1117:, since 1987 Icelandic citizens have had the right to use Icelandic when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, without becoming liable for any interpretation or translation costs. The convention covers visits to hospitals, job centres, the police, and social security offices. It does not have much effect since it is not very well known and because those Icelanders not proficient in the other Scandinavian languages often have a sufficient grasp of English to communicate with institutions in that language (although there is evidence that the general English skills of Icelanders have been somewhat overestimated). The Nordic countries have committed to providing services in various languages to each other's citizens, but this does not amount to any absolute rights being granted, except as regards criminal and court matters.
5119:
3010:
2985:
1557:
220:
2411:
that language policy and language ideology discourse are not predominantly state or elite driven; but rather, remain the concern of lay people and the general public. The
Icelandic speech community is perceived to have a protectionist language culture, however, this is deep-rooted ideologically primarily in relation to the forms of the language, while Icelanders in general seem to be more pragmatic as to domains of language use.
2275:
1771:
2267:
4511:
208:
1787:
876:
957:, then later Danish rule of Iceland from 1536 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic (in contrast to the Norwegian language), which remained in daily use among the general population. Though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels (in particular,
351:
1980:. There are three voices: active, passive and middle (or medial), but it may be debated whether the middle voice is a voice or simply an independent class of verbs of its own, as every middle-voice verb has an active-voice ancestor, but sometimes with drastically different meaning, and the middle-voice verbs form a conjugation group of their own. Examples are
3093:
995:). The letters -ý & -y lost their original meaning and merged with -í & -i in the period 1400 - 1600. Around the same time or a little earlier the letter -æ originally signifying a simple vowel, a type of open -e, formed into the double vowel -ai, a double vowel absent in the original Icelandic.
2425:
Since the late 16th century, discussion has been ongoing on the purity of the
Icelandic language. The bishop Oddur Einarsson wrote in 1589 that the language has remained unspoiled since the time the ancient literature of Iceland was written. Later in the 18th century the purism movement grew and more
2124:
instead. The case of the pronoun depends on the case that the verb governs. As for further classification of verbs, Icelandic behaves much like other
Germanic languages, with a main division between weak verbs and strong, and the strong verbs, of which there are about 150 to 200, are divided into six
3274:
Article 1; National language – official language; Icelandic is the national language of the
Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland. Article 2; The Icelandic language — The national language is the common language of the Icelandic general public. Public authorities shall ensure
2445:
The changes brought by the purism movement have had the most influence on the written language, as many speakers use foreign words freely in speech but try to avoid them in writing. The success of the many neologisms created from the movement has also been variable as some loanwords have not been
2410:
A core theme of
Icelandic language ideologies is grammatical, orthographic and lexical purism for Icelandic. This is evident in general language discourses, in polls, and in other investigations into Icelandic language attitudes. The general consensus on Icelandic language policy has come to mean
3370:
English is often described as being almost a second language in
Iceland, as opposed to a foreign language like German or Chinese. Certainly in terms of Icelandic students' Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), English does indeed seem to be a second language. However, in terms of many
2377:. In most Icelandic families, the ancient tradition of patronymics is still in use; i.e. a person uses their father's name (usually) or mother's name (increasingly in recent years) in the genitive form followed by the morpheme -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter") in lieu of family names.
3241:
Overall, written
Icelandic has changed little since the eleventh century Icelandic sagas, or historical epics; only the addition of significant numbers of vocabulary items in modern times makes it likely that a saga author would have difficulty understanding the news in today's
2132:. However, as words are heavily inflected, the word order is fairly flexible, and every combination may occur in poetry; SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV and OVS are all allowed for metrical purposes. However, as with most Germanic languages, Icelandic usually complies with the
3371:
Icelandic students' Cognitive
Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)—the language skills required for success in school—evidence will be presented suggesting that there may be a large number of students who have substantial trouble utilizing these skills.
3275:
that its use is possible in all areas of
Icelandic society. All persons residing in Iceland must be given the opportunity to learn Icelandic and to use it for their general participation in Icelandic society, as further provided in leges speciales.
2240:) had existed in Icelandic from the 17th century, but use of the formal variant weakened in the 1950s and rapidly disappeared. It no longer exists in regular speech, but may occasionally be found in pre-written speeches addressed to the
582:
serves as a centre for preserving the medieval
Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. The Icelandic Language Council, comprising representatives of universities, the arts, journalists, teachers, and the
2028:("manage to"). In each of these examples, the meaning has been so altered, that one can hardly see them as the same verb in different voices. Verbs have up to ten tenses, but Icelandic, like English, forms most of them with
2446:
replaced with native ones. There is still a conscious effort to create new words, especially for science and technology, with many societies publishing dictionaries, some with the help of The Icelandic Language Committee (
3996:"Evolving language ideologies and media practices in Iceland / Die Entwicklung neuer Sprachideologien und Medienpraktiken in Island / Evolution des ideologies linguistiques et des pratiques médiatiques en Islande"
566:
Aside from the 300,000 Icelandic speakers in Iceland, Icelandic is spoken by about 8,000 people in Denmark, 5,000 people in the United States, and more than 1,400 people in Canada, notably in the region known as
1105:
in 2011, Icelandic is "the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland"; moreover, "ublic authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society".
1113:, a forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries, but the council uses only Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish as its working languages (although the council does publish material in Icelandic). Under the
469:
2434:, importance was put on the purity of spoken language as well. The written language was also brought closer to the spoken language, as the sentence structure of literature had previously been influenced by
434:
1525:
A phonetic analysis reveals that the voiceless lateral approximant is, in practice, usually realised with considerable friction, especially word-finally or syllable-finally, i. e., essentially as a
928:
The oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100 AD. Many of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally. The most famous of the texts, which were written in
2369:) in that they reflect the immediate father or mother of the child and not the historic family lineage. This system, which was formerly used throughout the Nordic area and beyond, differs from most
555:, though considerably more conservative and synthetic) and is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic vocabulary is also deeply conservative, with the country's
1016:
by an anonymous author, who has later been referred to as the First Grammarian. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent
5018:
4368:
1089:
which were written about eight hundred years ago. The sagas are usually read with updated modern spelling and footnotes, but otherwise are intact (as with recent English editions of
3261:
3118:
584:
5200:
579:
237:
4067:
3053:
3475:, and it's pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German
7249:
2136:
restriction, so the conjugated verb in Icelandic usually appears as the second element in the clause, preceded by the word or phrase being emphasised. For example:
2351:
began to gain noticeable ground in Iceland and since the early 19th century it has been the linguistic policy of the country. Nowadays, it is common practice to
5284:
5065:
1081:
Apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on
1379:
4496:
4355:
3967:. Translated by McTurk, Rory (Reprinted with minor corrections ed.). London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London.
1046:, had not been used much in later centuries. Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of
3410:
855:
4127:
1386:
4264:
4179:
4082:
4056:
3972:
3853:
3833:
1639:
7234:
5821:
4739:
1527:
1444:
4461:
2857:
in 1929, although it had been used in early manuscripts (until the 14th century) and again periodically from the 18th century. The letter
3385:
3334:
3308:
4684:
1804:
1646:
1452:
893:
4283:
3987:
3899:
1343:
2032:. There are three or four main groups of weak verbs in Icelandic, depending on whether one takes a historical or a formalistic view:
7239:
4588:
4548:
4222:
4203:
4137:
4101:
3872:
1826:
915:
440:
5277:
5058:
4403:
1572:
to it. All the vowels can either be long or short; vowels in open syllables are long, and vowels in closed syllables are short.
6206:
4466:
3111:
1895:
endings of a particular noun. For example, within the strong masculine nouns, there is a subclass (class 1) that declines with
1365:
363:
7254:
5230:
4543:
2420:
1919:) in the nominative plural. However, there is another subclass (class 3) of strong masculine nouns that always declines with
1808:
1663:
897:
3414:
3361:
3065:
7244:
7100:
4790:
4608:
4423:
4152:
3213:
7130:
6300:
6262:
6247:
5574:
5220:
4704:
4348:
2129:
1670:
1372:
3254:
2874:
1144:. Stops are realised post-aspirated when at the beginning of the word, but pre-aspirated when occurring within a word.
7229:
7110:
6970:
6320:
6279:
6269:
5270:
5051:
4847:
4568:
4481:
4441:
4398:
4393:
3061:
2316:
1677:
1615:
1427:
1394:
487:
232:
1564:
Icelandic has 8 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. The diphthongs are created by taking a monophthong and adding either
5486:
5225:
4982:
4977:
4598:
4578:
4558:
3079:
1691:
1402:
1272:
1114:
1012:
633:
and currently Modern Icelandic. The division between old and modern Icelandic is said to be before and after 1540.
1797:
886:
6827:
5251:
4932:
4749:
4649:
4629:
4593:
4553:
4413:
3693:
1856:
1410:
1303:
625:. Icelandic is further classified as a West Scandinavian language. Icelandic is derived from an earlier language
5210:
7105:
7059:
7054:
6978:
6588:
6572:
6451:
6310:
4754:
4583:
2430:
were introduced, with many of them being loan-translations. In the early 19th century, due to the influence of
1625:
1503:
1475:
1286:
1205:
1189:
618:
475:
373:
335:
111:
6886:
592:
341:
5215:
3176:"Hvenær var bókstafurinn 'é' tekinn upp í íslensku í stað 'je' og af hverju er 'je' enn notað í ýmsum orðum?"
258:
7044:
6988:
6983:
6903:
6576:
6526:
6284:
5826:
5644:
5328:
5316:
5246:
5138:
4942:
4922:
4864:
4709:
4694:
4486:
4476:
4341:
2841:, are for the most part treated as separate letters and not variants of their derivative vowels. The letter
2426:
works were translated into Icelandic, especially in areas that Icelandic had hardly ever been used in. Many
1957:
1318:
1221:
668:
653:
614:
559:
maintaining an active policy of coining terms based on older Icelandic words rather than directly taking in
533:
479:
289:
276:
101:
2380:
In 2019, changes were announced to the laws governing names. Icelanders who are officially registered with
7049:
6531:
6497:
6115:
5931:
5791:
5631:
5526:
5205:
4780:
4724:
4436:
4408:
3009:
2984:
2949:
2324:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1569:
1565:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1419:
596:
526:
2865:
was formerly in the Icelandic alphabet, but it was officially removed in 1974, except in people's names.
1950:
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in the four cases and for number in the singular and plural.
7207:
7171:
6439:
6432:
6384:
6154:
6125:
6094:
6057:
5982:
5831:
5739:
5652:
5513:
5475:
5098:
4992:
4962:
4874:
4644:
4456:
4431:
4043:. Studies in World Language Problems. Vol. 5. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 165–177.
3995:
2461:
1483:
1239:
1213:
1197:
999:
183:
6672:
5547:
7176:
7156:
7125:
6998:
6858:
6832:
6733:
6604:
6422:
6014:
5841:
5803:
5798:
5672:
5619:
5377:
5169:
5159:
5108:
4957:
4889:
4869:
4833:
4744:
4699:
4639:
4603:
4573:
4519:
4451:
2897:
2470:
The Icelandic alphabet is notable for its retention of three old letters that no longer exist in the
2257:
1328:
1230:
1102:
849:
5118:
2237:
7115:
6662:
6507:
6351:
6305:
6239:
5992:
5754:
5639:
5552:
5350:
5174:
5103:
4894:
4859:
4823:
4818:
4729:
4672:
4634:
4613:
4446:
2936:
2499:
2280:
1311:
1294:
1279:
1265:
1141:
1126:
1090:
933:
3923:
3362:"The English Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency of Icelandic students, and how to improve it"
2296:
7161:
7013:
7003:
6958:
6647:
6544:
6389:
6364:
6359:
6252:
6080:
5965:
5786:
5564:
5559:
5538:
5499:
5303:
5293:
5011:
4909:
4884:
4828:
4785:
4768:
4689:
4654:
4563:
4538:
4471:
4385:
4376:
4023:
3951:
2320:
2057:
1969:
1876:
1840:
1248:
1017:
744:
622:
608:
556:
548:
510:
495:
462:
148:
106:
53:
7085:
4795:
3615:
1002:
has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, primarily by the Danish linguist
6004:
7135:
6934:
6850:
6843:
6798:
6742:
6502:
6492:
6475:
6470:
6374:
6136:
5936:
5897:
5877:
5715:
5607:
5589:
5441:
5143:
5093:
5088:
4947:
4937:
4803:
4289:
4279:
4260:
4228:
4218:
4199:
4175:
4133:
4107:
4097:
4078:
4052:
4015:
3968:
3943:
3895:
3878:
3868:
3849:
3843:
3829:
3382:
3338:
3312:
3255:"Act [No 61/2011] on the status of the Icelandic language and Icelandic sign language"
2892:
2465:
2381:
2348:
2241:
2121:
1977:
1961:
1848:
1765:
1515:
1466:
1435:
1175:
1165:
1160:
861:
525:. The written forms of Icelandic and Faroese are very similar, but their spoken forms are not
188:
7090:
6881:
6815:
6771:
6766:
6715:
6707:
6512:
6480:
6427:
6416:
6329:
6201:
6196:
6038:
5977:
5767:
5749:
5584:
5345:
5337:
5027:
4987:
4972:
4967:
4899:
4719:
4253:Þráinsson, Höskuldur (1994). "Icelandic". In König, Ekkehard; Van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
4147:
4044:
4007:
3935:
2503:
2471:
2117:
1973:
1965:
1947:, that is, certain verbs have subjects in an oblique case (i.e. other than the nominative).
1633:
1519:
1155:
793:
729:
545:
518:
514:
499:
491:
396:
3815:Árnason, Kristján; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991). "Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy".
854:
7120:
6913:
6820:
6803:
6788:
6783:
6776:
6485:
6394:
6379:
6334:
6186:
6149:
6141:
6120:
6107:
6087:
6073:
5836:
5813:
5744:
5734:
5726:
5506:
4952:
4119:
3418:
3389:
2525:
2439:
2435:
2336:
1879:: masculine, feminine or neuter. There are two main declension paradigms for each gender:
1864:
1860:
1182:
1170:
778:
588:
522:
506:
93:
7080:
3035:
1093:
works). With some effort, many Icelanders can also understand the original manuscripts.
7201:
7095:
7075:
7027:
6919:
6793:
6463:
6230:
6169:
5948:
5905:
5862:
5779:
5774:
5663:
5613:
5464:
5415:
5370:
5363:
5184:
5133:
5032:
4808:
4714:
3817:
Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium
2902:
2475:
2358:
2340:
2274:
2261:
2029:
1944:
1770:
1657:
1259:
1110:
954:
765:
701:
640:
225:
172:
153:
116:
4068:"National language policy and planning in Iceland – aims and institutional activities"
1556:
536:
than most other Germanic languages. While most of them have greatly reduced levels of
327:
7223:
7166:
7151:
6993:
6749:
6700:
6517:
6456:
6369:
6315:
6274:
6212:
6159:
6043:
5970:
5400:
4927:
4241:
4123:
4027:
3955:
2948:
is thought of being a result from co-articulation, so the phonemic representation is
2884:
2370:
2230:
2133:
2056:, referring to the endings that these verbs take when conjugated in the first person
1872:
1844:
946:
630:
502:
158:
2060:
present. Almost all Icelandic verbs have the ending -a in the infinitive, some with
350:
17:
7020:
6444:
6408:
6341:
6164:
5987:
5960:
5943:
5887:
5846:
5428:
5407:
4813:
3611:
3122:
2266:
552:
179:
6667:
4917:
4254:
3939:
3406:
3365:
1887:, and these are further divided into subclasses of nouns, based primarily on the
6927:
6837:
6810:
6682:
6628:
6536:
6218:
6179:
5762:
5457:
5421:
5356:
5179:
2431:
2374:
1880:
1868:
1786:
1609:
1585:
1576:
1007:
1003:
938:
875:
680:
568:
294:
281:
3522:
3206:"Hvers vegna var bókstafurinn z svona mikið notaður á Íslandi en því svo hætt?"
3175:
505:. It is not mutually intelligible with the continental Scandinavian languages (
6677:
6657:
6022:
5692:
5393:
4879:
4328:
4011:
3002:
2997:
2977:
2705:
2366:
2362:
2344:
1852:
1685:
1590:
541:
537:
74:
4293:
4019:
3947:
3882:
3205:
2335:("church"), for example. Numerous other languages have influenced Icelandic:
6863:
6726:
6611:
6257:
6174:
5955:
5910:
5882:
5708:
5164:
4232:
4111:
4036:
2822:
2515:
2427:
2352:
2315:
with a few words being Celtic from when Celts first settled in Iceland. The
2312:
1884:
1702:
950:
691:
626:
320:
304:
268:
250:
6687:
4092:
Kvaran, Guðrún; Höskuldur Þráinsson; Kristján Árnason; et al. (2005).
2288:
2972:
2518:/ai/ which does not exist in English. The complete Icelandic alphabet is:
591:. Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet
311:
6652:
6000:
4491:
4039:. In Hultgren, Anna Kristina; Gregersen, Frans; Thøgersen, Jacob (eds.).
3675:
3673:
1334:
572:
560:
381:
369:
4048:
6693:
6289:
6191:
4734:
4510:
4364:
2245:
1811: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1137:
929:
900: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
517:) and is more distinct from the most widely spoken Germanic languages,
483:
450:
377:
213:
64:
4322:
5996:
5262:
5043:
2880:
2339:
brought many words related to the court and knightship; words in the
1082:
2270:
A simple family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system.
1010:
laid out in the early 12th century by a document referred to as the
4333:
2498:(æsc, anglicised as "ash" or "asc"), with þ and ð representing the
2285:, one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of
5914:
2273:
2265:
1769:
1555:
853:
482:
spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in
4075:
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute for Linguistics
3909:
Halldórsson, Halldór (1979). "Icelandic Purism and its History".
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2662:
2632:
2597:
2572:
2547:
2495:
2489:
2479:
1953:
1540:
Word-final voiced consonants are devoiced pre-pausally, so that
1086:
6956:
6570:
5314:
5266:
5047:
4337:
2562:
2485:
1943:) in the nominative plural. Additionally, Icelandic permits a
1780:
1040:
869:
4259:. Routledge language family descriptions. London: Routledge.
1839:
Icelandic retains many grammatical features of other ancient
4317:
3440:
3438:
4150:; Magnús Pétursson (1977). "Quantity in Modern Icelandic".
2319:
in the 11th century brought with it a need to describe new
399:
4242:"A Phonetic Illustration of the Sound System of Icelandic"
3679:
3499:
is not. It's a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant.".
380:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4037:"Ideologies in Iceland: The protection of language forms"
3745:
3743:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2542:
1851:
inflection was lost. Modern Icelandic is still a heavily
420:
411:
3407:"Community interpreting in Sweden: A short presentation"
3287:
2347:
because of trade connections. In the late 18th century,
1085:. Modern speakers can understand the original sagas and
575:
which was settled by Icelanders beginning in the 1880s.
3922:
Hilmarsson-Dunn, Amanda; Kristinsson, Ari Páll (2010).
4305:. Oslo: Novus Press. pp. 55–59, 168–169, 209–214.
4303:
The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations
4198:]. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands.
441:
423:
414:
402:
3119:
Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
1514:
are alveolar non-sibilant fricatives; the former is
417:
408:
7144:
7068:
7037:
6969:
6901:
6759:
6640:
6596:
6587:
6407:
6350:
6238:
6229:
6134:
6106:
6065:
6056:
6031:
6013:
5924:
5896:
5870:
5861:
5812:
5725:
5700:
5691:
5630:
5525:
5474:
5449:
5440:
5336:
5327:
5239:
5193:
5152:
5126:
5081:
4908:
4846:
4767:
4671:
4622:
4531:
4518:
4422:
4384:
4375:
2236:
A distinction between formal and informal address (
486:, where it is the national language. Since it is a
405:
334:
318:
302:
266:
248:
243:
231:
199:
194:
169:
141:
90:
80:
70:
60:
48:
34:
4318:The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
3508:
2323:. The majority of new words were taken from other
3022:
355:Geographic distribution of the Icelandic language
4276:Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe
3493:
3469:
3461:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2447:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2355:new compound words from Icelandic derivatives.
2329:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2223:
2215:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2169:
2155:
2141:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1140:are voiceless and are distinguished as such by
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1038:
1036:. Various archaic features, such as the letter
1030:
1022:
989:
983:
975:
967:
959:
936:, which encompass the historical works and the
859:
40:
5201:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
4329:Collection of Icelandic bilingual dictionaries
3865:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
2343:of trade and commerce have been borrowed from
2116:. Many transitive verbs (i.e. they require an
580:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
238:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
5278:
5059:
4349:
4240:Flego, Stefon; Berkson, Kelly (8 July 2020).
3892:Iceland: Its Volcanoes, Geysers, And Glaciers
3842:Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie (2000).
3664:
3396:, March 3, 2007. Retrieved on April 25, 2007.
3094:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"
2209:(When I was one year old, went I to Britain.)
2199:(To Britain went I, when I was one year old.)
1537:, p. 22) includes three extra phones: .
8:
3894:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 61.
3863:Brown, Edward Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2010).
3694:"Icelandic names will no longer be gendered"
3628:
3559:
3485:
3477:
3444:
3169:
3167:
2213:In the above examples, the conjugated verbs
2189:(I went to Britain when I was one year old.)
3734:
3722:
3710:
3199:
3197:
2205:Þegar ég var eins árs fór ég til Bretlands.
2195:Til Bretlands fór ég þegar ég var eins árs.
2185:Ég fór til Bretlands þegar ég var eins árs.
6966:
6953:
6593:
6584:
6567:
6235:
6062:
5867:
5697:
5446:
5333:
5324:
5311:
5285:
5271:
5263:
5066:
5052:
5044:
4852:
4773:
4677:
4528:
4524:
4381:
4356:
4342:
4334:
3797:
3262:Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
1574:
1020:conventions, such as the exclusive use of
585:Ministry of Culture, Science and Education
349:
31:
4035:Kristinsson, Ari Páll (24 October 2014).
3994:Kristinsson, Ari Páll (1 November 2013).
3785:
3158:
2307:", in turn "glacier of island mountains".
1827:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:Learn how and when to remove this message
3773:
3761:
3749:
3640:
3383:Language Convention not working properly
3239:. Oxford University Press. p. 209.
3146:
2520:
2514:), respectively, and æ representing the
1875:. Icelandic nouns can have one of three
1700:
1534:
1146:
4215:Einführung in die isländische Grammatik
3595:
3583:
3571:
3547:
3429:
3411:International Federation of Translators
3112:"Icelandic: At Once Ancient And Modern"
2965:
2919:
2317:introduction of Christianity to Iceland
2311:Early Icelandic vocabulary was largely
374:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4174:] (in Icelandic). Mál og Menning.
3826:The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
3680:Hilmarsson-Dunn & Kristinsson 2010
3652:
932:from the 12th century onward, are the
3606:
3604:
3456:
3413:, 2004. Retrieved on April 25, 2007.
2128:The basic word order in Icelandic is
1544:('day (acc.)') is pronounced as and
461:
52:
7:
3459:, pp. 23-24: "It's never voiced, as
3216:from the original on 29 October 2023
2494:, anglicised as "eth" or "edh") and
2384:will be permitted to use the suffix
1809:adding citations to reliable sources
1528:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
898:adding citations to reliable sources
5847:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
4129:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3928:Current Issues in Language Planning
3924:"The language situation in Iceland"
3174:Kvaran, Guðrún (12 November 2001).
3092:Government of Canada (8 May 2013).
771:
707:
697:
687:
646:
636:
7206:Languages between parentheses are
4278:. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 377.
4096:. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið.
3845:Language and Nationalism in Europe
2125:classes plus reduplicative verbs.
1774:Photograph taken from page 176 of
1101:According to an act passed by the
25:
4325:, dictionary for technical words.
1690:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1645:
1638:
1624:
1614:
1560:Vowel chart of the 8 monophthongs
1482:
1474:
1451:
1443:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1342:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
5117:
4509:
3483:. The difference is that German
3008:
2983:
1785:
874:
490:, it is most closely related to
395:
218:
206:
3988:VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig
3890:Forbes, Charles Stuart (1860).
3692:Kyzer, Larissa (22 June 2019).
3491:is labialized, while Icelandic
3237:German: Biography of a Language
3204:Kvaran, Guðrún (7 March 2000).
2301:, is Icelandic for "glacier of
1931:) in the genitive singular and
1907:) in the genitive singular and
1796:needs additional citations for
1548:('day (nom.)') is pronounced .
885:needs additional citations for
866:, an early Icelandic manuscript
7210:of the language on their left.
4190:Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (1993).
4066:Kristinsson, Ari Páll (2018).
4041:English in Nordic Universities
3523:"A little Icelandic phonetics"
3509:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
2421:Linguistic purism in Icelandic
1518:, while the latter is usually
1:
7250:Subject–verb–object languages
7101:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4274:Van der Hulst, Harry (2008).
4172:Language and language history
3023:Barbour & Carmichael 2000
2233:in their respective clauses.
2012:("perish ignominiously") and
1006:. It is based strongly on an
945:The language of the sagas is
587:, advises the authorities on
480:Indo-European language family
7131:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5822:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
5221:Icelandic Language Institute
3940:10.1080/14664208.2010.538008
3529:. University of Pennsylvania
3335:"Nordic Language Convention"
3309:"Nordic Language Convention"
3058:MLA Language Map Data Center
2883:that was used to trade with
1749:
1744:
1734:
1725:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1644:
1637:
1623:
1613:
1097:Legal status and recognition
544:), Icelandic retains a four-
7235:West Scandinavian languages
7111:High German consonant shift
4166:Ragnarsson, Baldur (1992).
3828:, Oxford University Press,
3062:Modern Language Association
2506:"th" sounds (as in English
2484:, modern English "thorn"),
1109:Iceland is a member of the
86:(undated figure of 330,000)
7271:
5649:Westlauwers–Terschellings
5302:According to contemporary
5226:Icelandic Naming Committee
5211:Icelandic Language Council
4497:2008–2011 financial crisis
4217:. Munich: Philyra Verlag.
4153:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi
3963:Karlsson, Stefán (2013) .
3824:Árnason, Kristján (2011),
2703:
2523:
2459:
2418:
2255:
1763:
1124:
1115:Nordic Language Convention
1013:First Grammatical Treatise
847:
606:
488:West Scandinavian language
7193:
6965:
6952:
6874:
6828:Southern Schleswig Danish
6583:
6566:
5323:
5310:
5300:
5252:List of Icelandic writers
5115:
5005:
4855:
4776:
4680:
4527:
4507:
4213:Scholten, Daniel (2000).
4012:10.1515/soci.2013.27.1.54
1689:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1490:
1488:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1439:
1434:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1327:
1258:
1181:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:
791:
776:
769:
742:
727:
712:
705:
695:
685:
666:
651:
644:
360:
348:
201:Official language in
39:
7240:North Germanic languages
7106:West Germanic gemination
7060:Ancient Belgian language
7055:Germanic parent language
6999:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
6121:Austrian Standard German
4685:Administrative divisions
4192:Íslensk hljóðkerfisfræði
3629:Brown & Ogilvie 2010
3560:Flego & Berkson 2020
3445:Flego & Berkson 2020
2935:pre-aspirated stops are
2926:In an advisory capacity.
2390:("child of") instead of
2359:Icelandic personal names
766:Old East Norse
702:Old West Norse
5247:Icelandic Sign Language
5216:Icelandic Language Fund
4301:Vikør, Lars S. (1993).
2875:Basque–Icelandic pidgin
2823:letters with diacritics
2490:
2480:
2108:: "wash") and one with
1062:and the replacement of
949:, a western dialect of
669:West Germanic languages
654:East Germanic languages
551:grammar (comparable to
476:North Germanic language
27:North Germanic language
7167:Preterite-present verb
7050:Proto-Germanic grammar
7004:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
6116:German Standard German
5792:East Frisian Low Saxon
5206:Icelandic Language Day
5153:History and literature
4256:The Germanic languages
3965:The Icelandic language
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3235:Sanders, Ruth (2010).
3121:. 2001. Archived from
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2448:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2330:
2325:Scandinavian languages
2308:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2224:
2216:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2170:
2156:
2142:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1778:
1561:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1039:
1031:
1023:
990:
984:
976:
968:
960:
867:
860:
615:Indo-European language
597:Icelandic Language Day
563:from other languages.
454:
362:This article contains
41:
7255:Verb-second languages
7172:Grammatischer Wechsel
6155:Namibian Black German
6126:Swiss Standard German
6095:Early New High German
5653:Mainland West Frisian
5514:Harlingerland Frisian
4467:Independence Movement
4462:Danish trade monopoly
4132:. Oxford: Blackwell.
4077:. Budapest: 243–249.
3984:Isländische Grammatik
3982:Kress, Bruno (1982),
3612:"Þéranir á meðal vor"
2462:Icelandic orthography
2277:
2269:
1773:
1559:
857:
629:, which later became
532:The language is more
527:mutually intelligible
7245:Languages of Iceland
7177:Indo-European ablaut
7157:Germanic strong verb
7126:Germanic spirant law
6263:Southeast Limburgish
5759:Gelders-Overijssels
5388:Irish Middle English
5378:Early Modern English
5194:Promotion and purism
3550:, pp. 107, 237.
2898:Icelandic literature
2849:officially replaced
2258:Icelandic vocabulary
1805:improve this article
1776:Colloquial Icelandic
1510:is apical alveolar,
894:improve this article
850:History of Icelandic
463:[ˈistlɛnska]
121:Insular Scandinavian
54:[ˈistlɛnska]
18:Icelandic (language)
7145:Synchronic features
7116:Germanic a-mutation
7069:Diachronic features
6419:in the broad sense
6352:East Central German
6306:Lorraine Franconian
6280:Transylvanian Saxon
6240:West Central German
6015:East Low Franconian
5925:West Low Franconian
4196:Icelandic phonology
4094:Íslensk tunga I–III
4049:10.1075/wlp.5.08kri
3511:, pp. 144–145.
3080:2000 US census data
2293:and to the west of
2130:subject–verb–object
1877:grammatical genders
1847:before much of its
1705:
1579:
1149:
1127:Icelandic phonology
934:sagas of Icelanders
617:and belongs to the
540:(particularly noun
7230:Icelandic language
7162:Germanic weak verb
6971:Language subgroups
6321:Pennsylvania Dutch
6270:Moselle Franconian
6248:Central Franconian
6081:Middle High German
5832:Central Pomeranian
5787:Northern Low Saxon
5500:Wangerooge Frisian
5294:Germanic languages
5075:Icelandic language
4885:Icelandic Language
3665:Van der Hulst 2008
3618:. 29 October 1999.
3417:2009-03-27 at the
3388:2009-04-28 at the
3068:on 6 December 2010
3036:"StatBank Denmark"
2998:Icelandic language
2321:religious concepts
2309:
2272:
1853:inflected language
1841:Germanic languages
1779:
1701:
1575:
1562:
1147:
1000:Icelandic alphabet
868:
623:Germanic languages
609:Germanic languages
593:Jónas Hallgrímsson
557:language regulator
496:Norwegian dialects
184:Icelandic alphabet
7217:
7216:
7202:extinct languages
7189:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7136:Great Vowel Shift
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6897:
6896:
6743:Greenlandic Norse
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6493:Southern Bavarian
6476:Northern Bavarian
6452:Highest Alemannic
6403:
6402:
6137:standard variants
6052:
6051:
5898:Standard variants
5857:
5856:
5716:Middle Low German
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5487:Saterland Frisian
5260:
5259:
5231:Linguistic purism
5041:
5040:
5001:
5000:
4842:
4841:
4763:
4762:
4740:Political parties
4705:Foreign relations
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4505:
4504:
4266:978-0-415-05768-4
4181:978-9979-3-0417-3
4084:978-963-9074-74-3
4058:978-90-272-2836-9
3974:978-0-903521-61-1
3855:978-0-19-158407-7
3835:978-0-19-922931-4
3764:, pp. 37–38.
3586:, pp. 58–59.
3368:on 4 March 2016.
3128:on 26 August 2019
3098:Statistics Canada
3006:(19th ed., 2016)
2981:(26th ed., 2023)
2893:Icelandic exonyms
2819:
2818:
2466:Icelandic Braille
2415:Linguistic purism
2382:non-binary gender
2349:linguistic purism
2171:Það veit ég ekki.
2157:Ekki veit ég það.
2143:Ég veit það ekki.
2122:reflexive pronoun
1893:nominative plural
1889:genitive singular
1837:
1836:
1829:
1766:Icelandic grammar
1756:
1755:
1698:
1697:
1604:
1599:
1496:
1495:
1361:
1337:
1148:Consonant phones
926:
925:
918:
840:
839:
831:
830:
822:
821:
813:
812:
804:
803:
755:
754:
595:is celebrated as
578:The state-funded
388:
387:
370:rendering support
366:phonetic symbols.
233:Regulated by
189:Icelandic Braille
117:West Scandinavian
16:(Redirected from
7262:
6994:Elbe (Irminonic)
6967:
6954:
6882:Mainland Gutnish
6772:Swedish dialects
6734:Middle Icelandic
6708:Middle Norwegian
6597:Historical forms
6594:
6585:
6568:
6527:South Franconian
6513:Hutterite German
6481:Central Bavarian
6301:Rhine Franconian
6236:
6066:Historical forms
6063:
5978:Surinamese Dutch
5871:Historical forms
5868:
5701:Historical forms
5698:
5450:Historical forms
5447:
5334:
5325:
5312:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5264:
5134:Patronymic names
5121:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5045:
5021:
5014:
4978:National costume
4853:
4799:
4774:
4678:
4529:
4525:
4513:
4442:Christianization
4382:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4306:
4297:
4270:
4249:
4236:
4209:
4185:
4161:
4143:
4120:Ladefoged, Peter
4115:
4088:
4072:
4062:
4031:
4000:Sociolinguistica
3990:
3978:
3959:
3918:
3905:
3886:
3859:
3838:
3820:
3819:. pp. 7–21.
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3735:Kristinsson 2014
3732:
3726:
3723:Kristinsson 2013
3720:
3714:
3711:Kristinsson 2018
3708:
3702:
3701:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3521:Liberman, Mark.
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3403:
3397:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3364:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3341:on 28 April 2009
3337:. Archived from
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3311:. Archived from
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3212:(in Icelandic).
3201:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3064:. Archived from
3050:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2970:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2521:
2493:
2483:
2472:English alphabet
2451:
2449:Íslensk málnefnd
2401:
2395:
2389:
2333:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2281:Eyjafjallajökull
2227:
2219:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2173:
2159:
2145:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1843:, and resembles
1832:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1789:
1781:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1706:
1694:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1618:
1602:
1597:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1486:
1478:
1455:
1447:
1430:
1422:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1150:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1034:
1026:
993:
987:
979:
971:
963:
921:
914:
910:
907:
901:
878:
870:
865:
858:A page from the
772:
708:
698:
688:
647:
637:
613:Icelandic is an
500:extinct language
473:
472:
471:
465:
460:
445:
439:
438:
437:
436:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
353:
344:
330:
314:
307:
298:
292:
285:
279:
271:
262:
261:
253:
224:
222:
221:
212:
210:
209:
175:
96:
56:
44:
32:
21:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7181:
7140:
7121:Germanic umlaut
7086:Holtzmann's law
7064:
7033:
6961:
6940:
6893:
6870:
6804:South Jutlandic
6789:Danish dialects
6755:
6636:
6579:
6550:
6532:East Franconian
6486:Viennese German
6399:
6380:Silesian German
6346:
6335:Central Hessian
6225:
6150:Namibian German
6139:
6130:
6108:Standard German
6102:
6088:New High German
6074:Old High German
6048:
6027:
6009:
5920:
5892:
5853:
5837:East Pomeranian
5827:Brandenburgisch
5814:East Low German
5808:
5735:Dutch Low Saxon
5727:West Low German
5721:
5679:
5645:Schiermonnikoog
5626:
5521:
5507:Wursten Frisian
5470:
5436:
5319:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5261:
5256:
5235:
5189:
5148:
5144:List of exonyms
5122:
5113:
5077:
5072:
5042:
5037:
5024:
5017:
5010:
4997:
4983:Public holidays
4904:
4838:
4797:
4759:
4720:Law enforcement
4659:
4618:
4514:
4501:
4418:
4371:
4362:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4286:
4273:
4267:
4252:
4239:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4189:
4182:
4165:
4146:
4140:
4118:
4104:
4091:
4085:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4034:
3993:
3981:
3975:
3962:
3921:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3841:
3836:
3823:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3798:Ragnarsson 1992
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3419:Wayback Machine
3404:
3400:
3390:Wayback Machine
3381:
3377:
3360:Robert Berman.
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3315:on 29 June 2007
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3210:Vísindavefurinn
3203:
3202:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3180:Vísindavefurinn
3173:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3071:
3069:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3040:www.statbank.dk
3034:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2871:
2706:Minuscule forms
2535:capital letters
2526:Majuscule forms
2468:
2460:Main articles:
2458:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2406:Language policy
2365:(and sometimes
2264:
2256:Main articles:
2254:
2244:and members of
2238:T–V distinction
2229:are always the
2030:auxiliary verbs
1996:("get there"),
1833:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1802:
1790:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1717:
1712:
1554:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1099:
922:
911:
905:
902:
891:
879:
852:
846:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
756:
611:
605:
589:language policy
468:
467:
466:
458:
443:
433:
432:
431:
398:
394:
368:Without proper
356:
340:
326:
310:
303:
288:
287:
286:
275:
274:
267:
257:
256:
249:
219:
217:
216:
207:
205:
202:
195:Official status
187:
176:
171:
165:
144:
137:
97:
94:Language family
92:
83:
82:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7268:
7266:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7222:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7204:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7045:Proto-Germanic
7041:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6986:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6920:Crimean Gothic
6909:
6907:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6796:
6794:Insular Danish
6791:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6777:Rinkebysvenska
6774:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6730:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6625:
6623:Old East Norse
6620:
6618:Old West Norse
6608:
6600:
6598:
6591:
6581:
6580:
6571:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6498:South Tyrolean
6490:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6440:High Alemannic
6437:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6308:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6282:
6277:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6231:Central German
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6170:Barossa German
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6084:
6077:
6069:
6067:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5949:French Flemish
5941:
5940:
5939:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5865:
5863:Low Franconian
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5702:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5664:Westereendersk
5658:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5465:Middle Frisian
5461:
5453:
5451:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5371:Modern English
5367:
5364:Middle English
5360:
5353:
5342:
5340:
5331:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5240:Related topics
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5185:Skaldic poetry
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Nasdaq Iceland
4806:
4801:
4793:
4791:Communications
4788:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4750:Prime Minister
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4650:Municipalities
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Constituencies
4626:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:National parks
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Extreme points
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4313:
4312:External links
4310:
4308:
4307:
4298:
4285:978-1282193666
4284:
4271:
4265:
4250:
4237:
4223:
4210:
4204:
4180:
4168:Mál og málsaga
4163:
4162:
4148:Orešnik, Janez
4144:
4138:
4124:Maddieson, Ian
4116:
4102:
4089:
4083:
4063:
4057:
4032:
3991:
3979:
3973:
3960:
3934:(3): 207–276.
3919:
3906:
3901:978-1298551429
3900:
3887:
3873:
3860:
3854:
3848:. OUP Oxford.
3839:
3834:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:, p. 148.
3790:
3788:, p. 188.
3786:Þráinsson 1994
3778:
3766:
3754:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3698:Iceland Review
3684:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3631:, p. 781.
3621:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3513:
3501:
3449:
3434:
3422:
3398:
3375:
3352:
3326:
3300:
3279:
3246:
3227:
3193:
3182:(in Icelandic)
3163:
3161:, p. 142.
3159:Þráinsson 1994
3151:
3139:
3103:
3084:
3045:
3027:
3025:, p. 106.
3015:
2990:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2903:Icelandic name
2900:
2895:
2890:
2870:
2867:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2457:
2456:Writing system
2454:
2419:Main article:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2341:semantic field
2262:Icelandic name
2253:
2250:
2231:second element
2211:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2166:
2152:
2120:), can take a
1945:quirky subject
1835:
1834:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1764:Main article:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
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1654:
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1643:
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1630:
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1622:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1553:
1550:
1535:Scholten (2000
1532:
1531:
1523:
1504:denti-alveolar
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1136:All Icelandic
1133:
1130:
1125:Main article:
1122:
1119:
1111:Nordic Council
1098:
1095:
955:Dano-Norwegian
924:
923:
882:
880:
873:
848:Main article:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
815:
811:
810:
807:
806:
802:
801:
798:
797:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
775:
770:
768:
762:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
749:
748:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
711:
706:
704:
696:
694:
692:Old Norse
686:
684:
677:
676:
673:
672:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
650:
645:
643:
641:Proto-Germanic
635:
619:North Germanic
604:
603:Classification
601:
386:
385:
372:, you may see
358:
357:
354:
346:
345:
338:
332:
331:
324:
316:
315:
308:
300:
299:
272:
264:
263:
254:
246:
245:
244:Language codes
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
226:Nordic Council
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
177:
173:Writing system
170:
167:
166:
164:
163:
162:
161:
154:Old West Norse
147:
145:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
112:North Germanic
100:
98:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Native to
58:
57:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7267:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7209:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7152:Germanic verb
7150:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:Sievers's law
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:Reconstructed
7036:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6851:Middle Danish
6848:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6727:Old Icelandic
6724:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:Old Norwegian
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6565:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6519:
6518:Gottscheerish
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6457:Walser German
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:Low Alemannic
6421:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6385:High Prussian
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6370:Erzgebirgisch
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6275:Luxembourgish
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6213:Klezmer-loshn
6210:
6208:
6207:Scots Yiddish
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6044:Meuse-Rhenish
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:Kleverlandish
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5932:Central Dutch
5930:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:Stellingwarfs
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:Wood Frisian
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5527:North Frisian
5524:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:Anglo-Frisian
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Old Icelandic
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4755:Supreme Court
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4323:Íðorðabankinn
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4224:3-935267-00-2
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4205:9979-853-14-X
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4139:0-631-19815-6
4135:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4103:9979-2-1900-9
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:(in German).
4001:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3874:9780080877754
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3776:, p. 38.
3775:
3774:Karlsson 2013
3770:
3767:
3763:
3762:Karlsson 2013
3758:
3755:
3752:, p. 36.
3751:
3750:Karlsson 2013
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:Karlsson 2013
3637:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:, p. 58.
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3574:, p. 57.
3573:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:, p. 99.
3431:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:Helge Niska,
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:Karlsson 2013
3143:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2937:typologically
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:small letters
2712:
2709:(also called
2708:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:(also called
2528:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:Mýrdalsjökull
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2151:know it not.)
2150:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:V2 word order
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2020:("take") vs.
2019:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2004:("kill") vs.
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1988:("come") vs.
1987:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:Old Norwegian
1842:
1831:
1828:
1820:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:This section
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1091:Shakespeare's
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
986:
980:
978:
972:
970:
964:
962:
956:
952:
948:
947:Old Icelandic
943:
941:
940:
935:
931:
920:
917:
909:
899:
895:
889:
888:
883:This section
881:
877:
872:
871:
864:
863:
856:
851:
843:
836:
835:
827:
826:
818:
817:
809:
808:
800:
799:
796:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
774:
773:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
751:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
725:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
710:
709:
703:
700:
699:
693:
690:
689:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
649:
648:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:Old Icelandic
628:
624:
621:group of the
620:
616:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
464:
456:
452:
448:
447:
435:
428:
392:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
365:
359:
352:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
306:
301:
296:
291:
283:
278:
273:
270:
265:
260:
255:
252:
247:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
227:
215:
204:
198:
193:
190:
185:
181:
178:
174:
168:
160:
159:Old Icelandic
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
150:
146:
140:
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:Indo-European
99:
95:
89:
85:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
49:Pronunciation
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7197:
7081:Verner's law
7026:
7021:Gotho-Nordic
7019:
7012:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6912:
6902:
6887:Fårö Gutnish
6849:
6842:
6748:
6741:
6732:
6725:
6720:
6706:
6699:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6543:
6445:Swiss German
6409:Upper German
6342:Amana German
6316:Volga German
6285:Hunsrückisch
6211:
6165:Unserdeutsch
6160:Berlinerisch
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6032:Cover groups
5988:Mohawk Dutch
5983:Jersey Dutch
5961:East Flemish
5944:West Flemish
5888:Middle Dutch
5842:Low Prussian
5714:
5707:
5673:Terschelling
5657:Clay Frisian
5632:West Frisian
5620:Wiedingharde
5612:
5600:
5560:Heligolandic
5537:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5476:East Frisian
5463:
5456:
5429:Middle Scots
5427:
5420:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5139:Street names
5074:
4943:Coat of arms
4923:Architecture
4865:Demographics
4814:Nordic model
4710:Human rights
4695:Constitution
4477:World War II
4452:Sturlung Era
4437:Commonwealth
4302:
4275:
4255:
4246:ResearchGate
4245:
4214:
4195:
4191:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4128:
4093:
4074:
4040:
4006:(1): 54–68.
4003:
3999:
3983:
3964:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3910:
3891:
3867:. Elsevier.
3864:
3844:
3825:
3816:
3808:Bibliography
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3697:
3687:
3660:
3648:
3643:, p. 9.
3636:
3624:
3616:Morgunblaðið
3596:Árnason 2011
3591:
3584:Árnason 2011
3579:
3572:Árnason 2011
3567:
3562:, p. 8.
3555:
3548:Árnason 2011
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:Language Log
3526:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3447:, p. 1.
3430:Árnason 2011
3425:
3401:
3393:
3378:
3369:
3366:the original
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:the original
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:the original
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3266:. Retrieved
3249:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3209:
3184:. Retrieved
3179:
3154:
3149:, p. 8.
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3106:
3097:
3087:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3018:
3001:
2993:
2976:
2968:
2944:
2931:
2922:
2878:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2507:
2469:
2444:
2424:
2409:
2379:
2357:
2328:
2310:
2235:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2179:know I not.)
2176:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2127:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1952:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1838:
1823:
1814:
1803:Please help
1798:verification
1795:
1775:
1577:Monophthongs
1563:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1502:are laminal
1360:non-sibilant
1135:
1108:
1100:
1080:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1037:
1029:
1028:rather than
1021:
1011:
997:
982:
974:
966:
958:
944:
937:
927:
912:
903:
892:Please help
887:verification
884:
792:
777:
743:
728:
714:
713:
667:
652:
612:
577:
565:
534:conservative
531:
390:
389:
361:
336:Linguasphere
319:
124:
29:
7096:Kluge's law
7076:Grimm's law
6859:Dalecarlian
6838:Perkerdansk
6811:East Danish
6629:Old Gutnish
6605:Proto-Norse
6545:Langobardic
6537:Vogtlandian
6365:Upper Saxon
6219:Lachoudisch
6180:Lotegorisch
6058:High German
5804:Westphalian
5799:Eastphalian
5763:Achterhooks
5640:Hindeloopen
5575:Bökingharde
5544:Föhr–Amrum
5458:Old Frisian
5422:Early Scots
5357:Old English
5180:Poetic Edda
5099:Orthography
4781:Agriculture
4725:LGBT rights
4544:Earthquakes
4457:Reformation
4447:Aristocracy
4409:Prohibition
4404:Nationality
3653:Forbes 1860
3394:Nordic news
3268:15 November
3264:. p. 1
3054:"Icelandic"
2432:romanticism
2375:family name
2373:systems of
2165:know I it.)
2092:) one with
2068:, two with
1054:instead of
1008:orthography
1004:Rasmus Rask
998:The modern
939:Poetic Edda
862:Landnámabók
681:Proto-Norse
569:New Iceland
376:instead of
143:Early forms
7224:Categories
6928:Burgundian
6844:Old Danish
6833:Gøtudanskt
6816:Bornholmsk
6678:Vestlandsk
6658:Kebabnorsk
6395:Halcnovian
6360:Thuringian
6023:Limburgish
5993:Stadsfries
5966:Brabantian
5693:Low German
5539:Eiderstedt
5394:Fingallian
5170:Literature
5109:Vocabulary
4993:Television
4963:Mass media
4958:Literature
4880:Icelanders
4875:Healthcare
4798:(currency)
4735:Parliament
4645:Localities
4609:Waterfalls
4432:Settlement
3457:Kress 1982
3220:29 October
3003:Ethnologue
2978:Ethnologue
2909:References
2825:, such as
2428:neologisms
2367:matronymic
2363:patronymic
2345:Low German
2252:Vocabulary
2246:parliament
1958:conjugated
1885:weak nouns
1865:accusative
1861:nominative
1855:with four
1703:Diphthongs
1634:Near-close
1329:Continuant
1142:aspiration
1132:Consonants
1103:Parliament
607:See also:
542:declension
538:inflection
498:, and the
494:, western
459:pronounced
75:Icelanders
7208:varieties
7200:indicate
7014:Northwest
6959:Philology
6864:Elfdalian
6799:Jutlandic
6721:Icelandic
6696:(written)
6690:(written)
6668:Trøndersk
6648:Norwegian
6612:Old Norse
6433:Coloniero
6417:Alemannic
6390:Wymysorys
6258:Colognian
6253:Ripuarian
6175:Rotwelsch
6005:Midslands
5956:Zeelandic
5937:Hollandic
5911:Afrikaans
5883:Old Dutch
5709:Old Saxon
5608:Karrharde
5590:Goesharde
5571:Mainland
5304:philology
5104:Phonology
4890:Languages
4870:Education
4834:Transport
4819:Outvasion
4745:President
4700:Elections
4640:Farthings
4623:Political
4604:Volcanoes
4574:Highlands
4520:Geography
4294:741344348
4160:: 155–71.
4028:142164040
4020:1865-939X
3956:144856348
3948:1466-4208
3883:944400471
3078:Based on
2973:Icelandic
2960:Citations
2711:lowercase
2531:uppercase
2516:diphthong
2500:voiceless
2313:Old Norse
2304:Eyjafjöll
1817:July 2019
1718:offglide
1713:offglide
1121:Phonology
1078:in 1974.
951:Old Norse
906:July 2019
745:Norwegian
715:Icelandic
627:Old Norse
561:loanwords
549:synthetic
511:Norwegian
478:from the
391:Icelandic
342:52-AAA-aa
321:Glottolog
305:ISO 639-3
269:ISO 639-2
251:ISO 639-1
149:Old Norse
125:Icelandic
71:Ethnicity
35:Icelandic
6935:Vandalic
6878:Gutnish
6683:Vikværsk
6663:Sognamål
6653:Bergensk
6503:Cimbrian
6471:Bavarian
6428:Alsatian
6375:Lusatian
6311:Palatine
6001:Amelands
5878:Frankish
5768:Sallaans
5750:Gronings
5601:Southern
5594:Northern
5585:Halligen
5534:Insular
5351:dialects
5082:Features
5028:Category
4895:Religion
4860:Abortion
4824:Taxation
4730:Military
4673:Politics
4635:Counties
4614:Wildlife
4569:Glaciers
4492:Cod Wars
4487:Cold War
4482:Invasion
4424:Timeline
4399:Military
4394:Economic
4386:By topic
4369:articles
4233:76178278
4126:(1996).
4112:71365446
3917:: 76–86.
3415:Archived
3386:Archived
3345:27 April
3319:27 April
3293:27 April
3288:"Norden"
3214:Archived
3132:27 April
3072:17 April
2869:See also
2058:singular
1873:genitive
1849:fusional
1658:Open-mid
1500:/n̥ntʰt/
1335:sibilant
1018:Germanic
683: →
573:Manitoba
455:íslenska
382:Help:IPA
328:icel1247
107:Germanic
42:íslenska
7198:Italics
6821:Scanian
6767:Swedish
6716:Faroese
6694:Nynorsk
6673:Valdris
6508:Mòcheno
6464:Swabian
6330:Hessian
6290:Hunsrik
6202:Western
6197:Eastern
6192:Yiddish
6142:creoles
6039:Bergish
5755:Drèents
5745:Tweants
5597:Central
5579:Mooring
5442:Frisian
5401:Kildare
5346:English
5160:History
5094:Grammar
5089:Braille
5012:Outline
4948:Cuisine
4910:Culture
4848:Society
4829:Tourism
4786:Banking
4769:Economy
4690:Cabinet
4655:Regions
4599:Valleys
4579:Islands
4564:Geology
4559:Forests
4539:Climate
4532:Natural
4472:Kingdom
4377:History
4365:Iceland
3533:1 April
3186:20 June
2887:whalers
2399:-dóttir
2371:Western
2008:drepast
1760:Grammar
1652:
1621:
1516:laminal
1467:vibrant
1436:Lateral
1176:Glottal
1166:Palatal
1161:Coronal
930:Iceland
844:History
794:Swedish
730:Faroese
519:English
515:Swedish
492:Faroese
484:Iceland
474:) is a
451:endonym
378:Unicode
293: (
280: (
214:Iceland
65:Iceland
6914:Gothic
6784:Danish
6688:Bokmål
6187:Yenish
5997:Bildts
5780:Veluws
5775:Urkers
5614:Strand
5338:Anglic
5033:Portal
4938:Cinema
4918:Anthem
4804:Energy
4796:Króna
4594:Rivers
4554:Fjords
4414:Rulers
4367:
4292:
4282:
4263:
4231:
4221:
4202:
4178:
4136:
4110:
4100:
4081:
4055:
4026:
4018:
3971:
3954:
3946:
3898:
3881:
3871:
3852:
3832:
3471:sausen
2885:Basque
2881:pidgin
2504:voiced
2440:German
2436:Danish
2337:French
2331:kirkja
2289:Skógar
2242:bishop
2118:object
2048:, and
2024:takast
1992:komast
1974:number
1970:person
1939:hlutir
1927:hlutar
1915:hestar
1881:strong
1869:dative
1552:Vowels
1520:apical
1156:Labial
1083:vellum
981:, and
953:. The
779:Danish
553:German
523:German
513:, and
507:Danish
442:eyess-
223:
211:
7028:South
6979:North
6589:North
6573:North
5915:Kaaps
5906:Dutch
5553:Amrum
5494:Weser
5416:Scots
5175:Sagas
5127:Names
5019:Index
4988:Sport
4973:Names
4968:Music
4933:Chess
4900:Women
4584:Lakes
4194:[
4170:[
4071:(PDF)
4024:S2CID
3952:S2CID
3258:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
2939:rare.
2914:Notes
2088:skulu
2000:drepa
1978:voice
1962:tense
1954:Verbs
1903:hests
1857:cases
1742:Open
1711:Front
1610:Close
1603:round
1598:plain
1586:Front
1546:dagur
1183:Nasal
1171:Velar
1138:stops
1087:Eddas
1070:with
430:
180:Latin
6989:West
6984:East
6904:East
6760:East
6750:Norn
6641:West
6577:East
6575:and
6140:and
6135:Non-
5565:Sylt
5548:Föhr
5483:Ems
5408:Yola
5317:West
4953:Flag
4290:OCLC
4280:ISBN
4261:ISBN
4229:OCLC
4219:ISBN
4200:ISBN
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4134:ISBN
4108:OCLC
4098:ISBN
4079:ISBN
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4016:ISSN
3969:ISBN
3944:ISSN
3911:Word
3896:ISBN
3879:OCLC
3869:ISBN
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3830:ISBN
3535:2012
3347:2007
3321:2007
3295:2007
3270:2013
3222:2023
3188:2007
3134:2007
3074:2010
2950:/œi/
2833:and
2821:The
2512:this
2510:and
2508:thin
2502:and
2496:Æ, æ
2486:Ð, ð
2481:þorn
2476:Þ, þ
2464:and
2438:and
2393:-son
2387:-bur
2361:are
2353:coin
2260:and
2221:and
2217:veit
2080:munu
2016:taka
1984:koma
1976:and
1966:mood
1960:for
1956:are
1891:and
1883:and
1871:and
1723:Mid
1716:Back
1686:Open
1591:Back
1512:/θð/
1260:Stop
546:case
521:and
503:Norn
446:-dik
4928:Art
4715:Law
4045:doi
4008:doi
3936:doi
3487:sch
3479:sch
3467:in
3000:at
2975:at
2713:or
2533:or
2452:).
2396:or
2225:fór
2163:Not
2104:þvo
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1909:-ar
1807:by
1570:/u/
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1566:/i/
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364:IPA
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