-track speed skating
1739:
1460:
923:. Adlard Coles Nautical.
919:Bethwaite, Frank (2007).
301:. In 1968 Dick Slates of
2084:Human-powered watercraft
983:Dill, Bob (March 2004).
921:High Performance Sailing
854:Dill, Bob (March 2003),
116:Classic iceboats on the
1265:Videos on DN iceboating
764:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
489:with the permission of
305:designed and built the
270:Williams Bay, Wisconsin
1059:Staff (January 1982).
810:Wisconsin Ice Monsters
326:
265:
139:and the canals of the
132:
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109:
58:(occasionally spelled
51:
38:
1240:DN Class World Portal
1173:Science and Mechanics
871:on September 19, 2020
403:, which necessitates
320:
286:aerodynamically clean
278:Skeeter Ice Boat Club
256:
130:
115:
97:
49:
33:
27:Sailing craft for ice
1139:"The Renegade Story"
1037:on December 27, 2017
758:"Ice-Yachting"
634:"Iceboating | sport"
272:in a boat named the
209:Saint Lawrence River
100:Saint Lawrence River
82:A related activity,
1938:Iceman (occupation)
1137:Millenbach, Elmer.
303:Pewaukee, Wisconsin
219:Evolution of design
207:(Kingston) and the
1490:Crystalline phases
1394:Human-lifting kite
1333:Vehicle propulsion
663:has generic name (
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2052:Wikimedia Commons
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1381:Kite applications
930:978-0-7136-6704-2
837:978-1-931599-71-9
370:Attainable speeds
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16:(Redirected from
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508:The Detroit News
503:International DN
497:International DN
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294:The Detroit News
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107: 1858â1860
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35:David Vinckboons
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2089:Ice yachting
1847:Tour skating
1801:
1647:Frost flower
1478:Major phases
1366:Land sailing
1360:
1346:Sailing ship
1318:Wind turbine
1219:. Retrieved
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
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1147:. Retrieved
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897:the original
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637:
591:Land sailing
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432:IceOptimists
418:
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390:Race courses
373:
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274:Beau Skeeter
273:
267:
247:
245:
241:Robert Scott
240:
226:
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205:Lake Ontario
182:
175:
172:
168:Poughkeepsie
164:Hudson River
161:
157:Gulf of Riga
154:
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118:Hudson River
98:Ice boat on
84:land sailing
81:
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55:
53:
2017:Pleistocene
1731:Ice-related
1642:Frost heave
1576:Stalactites
1412:Windcatcher
1404:Air current
1302:wind energy
1191:iceboat.org
1143:iceboat.org
1088:iceboat.org
994:. Anapolis.
875:January 29,
661:|last=
515:Monotype XV
469:IceOptimist
463:Monotype XV
407:upwind and
282:Geneva Lake
143:during the
141:Netherlands
2078:Categories
2063:Wiktionary
2007:Glaciology
1962:Other uses
1832:Ice racing
1827:Ice hockey
1802:Iceboating
1733:activities
1504:Formations
1495:Superionic
1371:Rotor ship
1351:Power kite
1310:Wind power
1071:(1): 58â9.
1010:idniyra.eu
903:August 25,
612:References
525:One-Design
411:downwind.
280:formed on
197:Lake Pepin
137:Baltic Sea
18:Iceboating
1774:Sculpture
1590:Phenomena
1323:Wind mill
1250:DN Europe
1221:April 14,
1196:April 15,
1175:: 181â99.
1149:April 18,
1122:April 18,
1093:April 15,
1041:April 15,
1015:April 10,
792:April 15,
728:April 14,
701:173009383
643:April 14,
601:Sail boat
291:In 1937,
231:, with a
64:ice yacht
2041:Category
1999:Ice ages
1953:YakhchÄl
1933:Icehouse
1759:Climbing
1754:Blocking
1749:Blasting
1667:Hair ice
1617:Crystals
1356:SkySails
1341:Sailboat
653:cite web
569:See also
540:Renegade
401:downwind
248:scooters
60:ice boat
1923:Cutting
1897:Pykrete
1817:Cycling
1812:Curling
1807:Cricket
1779:Skating
1769:Rafting
1764:Fishing
1744:Bathing
1687:Nucleus
1672:Jacking
1651:sea ice
1649: (
1581:Volcano
1545:calving
1543: (
1541:Iceberg
1536:Glacier
1361:Iceboat
606:Sailing
563:C-class
559:B-class
555:A-class
549:Skeeter
479:Estonia
415:Classes
405:tacking
342:), the
263:Estonia
237:catboat
90:History
56:iceboat
2056:
2045:
2034:
1928:Icebox
1887:Palace
1872:Bridge
1789:Sports
1707:Slurry
1682:Needle
1632:Frazil
1551:Icicle
1511:Anchor
927:
834:
787:Forbes
699:
689:
450:Poland
409:jibing
397:upwind
385:times.
229:sloops
177:Icicle
151:Venues
73:rudder
1979:Cream
1969:Chips
1948:Trade
1882:Igloo
1877:Hotel
1797:Bandy
1722:Storm
1712:Slush
1702:Shuga
1697:Shove
1657:Glaze
1637:Frost
1612:Clear
1602:Black
1571:Spike
1566:Sheet
1531:Field
1471:water
1467:state
1464:solid
1216:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
949:(PDF)
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313:Speed
259:Nasva
1989:Pack
1984:Cube
1974:Core
1943:Pick
1916:Work
1907:Road
1902:Rink
1892:Pier
1717:Snow
1692:Rime
1677:Névé
1662:Hail
1622:Firn
1526:Dune
1521:Cave
1462:The
1389:Kite
1223:2020
1198:2020
1151:2020
1124:2020
1095:2020
1043:2020
1017:2020
925:ISBN
905:2010
877:2017
832:ISBN
794:2020
730:2020
697:OCLC
687:ISBN
665:help
645:2020
532:Nite
501:The
491:IODA
446:Znin
399:and
307:Nite
195:and
187:and
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1627:Fog
1561:Sea
1556:Jam
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1469:of
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