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332:, which was his sole asset. The creditor subsequently sold it on to a businessman, and the authorities, who taxed all ships, issued its new owner with a tax bill. Rather than pay, he dismantled the entire submarine and sold it for scrap. The ship's surface motor was removed to a textile factory; the viewports ended up as bathroom windows.
313:(6.5 km/h) with a top speed of 4.5 knots (8.3 km/h). Two months later, on 14 December, Monturiol submerged the vessel and ran his chemical engine, but with a quite slow speed of 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h). The submarine could dive up to 27.5 metres (90 ft) and could stay underwater for seven and a half hours.
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heated the boiler of a steam engine to provide propulsion and illumination and the oxygen released by the reaction could be used for breathing. Monturiol purchased a six-cylinder steam engine and divided it in half; one half was powered by a coal-burning boiler for surface propulsion while the other
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was 14 metres (46 ft) long, 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide, and 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. Her displacement was 46 tonnes and her interior volume was 29 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft). She was built of olive wood with oak reinforcements, and a 2 mm thick layer of copper. Her upper side
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Monturiol envisaged a new vessel, custom built to house his new engine, which would be entirely built of metal with the engine housed in its own separate compartment. However, due to the state of his finances, construction of a new vessel was out of the question, and instead he managed to assemble
391:. The ballast tanks would be flooded at will to submerge and surfacing was achieved by forcing air into them with a pump. Pitch during diving was controlled by a weight which could be moved longitudinally along a rail, remotely controlled by the helmsman. The
294:. Later he installed a gun inside the submarine's hull and performed a number of trials involving underwater shots on predetermined targets from 22 December to 30 December 1865, but this failed to impress the military authorities.
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1.3 metres (4.3 ft) wide and a hatch with three glazed portholes 200 mm (7.9 in) in diameter and 100 mm (3.9 in) thick glass blocks. The submarine could be steered from the
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Four ballast tanks of 8 cubic metres (280 cu ft) capacity were located symmetrically on each side in the free flooding areas between the streamlined outer
328:, or 160 kilograms (350 lb) of gold – and could attract no more investment. The chief creditor called in his debt, and Monturiol was forced to surrender the
272:, the financially desperate Monturiol wrote to the US Secretary of the Navy; however, the Civil War had ended by the time the Secretary responded.
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Dissatisfied with the limitations placed on him by human propulsion, Monturiol realized that the only option was steam power, but contemporary
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234:. The Spanish Navy pledged support to Monturiol but did not actually supply it, so he had to raise funds himself, writing a
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made her maiden voyage under human power on 20 May 1865, submerging to 27.5 metres (90 ft). After reading about the
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Monturiol's Dream: The
Extraordinary Story of the Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World
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and the first submarine to overcome the basic problems of machine powered underwater navigation.
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Its launching took place in the Port of
Barcelona on October 2, 1864 by the Spanish engineer
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Monturiol intended to develop the submarine for its commercial use in the exploitation of
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required a fire which was not an option for a submarine. To this end he invented an
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went bankrupt, having completely exhausted its funds. Monturiol had spent 100,000
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was its air independent propulsion for underwater navigation. A reaction of
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Air independent steam engine submerged; coal powered steam engine surfaced
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half was powered by a separate boiler heated by his chemical mixture.
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was originally intended as an improved version of the handpowered
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made its first surface journey under steam power, averaging 3.5
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also had an emergency mechanism intended to jettison the
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to encourage a popular subscription which raised 300,000
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and the attempts at submarine construction such as the
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Secret Fleets: Fremantle's World War II Submarine Base
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530:, 28 de septiembre de 1890, p.3. (in Spanish)
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145:3 m (9 ft 10 in) (light hull)
137:2 m (6 ft 7 in) (light hull)
462:"A steam powered submarine: the Ictíneo"
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121:46 t (45 long tons; 51 short tons)
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402:The most important innovation in the
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380:by means of an endless screw gear.
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246:and was used to form the company
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460:De Decker, Kris (August 2008).
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494:. Western Australian Museum.
177:Tested to 7 hours submerged
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524:El Ictíneo ante la ciencia
575:. Retrieved on 2008-08-01
540:Stewart, Matthew (2003).
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52:La Navegación Submarina,
644:Experimental submarines
629:19th-century submarines
318:La Navegación Submarina
305:On 22 October 1867 the
248:La Navegación Submarina
103:General characteristics
82:20 May 1865 to Dec 1867
488:Cairns, Lynne (2011).
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281:air independent engine
185:30 m (98 ft)
566:A Utopian's Submarine
564:Cindy Lee Van Dover.
544:. Profile Books Ltd.
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204:and it was the first
236:letter to the nation
634:Submarines of Spain
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639:Spanish inventions
600:41.3796°N 2.1834°E
571:2016-03-03 at the
416:potassium chlorate
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263:American Civil War
169:4.5 knots surfaced
501:978-1-920843-57-1
466:LOW-TECH MAGAZINE
412:manganese dioxide
242:from citizens of
196:was a pioneering
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61:Narciso Monturiol
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316:On 23 December,
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359:replica in
336:Description
292:coral reefs
67:Preceded by
624:1864 ships
618:Categories
588:41°22′47″N
471:2021-02-12
442:References
404:Ictíneo II
385:light hull
369:Ictíneo II
357:Ictíneo II
355:Detail of
346:Ictíneo II
330:Ictíneo II
307:Ictíneo II
300:Ictíneo II
259:Ictíneo II
252:Ictíneo II
226:Ictíneo II
210:combustion
193:Ictíneo II
182:Test depth
158:Propulsion
79:In service
43:Ictíneo II
26:Ictíneo II
591:2°11′00″E
430:Ictineu 3
393:submarine
361:Barcelona
231:Ictíneo I
214:submarine
198:submarine
174:Endurance
112:Submarine
87:Completed
72:Ictíneo I
57:Operators
569:Archived
423:See also
363:harbour.
344:Plan of
326:frigates
285:peroxide
212:powered
49:Builders
397:ballast
240:pesetas
220:History
118:Tonnage
95:Retired
28:replica
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372:had a
269:Hunley
142:Height
126:Length
322:duros
311:knots
244:Spain
166:Speed
546:ISBN
496:ISBN
414:and
408:zinc
374:deck
367:The
267:CSS
257:The
224:The
208:and
134:Beam
39:Name
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