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31:
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In 1855, Braid explained his decision to abandon his earlier term "mono-ideo-motor", based on
Carpenter's (1852) "ideo-motor principle", and adopt the more appropriate and more descriptive term "mono-ideo-dynamic". His decision was based upon suggestions made to Carpenter (in 1854) by their friend in
336:
A 2019 study of automatic pendulum movements using a motion capture system showed that pendulum effect is produced when the fingers holding the pendulum generate an oscillating frequency close to the resonant frequency of the pendulum. At an appropriate frequency, very small driving movements of the
316:
A simple experiment to demonstrate the ideomotor effect is to allow a hand-held pendulum to hover over a sheet of paper. The paper has words such as "yes", "no", and "maybe" printed on it. Small movements in the hand, in response to questions, can cause the pendulum to move towards the words on the
129:
response" (or "reflex") applies to a wider domain, and extends to the description of all bodily reactions (including ideo-motor and ideo-sensory responses) caused in a similar manner by certain ideas, e.g., the salivation often caused by imagining sucking a lemon, which is a secretory response. The
305:
have demonstrated that many phenomena attributed to spiritual or paranormal forces, or to mysterious "energies", are actually due to ideomotor action. Furthermore, these tests demonstrate that "honest, intelligent people can unconsciously engage in muscular activity that is consistent with their
231:
Carpenter was a friend and collaborator of James Braid, the founder of modern hypnotism. Braid soon adopted
Carpenter's ideo-motor terminology, to facilitate the transmission of his most fundamental views, based upon those of his teacher, the philosopher
1526:
1370:
281:, as still more comprehensive and characteristic as regards the true mental relations which subsist during all dynamic changes which take place, in every other function of the body, as well as in the muscles of voluntary motion.
1514:
1348:"Three Lectures on the Correlation of Psychology and Physiology: I. General Remarks on the Physiology of the Brain and Nervous System, etc.", Association Medical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 79, (7 July 1854), pp. 586–588
244:, that the activity that Carpenter was describing would be more accurately understood in its wider applications (viz., wider than pendulums and ouija boards) if it were to denominated the "ideo-dynamic principle":
381:"affect bridge", whereby a subject's "yes", "no", "I don't know", or "I don't want to answer" responses to an operator's questions are indicated by physical movements rather than verbal signals; and are produced
38:
in 19th century France. A circle of participants press their hands against a table, and the ideomotor effect causes the table to tilt in such a way as to produce a written message, in a manner similar to a ouija
256:
to characterise the reflex or automatic muscular motions which arise merely from ideas associated with motion existing in the mind, without any conscious effort of volition. In 1853, in referring to this term,
102:
of the subject. As in responses to pain, the body sometimes reacts reflexively with an ideomotor effect to ideas alone without the person consciously deciding to take action. The effects of
1522:, (unpublished manuscript), School of the History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
496:
265:
would probably constitute a phraseology more appropriate, as applicable to a wider range of phenomena." In this opinion I quite concurred, because I was well aware that an idea could
313:" using a system of physical signals (such as finger movements) for the unconscious mind to indicate "yes", "no", "I don't know", or "I'm not ready to know that consciously".
1418:
Shenefelt, Philip D., "Ideomotor
Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective",
1479:
Bulletin of the Medico-Legal
Congress: Held at the Federal Building in the City of New York, September 4, 5th, and 6th, 1895, Medico-Legal Journal for Medico-Legal Society
577:
Burgess, Cheryl A.; Kirsch, Irving; Shane, Howard; Niederauer, Kristen L.; Graham, Steven M.; Bacon, Alyson (1998). "Facilitated
Communication as an Ideomotor Response".
94:" (muscular action). The phrase is most commonly used in reference to the process whereby a thought or mental image brings about a seemingly "reflexive" or automatic
1030:
Hypnotic
Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases: With an Appendix on Table-Moving and Spirit-Rapping. Reprinted from the Monthly Journal of Medical Science for July 1853
1432:
Spitz, H.H. & Marcuard, Y., "Chevreul's Report on the
Mysterious Oscillations of the Hand-Held Pendulum: A French Chemist's 1833 Open Letter to Ampère",
30:
1531:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.
1535:
1231:
150:
881:
1375:
1315:
Montgomery, Guy; Kirsch, Irving (1996). "The
Effects of Subject Arm Position and Initial Experience on Chevreul Pendulum Responses".
1078:
628:
837:
43:
907:"Moving objects by imagination? Amount of finger movement and pendulum length determine success in the Chevreul pendulum illusion"
236:, that the efficacy of hypnotic suggestion was contingent upon the subject's concentration upon a single (thus, "dominant") idea.
641:
1558:
640:
Andersen, Marc; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.; Schjoedt, Uffe; Pfeiffer, Thies; Roepstorff, Andreas; Sørensen, Jesper (2018-07-17).
1536:
Yeates, L.B. (2018), "James Braid (V): Chemical and
Hypnotic Anaesthesia, Psycho-Physiology, and Braid’s Final Theories",
1020:
Braid, J., "Letter to
Michael Faraday on the phenomenon of "Table Turning" ", reprinted at pp. 560–61 of James, F.A.J.L.,
1083:
Cheek, D.B., "Some Applications of Hypnosis and Ideomotor Questioning Methods for Analysis and Therapy in Medicine",
1069:
1046:
233:
193:
1168:
Easton, Randolph D.; Shor, Ronald E. (1975). "Information processing analysis of the Chevreul pendulum illusion".
306:
expectations". They also show that suggestions that can guide behavior can be given by subtle clues (Hyman 1977).
1574:
1139:
Easton, Randolph D.; Shor, Ronald E. (1977). "Augmented and Delayed Feedback in the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion".
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350:
294:
111:
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449:
258:
241:
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318:
166:
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Easton, Randolph D.; Shor, Ronald E. (1976). "An Experimental Analysis of the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion".
906:
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the breathing from the participants anticipating a result causes the top pencil to rotate towards an answer
173:
devised and refined a variety of techniques for communicating, ostensibly, with the spirit world including
1257:
1248:
1177:
455:
248:
In order that I may do full justice to two esteemed friends, I beg to state, in connection with this term
987:
Anderson, J.W., "Defensive Maneuvers In Two Incidents Involving The Chevreul Pendulum: A Clinical Note",
712:
1012:
Braid, J., "Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases. By JAMES BRAID, Esq., Surgeon, of Manchester",
1001:
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motion automatically, not only in the muscles of voluntary motion, but also as regards the condition of
201:
131:
87:
1051:
On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition"
1476:
1207:
Erickson, Milton H. (1961). "Historical Note on the Hand Levitation and other Ideomotor Techniques".
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1105:(On the Divining Rod and the So-called Exploratory Pendulum), Maillet-Bachelier, Paris, 1854.
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boards). These phenomena and devices quickly became the subject of scientific investigation.
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of a pre-determined (between operator and subject) and pre-calibrated set of responses.
461:
1352:"II. Of Emotional Sensibility, and its Reactions", No. 80, (14 July 1854), pp. 615–616
1294:
Lecron, Leslie M. (1954). "A hypnotic technique for uncovering unconscious material".
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35:
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1356:"III. On Ideas, and Their Dynamic Influence ", No. 81, (21 July 1854), pp. 642–646.
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relies on the ideomotor phenomenon to produce answers to questions provided by its
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Some operators claim to use ideomotor responses to communicate with a subject's "
1477:
Sudduth, W.X., "Suggestion as an Ideo-Dynamic Force", pp. 255–262 in Anon,
1361:
935:
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220:, meaning "muscular action". In the paper, Carpenter explained his theory that
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661:
178:
135:
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Stock, Armin; Stock, Claudia (2004). "A short history of ideo-motor action".
891:
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50:
apparatus for experimental demonstration of ideomotor effect on table-turning
1371:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
1022:
The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Volume 4: January 1849 – October 1855
792:
590:
302:
225:
139:
99:
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Le Baron, George I. (1962). "Ideomotor Signalling in Brief Psychotherapy".
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1199:
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Watkins, John G. (1971). "The affect bridge: A hypnoanalytic technique".
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1374:. Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Online ed.).
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134:'s first neuropsychological explanation of the principle through which
107:
542:
Shin, Yun Kyoung (2010). "A review of contemporary ideomotor theory".
216:
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782:
See, for example, Braid's letter to Michael Faraday (22 August 1853).
555:
1403:
1170:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
228:
desires or emotions; hence the alternative term "Carpenter effect".
210:
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reaction, often of minuscule degree, and potentially outside of the
83:
926:
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252:, that, several years ago, Dr. W. B. Carpenter introduced the term
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182:
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470: – Part of the mind that is not currently of focal awareness
337:
arm are sufficient to produce relatively large pendulum motion.
1008:, Vol. 5, No. 469, (Saturday, 30 April 1853), p. 5, col.B.
905:
Cantergi, Debora; Awasthi, Bhuvanesh; Friedman, Jason (2021).
204:"hypnotism" produced its effects, Carpenter derived the word
1392:
The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods
497:"Mind the Gap: Spiritualism and the Infrastructural Uncanny"
1488:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
989:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
82:
and psychological research. It is derived from the terms "
1040:
The Physiology of Fascination, and the Critics Criticised
1538:
Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis
1529:
James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist
1103:
De la Baguette Divinatoire et du Pendule Dit Explorateur
464: – Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
325:, and ouija boards. This type of experiment was used by
1055:
Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852
1043:(a two-part pamphlet), John Murray, (Manchester), 1855.
433:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
317:
paper. This technique has been used for experiments in
1024:, Institution of Electrical Engineers, (London), 1999.
425: – Horse who performed math tricks (born c. 1895)
1436:, (July/August 2001) Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 35–39.
1422:, Vol. 53, No. 3, (January 2011), pp. 157–167.
400:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
200:
that specifically discussed the means through which
452: – Misperception of one's location or movement
1540:, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Spring 2018), pp. 112–167.
1087:, Vol. 5, No. 2, (October 1962), pp. 92–104.
550:(6). American Psychological Association: 943–974.
130:notion of an ideo-dynamic response contributed to
214:, meaning "idea" or "mental representation", and
373:It is strongly associated with the practice of
329:and has also been used by illusionists such as
122:boards have been attributed to the phenomenon.
1232:"Experimental Investigation of Table-Moving",
27:Concept in hypnosis and psychological research
1296:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
808:The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
476: – Unconscious verbal and nonverbal cues
8:
746:See: Yeates (2005); 2018, pp. .144-145.
440: – Hypothetical concept in neuroscience
158:Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind
689:. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1869. pp.
495:Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius (2016-06-01).
446: – Greek anatomist and royal physician
62:phenomenon wherein a subject makes motions
1236:, No. 1340, (July 1853), pp. 801–803.
642:"Predictive minds in Ouija board sessions"
285:Scientific tests by the English scientist
1390:Reed, H. B. (1914). "Ideo-Motor Action".
1181:
925:
802:How People Are Fooled by Ideomotor Action
797:"The Mischief-Making of Ideomotor Action"
660:
621:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
613:Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)
431: – American psychologist (1904–2001)
377:based on "uncovering techniques" such as
714:The Fashionable Science of Parlour Magic
649:Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
1244:, No. 21468, (30 June 1853), p. 8.
1016:, Vol. 17, (July 1853), pp. 14–47.
764:Noble (1854), Lecture III, p. 642.
487:
419: – Type of nonverbal communication
181:writing boards (the precursor to later
1014:The Monthly Journal of Medical Science
991:, Vol.25, No.1, (1977), pp. 4–6.
733:
731:
686:Planchette; or, The Despair of Science
277:. I have, therefore, adopted the term
1420:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1317:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1275:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1209:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1085:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1057:, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.]
1032:, Murray and Gibbs, (Edinburgh), 1853
7:
1253:"Skeptoid #451: Ideomotor Response"
146:History of scientific investigation
1376:James Randi Educational Foundation
458: – Neuropsychological concept
25:
1141:The Journal of General Psychology
1112:The Journal of General Psychology
1006:The Manchester Examiner and Times
876:. London: Channel 4. p. 48.
773:Braid, (1855), footnote at p. 10.
755:Yeates (2018), pp. .144-145.
407: – Neuropsychiatric disorder
297:, and the American psychologists
154:Brown's "Affections of the Mind",
1552:
413: – Hypothesis in psychology
275:every other function of the body
224:movement can be independent of
1428:10.1080/00029157.2011.10401754
1329:10.1080/00029157.1996.10403336
1287:10.1080/00029157.1962.10402270
1240:Faraday, M., "Table-Turning",
1221:10.1080/00029157.1961.10701715
1093:10.1080/00029157.1962.10402271
1:
1517:An Account of Thomas Brown’s
1153:10.1080/00221309.1977.9920835
1124:10.1080/00221309.1976.9710871
1004:, "Mysterious Table Moving",
711:Anderson, John Henry (1885).
1519:Philosophy of the Human Mind
398: – psychological theory
1527:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2013),
1515:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2005),
936:10.1016/j.humov.2021.102879
1606:
194:William Benjamin Carpenter
125:The associated term "ideo-
1500:10.1080/00207147108407148
1454:10.1007/s00426-003-0154-5
1308:10.1080/00207145408409936
1192:10.1037/0096-1523.1.3.231
997:10.1080/00207147708415957
662:10.1007/s11097-018-9585-8
623:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129.
474:Unconscious communication
351:Charlie Charlie challenge
112:facilitated communication
1070:The Skeptic's Dictionary
964:Watkins, (January 1971).
450:Illusions of self-motion
611:Heap, Michael. (2002).
591:10.1111/1467-9280.00013
375:analytical hypnotherapy
369:Responding to questions
319:extrasensory perception
1442:Psychological Research
1434:The Skeptical Inquirer
914:Human Movement Science
872:Brown, Derren (2007).
800:(reproduced on web as
544:Psychological Bulletin
456:Left-brain interpreter
365:
295:Michel Eugène Chevreul
283:
162:
161:(Yeates, 2005, p.119).
51:
40:
1118:(1st Half): 111–125.
579:Psychological Science
429:Divided consciousness
348:
293:, the French chemist
289:, Manchester surgeon
246:
153:
88:mental representation
78:, it is a concept in
74:) and abbreviated to
46:
33:
1561:at Wikimedia Commons
1559:Ideomotor phenomenon
1251:(January 27, 2015).
396:Adaptive unconscious
208:from the components
156:as discussed in his
56:ideomotor phenomenon
1481:, (New York), 1895.
1098:Cheuvrel. Michel E.
411:Bicameral mentality
405:Alien hand syndrome
116:applied kinesiology
1366:"Ideomotor effect"
1065:"Ideomotor effect"
874:Tricks of the mind
438:Dual consciousness
366:
192:was first used by
163:
68:ideomotor response
52:
41:
18:Ideomotor response
1557:Media related to
883:978-1-905026-35-7
737:Carpenter (1852).
279:monoideo-dynamics
250:monoideo-dynamics
165:With the rise of
104:automatic writing
16:(Redirected from
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1575:Human physiology
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1569:Categories
1381:26 January
981:References
920:: 102879.
858:2011-06-08
814:2006-09-07
721:2015-02-18
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383:per medium
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190:ideomotor
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379:Watkins'
240:common,
222:muscular
96:muscular
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