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668:(1925). While the remit of these internationals was global, the predominance of political parties from Europe meant that they facilitated interaction between the adherents of a given ideology, across European borders. Within each political tradition, voices emerged advocating not merely the cooperation of various national parties, but the pursuit of political institutions at the European level.
1627:
24:
811:, the rise of fascism and communism and subsequently World War II prevented the interwar movements from gaining further support: between 1933 and 1936 most of Europe's remaining democracies became dictatorships, and even Ortega's Spain and Venizelos's Greece had both been plunged into civil war. One of the more prominent politicians supportive of pan-European ideas during this time was
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1026:"A one sided Prussian militarism must never again be allowed to assume power. Only in large-scale cooperation among the nations of Europe can the ground be prepared for reconstruction...Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the protection of individual citizens from the arbitrary will of criminal regimes of violence – these will be the bases of the New Europe."
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America to help them establish a federal system, to federate. This alone could secure for them the two major assets of national life: first, political and military security, and, second, economic prosperity. Hungary, he emphasized, stood ready to join in such collaboration, provided it was firmly based on the complete equality of all the members states.
920:. The countries proposed for inclusion were Germany, Italy, France, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Sweden, Greece and Spain. Such a German-led Europe, it was hoped, would serve as a strong alternative to the Communist Soviet Union and the United States. It is worth noting that Austria, the
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for
European Cooperation, and a further twenty countries set up equivalent committees. However, it remained an elite venture: the largest committee, the French one, possessed fewer than six-hundred members, two-thirds of whom were parliamentarians. Two centre-left French prime ministers went further. In 1929
886:
He foresaw clearly the complete defeat of Nazi
Germany, and the European chaos that would result from the war. He believed that no future was conceivable for any of the minor nations in Central and Eastern Europe if they tried to continue to live their isolated national lives. He asked his friends in
541:
stated "That in order to achieve the triumph of liberty, justice and peace in the international relations of Europe, and to render civil war impossible among the various peoples which make up the
European family, only a single course lies open: to constitute the United States of Europe". The French
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organised by
Mazzini, held in Paris in 1849. Hugo favoured the creation of "a supreme, sovereign senate, which will be to Europe what parliament is to England" and said: "A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the
720:
Among liberal-democratic parties, the French centre-left undertook several initiatives to group like-minded parties from the
European states. In 1927, the French politician Emil Borel, a leader of the centre-left Radical Party and the founder of the Radical International, set up a French Committee
895:
in 1941 supported the statement of others. "I took from Count Teleki's office a monograph which he had written upon the structure of
European nations. A distinguished geographer, he was developing a plan for regional federation, based upon geographical and economic realities." Teleki received no
648:, thinkers and visionaries from a range of political traditions again began to float the idea of a politically unified Europe. In the early 1920s a range of internationals were founded (or re-founded) to help like-minded political parties to coordinate their activities. These ranged from the
977:, had the slightest intention of compromising absolute German hegemony through the creation of a European confederation. Although this fact has been used to insinuate the charge of fascism in the EU, the idea is much older than the Nazis, foreseen by John Maynard Keynes, and later by
2517:
1067:, stated: "if a post war order is established in which each State retains its complete national sovereignty, the basis for a Third World War would still exist even after the Nazi attempt to establish the domination of the German race in Europe has been frustrated". In 1943,
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later became increasingly degenerated due to their underlying principle of German national hegemony, a process culminating in the abhorrent vision laid out by the national socialists of
European unity understood as universal servitude of the European nations to the Germans
1055:– as early as 1941, well before the outcome of the war was safely predictable, and widely circulated in the resistance movements. Spinelli, Ursula Hirschmann and Colorni, Rossi and some 20 other established, as soon as they were able to leave their internment camp, the
915:
on the continent. The proposal, which attracted little support from the Nazi leadership, would have had a single currency, a central bank in Berlin, a regional principle, a labour policy and economic and trading agreements, but left all states clearly subordinated to
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against any of the pair. The rationale for the treaty was the threat of a potential future military attack, specifically a Soviet one in practice, though publicised under the disguise of a German one, according to the official statements. Immediately following the
364:. Felix Markham notes how during a conversation on St. Helena, Napoleon remarked, "Europe thus divided into nationalities freely formed and free internally, peace between States would have become easier: the United States of Europe would become a possibility."
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was launched in
November 1938, and began advocating a Federal Union of Europe as a post-war aim. Its papers and arguments became well known among resistants to fascism across Europe and contributed to their thinking of how to rebuild Europe after the war.
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Support for the proposals by the French centre-left came from a range of prestigious figures. Many eminent economists, aware that the economic race-to-the-bottom between states was creating ever greater instability, supported the view: these included
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2008:
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Assembly in which he proposed the idea of a federation of
European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. In 1930, at the League's request, Briand presented a
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called for the creation of a federation of
European republics. This set the stage for perhaps the best known early proposal for peaceful unification, through cooperation and equality of membership, made in 1847 by the
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said that France had to "abandon nationalism and take place in the European community with honour". These pan-European illusions from the early 1940s were never realised because of Germany's defeat. Neither
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remembered a widespread mood after 1924 calling for a "harmonisation of national interests along the lines of European union, for the purpose of common prosperity". The Spanish philosopher and politician,
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United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas." He was laughed out of the hall, but returned to his idea again in 1851. Hugo planted an
960:(in office: April to May 1945) said: "The new Europe of solidarity and co-operation among all its people will find rapidly increasing prosperity once national economic boundaries are removed", while the
470:, framing a constitution for a Europe united as a single republic with no internal borders, with a unified legal system, and with institutions staffed by representatives from all of Europe's peoples.
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of 1940. Externally, he was striving to preserve his country's military and economic independence in the face of Germany's coercive pressure to join in their invasion of Yugoslavia. In the book,
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Many of the pan-European social democratic and liberal politicians that lost influence in the 1930s would rise to prominence once again after the end of World War II in the 1940s and 1950s.
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768:: "European unity is no fantasy, but reality itself; and the fantasy is precisely the opposite: the belief that France, Germany, Italy or Spain are substantive & independent realities.
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870:, he was striving to keep Hungary autonomous. Internally, he tried to satisfy national pride which demanded a restoration of the lost territories, which Germany had supported in the
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argued, in 1849, that "A day will come when we shall see... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas."
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2440:(30 October 1949) British and French foreign ministers. Bevin argues that they need to reconsider the Allies' dismantling policy in the occupied zones (requires Flash Player)
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557:'s original contribution was to focus not on nationalism, sovereignty, and federation, but foremost on economics, statistics, monetary policy, and parliamentary reform. His
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response from the Americans to his ideas and when German troops moved through Hungary on 2–3 April 1941 during the invasion of Yugoslavia, he committed suicide.
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423:("customs union") was formed among the states of the Confederation, to create better trade flow and reduce internal competition. In spite of the allusion by
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Louis C. Cornish described how Teleki, under constant surveillance by the German Gestapo during 1941, sent a secret communication to contacts in America.
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279:, or parliament", to prevent further war, without further defining how such an institution would fit into the political reality of Europe at the time.
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will represent, even without Russia, a power strong enough to advance, up to a satisfactory point, the prosperity of the other continents as well".
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561:(The Future of Europe in Economic, Political and Social Terms), published in Paris in 1885, was in effect a blueprint for a unified Europe with a
295:
88:
439:, taking instead the direction of staunch German nationalism and brutal subjugation of other nations living within the borders of the succeeding
2010:
Przyszłość Europy w zakresie gospodarczym, społecznym i politycznym/L'avenir économique, social et politique en Europe, Ed. H. Marot, Paris 1885
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proposed the creation of a European league of 18 sovereign states, with a common treasury, no internal borders and an economic union. After the
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695:. The aim was for a specifically Christian, and by implication Catholic, Europe. The British civil servant and future Conservative minister
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wrote "The ocean is rough and whirling, and the currents go to two possible endings: the autocrat, or the United States of Europe". In 1867
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established in 1866 drifted away from the inclusive multinational character of the preceding German Confederation and the early
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and his ideas were largely supported by other agrarian parties of Eastern Europe and the Balkans, which were members of the
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Patel, Kiran Klaus, and Wolfram Kaiser. "Continuity and change in European cooperation during the twentieth century."
2341:[A British Patriot for Europe: Winston Churchill's Speech on Europe University of Zurich, 19 September 1946].
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1713:(EPU). To ensure Germany could never threaten the peace again, its heavy industry was partly dismantled (See:
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Military unions of "Christian European powers" in the medieval and early modern period were directed against
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1773:. The remainder of the year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration.
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2339:"Ein britischer Patriot für Europa: Winston Churchills Europa-Rede, Universität Zürich, 19. September 1946"
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After the war on 19 September 1946 Churchill went further as a civilian, after leaving his office, at the
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entitled "Towards a Free and United Europe" and smuggled out of an internment camp – on the island of
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boycott of the Allied Control Council and its incapacitation, an event marking the beginning of the
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that an extension of this customs union may have become the model for a unified Europe, the ensuing
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2435:(26 July 1949) Warning him of the consequences of the dismantling policy. (requires Flash Player)
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Among those who were early advocates of a union of European nations was Hungarian Prime Minister
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410:
357:
330:
2164:
Documents on the History of European Integration: Continental Plans for European Union 1939–1945
735:
294:, similar to the United States of America, was shared by a few prominent Europeans, notably the
409:) was established as a loose association of thirty-eight sovereign German states formed by the
360:
was promulgated in November 1806 as an embargo of British goods in the interests of the French
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The origins and development of the European Union 1945-1995: a history of European integration
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The Evolution of Hungary and its place in European history (Central and East European series)
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2463:"Don't Mention the War! Second World War Remembrance and Support for European Cooperation."
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Shareholder Primacy and Corporate Governance Legal Aspects, Practices and Future Directions
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862:. Hungary had lost over two-thirds of its territory at the end of World War I in the 1920
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United States of Europe" in 1923, advocating a Europe united along communist principles.
217:). The first mention of the concepts of "Europe" and "European" dates back to 754 in the
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812:
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606:
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456:), thus contradicting directly the current intellectual framework for European Union.
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France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland
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1923:
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for mutual assistance in the event of future military aggression in the aftermath of
1717:) and its main coal-producing regions were either awarded to neighbouring countries (
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from 1935 to 1938. While in exile during World War II, HodĹľa published a book titled
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804:, though devised according to the principle of cooperation rather than subjugation.
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As part of 19th-century concerns about an ailing Europe and the threat posed by the
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Toward a New Central Europe: A Symposium on the Problems of the Danubian Nations
1847:
Europe and the Gospel: Past Influences, Current Developments, Mission Challenges
1732:
The growing rift among the Four Powers became evident as a result of the rigged
1072:
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744:. Indeed, a template for such a system already existed, in the form of the 1921
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1939:(New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1966), 257 as quoted in Matthew Zarzeczny,
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included his prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of German
419:
831:, similar to Piłsudski's Intermarium. Hodža was a member of the Czechoslovak
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of farmers' parties (1923), to the centre-right International Secretariat of
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Guieu, Jean-Michel (2003). ".Le Comité fédéral de coopération européenne".
1744:
on 12 March 1947. On 4 March 1947 France and the United Kingdom signed the
179:
and Anglo-American colonist, proposed a European Parliament to prevent war.
125:
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2091:. National Research Foundation "Eleftherios K. Venizelos". pp. 48–50.
1941:
Napoleon's European Union: The Grand Empire of the United States of Europe
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the plans to establish joint institutions. This led to a decision at the
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779:, outlined his government's support in a 1929 speech by saying that "the
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in 1945 to include Free France as the Fourth Allied Power and to form a
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382:, already conjuring up some form of parliamentary European federation.
265:
248:. A possible early attempt at European unity can be traced back to the
2030:
Organisations internationales et architectures européennes (1929–1939)
225:
contains the earliest known reference in a Latin text to "Europeans" (
2916:
2425:
French proposal regarding the detachment of German industrial regions
1957:. University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Social Sciences.
1690:
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countries, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Switzerland, the
688:
202:
176:
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Memorandum on the organisation of a system of European Federal Union
275:
looked at the devastation of war in Europe and wrote of a "European
2017:
Polish Ministry of foreign Affairs, dual text in French and Polish.
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983:
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518:, Guernsey, Victor Hugo's residence during his exile from France.
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In the conservative reaction after Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the
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268:, proposed in 1464 a union of Christian states against the Turks.
166:
3555:
2309:"Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein"
1119:
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Making The New Europe: European Unity and the Second World War
2014:
1063:
on the 27/28 August 1943, adopted a "political thesis" which,
503:
119:
17:
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in 1926, and which contained 8000 members by the time of the
546:, also called for a United States of Europe on 1 March 1871.
229:), whom it describes as having defeated the Saracens at the
940:
were omitted from the list of proposed countries: plans or
790:
envisaged the idea of a European federation that he called
3733:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
1829:(2012), "Misunderstanding cultures: Islam and the West",
305:
Some suggestion of a European union can be inferred from
1043:
One of the most influential figures in this process was
1721:), managed as separate directly by an occupying power (
2723:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
1705:
the oldest organization for European integration, the
1016:, becoming the programme of the 1943 in Milan founded
2007:(2015). Prof. Radosław Żurawski vel Grajewski (ed.).
1071:
a member of the National Liberation Committee of the
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Belgian and Luxembourgish customs and monetary union.
2781:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
2490:
Brexit in History: Sovereignty or a European Union?
2232:
Churchill's Last Stand: The Struggle to Unite Europe
1979:"Victor Hugo plants his United States of Europe oak"
1918:
Project for bringing about perpetual peace in Europe
1285:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
1083:called in 1943 for a post-war "Council of Europe".
796:("Intersea" or "Between-seas"), known in English as
589:"on land and at sea," there would come into being a
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European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
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European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
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Allied plans for German industry after World War II
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for the hypothetical "Federated States of Europe" (
443:. The then current and influential German ideas of
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2804:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
734:. The next year the future French prime minister
660:of centre-left progressive parties (1924), to the
559:L'Avenir Ă©conomique, politique et social en Europe
309:'s 1795 proposal for an "eternal peace congress".
786:Between the two world wars, the Polish statesman
506:in the grounds of his residence on the Island of
325:arises in the 19th century, contrasting with the
197:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz § Law and Morality
1914:Projet pour rendre la paix perpétuelle en Europe
823:, envisioning a federation of countries between
533:joined Victor Hugo at the first congress of the
417:and simplified the map of Germany. In 1834, the
205:" as a cultural sphere is first used during the
4177:Largest cities by population within city limits
2283:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
1024:
981:and by various anti-Nazi resistance movements.
884:
755:. The French political scientist and economist
609:union, 1920, by an enigmatic Viennese P.A. Maas
2569:(1st UK ed.). London: Pinter Publishers.
2548:European Unity in Context: The Interwar Period
2363:Encyclopaedia Britannica (12 September 2019).
2786:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
2741:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
2599:
2433:Letter from Konrad Adenauer to Robert Schuman
1649:
944:already existed for their integration into a
764:, expressed a position shared by many within
380:De la réorganisation de la société européenne
8:
2759:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
1865:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 109.
1686:. Coincidentally parallel to his speech the
973:, nor many of his leading hierarchs such as
949:
709:In contrast the Soviet commissar (minister)
2550:(1st ed.). London: Pinter Publishers.
2502:Kaiser, Wolfram, and Antonio Varsori, eds.
2387:"The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem"
2148:. Astor Park, Florida: Danubian Press, Inc.
1943:(Kent State University Master's thesis), 2.
666:Democratic Parties Inspired by Christianity
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3460:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
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2504:European Union history: themes and debates
2472:Europe recast: a history of European Union
2438:Letter from Ernest Bevin to Robert Schuman
2397:(3). Cambridge University Press: 345–358.
2157:
2155:
2057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1701:, who successfully established during the
1656:
1642:
1129:
671:With a conservative vision of Europe, the
473:In 1843 the Italian writer and politician
2565:Smith, M.L.; Stirk, P.M.R., eds. (1990).
2139:
2137:
2135:
1114:, following the German surrender and the
1059:. The founding meeting, secretly held in
800:, which was a Polish-oriented version of
329:, as is evidenced in Russian philosopher
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
3914:European Structural and Investment Funds
3836:European System of Financial Supervision
2701:Western European Union (1954–2011)
2103:Transylvania. The Land Beyond the Forest
1920:] (in French). Utrecht: A. Schouten.
1888:"The Political Writings of William Penn"
1886:Penn, William; Andrew R. Murphy (2002).
1736:which constituted an open breach of the
880:Transylvania. The Land Beyond the Forest
150:of all important aspects of the article.
2207:
2205:
1819:
1143:
1132:
907:eventually proposed the creation of a "
3378:European Economic and Social Committee
3187:Court of Justice of the European Union
2711:European Communities (1967–2009)
2529:Imagining European unity since 1000 AD
2465:JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies
2089:Eleftherios K. Venizelos – A Biography
2050:
1740:, followed by the announcement of the
1725:) or put under international control (
815:, who served as the Prime Minister of
146:Please consider expanding the lead to
4015:Stabilisation and Association Process
3712:Area of freedom, security and justice
2234:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 51.
1086:Towards the end of World War II, the
725:gave a speech in the presence of the
429:Germany's Aims in the First World War
317:The concept of "Europe" referring to
57:"Ideas of European unity before 1948"
7:
4010:European Union Association Agreement
2746:European Community (1993–2009)
2255:Churchill, Winston (21 March 1943).
1953:Pinterič, Uroš; Prijon, Lea (2012).
46:adding citations to reliable sources
3339:European Data Protection Supervisor
2641:Ideas of European unity before 1948
2474:(2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan), 2004
2313:Union of European Federalists (UEF)
2285:. 19 September 1946. Archived from
2261:The International Churchill Society
1057:Movimento Federalista Europeo (MFE)
185:ideas of European unity before 1948
4035:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
3775:Common Security and Defence Policy
3770:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1295:Common Foreign and Security Policy
654:Labour and Socialist International
605:Self-published map of a visionary
565:, a central statistical office, a
468:On Lasting Peace among the Nations
14:
3804:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
3401:European Union Military Committee
3373:European Committee of the Regions
2275:"Speech of Sir Winston Churchill"
2087:Emm. Papadakis, Nikolaos (2006).
1759:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1693:was being held, resulting in the
1228:European Coal and Steel Community
3780:Permanent Structured Cooperation
3396:Political and Security Committee
3283:European Atomic Energy Community
2531:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2105:. Dorrance & Company. 1947.
1734:1947 Polish legislative election
1625:
1252:European Atomic Energy Community
1153:
1126:Postwar developments (1945-1948)
124:
22:
4182:National parties by affiliation
4025:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
4005:Economic Partnership Agreements
2696:Western Union (1948–1954)
2144:Francis S. Wagner, ed. (1970).
2072:Ortega y Gasset, José (1998) .
1831:Philosophy and Social Criticism
344:French-dominated Europe in 1812
138:may be too short to adequately
33:needs additional citations for
4187:Presidents of the institutions
3983:European Higher Education Area
3561:International status and usage
3355:Agencies of the European Union
3088:European political foundations
2005:Théodore de Korwin Szymanowski
1955:European Union in 21st century
1699:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
1593:History of defence integration
956:). The later Foreign Minister
899:In 1943, the German ministers
850:In Britain the group known as
677:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
658:Radical and Democratic Entente
555:Theodore de Korwin Szymanowski
537:in Geneva. Here the anarchist
413:. Napoleon had swept away the
378:would in 1814 write the essay
148:provide an accessible overview
1:
4247:History of the European Union
3978:European Common Aviation Area
3433:Charter of Fundamental Rights
3406:European Union Military Staff
3306:European University Institute
3095:Council of the European Union
2511:Contemporary European History
2076:. Madrid: Editorial Castalia.
1926:, 21–27 August 2021, page 26)
1910:Abbot Charles de Saint-Pierre
1798:History of the European Union
1695:Union of European Federalists
837:International Agrarian Bureau
644:Following the catastrophe of
284:Abbot Charles de Saint-Pierre
3973:European Political Community
3819:European Banking Supervision
3311:European Stability Mechanism
1711:European Parliamentary Union
1108:Council of Foreign Ministers
1104:European Advisory Commission
1018:European Federalist Movement
821:Federation in Central Europe
699:published a book advocating
499:International Peace Congress
4045:Union for the Mediterranean
3824:Single Resolution Mechanism
3763:Vehicle registration plates
3717:Migration and asylum policy
3696:Potential superpower status
2546:Stirk, P.M.R., ed. (1989).
2043:Jouvenel, Bertrand (1980).
1765:was held, resulting in the
1763:London Six-Power Conference
1709:, founded in June 1947 the
1240:European Economic Community
741:The United States of Europe
683:in 1923, hosting the First
535:League of Peace and Freedom
183:This article aims to cover
4263:
3988:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
3686:Differentiated integration
3252:European Court of Auditors
3083:European political parties
2045:Un Voyageur dans le Siècle
1845:Evert Van De Poll (2013),
1667:
433:North German Confederation
288:American Revolutionary War
194:
4205:
4105:House of European History
4093:
3727:European Judicial Network
3597:Health expense per person
3526:
3244:Supreme audit institution
2938:
2754:
2736:
2718:
2527:Pasture, Patrick (2015).
2403:10.1017/S0034670500014261
2385:Yoder, Amos (July 1955).
1755:February 1948 coup d'Ă©tat
1632:European Union portal
998:founding father of the EU
713:raised the slogan "For a
497:) during a speech at the
459:On 3 May 1831 the Polish
3296:European Investment Fund
3291:European Investment Bank
2162:Lipgens, Walter (1985).
2074:The Revolt of the Masses
1560:Von der Leyen Commission
1275:Justice and Home Affairs
1106:, later replaced by the
1032:Aufruf an alle Deutsche!
1008:in prison on the island
948:or for colonial status (
521:The Italian philosopher
4000:European Peace Facility
3227:System of Central Banks
2482:21 October 2016 at the
2281:. ZĂĽrich, Switzerland:
1983:On this day in Guernsey
1684:United States of Europe
1075:government in exile in
866:. In early 1941 during
781:United States of Europe
704:United States of Europe
487:United States of Europe
292:United States of Europe
4110:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
3956:European Economic Area
3814:European banking union
3691:Privileged partnership
3546:Government procurement
2513:27.2 (2018): 165–182.
2461:De Vries, Catherine E.
1859:Wen, Shuangge (2013).
1601:History of enlargement
1306:Western European Union
1112:Allied Control Council
1096:1943 Moscow Conference
1028:
1021:
990:Italian fascist regime
966:Jacques Benoist-MĂ©chin
950:
946:Greater Germanic Reich
901:Joachim von Ribbentrop
889:
693:1929 Wall Street Crash
641:
638:États fédérés d'Europe
625:
610:
597:Between the World Wars
494:
464:Wojciech Jastrzębowski
406:
394:
345:
250:Fall of Constantinople
180:
4055:Free trade agreements
3897:Health Insurance Card
3831:Capital Markets Union
3681:Democratic legitimacy
3651:Optimum currency area
3472:Legislative procedure
3217:European Central Bank
1803:Pan-European identity
1691:in the Lucerne Canton
1090:discussed during the
987:
905:Cecil von Renthe-Fink
773:Eleftherios Venizelos
631:
616:
604:
485:. Hugo used the term
388:
343:
170:
4167:Books on the subject
4030:EU Gateway Programme
3993:EU/ESA Space Council
3951:Neighbourhood Policy
3909:Regional development
3875:Environmental policy
3865:Educational policies
3792:Neighbourhood Policy
3636:Intergovernmentalism
3626:European integration
3541:Community preference
3492:Enhanced cooperation
3477:Citizens' Initiative
3316:Unified Patent Court
3167:Directorates-General
2958:Environmental issues
2230:Klos, Felix (2017).
2047:. Paris. p. 79.
1827:Kwame Anthony Appiah
1788:European integration
1688:Hertenstein Congress
1680:University of ZĂĽrich
1440:Hallstein Commission
1217:European Communities
958:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
909:European confederacy
775:, Prime Minister of
553:, the Polish writer
512:Maison de Hauteville
399:German Confederation
296:Marquis de Lafayette
240:, namely during the
42:improve this article
4192:Terrorist incidents
4020:Eastern Partnership
3961:EEA Joint Committee
3880:European Green Deal
3850:Agricultural policy
3656:Supranational union
3147:European Commission
3105:General Secretariat
3041:European Parliament
2996:Special territories
2796:Financial stability
2520:1 June 2020 at the
2124:Pal Teleki (1923).
1670:Hertensteiner Cross
1588:History of the euro
1470:Mansholt Commission
1460:Malfatti Commission
1393:Treaty of Amsterdam
1373:Single European Act
1088:Three Allied Powers
1049:Ventotene Manifesto
1014:Ventotene Manifesto
876:Second Vienna Award
753:John Maynard Keynes
738:published his book
681:Pan-Europa movement
662:Green International
495:États-Unis d'Europe
258:George of Podebrady
219:Mozarabic Chronicle
207:Carolingian dynasty
4040:Northern Dimension
3787:Enlargement Policy
3729:(criminal matters)
3641:Multi-speed Europe
3334:European Ombudsman
2990:(first-level NUTS)
2973:Larger urban zones
2488:Heuser, Beatrice.
2457:(Routledge, 2006).
2391:Review of Politics
2257:"National Address"
1808:Universal Monarchy
1783:Continental System
1609:List of presidents
1550:Juncker Commission
1540:Barroso Commission
1490:Jenkins Commission
1264:European Community
1022:
996:, considered as a
988:Imprisoned by the
872:First Vienna Award
642:
626:
611:
527:Giuseppe Garibaldi
437:Kingdom of Prussia
411:Congress of Vienna
395:
358:Continental system
346:
300:Tadeusz Kościuszko
181:
4234:
4233:
4153:
4152:
4140:Telephone numbers
4080:
4079:
3855:Cultural policies
3605:
3604:
3592:Unemployment rate
3414:
3413:
3274:international-law
3267:
3266:
3257:Secretary-General
3009:
3008:
2968:Geographic centre
2925:
2924:
2825:
2824:
2767:
2766:
2506:(Springer, 2010).
2289:on 5 October 2013
2241:978-1-78673-292-7
2168:Walter de Gruyter
1964:978-80-8105-510-2
1849:(Versita), p. 55.
1746:Treaty of Dunkirk
1707:Paneuropean Union
1674:Treaty of Dunkirk
1666:
1665:
1583:History of Europe
1568:
1567:
1520:Santer Commission
1510:Delors Commission
1480:Ortoli Commission
1421:
1420:
1383:Maastricht Treaty
1324:
1323:
1116:Potsdam Agreement
1092:Tehran Conference
1081:Winston Churchill
979:Winston Churchill
864:Treaty of Trianon
757:Bertrand Jouvenel
727:League of Nations
623:Paneuropean Union
544:National Assembly
415:Holy Roman Empire
335:Russia and Europe
215:Eastern Orthodoxy
209:to encompass the
165:
164:
118:
117:
110:
92:
4254:
4214:
4091:
3968:Energy Community
3887:Fisheries policy
3646:Neofunctionalism
3616:
3524:
3466:Official Journal
3453:Citizens' Rights
3192:Court of Justice
3130:European Council
3078:Political groups
3029:
3020:
2991:
2936:
2716:
2684:
2629:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2580:
2561:
2542:
2470:Dinan, Desmond.
2453:Dedman, Martin.
2441:
2427:8 September 1945
2421:
2415:
2414:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:. Archived from
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1682:, calling for a
1658:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1614:List of founders
1530:Prodi Commission
1500:Thorn Commission
1436:
1435:
1413:Treaty of Lisbon
1339:
1338:
1213:
1212:
1157:
1130:
1100:Yalta Conference
1094:and the ensuing
1047:, author of the
1045:Altiero Spinelli
1039:
1034:pamphlet by the
994:Altiero Spinelli
964:French Minister
955:
893:Dorothy Thompson
874:of 1938 and the
809:Great Depression
766:Republican Spain
634:1928 Europa coin
607:central European
531:John Stuart Mill
475:Giuseppe Mazzini
389:French novelist
376:Augustin Thierry
348:In the 1800s, a
290:the vision of a
238:Muslim expansion
160:
157:
151:
128:
120:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4149:
4130:Public holidays
4076:
4050:Global Strategy
3942:
3935:
3904:Labour mobility
3797:Global Strategy
3758:Driving licence
3700:
3676:Pro-Europeanism
3601:
3513:
3438:Competition law
3410:
3388:
3382:
3365:
3359:
3343:
3326:
3320:
3275:
3273:
3263:
3238:
3203:
3173:
3157:Vice-Presidents
3116:
3051:Vice-Presidents
3005:
2989:
2983:Protected areas
2953:External border
2921:
2883:
2821:
2790:
2763:
2750:
2732:
2705:
2675:
2666:1993–2004
2661:1973–1993
2656:1958–1972
2651:1948–1957
2618:
2612:
2577:
2564:
2558:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2522:Wayback Machine
2484:Wayback Machine
2450:
2448:Further reading
2445:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2219:. 16 June 2016.
2211:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1935:Felix Markham,
1934:
1930:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1779:
1742:Truman Doctrine
1738:Yalta Agreement
1703:interwar period
1676:
1668:Main articles:
1662:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1343:Treaty of Paris
1336:
1326:
1325:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1167:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1041:
1030:
1002:Eugenio Colorni
952:Generalplan Ost
942:faits accomplis
911:" as part of a
848:
788:Józef Piłsudski
762:Ortega y Gasset
736:Édouard Herriot
723:Aristide Briand
652:(1919), to the
599:
571:single currency
539:Mikhail Bakunin
323:Germanic Europe
315:
231:battle of Tours
213:(as opposed to
199:
193:
161:
155:
152:
145:
133:This article's
129:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Laissez-passer
4112:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:Current agenda
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3924:Sport policies
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Federalisation
3668:
3663:
3661:Euroscepticism
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:Constituencies
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Extreme points
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
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2730:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2688:Defence policy
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617: articles
2615:European Union
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2562:
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2486:
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2443:
2442:
2416:
2377:
2355:
2330:
2319:on 5 June 2023
2300:
2266:
2247:
2240:
2222:
2217:European Union
2201:
2196:Dark Continent
2183:
2176:
2151:
2131:
2116:
2094:
2079:
2064:
2035:
2020:
1996:
1985:. 14 July 1972
1970:
1963:
1945:
1928:
1901:
1890:. Liberty Fund
1878:
1871:
1851:
1838:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Federal Europe
1790:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
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1485:
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1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:Rey Commission
1446:
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1442:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1403:Treaty of Nice
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:Treaty of Rome
1349:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
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1312:
1311:
1308:
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1301:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:(1958–present)
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Pre-1948 ideas
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1147:European Union
1145:History of the
1141:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1038:, January 1943
1023:
847:
844:
833:Agrarian Party
817:Czechoslovakia
656:(1921) to the
598:
595:
591:European Union
523:Carlo Cattaneo
516:St. Peter Port
407:Deutscher Bund
327:Russian Empire
319:Western Europe
314:
311:
192:
189:
163:
162:
142:the key points
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4259:
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4209:
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4198:
4195:
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4160:
4156:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:Media freedom
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
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4018:
4016:
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4008:
4006:
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4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
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3894:
3893:
3890:
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3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Energy policy
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Customs Union
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:Single market
3843:
3837:
3834:
3833:
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3829:
3825:
3822:
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3798:
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3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3748:identity card
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Schengen Area
3720:
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3710:
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3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
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3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Copyright law
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
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3391:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
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3362:
3356:
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3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:EIB Institute
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3197:General Court
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Commissioners
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
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3098:
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3030:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Member states
2976:
2974:
2971:
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2966:
2964:
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2735:
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2708:
2702:
2699:
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2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
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2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2576:0-86187-777-2
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2557:9780861879878
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2538:9781137480460
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:online review
2495:
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2267:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2213:"EU Pioneers"
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2177:3-11-009724-9
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:The Economist
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1872:9781136019845
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1836:(4–5) 425–33.
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
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1518:
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1507:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1478:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
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1451:
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1432:
1427:
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1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:Merger Treaty
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1316:Western Union
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Ernesto Rossi
1003:
1000:, wrote with
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
954:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Baltic states
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
894:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
852:Federal Union
845:
843:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
748:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
702:
698:
697:Arthur Salter
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
635:
630:
624:
620:
619:European flag
615:
608:
603:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:
582:Anticipations
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
563:customs union
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
476:
471:
469:
465:
462:
457:
455:
450:
446:
442:
441:German Empire
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Fritz Fischer
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:customs union
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
307:Immanuel Kant
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
191:Early history
190:
188:
186:
178:
174:
169:
159:
149:
143:
141:
136:
131:
127:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4097:
3919:Space policy
3587:Average wage
3582:Minimum wage
3465:
3209:Central bank
3024:Institutions
2948:Demographics
2831:Enlargements
2814:
2805:
2773:Central bank
2680:Predecessors
2640:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2510:
2503:
2489:
2471:
2464:
2454:
2419:
2394:
2390:
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2279:PACE website
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35:verification
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4060:Enlargement
3738:Citizenship
3487:LGBT rights
3325:Independent
3140:Euro summit
3056:Secretariat
3033:Legislature
2889:Withdrawals
2343:Zeit Online
2293:18 November
1431:Commissions
1320:(1948–1954)
1310:(1954–2011)
1300:(1993–2009)
1289:(2003–2009)
1279:(1993–2003)
1269:(1993–2009)
1245:(1958–1993)
1233:(1952–2002)
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1073:Free French
1069:Jean Monnet
891:Journalist
813:Milan HodĹľa
798:Intermarium
793:Międzymorze
685:Paneuropean
646:World War I
587:imperialism
577:H. G. Wells
483:Victor Hugo
445:geopolitics
391:Victor Hugo
372:Saint-Simon
367:The French
246:Reconquista
4172:Directives
4070:Statistics
3892:Healthcare
3631:Eurosphere
3536:Currencies
3507:Withdrawal
3482:Regulation
3287:EIB Group
3232:Eurosystem
3100:Presidency
3061:Committees
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2671:Since 2004
2496:also see
2365:"Saarland"
2348:13 January
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3943:relations
3743:passports
3666:Euromyths
3570:Transport
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3276:EU bodies
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3152:President
3135:President
3122:Executive
3110:Eurogroup
3066:Elections
3046:President
2943:Geography
2931:Geography
2411:145465919
2370:19 August
2053:cite book
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1727:Ruhr area
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1177:1948–1957
1053:Ventotene
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650:Comintern
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4241:Category
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3809:Eurozone
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3619:Concepts
3611:Politics
3551:Eurozone
3502:opt-outs
3497:Treaties
3387:Military
3364:Advisory
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2988:Regions
2646:Founders
2633:Timeline
2518:Archived
2480:Archived
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1777:See also
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827:and the
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569:, and a
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254:Turks
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2912:2012
2907:1985
2902:1984
2897:1962
2879:2013
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2864:1995
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2806:2012
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