237:. Up to 1956 leaders modeled most of their organizational practice on the Stalinist model, which valued central control and technical expertise. Schurmann found that this model did not fit Chinese conditions or preferences, partly because China lacked well-trained technicians, partly because responsibility in traditional Chinese organizations was diffuse, and partly because the success of the Party in coming to power had depended on
248:
A second theme is continuity and change from traditional China. Schurmann noted that although traditional forms of control and organization had been undermined in the generations before 1949, that the government had to tolerate them in the countryside, where family farming was still strong. Schurmann
264:
that the book was "one of the most influential pre-Cultural
Revolution studies of politics in the People's Republic of China" and that Schurmann's observation that ideology and organization and the relationship between them are the "key to understanding what was unique and comparative (especially to
211:
Chapters on "Party", "Government", and "Management" explain swings in key policy areas. In the 1950s the Party initially adopted, perhaps with reluctance, the Soviet-style "responsibility system" and "one man management" which reinforced centralized planning, especially after the purge of
Northwest
158:
Because
Americans were not allowed to enter China in the 1950s, Schurmann did much of his research in Hong Kong. He conducted interviews with lower level officials and local cadre who came out of China and read government documents, Chinese newspapers and journals not available in the United States.
298:
in the summer of 1958. Morris
Bornstein noted that the China field had established only a "scanty base" of monographic work for Schurmann's generalizations but "fortunately" Schurmann has not waited for that base but has written an "essential work," an "original and imaginative study" based on the
289:
that it is a "seminal work" and one that will "certainly stimulate further systematic analysis," adding that "if the reader approaches this volume with the author's sense of fortitude.... he will be rewarded with numerous insights and hypotheses about communism in China which are worthy of further
249:
predicted that these traditions would be difficult to weed out, but that two new elites had emerged – "red" elites, who were politically revolutionary, and the "experts," who had technical training. The third theme was industrialization, intensifying conflict between the "reds" and the "experts".
178:
that had structured society in imperial China, and discredited the ideals of
Confucianism and the patriarchal family system. "Organization," Schurmann argued, "must now do for society what earlier had been done by the social system," and the Chinese Communist Party filled the void by producing “a
198:
pointed out that in
Schurmann's analysis, "theory is the unchanging world view of a class, while thought arises from action in individual minds and keeps changing". The implication of Schurmann's distinction between theory and thought, he continues, is that creation of Marxist-Leninist
207:
has continued to develop. Mao's
Thought made China independent of Stalin's successors and the distinction likewise implies that other national liberation movements can take Mao's Thought only as a model, not its own practical ideology, which they must develop independently.
142:
Schurmann left college when he was drafted into the Army in World War Two, learned
Japanese in an Army language school, then without a B.A. degree enrolled in a doctoral program at Harvard. His doctoral thesis, an annotated translation of the fiscal sections of the
179:
China of organization”. The book argued that a "consistent yet changing ideology" created a web of organization that covered and penetrated all aspects of
Chinese society, building on ideas and practice that were developed beginning in the 1930s.
260:'s 1984 state-of-the-field article on Chinese political science in the West called Schurmann's work one of fewer than a dozen key books and articles in the first generation of scholarship. William Joseph remarks in his
567:
224:, when local Party cadre and local units took the initiative. But the failure of the Leap swung the Party back to allowing managers more control and central planners more authority.
415:
151:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1956). He eventually learned a dozen languages. He traveled to Istanbul to learn Turkish and Persian, languages which he then taught at
241:, who tended to be peasants and unskilled workers. These former guerilla leaders were put in charge of local units. Reaction against the Soviet model came to a head in the
278:
that the book does not touch either on political education or on education in the school system, and that the analysis largely ended before the
Cultural Revolution.
755:
738:
601:
166:"After I had completed the book," Schurmann added, "I realised that I had omitted an important area of organisation: the army." Later editions included treatment.
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35:
371:
339:
Bornstein, Morris (1968), "Communist Chinese Society in Soviet Perspective (Review: Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China",
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of 1957, which put control in the hands of these local Party cadre, whose lack of expertise and dependence on political loyalty led to disaster.
842:
748:
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and more rigorous testing...." The "greatest disappointment," however, "is that there is "no summary analysis of how the communists in fact
152:
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ideology with organization" in policy-formation. Solomon asked Schurmann to explain how the decision was made, for instance, to form the
411:
257:
479:
Salaff, Janet (1967). ""Ideology and Organization in Communist China": Schurmann's Dialectical Analysis of a Revolutionary Society".
91:
463:, (1968) "Review of Ideology and Organization in Communist China., Franz Schurmann," American Sociological Review 33.1:147-148.
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71:
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34:
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17:
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123:'s "dialectical conception of Chinese society" and how Mao structured his organizational approach to the
115:
in 1966, then in enlarged editions in 1968 and 1971. Schurmann used the sociological tools developed by
295:
233:
sees three themes that illuminate Schurmann's main concerns. The first was the relationship with the
111:
that offers a sociological analysis of the Chinese Communist revolution It was first published by
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Chapter One, "Ideology," introduces and explains key concepts and their application. "theory" (
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The Introduction presents historical background. A century of war and revolution destroyed the
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86:
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the Soviet Union)... is still valid, despite how much has changed about Chinese politics."
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who used these sources to go below the level of official directives and national politics.
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45:
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Reviewers also disagreed, commented on features, or called attention to shortcomings.
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called it a "near classic, widely recognized as scholarly and authoritative."
120:
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Stafford, David B. (1969). . American Sociological Review, 34(6), 984–986.
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221:
416:"The Study of Chinese Politics: Toward a Third Generation of Scholarship"
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372:"The state that Mao built: Ideology and Organization in Communist China"
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took the goal of reviving pre-1949 success when the Party was base in
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568:"The Use and Abuse of Ideology in the Study of Contemporary China"
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Hsueh, Chun-Tu. The Journal of Politics 29, no. 2 (1967): 433-35.
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Sunday book review and Janet Salaff's 19 page review article in
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Oksenberg, Michel (17 July 1966), "Accentuating the Negative",
155:
before gaining a position in the sociology department there.
227:
Chapters then treat "Control", "Cities", and "Villages".
657:
655:
708:
706:
610:," USCD Modern Chinese History, (January 29, 2010).
596:; reprinted in Frederic Wakeman (Lea Wakeman, ed.)
85:
77:
67:
59:
51:
41:
18:
Ideology and Organization in Communist China (book)
641:"Historian and China expert Franz Schurmann dies"
186:), or "pure ideology," combines with "practice" (
104:is a 1966 book by the American sociologist and
598:Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays
28:Ideology and Organization in Communist China
8:
608:Ideology and Organization in Communist China
503:Ideology and Organization in Communist China
101:Ideology and Organization in Communist China
27:
506:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
216:, who was associated with the Soviets. The
341:Comparative Studies in Society and History
33:
26:
791:
712:
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661:
649:, August 23, 2010. Accessed May 27, 2020.
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600:(University of California Press, 2009):
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149:Economic Structure of the YĂĽan Dynasty
743:, New York: Oxford University Press,
7:
828:University of California Press books
153:University of California at Berkeley
147:official history, was published as
740:Politics in China: An Introduction
262:Politics in China: An Introduction
25:
630:Vol. 34 (December, 1969), p. 984.
302:Other prominent reviews include
556:https://doi.org/10.2307/2096022
465:https://doi.org/10.2307/2092264
299:limited information available.
130:David Stafford, writing in the
113:University of California Press
72:University of California Press
1:
843:Books about politics of China
481:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
312:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
203:ended with Stalin, but Mao's
628:American Sociological Review
275:The New York Review of Books
194:), or "practical ideology".
132:American Sociological Review
190:") which together produce (
869:
584:10.1017/S0305741000006810
533:10.1017/S0305741000028344
500:Schurmann, Franz (1966).
353:10.1017/S0010417500004837
306:on the front-page of the
253:Assessments and influence
159:He was one of a group of
32:
737:Joseph, William (2014),
333:New York Review of Books
646:San Francisco Chronicle
125:Chinese Communist Party
853:Books about Mao Zedong
848:English-language books
823:1966 non-fiction books
838:Books about communism
127:and the government.
676:, p. 7-8, iii.
572:The China Quarterly
525:The China Quarterly
517:Solomon, Richard H.
170:Themes and argument
29:
508:Enlarged editions
280:Richard H. Solomon
243:Great Leap Forward
218:Great Leap Forward
833:Books about China
750:978-0-19-938483-9
564:Wakeman, Frederic
474:: section 7, p. 1
296:people's communes
239:guerilla fighters
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16:(Redirected from
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792:Bornstein (1968)
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606:Zhou Guanghui, "
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551:
507:
496:
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329:"Contradictions"
304:Michel Oksenberg
231:Michel Oksenberg
196:John K. Fairbank
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327:(7 July 1966),
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109:Franz Schurmann
46:Franz Schurmann
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794:, p. 228.
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780:Solomon (1966)
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725:Harding (1984)
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702:
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527:(28): 133–36,
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472:New York Times
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458:
452:
426:(2): 284–307.
420:World Politics
412:Harding, Harry
408:
382:(4): 664–677.
376:World Politics
368:Fairbank, John
364:
347:(2): 221–222,
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325:Bernal, Martin
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308:New York Times
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578:: 127–152.
119:to analyze
817:Categories
602:pp.285-314
521:"(Review)"
318:References
138:Background
121:Mao Zedong
106:sinologist
592:145657005
549:153490556
487:: 55–72.
448:147300556
404:154756191
361:144765906
282:wrote in
272:noted in
117:Max Weber
68:Publisher
60:Published
566:(1975).
519:(1966),
493:41035117
414:(1984).
370:(1967).
314:(1967).
214:Gao Gang
52:Language
512:, 1972.
440:2010235
396:2009719
292:combine
205:thought
192:sixiang
188:shijian
55:English
756:p. 149
747:
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547:
541:651393
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222:Yan'an
201:theory
42:Author
615:Notes
588:S2CID
545:S2CID
537:JSTOR
489:JSTOR
444:S2CID
436:JSTOR
400:S2CID
392:JSTOR
357:S2CID
184:lilun
78:Pages
745:ISBN
510:1968
284:The
87:ISBN
63:1966
580:doi
529:doi
428:doi
384:doi
349:doi
81:642
819::
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20:)
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