363:
32:
352:
343:, which was his sole asset. The creditor subsequently sold it on to a businessman, and the authorities, who taxed all ships, issued its new owner with a tax bill. Rather than pay, he dismantled the entire submarine and sold it for scrap. The ship's surface motor was removed to a textile factory; the viewports ended up as bathroom windows.
324:(6.5 km/h) with a top speed of 4.5 knots (8.3 km/h). Two months later, on 14 December, Monturiol submerged the vessel and ran his chemical engine, but with a quite slow speed of 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h). The submarine could dive up to 27.5 metres (90 ft) and could stay underwater for seven and a half hours.
429:
heated the boiler of a steam engine to provide propulsion and illumination and the oxygen released by the reaction could be used for breathing. Monturiol purchased a six-cylinder steam engine and divided it in half; one half was powered by a coal-burning boiler for surface propulsion while the other
382:
was 14 metres (46 ft) long, 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide, and 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. Her displacement was 46 tonnes and her interior volume was 29 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft). She was built of olive wood with oak reinforcements, and a 2 mm thick layer of copper. Her upper side
308:
Monturiol envisaged a new vessel, custom built to house his new engine, which would be entirely built of metal with the engine housed in its own separate compartment. However, due to the state of his finances, construction of a new vessel was out of the question, and instead he managed to assemble
402:. The ballast tanks would be flooded at will to submerge and surfacing was achieved by forcing air into them with a pump. Pitch during diving was controlled by a weight which could be moved longitudinally along a rail, remotely controlled by the helmsman. The
305:. Later he installed a gun inside the submarine's hull and performed a number of trials involving underwater shots on predetermined targets from 22 December to 30 December 1865, but this failed to impress the military authorities.
387:
1.3 metres (4.3 ft) wide and a hatch with three glazed portholes 200 mm (7.9 in) in diameter and 100 mm (3.9 in) thick glass blocks. The submarine could be steered from the
394:
Four ballast tanks of 8 cubic metres (280 cu ft) capacity were located symmetrically on each side in the free flooding areas between the streamlined outer
339:, or 160 kilograms (350 lb) of gold – and could attract no more investment. The chief creditor called in his debt, and Monturiol was forced to surrender the
283:, the financially desperate Monturiol wrote to the US Secretary of the Navy; however, the Civil War had ended by the time the Secretary responded.
579:
286:
Dissatisfied with the limitations placed on him by human propulsion, Monturiol realized that the only option was steam power, but contemporary
510:
500:
595:
560:
654:
639:
31:
245:. The Spanish Navy pledged support to Monturiol but did not actually supply it, so he had to raise funds himself, writing a
272:
made her maiden voyage under human power on 20 May 1865, submerging to 27.5 metres (90 ft). After reading about the
644:
649:
534:
291:
220:
216:
576:
634:
553:
Monturiol's Dream: The
Extraordinary Story of the Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World
426:
273:
227:
and the first submarine to overcome the basic problems of machine powered underwater navigation.
556:
506:
422:
71:
211:
Its launching took place in the Port of
Barcelona on October 2, 1864 by the Spanish engineer
472:
212:
583:
301:
Monturiol intended to develop the submarine for its commercial use in the exploitation of
446:
332:
250:
628:
407:
399:
388:
290:
required a fire which was not an option for a submarine. To this end he invented an
362:
287:
331:
went bankrupt, having completely exhausted its funds. Monturiol had spent 100,000
241:
82:
384:
321:
395:
302:
277:
610:
597:
440:
417:
was its air independent propulsion for underwater navigation. A reaction of
403:
371:
224:
208:
122:
351:
164:
Air independent steam engine submerged; coal powered steam engine surfaced
17:
295:
336:
430:
half was powered by a separate boiler heated by his chemical mixture.
361:
350:
254:
239:
was originally intended as an improved version of the handpowered
418:
320:
made its first surface journey under steam power, averaging 3.5
406:
also had an emergency mechanism intended to jettison the
249:
to encourage a popular subscription which raised 300,000
276:
and the attempts at submarine construction such as the
502:
Secret Fleets: Fremantle's World War II Submarine Base
140:14 m (45 ft 11 in) (light hull)
541:, 28 de septiembre de 1890, p.3. (in Spanish)
298:that provided its own oxygen for combustion.
294:, which ran on a chemical reaction fueled by
8:
156:3 m (9 ft 10 in) (light hull)
148:2 m (6 ft 7 in) (light hull)
473:"A steam powered submarine: the Ictíneo"
309:enough funds to fit the engine into the
458:
132:46 t (45 long tons; 51 short tons)
26:
413:The most important innovation in the
335:– which could have purchased several
7:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
494:
492:
466:
464:
462:
391:by means of an endless screw gear.
25:
257:and was used to form the company
410:to allow it to surface quickly.
30:
471:De Decker, Kris (August 2008).
1:
505:. Western Australian Museum.
188:Tested to 7 hours submerged
671:
535:El Ictíneo ante la ciencia
586:. Retrieved on 2008-08-01
551:Stewart, Matthew (2003).
113:
44:
29:
63:La Navegación Submarina,
655:Experimental submarines
640:19th-century submarines
329:La Navegación Submarina
316:On 22 October 1867 the
259:La Navegación Submarina
114:General characteristics
93:20 May 1865 to Dec 1867
499:Cairns, Lynne (2011).
375:
359:
292:air independent engine
196:30 m (98 ft)
577:A Utopian's Submarine
575:Cindy Lee Van Dover.
555:. Profile Books Ltd.
365:
354:
215:and it was the first
247:letter to the nation
645:Submarines of Spain
607: /
650:Spanish inventions
611:41.3796°N 2.1834°E
582:2016-03-03 at the
427:potassium chlorate
376:
360:
274:American Civil War
180:4.5 knots surfaced
512:978-1-920843-57-1
477:LOW-TECH MAGAZINE
423:manganese dioxide
253:from citizens of
207:was a pioneering
200:
199:
72:Narciso Monturiol
16:(Redirected from
662:
622:
621:
619:
618:
617:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
587:
573:
567:
566:
548:
542:
532:
517:
516:
496:
487:
486:
484:
483:
468:
327:On 23 December,
213:Narcis Monturiol
34:
27:
21:
670:
669:
665:
664:
663:
661:
660:
659:
625:
624:
616:41.3796; 2.1834
615:
613:
609:
606:
601:
598:
596:
594:
593:
591:
590:
584:Wayback Machine
574:
570:
563:
550:
549:
545:
533:
520:
513:
498:
497:
490:
481:
479:
470:
469:
460:
455:
436:
349:
261:to develop the
233:
217:air independent
172:Screw propeller
161:Installed power
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
668:
666:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
627:
626:
589:
588:
568:
561:
543:
518:
511:
488:
457:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
447:V-80 submarine
444:
435:
432:
398:and the inner
348:
345:
232:
229:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
119:Class and type
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
45:Class overview
42:
41:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
667:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
623:
620:
585:
581:
578:
572:
569:
564:
562:1-86197-470-1
558:
554:
547:
544:
540:
539:La Vanguardia
536:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
519:
514:
508:
504:
503:
495:
493:
489:
478:
474:
467:
465:
463:
459:
452:
448:
445:
443:
442:
438:
437:
433:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:pressure hull
397:
392:
390:
389:conning tower
386:
381:
373:
369:
364:
358:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
306:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
288:steam engines
284:
282:
281:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
55:
52:
49:
48:
43:
38:
33:
28:
19:
592:
571:
552:
546:
538:
501:
480:. Retrieved
476:
439:
414:
412:
393:
379:
377:
367:
356:
340:
328:
326:
317:
315:
310:
307:
300:
285:
279:
269:
267:
262:
258:
246:
240:
236:
234:
203:
202:
201:
81:
53:
36:
614: /
370:replica in
347:Description
303:coral reefs
78:Preceded by
635:1864 ships
629:Categories
599:41°22′47″N
482:2021-02-12
453:References
415:Ictíneo II
396:light hull
380:Ictíneo II
368:Ictíneo II
366:Detail of
357:Ictíneo II
341:Ictíneo II
318:Ictíneo II
311:Ictíneo II
270:Ictíneo II
263:Ictíneo II
237:Ictíneo II
221:combustion
204:Ictíneo II
193:Test depth
169:Propulsion
90:In service
54:Ictíneo II
37:Ictíneo II
18:Ictineo II
602:2°11′00″E
441:Ictineu 3
404:submarine
372:Barcelona
242:Ictíneo I
225:submarine
209:submarine
185:Endurance
123:Submarine
98:Completed
83:Ictíneo I
68:Operators
580:Archived
434:See also
374:harbour.
355:Plan of
337:frigates
296:peroxide
223:powered
60:Builders
408:ballast
251:pesetas
231:History
129:Tonnage
106:Retired
39:replica
559:
509:
383:had a
280:Hunley
153:Height
137:Length
333:duros
322:knots
255:Spain
177:Speed
557:ISBN
507:ISBN
425:and
419:zinc
385:deck
378:The
278:CSS
268:The
235:The
219:and
145:Beam
50:Name
631::
537:.
521:^
491:^
475:.
461:^
421:,
313:.
265:.
565:.
515:.
485:.
109:1
101:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
