1261:
58:
1551:. A murder inquiry was launched by the French police. Blogger Makaila Nguebla attributes the defection of many Chadian government leaders to their indignation over Brahim's conduct: "He is at the root of all the frustration. He used to slap government ministers, senior Chadian officials were humiliated by Déby's son." In July 2011, four men were convicted of "robbery leading to death without intention to kill" in the case and sentenced to prison sentences of between five and thirteen years.
1120:
1234:
496:
1171:
1339:
1400:, with Djérou claiming five members of his family were killed during this attempt, and the government instead reporting three were killed. Most political opponents had withdrawn from the election, urging a boycott, alleging attacks and excessive use of force by security forces during anti-government protests. Instead of giving a victory speech, Déby went to command the Chadian soldiers in person on the frontlines fighting the
715:, Déby briefly ordered military intervention on the side of the Congolese government but soon withdrew when his forces were accused of looting and human rights abuses. In the early 2000s, oil was discovered in Chad, and Déby made petroleum production the driving force of the country's economy. He survived various rebellions and coup attempts against his own rule, including a rebellion led by his former defense minister
1038:
4829:
4653:
557:
532:
514:
4641:
2407:
1504:
In
September 2005, Déby married Hinda (born 1977), who was reputed for her beauty. This marriage attracted much attention in Chad, and due to tribal affiliations it was seen by many as a strategic means for Déby to bolster his support while under pressure from rebels. Though she was not Déby's oldest
1276:
to become the chairman of the
African Union for a one-year term. Upon his inauguration, Déby told presidents that conflicts around the continent had to end "Through diplomacy or by force... We must put an end to these tragedies of our time. We cannot make progress and talk of development if part of
1082:
Against this backdrop, in June 2005, a successful referendum was held to eliminate a two-term constitutional limit, which enabled Déby to run again in 2006. More than 77% of voters approved. Déby was a candidate in the 2006 presidential election, held 3 May, which was greeted with an opposition
1505:
or newest wife, Hinda Déby was considered the "First Lady of Chad" due to her influential positions in government and politics. Hinda was a member of the Civil
Cabinet of the Presidency, serving as Special Secretary. The daughter of a top Chadian diplomat, Hinda Déby Itno has dual Chadian and
1360:
bestowed Déby with the additional title of "Marshal of Chad", for "service rendered to the Nation and the numerous military victories won both inside and outside the country". He officially received the title during a ceremony marking the 60th anniversary of Chad's independence on 11 August.
976:
After three months of the provisional government, on 28 February 1991, a charter was approved for Chad with Déby as president. During the following two years, Déby faced a series of coup attempts as government forces clashed with pro-Habré rebel groups, such as the
Movement for Democracy and
1277:
our body is sick. We should be the main actors in the search for solution to Africa's crises". One of Déby's first priorities was to accelerate the fight against Boko Haram. On 4 March, the
African Union agreed to expand the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) to 10,000 troops.
977:
Development (MDD). Seeking to quell dissent, in 1993 Chad legalized political parties and held a
National Conference which resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates, the government, trade unions, and the army to discuss the establishment of a pluralist democracy.
1074:
on 2 February 2008, with fighting occurring inside the city. After days of fighting, the government remained in control of N'Djamena. Speaking at a press conference on 6 February, Déby said that his forces had defeated the rebels, whom he described as
1438:
was suspended and replaced by a new charter. The government ordered a fourteen-day national mourning with flags half-masted and closed public institutions and educational establishments for several days. A three-day national mourning was announced in
1204:
With the security situation in the
Central African Republic deteriorating, Déby decided in 2012 to deploy 400 troops to fight the CAR rebels. In January 2013, Chad also sent 2000 troops to fight Islamist groups in Mali, as part of France's
1049:, although the fighting soon subsided with government forces still in control of the capital. Déby subsequently broke ties with Sudan, accusing it of backing the rebels, and said that the May 2006 election would still take place.
4219:
1303:
in saying that "We must limit terms, we must not concentrate on a system in which a change in power becomes difficult. "In 2005 the constitutional reform was conducted in a context where life of the nation was in danger".
3480:
3641:
1105:. The project established unique mechanisms for World Bank, private sector, government, and civil society collaboration to guarantee that future oil revenues benefit populations and result in poverty alleviation.
980:
However, unrest continued. The Comité de
Sursaut National pour la Paix et la Démocratie (CSNPD), led by Lt. Moise Kette, and other southern groups sought to prevent the Déby government from exploiting oil in the
3757:
1396:, Déby won his sixth term as president, when results were announced on 19 April, with 79.32% of the votes. In February earlier in the same year, Chadian security forces had attempted to arrest opposition leader
1415:, and sustained lethal gunshot injuries; despite being immediately flown to the capital for emergency medical rescue, he still succumbed to his wounds two days later and died on 20 April, at the age of 68.
1904:
1573:
1090:
project. The pipeline was completed in 2003 and praised by the World Bank as "an unprecedented framework to transform oil wealth into direct benefits for the poor, the vulnerable and the environment".
3667:
3116:
829:
even after Chad's central authority crumbled in 1979. He returned from France in
February 1979 and found Chad had become a battleground for many armed groups. Déby tied his fortunes to those of
919:, Habré started a targeted campaign against the group which saw hundreds seized, tortured, and imprisoned. Dozens died in detention or were summarily executed. In 2016, Habré was convicted of
1619:
3207:
2999:
5308:
3967:
3300:
1098:
4223:
3997:
3727:
1747:
2700:
3059:
5258:
4867:
4456:
680:
against Habré in
December 1990. Despite introducing a multi-party system in 1992 after several decades of one-party rule under his predecessors, throughout his presidency, his
2037:
1116:
escrow account monitored by an independent body to ensure the funds were used for public services and development, not much wealth was immediately transferred to the country.
3934:
2093:
3472:
1839:
891:
ethnic group who supported the government. Increasingly paranoid, Habré accused Déby, minister of the interior Mahamat Itno, and then commander-in-chief of the Chadian army
3633:
1870:
1669:
4079:
3893:
1226:
say, however, that Déby has used such initiatives to punish rivals and reward cronies. As of 2016, Transparency International ranked Chad 147 out of 168 nations on its
3749:
3390:
1715:
4876:
4510:
3805:
1411:
According to the accounts from both military and rebel spokesmen, on 18 April he was said to have been caught in a crossfire in the village of Mele, near the town of
2531:
3607:
3236:
989:(FARF) led by former Kette ally Laokein Barde, and the Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.
3581:
1896:
4197:
3504:
968:
Idriss Déby assumed Chad's presidency in 1991. He was re-elected every five years up until the time of his death in 2021, equaling a total of 30 years in power.
3862:
1281:
4259:
2291:
4753:
2669:
3360:
2749:
2570:
5253:
2190:
5248:
4101:
3533:
2969:
1777:
1011:
3330:
1292:, whose area was a small fraction of what it had been in 1973, and called on the international community to provide financing to protect the ecosystem.
3663:
3108:
5288:
2321:
1952:
4169:
4860:
2435:
1064:
3199:
1615:
1185:
Because of Chad's strategic position in West Africa, Déby sent troops or played a key mediating role in tackling multiple regional crises, such as
5293:
4615:
4394:
2991:
3959:
3292:
1808:
5298:
1031:
985:
and started a rebellion that left hundreds dead. A peace agreement was reached in 1994, but it broke down soon thereafter. Two new groups, the
4479:
4329:
4303:
2063:
1086:
In 2000, with the north/south dispute quelled, Déby's government started building the country's first oil pipeline, the 1,070 kilometer Chad-
4141:
2774:
2612:
3989:
3719:
3176:
1739:
1427:
1405:
759:
1260:
2249:
5313:
4853:
3146:
2697:
2516:
986:
676:. He was later purged by Habré after being suspected of plotting a coup, and was forced into exile in Libya. He took power by leading a
2472:
1007:
in June. Déby fell short of a majority; he was then elected president in the second round of votes held in July, with 69% of the vote.
5278:
4453:
3051:
2392:
1393:
1151:
1023:
1004:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
4127:
1131:
1027:
588:
4183:
2807:
2031:
2021:
1108:
However, with Chad receiving only 12.5% of profits from oil production, and the agreement for these revenues to be deposited into a
3916:
2085:
2861:
1831:
868:, in Libyan territory. A rift emerged on 1 April 1989 between Habré and Déby over the increasing power of the Presidential Guard.
5273:
4880:
4746:
4713:
4155:
2831:
2351:
1986:
1862:
1452:
1308:
242:
4245:
4071:
495:
5303:
5283:
4045:
1150:. These meetings resulted in Chad kicking out rebels while both counties committed to joint border patrols. After Déby won the
3885:
4762:
4681:
3420:
3382:
1707:
1563:
1242:
642:
4585:
4500:
4281:
3697:
2650:
2223:
2156:
2126:
1691:
963:
951:
677:
4560:
4220:"President Felix Tshisekedi declares a day of national mourning following the death of Idriss Déby of Chad | acpcongo"
3450:
3029:
2725:
2631:
2593:
2550:
766:; Déby was injured on 19 April while commanding troops on the frontline fighting the militants and died the following day.
5152:
4845:
2528:
1223:
1071:
1046:
720:
4657:
4431:
3229:
2499:
1401:
1296:
1227:
939:
763:
681:
646:
598:
364:
134:
1926:
1257:, and Cameroon. In August 2015, Déby claimed in an interview that the MNJTF has successfully "decapitated" Boko Haram.
803:
578:
4739:
3501:
3270:
3085:
931:
operations in Chad. Gaddafi offered Déby military aid to seize power in Chad in exchange for Libyan prisoners of war.
593:
4986:
3858:
3555:
2314:"Terrorist Organization Profile – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism"
2275:
1664:
164:
124:
57:
3352:
2666:
2936:
2746:
4645:
4356:
1537:
1330:. Netanyahu described his visit to Chad as “part of the revolution we are having in the Arab and Muslim world.”
583:
5263:
2468:
2388:
2182:
1419:
1357:
1190:
861:
309:
5086:
3525:
3322:
2961:
1769:
1158:
to attend his inauguration in August. Even though Chad was technically able to arrest al-Bashir, it and other
992:
Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the
189:
5318:
5268:
5167:
5056:
4926:
4782:
2909:
1219:
673:
573:
184:
109:
2313:
1299:
to run for a new term in the April 2016 Presidential elections. He pledged to reinstate term limits in the
1056:
attended Déby's inauguration, and the two leaders agreed to restore diplomatic relations on this occasion.
5217:
4777:
4532:
2883:
2424:
1592:
1079:
directed by Sudan", and that his forces were in "total control" of the city as well as the whole country.
762:(FACT) was established with the goal of overthrowing Déby's government. In April 2021, FACT initiated the
739:
203:
852:
and upon his return in 1986, he was made chief military advisor to the president. In 1987, he confronted
5001:
4966:
4019:
1460:
537:
4607:
1097:
region began in June 2000, with World Bank Board approval to finance a small portion of a project, the
860:", adopting tactics that inflicted heavy losses on enemy forces. During the war, he also led a raid on
1800:
1119:
5243:
5238:
5192:
5162:
5127:
5081:
5016:
4946:
4911:
4426:
2567:
1568:
1435:
1431:
1397:
1300:
169:
4390:
4198:"Decretan duelo oficial por fallecimiento del Presidente de la República del Chad | Cubadebate"
5202:
4476:
887:
when it was perceived that group leaders could pose a threat to his rule, including many of Déby's
716:
179:
4808:
4674:
4505:
2059:
1353:
In March 2020, Déby set up a COVID-19 management committee, replacing the health monitoring unit.
834:
830:
665:
222:
5147:
4941:
4901:
3799:
2766:
2609:
1506:
1423:
1347:
1323:
1139:
872:
209:
154:
5076:
3168:
1801:"This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout"
1494:
1101:, aimed at transport of Chadian crude through a 1000-km buried pipeline through Cameroon to the
849:
416:
4828:
1364:
In February 2021, Déby announced Chad would send 1,200 soldiers alongside French troops to the
1233:
1178:
On 25 April 2011, Déby was re-elected for a fourth term with 88.7% of the vote and reappointed
5122:
5091:
5041:
4798:
4364:
3831:
2803:
2283:
2245:
2027:
1510:
1466:
Déby's funeral took place on 23 April 2021. On that day, thousands gathered in the streets of
1179:
896:
787:
641:; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the 6th
174:
119:
73:
3780:
2262:
The PSM was supported by Libya and Sudan, and started rebel operations against Habre in 1989.
5157:
5117:
5026:
4921:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4260:"Congo : Denis Sassou N'Guesso décrète un deuil national en mémoire d'Idriss Deby Itno"
3930:
2460:
1315:
company with an opportunity to obtain oil rights in Chad without international competition.
1206:
884:
826:
755:
712:
602:
139:
2380:
1170:
825:
in 1976 with a professional pilot certificate. He remained loyal to the army and President
5212:
5197:
5142:
5036:
4996:
4981:
4564:
4483:
4460:
3844:
3508:
3138:
2753:
2704:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2597:
2554:
2535:
2503:
1493:
Déby was polygamous and had four wives by 2018 – Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss, Hadja Halimé,
1487:
1471:
1338:
908:
657:
627:
159:
129:
114:
4818:
4691:
476:
234:
1241:
Faced with a growing threat from Boko Haram, Déby increased Chad's participation in the
5182:
5137:
5096:
5021:
5006:
4976:
4936:
4931:
4916:
4896:
4723:
2853:
1544:
1521:
1475:
1212:
In 2006, Chad was placed at the top of the list of the world's most corrupt nations by
1135:
1123:
1102:
1053:
1026:, winning in the first round with 63.17% of the vote, according to official results. A
916:
912:
892:
888:
783:
661:
481:
277:
4102:"Rebels threaten to march on capital as Chad reels from president's battlefield death"
4072:"Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports"
2823:
2343:
1978:
1083:
boycott. According to official results Déby won the election with 64.67% of the vote.
1063:
from 11 to 21 September 2006, flying in a helicopter to personally oversee attacks on
5232:
5172:
5071:
5051:
5031:
4991:
4906:
4706:
3750:"Chadian President Idriss Déby has died of injuries suffered on the frontline (army)"
2574:
2411:
1863:"Research – Corruption Q&As – Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Chad"
1659:
1501:
has also mentioned a fifth wife named Ali Bouye. Déby had at least a dozen children.
1273:
735:
724:
460:
265:
144:
4049:
5061:
4951:
3412:
1927:"Front for Alternation and Concord in Chad (FACT) – Chad | Terrorist Groups | TRAC"
1377:
1146:
in February 2010 and the leaders would meet again in July 2010 when Bashir visited
1037:
751:
4246:"Mort d'Idriss Deby : Le gouvernement guinéen proclame un " deuil national ""
3052:"Why are French soldiers in the Sahel? Protesters have an answer | Alexandra Reza"
2515:"Chad: Council releases final polls results; Deby "elected" with 63.17 per cent",
2119:"Chad: The Victims of Hissène Habré Still Awaiting Justice: Historical Background"
2118:
1467:
1155:
1147:
1060:
1052:
Déby was sworn in for another term in office on 8 August 2006. Sudanese president
1014:
rebelled against Déby and his government. They signed a peace agreement in 2002.
814:
799:
330:
4577:
4273:
3689:
3442:
3021:
2797:
2647:
2215:
2148:
5187:
5132:
5112:
5046:
5011:
4557:
4170:"South Sudan: Kiir Mourns Dèby, orders flags to fly at half mast for three days"
3960:"Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement"
2717:
2628:
2590:
2547:
1444:
1076:
149:
3200:"Enfin, une "opération Cobra" lancée contre l'enrichissement illicite au Tchad"
3081:
5207:
4971:
4956:
4421:
3926:
3082:"Environmental Justice Case Study: The Chad/Cameroon Oil and Pipeline Project"
1529:
1198:
1094:
993:
982:
876:
857:
791:
779:
743:
669:
556:
305:
4368:
3608:"Tchad: le président Déby devient maréchal pour les 60 ans de l'indépendance"
2496:
2287:
1660:"African First Ladies, Politics and the State: The Four First Ladies of Chad"
1218:
magazine, In 2012, Déby launched a nationwide anticorruption campaign called
5066:
4652:
3262:
1979:"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)"
1708:"Chad: President Idriss Déby is killed in battle, after ruling for 30 years"
1525:
1289:
920:
354:
4422:"Chad: Umwiryane mu muryango wa Idriss Déby urongera ibibazo mu nzibacyuho"
3781:"Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military"
3293:"Boko Haram est "décapité", assure le président tchadien Idriss Déby – RFI"
17:
4640:
2685:
1516:
On 21 January 2012, Déby married his most recent wife, Amani Musa Hila, a
635:
4961:
4731:
3921:
3556:"Chad: President Idriss Déby takes personal charge of Covid-19 committee"
1498:
1381:
1269:
1143:
1113:
1087:
1034:, involving the shooting down of Déby's plane, was foiled in March 2006.
1003:
A new constitution was approved by referendum in March 1996, followed by
915:. Itno and Djamous were arrested and killed. Since all three were ethnic
747:
4184:"Kiir declares 3 days of mourning following Chadian president's killing"
2698:"Strong yes vote in referendum allows President Deby to seek a new term"
1142:, and the proxy war saw opposition fighting on both sides. Déby visited
1059:
After Déby's re-election, several rebel groups broke apart. Déby was in
837:
became president in 1982, Déby was made commander-in-chief of the army.
3690:"Chad presidential election: Idriss Déby seeks sixth term amid boycott"
3473:"U.S. charges two with bribing African officials for China energy firm"
2016:
1486:
Déby added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006. He was a graduate of
1250:
924:
880:
782:
in northern Chad. His father was a herdsman of the Bidayat clan of the
775:
560:
36:
4477:"Liste des Membres du Cabinet Civil de la Présidence de la République"
2992:"Chad's Idriss Deby, a longstanding French ally in the troubled Sahel"
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
3990:"Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, says army spokesman"
2149:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
1547:, was found dead aged 27 in the parking garage of his apartment near
1533:
1456:
1327:
1319:
1214:
1186:
1159:
1109:
900:
865:
818:
807:
3022:"Mali crisis: Chad's Idriss Deby announces troop pullout – BBC News"
1350:
in 2020. The firing squad had last been used on terrorists in 2015.
1311:
alleged Déby accepted a $ 2 million bribe in return for providing a
1222:, which reportedly recovered some $ 50 million in embezzled funds.
4304:"Thousands gather to wish Chad's slain president "a deserved rest""
4142:"Deby's death and Chad's next day: This is what the army announced"
3886:"Chad's president Idriss Déby dies 'on battlefield', military says"
4357:"Foreign Leaders Attend Funeral for President Idriss Déby of Chad"
4330:"France's Macron attends funeral of Chadian president Idriss Déby"
4128:"N'Djamena 'on edge' as residents shocked by news of Deby's death"
4046:"Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over"
4020:"Explainer-Who are the rebels threatening to take Chad's capital?"
3720:"Chad's Idriss Deby wins 6th term as army fends off rebel advance"
3443:"Chad President Idriss Deby seeks fifth term in office – BBC News"
3109:"Steve Coll On ExxonMobil's Sinister Kingdom and 'Private Empire'"
2910:"The Sudan-Chad Proxy War (updated March 2011) – Chad | ReliefWeb"
1953:"Regional interference is threatening Libya's future as one state"
1548:
1517:
1412:
1369:
1365:
1326:
announced the resumption of diplomatic relations between Chad and
1312:
1285:
1254:
1246:
1245:(MNJTF), a combined multinational formation comprising units from
1232:
1169:
1036:
947:
943:
935:
904:
853:
845:
841:
728:
2410:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1832:"ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'"
950:, which started operations against Habré, and on 2 December 1990
668:'s military during the 1980s, Déby played important roles in the
4766:
3634:"Macron takes aim at Sahel jihadist groups, Chad to send troops"
2274:
Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (3 December 1990).
1448:
1440:
1373:
1194:
822:
650:
519:
313:
4849:
4735:
3664:"Chad's President wins reelection, extending 30 years in power"
1616:"Guinea President Alpha Conde elected AU chair succeeding Deby"
1574:
List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
856:
forces on the field, with the help of France in the so-called "
1540:
following a 2010 agreement to normalize diplomatic relations.
997:
928:
4274:"Chad's President Idriss Déby dies after clashes with rebels"
4048:. Thomas Reuters News. Reuters. 20 April 2021. Archived from
3917:"Rebels vow to take capital after Chadian president killed"
2538:, The New Humanitarian (formerly IRIN News), 15 March 2006.
813:
After finishing school, he entered the Officers' School in
734:
Several international media sources have described Déby as
684:
was the dominant party. Déby won presidential elections in
3383:"Lac Tchad et COP 21 : le cri d'alarme d'Idriss Déby"
1478:, and several other African leaders attended the funeral.
4533:"Chadian president's son found dead near Paris apartment"
2854:"UPDATE 3-Chad leader wants majority stake in oil output"
4578:"Jail terms over death of Chad leader's son Brahim Deby"
1028:
civil war between Christians and Muslims erupted in 2005
692:, and after term limits were eliminated he won again in
3413:"Chad President Idriss Deby seeks fifth term in office"
3204:
Alwihda Info – Actualités TCHAD, Afrique, International
738:. During his three decades in office, Chad experienced
3582:"Le président tchadien Idriss Déby devient "maréchal""
3859:"Chad President Idriss Deby has died: Army spokesman"
1740:"Chad president assassinated by militants from North"
649:. His term of office of more than 30 years makes him
2492:
2490:
1890:
1888:
664:
ethnic group. A high-ranking commander of President
5105:
4887:
4486:, Chadian presidency website (accessed 4 May 2008)
3779:Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 April 2021).
3323:"Boko Haram has been 'decapitated': Chadian leader"
2747:"Déby win confirmed, but revised down to 64.67 pct"
1264:
Déby and his wife Hinda waiting to vote, April 2016
1041:
Idriss Déby giving an interview in his office, 2004
927:. Déby gave the Libyans detailed information about
844:forces in eastern Chad. In 1985, Habré sent him to
840:
He distinguished himself in 1984 by destroying pro-
566:
551:
543:
525:
507:
502:
490:
469:
456:
370:
360:
350:
337:
320:
292:
287:
271:
259:
240:
228:
216:
201:
90:
71:
34:
3915:Takadji, Edouard; Larson, Krista (20 April 2021).
3230:"Transparency International Country Profile: Chad"
2686:"Chad's leader says government ‘in total control’"
883:, and thousands of arbitrary arrests", as well as
833:, one of the chief Chadian warlords. A year after
786:community. After attending the Qur'anic School in
4877:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
923:by a specially created international tribunal in
774:Déby was born on 18 June 1952, in the village of
5309:People of the Central African Republic Civil War
3353:"Chad's Deby becomes new African Union chairman"
1470:to pay their respects to Déby. French President
1070:The rebellion in the east continued, and rebels
3263:"Transparency International – Country Profiles"
1536:. The marriage was seen as a way to strengthen
1138:supported any rebel group fighting against the
4501:"Chad president weds Janjaweed chief daughter"
2026:. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. pp. 172–173.
1692:"Chad president weds Janjaweed chief daughter"
1509:. She and Déby had five children, all born in
952:Déby's troops marched unopposed into N'Djamena
875:, Habré was found responsible for "widespread
4861:
4747:
1770:"Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit"
645:from 1991 until his death in 2021 during the
8:
4156:"Mali in three-day mourning for Chad's Déby"
3804:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2688:, Associated Press (MSNBC), 6 February 2008.
1295:In February 2016, Déby was nominated by the
5259:Chadian military personnel killed in action
4608:"His Excellency President Idriss Deby Itno"
3502:Israeli PM visits Chad to restore relations
2648:"Chad: New Fronts Open in Eastern Fighting"
1099:Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development Project
1000:to carry out substantial economic reforms.
4868:
4854:
4846:
4754:
4740:
4732:
4663:
2937:"Omar al-Bashir is starting the week well"
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2113:
2111:
1658:Nyere, Chidochashe Nyere (December 2018).
1497:(m. 2005), and Amani Musa Hila (m. 2012).
255:30 January 2016 – 30 January 2017
56:
31:
4416:
4414:
4412:
2060:"Biography of President IDRISS DEBY ITNO"
1426:were both dissolved upon his death and a
1030:, accompanied by tensions with Sudan. An
810:and held a bachelor's degree in science.
790:, Déby studied at the École Française in
86:28 February 1991 – 20 April 2021
1337:
1259:
1118:
2619:, People's Daily Online, 9 August 2006.
2176:
2174:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1607:
1585:
672:which led to Chad's victory during the
104:
27:6th President of Chad from 1990 to 2021
3840:
3829:
3797:
2529:"Coup attempt foiled, government says"
1447:; one day of mourning was declared in
1237:Idriss Déby with Obamas in August 2014
723:provoked by the refugee crisis of the
3954:
3952:
3483:from the original on 22 November 2017
3423:from the original on 29 February 2016
3242:from the original on 7 September 2018
3149:from the original on 3 September 2014
2884:"Sudan, Chad agree to end proxy wars"
2294:from the original on 19 November 2018
2276:"REBELS IN CONTROL OF CHAD'S CAPITAL"
2210:
2208:
1989:from the original on 29 January 2019.
1538:bilateral ties between Chad and Sudan
1430:was formed in its place with his son
954:in a successful coup, ousting Habré.
7:
4397:from the original on 5 November 2014
2344:"Chronology for Southerners in Chad"
2226:from the original on 25 January 2021
2183:"Why the World Won't Criticize Chad"
2129:from the original on 30 October 2015
1873:from the original on 10 October 2016
1842:from the original on 22 October 2020
1780:from the original on 8 November 2020
1622:from the original on 13 January 2020
1595:: 2 December 1990 – 28 February 1991
1513:, who also hold French nationality.
1406:Front for Change and Concord in Chad
1126:, who Déby had mixed relations with.
778:, approximately 190 kilometers from
760:Front for Change and Concord in Chad
4558:"Chad leader's son killed in Paris"
3536:from the original on 5 October 2020
2799:Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict
2767:"Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Case Study"
2610:"Deby sworn in as Chad's president"
2517:Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne
2066:from the original on 30 August 2017
1897:"In Pictures: Most Corrupt Nations"
1618:. The Star Kenya. 30 January 2017.
987:Armed Forces for a Federal Republic
942:, an insurgent group, supported by
631:
4618:from the original on 3 August 2019
4513:from the original on 22 April 2021
4434:from the original on 25 April 2021
4284:from the original on 20 April 2021
4082:from the original on 20 April 2021
4000:from the original on 20 April 2021
3970:from the original on 20 April 2021
3937:from the original on 20 April 2021
3896:from the original on 20 April 2021
3865:from the original on 20 April 2021
3760:from the original on 20 April 2021
3730:from the original on 20 April 2021
3700:from the original on 11 April 2021
3670:from the original on 20 April 2021
3526:"Chad abolishes the death penalty"
3453:from the original on 31 March 2016
3393:from the original on 17 March 2016
3363:from the original on 26 March 2016
3333:from the original on 26 March 2016
3303:from the original on 20 March 2016
3273:from the original on 31 March 2016
3261:e.V., Transparency International.
3210:from the original on 20 March 2016
3179:from the original on 21 March 2021
3062:from the original on 18 April 2021
3032:from the original on 20 March 2016
3002:from the original on 20 April 2021
2972:from the original on 24 March 2016
2962:"Bashir attends Deby inauguration"
2864:from the original on 20 April 2021
2796:Toïngar, Ésaïe (16 January 2014).
2718:"Chad votes to end two-term limit"
2667:"Battle rages for Chadian capital"
2591:Rebels 'will not delay' Chad poll"
2548:"Chad confronts rebels in capital"
2475:from the original on 20 April 2021
2395:from the original on 20 April 2021
2354:from the original on 9 August 2017
2324:from the original on 27 March 2016
2252:from the original on 20 April 2021
2193:from the original on 16 April 2021
2096:from the original on 26 March 2016
2040:from the original on 20 April 2021
1895:David A. Andelman (3 April 2007).
1861:e.V., Transparency International.
1811:from the original on 8 August 2020
1750:from the original on 20 April 2021
1718:from the original on 20 April 2021
1672:from the original on 26 April 2021
1520:national, member of Idriss Déby's
1288:, Idriss Déby raised the issue of
1154:, Omar al-Bashir decided to visit
1152:2011 Chadian presidential election
25:
5249:Central African Republic Bush War
3644:from the original on 4 March 2021
3119:from the original on 2 April 2015
3088:from the original on 31 July 2015
2834:from the original on 8 March 2021
2777:from the original on 4 March 2016
2728:from the original on 8 April 2008
2657:allAfrica.com, 21 September 2006.
2629:"Chad and Sudan resume relations"
2441:from the original on 6 March 2016
2159:from the original on 12 July 2018
1907:from the original on 2 April 2015
1093:Oil exploitation in the southern
1047:fighting with rebels at N'Djaména
5289:20th-century Chadian politicians
4827:
4714:Chairperson of the African Union
4651:
4639:
4588:from the original on 5 June 2019
4454:"New First Lady Captivates Chad"
4355:Peltier, Elian (23 April 2021).
2519:(nl.newsbank.com), 13 June 2001.
2405:
1453:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1342:Marshal Idriss Déby Itno in 2020
1309:United States Justice Department
1268:In January 2016, Déby succeeded
555:
530:
512:
494:
243:Chairperson of the African Union
2248:. Al Jazeera. 3 February 2008.
2086:"Q African Chambers in Senegal"
2023:Dictionary of African Biography
1799:Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019).
1694:. Modern Ghana. 20 January 2012
1490:'s World Revolutionary Center.
1197:, as well as the fight against
794:and at the Franco-Arab school (
719:from 1998 to 2002 as well as a
445:
425:
5294:Leaders who took power by coup
4389:Douglas Farah (4 March 2011).
4200:. Cubadebate.cu. 22 April 2021
3884:Burke, Jason (20 April 2021).
2935:Bosco, David (8 August 2011).
2676:, Al Jazeera, 2 February 2008.
1838:. Public Radio International.
1564:List of heads of state of Chad
1554:Déby was a practicing Muslim.
1434:as chairman. In addition, the
1346:Déby signed a bill abolishing
1282:21st Conference of the Parties
1243:Multinational Joint Task Force
1024:May 2001 presidential election
653:'s longest-serving president.
1:
5299:People from Ennedi-Est Region
5254:Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)
3861:. Al Jazeera. 20 April 2021.
3299:(in French). 12 August 2015.
2568:"Chad severs ties with Sudan"
2506:, African Elections Database.
1830:Werman, Marco (5 June 2012).
1428:Transitional Military Council
1224:Nongovernmental organizations
1045:In mid-April 2006, there was
2828:Council on Foreign Relations
1543:On 2 July 2007, Déby's son,
1297:Patriotic Salvation Movement
940:Patriotic Salvation Movement
817:. From there he was sent to
682:Patriotic Salvation Movement
599:2021 Northern Chad offensive
365:Patriotic Salvation Movement
135:Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido
3614:(in French). 11 August 2020
1022:Déby was re-elected in the
907:, where he was welcomed by
821:for training, returning to
636:
594:Insurgency in Northern Chad
5335:
5314:Politicians killed in wars
2638:, BBC News, 9 August 2006.
2600:, BBC News, 18 April 2006.
2557:, BBC News, 13 April 2006.
2062:. Chad Embassy in Kuwait.
1977:Congress, The Library of.
1665:University of South Africa
1394:2021 presidential election
1318:In January 2019, Déby and
1313:People's Republic of China
1065:Rally of Democratic Forces
961:
848:to follow a course at the
754:, and a deeply entrenched
381:Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss
341:
5279:Deaths by firearm in Chad
4836:
4825:
4773:
4720:
4711:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4679:
4671:
4666:
3588:(in French). 27 June 2020
2653:25 September 2006 at the
2434:. Stanford. 7 July 2006.
1931:www.trackingterrorism.org
656:Déby was a member of the
617:
283:
248:
79:
67:
55:
46:
4563:24 November 2018 at the
3173:U.S. Department of State
3107:So, Jimmy (6 May 2012).
2634:19 December 2008 at the
2502:3 September 2011 at the
2469:U.S. Department of State
2389:U.S. Department of State
1402:northern rebel incursion
1191:Central African Republic
964:Idriss Déby's government
862:Maaten al-Sarra Air Base
742:, as well as widespread
721:civil war from 2005–2010
589:Second Chadian Civil War
338:Cause of death
310:French Equatorial Africa
47:
5274:Chadian anti-communists
4467:, 2 May 2006, page A17.
3507:21 January 2019 at the
2888:The Mail & Guardian
2672:4 February 2008 at the
2534:25 October 2019 at the
1005:a presidential election
938:in 1989 and formed the
802:. He also attended the
764:Northern Chad offensive
674:Libyan-Chadian conflict
647:Northern Chad offensive
579:Chadian–Libyan conflict
574:First Chadian Civil War
185:Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
165:Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
125:Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
5304:People from Fada, Chad
5284:Heads of state of Chad
4656:Quotations related to
4567:BBC News, 2 July 2007.
4459:8 October 2017 at the
4393:. The Foreign Policy.
3560:Panafrican News Agency
3198:Yacoub, Djamil Ahmat.
2752:22 August 2006 at the
2348:University of Maryland
2246:"Profile: Idriss Deby"
1343:
1265:
1238:
1175:
1127:
1042:
804:Lycée Jacques Moudeina
740:democratic backsliding
4482:23 April 2008 at the
4391:"Harvard for Tyrants"
2824:"Chad's Oil Troubles"
2707:, IRIN, 22 June 2005.
2615:11 March 2009 at the
2553:14 April 2006 at the
1712:The Africa Report.com
1461:Republic of the Congo
1341:
1263:
1236:
1173:
1134:, Sudanese president
1122:
1040:
1032:attempted coup d'état
899:. Déby fled first to
544:Years of service
538:Chadian Ground Forces
190:Albert Pahimi Padacké
4648:at Wikimedia Commons
3640:. 16 February 2021.
3479:. 21 November 2017.
3449:. 10 February 2016.
3419:. 10 February 2016.
3389:. 11 December 2015.
3267:www.transparency.org
3058:. 20 February 2020.
2756:, IRIN, 29 May 2006.
2703:13 July 2006 at the
2596:29 June 2006 at the
1867:www.transparency.org
1569:Human rights in Chad
1474:, Guinean President
1436:Constitution of Chad
1301:Constitution of Chad
584:Chadian–Nigerian War
170:Youssouf Saleh Abbas
110:Jean Alingué Bawoyeu
4509:. 29 January 2012.
4465:The Washington Post
3511:. 20 January 2019.
1182:as Prime Minister.
1162:declined to do so.
1132:Chad–Sudan conflict
180:Djimrangar Dadnadji
4667:Political offices
4361:The New York Times
2860:. 29 August 2006.
2280:The New York Times
2090:Human Rights Watch
1524:, and daughter of
1507:French citizenship
1420:Chadian Parliament
1356:In June 2020, the
1348:capital punishment
1344:
1324:Benjamin Netanyahu
1266:
1239:
1176:
1140:Chadian government
1128:
1043:
934:Déby relocated to
877:political killings
873:Human Rights Watch
796:Lycée Franco-Arabe
406:(divorced)
390:(divorced)
210:Bada Abbas Maldoum
155:Pascal Yoadimnadji
5226:
5225:
4843:
4842:
4730:
4729:
4721:Succeeded by
4699:Diplomatic posts
4689:Succeeded by
4682:President of Chad
4644:Media related to
4430:. 23 April 2021.
4280:. 20 April 2021.
3996:. 20 April 2021.
3966:. 20 April 2021.
3756:. 20 April 2021.
3724:www.aljazeera.com
3696:. 11 April 2021.
3666:. 20 April 2021.
3028:. 15 April 2013.
2998:. 20 April 2021.
2890:. 9 February 2010
2497:Elections in Chad
2318:www.start.umd.edu
1957:www.aljazeera.com
1951:El-Gamaty, Guma.
1746:. 20 April 2021.
1714:. 20 April 2021.
1511:Neuilly-sur-Seine
1432:Mahamat Déby Itno
1398:Yaya Dillo Djérou
1358:National Assembly
1180:Emmanuel Nadingar
1072:reached N'Djamena
643:president of Chad
621:
620:
465:
175:Emmanuel Nadingar
74:President of Chad
16:(Redirected from
5326:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4847:
4831:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4704:Preceded by
4672:Preceded by
4664:
4655:
4643:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4574:
4568:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4474:
4468:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4418:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4262:. 22 April 2021.
4256:
4250:
4249:
4248:. 21 April 2021.
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:on 11 April 2023
4222:. Archived from
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4186:. 21 April 2021.
4180:
4174:
4173:
4172:. 22 April 2021.
4166:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4052:on 22 April 2021
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3931:Associated Press
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3586:Voice of America
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2771:www.columbia.edu
2763:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2724:. 22 June 2005.
2714:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2664:
2658:
2645:
2639:
2626:
2620:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2581:, 15 April 2006.
2566:Andrew England,
2564:
2558:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2350:. 16 July 2010.
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2222:. 7 April 2016.
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2181:Chutel, Lynsey.
2178:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2018:
1991:
1990:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:. 8 April 2016.
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1655:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1596:
1590:
1228:corruption index
1207:Operation Serval
756:patronage system
717:Youssouf Togoïmi
713:Second Congo War
639:
637:Idrīs Daybī Itnū
633:
624:Idriss Déby Itno
607:
559:
536:
534:
533:
518:
516:
515:
503:Military service
498:
463:
449:
447:
438:Amani Musa Hilal
429:
427:
407:
391:
346:
345:(gunshot wounds)
342:Died by injuries
327:
302:
300:
288:Personal details
274:
262:
253:
231:
219:
206:
140:Nagoum Yamassoum
93:
84:
60:
50:
32:
21:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5264:Chadian Muslims
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5101:
4889:
4888:Organisation of
4883:
4874:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4769:
4760:
4726:
4717:
4709:
4694:
4685:
4677:
4636:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4584:. 7 July 2011.
4576:
4575:
4571:
4565:Wayback Machine
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4484:Wayback Machine
4475:
4471:
4461:Wayback Machine
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4427:BBC News Gahuza
4420:
4419:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4336:. 23 April 2021
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4310:. 23 April 2021
4302:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4108:. 21 April 2021
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4026:. 21 April 2021
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3838:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:Wayback Machine
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3113:The Daily Beast
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2916:. 14 March 2011
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2754:Wayback Machine
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2705:Wayback Machine
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2674:Wayback Machine
2665:
2661:
2655:Wayback Machine
2646:
2642:
2636:Wayback Machine
2627:
2623:
2617:Wayback Machine
2608:
2604:
2598:Wayback Machine
2589:
2585:
2579:Financial Times
2565:
2561:
2555:Wayback Machine
2546:
2542:
2536:Wayback Machine
2527:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2504:Wayback Machine
2495:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2155:. 30 May 2016.
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2019:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1657:
1656:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1560:
1528:militia leader
1495:Hinda Déby Itno
1488:Muammar Gaddafi
1484:
1472:Emmanuel Macron
1390:
1384:linked groups.
1368:border between
1336:
1322:Prime Minister
1220:Operation Cobra
1168:
1020:
974:
966:
960:
909:Muammar Gaddafi
895:of preparing a
850:École de Guerre
772:
758:. In 2016, the
727:in neighboring
613:
603:
531:
529:
513:
511:
486:
452:
451:
448: 2012)
443:
439:
431:
428: 2005)
423:
419:
417:Hinda Déby Itno
409:
405:
401:
393:
389:
385:
382:
361:Political party
344:
329:
325:
304:
298:
296:
272:
260:
254:
249:
229:
217:
202:
197:
194:
160:Adoum Younousmi
130:Koibla Djimasta
115:Joseph Yodoyman
103:
102:
91:
85:
80:
63:
51:
48:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5319:Zaghawa people
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Chadian rebels
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4763:Heads of state
4761:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4649:
4635:
4634:External links
4632:
4630:
4629:
4612:The Muslim 500
4599:
4569:
4550:
4524:
4492:
4469:
4445:
4408:
4381:
4347:
4321:
4295:
4265:
4251:
4237:
4211:
4189:
4175:
4161:
4147:
4133:
4119:
4093:
4063:
4037:
4011:
3981:
3964:Deutsche Welle
3948:
3907:
3876:
3850:
3811:
3771:
3741:
3711:
3681:
3655:
3625:
3599:
3573:
3547:
3517:
3494:
3464:
3434:
3404:
3374:
3344:
3314:
3284:
3253:
3221:
3190:
3160:
3143:Foreign Policy
3130:
3099:
3073:
3043:
3013:
2983:
2953:
2941:Foreign Policy
2927:
2901:
2875:
2845:
2815:
2808:
2788:
2758:
2739:
2709:
2690:
2678:
2659:
2640:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2573:6 May 2015 at
2559:
2540:
2521:
2508:
2486:
2461:"Chad (02/08)"
2452:
2416:
2381:"Chad (01/02)"
2365:
2335:
2305:
2266:
2237:
2216:"Chad profile"
2204:
2187:Foreign Policy
2170:
2140:
2107:
2077:
2051:
2032:
1992:
1969:
1943:
1918:
1884:
1853:
1822:
1791:
1774:Deutsche Welle
1761:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1683:
1633:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1483:
1480:
1389:
1386:
1335:
1332:
1167:
1164:
1160:African states
1136:Omar al-Bashir
1124:Omar al-Bashir
1103:Gulf of Guinea
1054:Omar al-Bashir
1019:
1016:
973:
970:
959:
956:
893:Hassan Djamous
771:
768:
619:
618:
615:
614:
612:
611:
610:
609:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
568:
564:
563:
553:
549:
548:
545:
541:
540:
527:
526:Branch/service
523:
522:
509:
505:
504:
500:
499:
492:
488:
487:
485:
484:
479:
473:
471:
467:
466:
458:
454:
453:
441:
437:
436:
435:
434:
421:
415:
414:
413:
412:
403:
399:
398:
397:
396:
387:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
339:
335:
334:
328:(aged 68)
322:
318:
317:
294:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
269:
268:
263:
257:
256:
246:
245:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
207:
204:Vice President
199:
198:
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
120:Fidèle Moungar
117:
112:
106:
98:
97:
96:
94:
92:Prime Minister
88:
87:
77:
76:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5331:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:African Union
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:African Unity
4886:
4882:
4881:African Union
4878:
4871:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4707:Robert Mugabe
4702:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4675:Hissène Habré
4670:
4665:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4539:. 3 July 2007
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3833:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3562:. 16 May 2020
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3535:
3531:
3530:www.iol.co.za
3527:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3392:
3388:
3387:Green et Vert
3384:
3378:
3375:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2915:
2914:reliefweb.int
2911:
2905:
2902:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2809:9780786492572
2805:
2802:. McFarland.
2801:
2800:
2792:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:archive.today
2572:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2474:
2471:. 2009–2017.
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:public domain
2394:
2391:. 2009–2017.
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2033:9780195382075
2029:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Zaghawa tribe
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1482:Personal life
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:In 2017, the
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1274:Robert Mugabe
1271:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
978:
971:
969:
965:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:ethnic purges
882:
879:, systematic
878:
874:
871:According to
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
831:Hissène Habré
828:
827:Félix Malloum
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:authoritarian
732:
730:
726:
725:War in Darfur
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Hissène Habré
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
629:
625:
616:
608:
606:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
528:
524:
521:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
472:
468:
462:
461:Timane Erdimi
459:
455:
433:
432:
418:
411:
410:
400:Hadja Halimé
395:
394:
376:
375:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
351:Resting place
349:
343:
340:
336:
332:
324:20 April 2021
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
295:
291:
286:
282:
279:
276:
270:
267:
266:Robert Mugabe
264:
258:
252:
247:
244:
239:
236:
233:
227:
224:
223:Hissène Habré
221:
215:
211:
208:
205:
200:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
145:Haroun Kabadi
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
105:
101:
95:
89:
83:
78:
75:
70:
66:
59:
54:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5177:
4813:
4712:
4692:Mahamat Déby
4680:
4660:at Wikiquote
4620:. Retrieved
4611:
4602:
4590:. Retrieved
4581:
4572:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4537:the Guardian
4536:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4506:Modern Ghana
4504:
4495:
4472:
4464:
4448:
4436:. Retrieved
4425:
4399:. Retrieved
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4360:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4333:
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4307:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4254:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4224:the original
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4192:
4178:
4164:
4150:
4136:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4105:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4075:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4050:the original
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4023:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3963:
3939:. Retrieved
3920:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3890:The Guardian
3889:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3853:
3820:. Retrieved
3814:
3788:. Retrieved
3784:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3753:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3723:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3637:
3628:
3616:. Retrieved
3611:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3559:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3512:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3446:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3416:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3326:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3296:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3266:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3203:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3142:
3139:"Mr. Lonely"
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3112:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3056:the Guardian
3055:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3025:
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
2995:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2965:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2887:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2827:
2818:
2798:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2770:
2761:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2693:
2681:
2662:
2643:
2624:
2605:
2586:
2578:
2562:
2543:
2524:
2511:
2477:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2432:stanford.edu
2431:
2419:
2397:. Retrieved
2384:
2356:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2261:
2254:. Retrieved
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2219:
2195:. Retrieved
2186:
2161:. Retrieved
2152:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2122:
2098:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2022:
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1900:
1875:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1720:. Retrieved
1711:
1696:. Retrieved
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1663:
1624:. Retrieved
1610:
1593:Transitional
1588:
1553:
1542:
1515:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1465:
1417:
1410:
1391:
1380:, to combat
1378:Burkina Faso
1363:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1317:
1306:
1294:
1279:
1267:
1240:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1184:
1177:
1174:Déby in 2012
1129:
1107:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1021:
1010:In 1998 the
1009:
1002:
991:
979:
975:
967:
933:
870:
839:
812:
795:
773:
752:embezzlement
746:, including
733:
710:
660:clan of the
655:
634:
623:
622:
604:
567:Battles/wars
326:(2021-04-20)
303:18 June 1952
273:Succeeded by
250:
235:Mahamat Déby
230:Succeeded by
99:
81:
62:Déby in 2014
29:
5244:2021 deaths
5239:1952 births
5163:Hailemariam
4724:Alpha Condé
4658:Idriss Déby
4646:Idriss Déby
4488:(in French)
4452:Emily Wax,
4204:3 September
3487:22 November
3297:RFI Afrique
2358:18 November
2123:www.hrw.org
1476:Alpha Condé
1445:South Sudan
1334:Final years
1284:(COP21) in
1280:During the
1130:During the
1077:mercenaries
897:coup d'état
711:During the
678:coup d'état
278:Alpha Condé
261:Preceded by
218:Preceded by
212:(1990–1991)
150:Moussa Faki
41:Idriss Déby
18:Idriss Deby
5233:Categories
5203:Tshisekedi
5168:Abdel Aziz
5082:Bouteflika
4927:Boumédiène
4778:Tombalbaye
4718:2016–2017
4686:1991–2021
3927:Bell media
3841:|url=
3618:27 January
3592:27 January
3357:Yahoo News
3327:Yahoo News
2163:29 January
2044:18 October
1983:id.loc.gov
1744:EgyptToday
1626:30 January
1603:References
1530:Musa Hilal
1424:Government
1199:Boko Haram
994:World Bank
983:Doba Basin
962:See also:
958:Presidency
921:war crimes
903:, then to
858:Toyota War
770:Early life
744:corruption
670:Toyota War
632:إدريس ديبي
508:Allegiance
299:1952-06-18
49:إدريس ديبي
5218:Ghazouani
5213:Assoumani
5198:Ramaphosa
5148:Mutharika
5097:Mwanawasa
5042:Babangida
4967:Ramgoolam
4947:Hassan II
4369:0362-4331
4076:UrduPoint
3800:cite news
3754:France 24
2996:France 24
2946:11 August
2920:11 August
2894:11 August
2465:state.gov
2385:state.gov
2288:0362-4331
2070:30 August
1962:31 August
1936:31 August
1836:The World
1526:Janjaweed
1468:N'Djamena
1290:Lake Chad
1156:N'Djamena
1148:N'Djamena
815:N'Djamena
547:1976–2021
491:Signature
457:Relations
355:Amdjarass
331:N'Djamena
251:In office
241:14th
82:In office
5123:Obasanjo
5118:Chissano
5077:Compaoré
5037:Museveni
5002:Mengistu
4917:Selassie
4897:Selassie
4879:and the
4622:2 August
4616:Archived
4592:20 April
4586:Archived
4582:BBC News
4561:Archived
4543:21 April
4517:22 April
4511:Archived
4480:Archived
4457:Archived
4438:27 April
4432:Archived
4395:Archived
4374:23 April
4340:23 April
4314:23 April
4288:20 April
4282:Archived
4278:BBC News
4230:16 April
4086:20 April
4080:Archived
4056:20 April
4030:21 April
4004:20 April
3998:Archived
3974:20 April
3968:Archived
3941:20 April
3935:Archived
3922:CTV News
3900:20 April
3894:Archived
3869:20 April
3863:Archived
3832:cite web
3822:20 April
3790:21 April
3764:20 April
3758:Archived
3734:20 April
3728:Archived
3704:20 April
3698:Archived
3694:BBC News
3674:20 April
3668:Archived
3648:20 April
3642:Archived
3612:Le Point
3540:20 April
3534:Archived
3505:Archived
3481:Archived
3457:18 March
3451:Archived
3447:BBC News
3427:18 March
3421:Archived
3417:BBC News
3397:18 March
3391:Archived
3367:18 March
3361:Archived
3337:18 March
3331:Archived
3307:18 March
3301:Archived
3277:24 April
3271:Archived
3246:20 April
3237:Archived
3214:18 March
3208:Archived
3183:18 March
3177:Archived
3147:Archived
3117:Archived
3086:Archived
3066:20 April
3060:Archived
3036:18 March
3030:Archived
3026:BBC News
3006:20 April
3000:Archived
2976:18 March
2970:Archived
2868:20 April
2862:Archived
2838:20 April
2832:Archived
2781:18 March
2775:Archived
2750:Archived
2732:18 March
2726:Archived
2701:Archived
2670:Archived
2651:Archived
2632:Archived
2613:Archived
2594:Archived
2571:Archived
2551:Archived
2532:Archived
2500:Archived
2479:20 April
2473:Archived
2445:24 April
2436:Archived
2399:20 April
2393:Archived
2352:Archived
2328:18 March
2322:Archived
2298:20 April
2292:Archived
2256:20 April
2250:Archived
2230:20 April
2224:Archived
2220:BBC News
2197:20 April
2191:Archived
2157:Archived
2153:BBC News
2133:18 March
2127:Archived
2100:18 March
2094:Archived
2064:Archived
2038:Archived
1987:Archived
1905:Archived
1877:26 April
1871:Archived
1846:4 August
1840:Archived
1815:4 August
1809:Archived
1784:4 August
1778:Archived
1754:20 April
1748:Archived
1722:20 April
1716:Archived
1698:22 April
1676:26 April
1670:Archived
1620:Archived
1558:See also
1518:Sudanese
1499:BBC News
1408:(FACT).
1382:al-Qaeda
1270:Zimbabwe
1144:Khartoum
1114:Citibank
1088:Cameroon
1067:rebels.
748:cronyism
470:Children
464:(nephew)
100:See list
72:6th
5143:Gaddafi
5138:Kikwete
5128:Nguesso
5092:Chiluba
5087:Eyadéma
5057:Ben Ali
5052:Mubarak
5032:Mubarak
5017:Nguesso
5007:Nyerere
4992:Stevens
4987:Senghor
4982:Tolbert
4977:Nimeiry
4907:Nkrumah
4838:*acting
4819:M. Déby
4814:I. Déby
4804:Oueddei
4794:Oueddei
4789:Malloum
4783:Odingar
4401:7 March
4308:Reuters
4106:Reuters
4024:Reuters
3994:Reuters
3843:value (
3785:Reuters
3477:Reuters
3153:8 March
3123:8 March
3092:8 March
2858:Reuters
1911:8 March
1404:by the
1392:In the
1320:Israeli
1251:Nigeria
1193:(CAR),
1112:-based
925:Senegal
917:Zaghawa
913:Tripoli
889:Zaghawa
881:torture
784:Zaghawa
776:Berdoba
662:Zaghawa
658:Bidayat
605:†
561:Marshal
477:Mahamat
450:
442:
430:
422:
408:
404:
392:
388:
384:
371:Spouses
37:Marshal
5188:Kagame
5173:Mugabe
5153:Obiang
5133:Kufuor
5072:Mugabe
5027:Traoré
5022:Kaunda
4942:Daddah
4937:Kaunda
4932:Ahidjo
4922:Mobutu
4912:Ankrah
4902:Nasser
4367:
3839:Check
3566:4 July
3169:"Chad"
2966:News24
2806:
2425:"Chad"
2286:
2030:
1901:Forbes
1545:Brahim
1534:Darfur
1457:Guinea
1376:, and
1328:Israel
1215:Forbes
1189:, the
1187:Darfur
1110:London
1061:Abéché
901:Darfur
866:Kufrah
854:Libyan
842:Libyan
819:France
808:Bongor
800:Abéché
704:, and
628:Arabic
601:
535:
517:
482:Brahim
333:, Chad
5183:Condé
5113:Mbeki
5062:Meles
5047:Diouf
5012:Diouf
4972:Bongo
4957:Barre
4952:Gowon
4809:Habré
4799:Choua
4112:3 May
3240:(PDF)
3233:(PDF)
2439:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
1580:Notes
1549:Paris
1413:Nokou
1388:Death
1370:Niger
1366:Sahel
1286:Paris
1255:Benin
1247:Niger
1166:2010s
1018:2000s
972:1990s
948:Sudan
944:Libya
936:Sudan
905:Libya
846:Paris
835:Habré
798:) in
729:Sudan
444:(
440:
424:(
420:
402:
386:
312:(now
5208:Sall
5193:Sisi
5178:Déby
5158:Boni
5067:Biya
4962:Amin
4767:Chad
4624:2019
4594:2021
4545:2021
4519:2021
4440:2021
4403:2017
4376:2021
4365:ISSN
4342:2021
4316:2021
4290:2021
4232:2022
4206:2022
4114:2021
4088:2021
4058:2021
4032:2021
4006:2021
3976:2021
3943:2021
3902:2021
3871:2021
3845:help
3824:2021
3806:link
3792:2021
3766:2021
3736:2021
3706:2021
3676:2021
3650:2021
3620:2024
3594:2024
3568:2023
3542:2021
3489:2017
3459:2016
3429:2016
3399:2016
3369:2016
3339:2016
3309:2016
3279:2016
3248:2021
3216:2016
3185:2016
3155:2015
3125:2015
3094:2015
3068:2021
3038:2016
3008:2021
2978:2016
2948:2023
2922:2023
2896:2023
2870:2021
2840:2021
2804:ISBN
2783:2016
2734:2016
2481:2021
2447:2016
2401:2021
2360:2020
2330:2016
2300:2021
2284:ISSN
2258:2021
2232:2021
2199:2021
2165:2017
2135:2016
2102:2016
2072:2017
2046:2020
2028:ISBN
1964:2018
1938:2018
1913:2015
1879:2016
1848:2020
1817:2020
1805:Time
1786:2020
1756:2021
1724:2021
1700:2021
1678:2021
1628:2017
1459:and
1449:Cuba
1443:and
1441:Mali
1422:and
1418:The
1374:Mali
1195:Mali
1095:Doba
1012:MDJT
996:and
946:and
823:Chad
792:Fada
788:Tiné
780:Fada
706:2021
702:2016
698:2011
694:2006
690:2001
688:and
686:1996
651:Chad
552:Rank
520:Chad
321:Died
314:Chad
306:Fada
293:Born
4997:Moi
4765:of
4334:RFI
3638:RFI
2722:BBC
1532:in
1272:'s
998:IMF
929:CIA
911:in
864:in
806:in
5235::
4614:.
4610:.
4580:.
4535:.
4503:.
4463:,
4424:.
4411:^
4363:.
4359:.
4332:.
4306:.
4276:.
4104:.
4078:.
4074:.
4022:.
3992:.
3962:.
3951:^
3933:.
3929:.
3925:.
3919:.
3892:.
3888:.
3836::
3834:}}
3830:{{
3802:}}
3798:{{
3783:.
3752:.
3726:.
3722:.
3692:.
3636:.
3610:.
3584:.
3558:.
3532:.
3528:.
3513:AA
3475:.
3445:.
3415:.
3385:.
3359:.
3355:.
3329:.
3325:.
3295:.
3269:.
3265:.
3235:.
3206:.
3202:.
3175:.
3171:.
3145:.
3141:.
3115:.
3111:.
3084:.
3054:.
3024:.
2994:.
2968:.
2964:.
2939:.
2912:.
2886:.
2856:.
2830:.
2826:.
2773:.
2769:.
2720:.
2577:,
2489:^
2467:.
2463:.
2430:.
2387:.
2383:.
2368:^
2346:.
2320:.
2316:.
2290:.
2282:.
2278:.
2260:.
2218:.
2207:^
2189:.
2185:.
2173:^
2151:.
2125:.
2121:.
2110:^
2092:.
2088:.
2036:.
1995:^
1985:.
1981:.
1955:.
1929:.
1903:.
1899:.
1887:^
1869:.
1865:.
1834:.
1807:.
1803:.
1772:.
1742:.
1710:.
1668:.
1662:.
1636:^
1463:.
1455:,
1451:,
1372:,
1253:,
1249:,
1230:.
1209:.
1201:.
750:,
731:.
708:.
700:,
696:,
630::
446:m.
426:m.
308:,
4869:e
4862:t
4855:v
4785:*
4755:e
4748:t
4741:v
4626:.
4596:.
4547:.
4521:.
4490:.
4442:.
4405:.
4378:.
4344:.
4318:.
4292:.
4234:.
4208:.
4158:.
4144:.
4130:.
4116:.
4090:.
4060:.
4034:.
4008:.
3978:.
3945:.
3904:.
3873:.
3847:)
3826:.
3808:)
3794:.
3768:.
3738:.
3708:.
3678:.
3652:.
3622:.
3596:.
3570:.
3544:.
3515:.
3491:.
3461:.
3431:.
3401:.
3371:.
3341:.
3311:.
3281:.
3250:.
3218:.
3187:.
3157:.
3127:.
3096:.
3070:.
3040:.
3010:.
2980:.
2950:.
2924:.
2898:.
2872:.
2842:.
2812:.
2785:.
2736:.
2483:.
2449:.
2414:.
2403:.
2362:.
2332:.
2302:.
2234:.
2201:.
2167:.
2137:.
2104:.
2074:.
2048:.
1966:.
1940:.
1915:.
1881:.
1850:.
1819:.
1788:.
1758:.
1726:.
1702:.
1680:.
1630:.
1075:"
626:(
316:)
301:)
297:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
