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Article 21 specifically prohibits censorship in an independent section because it is the principle of the democratic constitution of Japan that the people are guaranteed the opportunities to freely enjoy the results of scholastic researches, be exposed to all sorts of ideas and opinions, and know socio-political reality and historical truth through various media such as press, radio, and television.
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authorization making him correct the contents of his draft textbook against his will and violating his right to freedom of expression. Ienaga claimed that the system of textbook authorization, which is based on
Articles 21 and 51 of the School Education Law (学校教育法) among others, was unjust and unconstitutional because:
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The authorization system was against
Article 10 of Fundamental Law of Education (教育基本法) that states that education shall not submit to unjust control. This is from reflection on the past that the pre-war education system of Japan attempted to control thought by standardizing and uniforming education.
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and prohibited publication and use of textbooks at schools that were deemed inappropriate according to a particular political ideology held by the government. According to Ienaga this falls under the category of censorship (検閲) that is prohibited by
Section 2, Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan.
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The authorization system was against
Article 21 of the constitution that guarantees the freedom of speech and expression. Writing and publication of history textbook is a form of speech that is protected by the Constitution; however, the system of school textbook authorization as it was practiced in
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was published in 1956. After the curriculum guidelines (学習指導要領) for high school social studies changed in 1955, Ienaga applied for authorization for the third and fourth editions of his textbook in
November 1956 and May 1957. They went through the same process as the 1955 edition and were authorized
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At the first trial (filed by Ienaga on
January 1, 1984, ruled on October 3, 1989, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Kato ruled that while the authorization system itself was constitutional, there was a certain abuse of discretion on the part of the Ministry regarding the unconstitutional censoring of
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At the first trial (filed by Ienaga on June 12, 1965, ruled on July 16, 1974, at Tokyo
District Court), Judge Takatsu ruled that the textbook authorization system could not be deemed censorship as defined in the Article 21 of the Constitution because such a system should be allowed on the ground of
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At the third trial (filed by the state on
December 30, 1975, ruled on April 8, 1982, at Supreme Court), the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the appeal to the high court as the curriculum guideline had already been revised since the time of the first lawsuit and as the result there is no longer
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At the first trial (filed by Ienaga on June 12, 1965, ruled on July 16, 1974, at Tokyo
District Court), Judge Sugimoto ruled that authorization that affects the content of the description of textbooks is against Article 10 of the Fundamental Law of Education, and that the authorization falls under
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On June 12, 1965, Ienaga filed the first suit against the government of Japan. He demanded ¥1,000,000 (equivalent to ¥4,200,000 in 2019) under the State
Redress Law (国家賠償法) for the psychological damage that he suffered from the government's allegedly unconstitutional system of school textbook
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At the third trial (filed by Ienaga on October 25, 1993, ruled on August 29, 1997, at Supreme Court), Judge Ono ruled that while the authorization system itself was constitutional, there was a certain abuse of discretion on the part of the Ministry regarding the unconstitutional censoring of the
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After wholly revising the first edition of the textbook, Ienaga applied again for authorization of the textbook in 1955. The draft passed authorization on the condition that 216 items in the draft be altered. The Ministry of Education demanded that Ienaga correct the suggested elements two times
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At the second trial (filed by the state on October 13, 1989, ruled on October 20, 1993, at Tokyo High Court), Judge Kawakami ruled that while the authorization system itself was constitutional, there was a certain abuse of discretion on the part of the Ministry regarding the unconstitutional
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was supported by the Japanese people. Ienaga reapplied for authorization without any alterations, and the draft somehow passed authorization and was published as a textbook for the school year of 1953, under the same title, "New Japanese History".
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At the second trial (filed by the state on July 24, 1970, ruled on December 20, 1975, at Tokyo High Court), Judge Azakami rejected the appeal by the state on the ground that the decision of the authorization lacks consistency.
550:. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1968. Written as a counterweight to the controversial history textbooks, it attempts to survey the reasons for and the conduct of the Pacific War from 1931 to 1945. Translated and entitled variously:
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At the fourth trial (ruled on June 27, 1989, at Tokyo High Court), the judge rejected the ruling of the first trial since the plaintiff has already lost interest in requesting the reversal of the rejection of his textbook.
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At the second trial (filed by Ienaga on July 26, 1974, ruled on March 19, 1986, at Tokyo High Court), Judge Suzuki wholly adopted the claim of the state and denied any abuse of discretion in the authorization process.
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The draft was, however, rejected by the Ministry of Education at the school textbook authorization of 1952. The reasons for rejection included such grounds as the claim that the description of the
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At the third trial (filed by Ienaga on March 20, 1986, ruled on March 16, 1993, at Supreme Court), Judge Kabe followed the verdict of the second trial and rejected the appeal.
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Ienaga filed a suit against the government of Japan to demand state compensation for the result of textbook authorization in 1982 that rejected his draft textbook.
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Price, John (Mar 7, 2001). "Persistence of memory: Saburo Ienaga insists Japan remember an unsavoury war to ensure dreams of peace". Vancouver, B.C.:
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Therefore, the content of education ought to be left unstandardized and be free from uniformalization by the political authority, Ienaga argued.
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from 1977 to 1984. In 1984, he was awarded the Japan Academy Prize and became professor emeritus at Tokyo University of Education.
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the category of censorship as defined in Section 2, Article 21 of the Constitution, and demanded the state reverse its decision.
135:. Ienaga undertook a series of lawsuits against the Ministry for violation of his freedom of speech. He was nominated for the
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published a textbook by Ienaga, but censored what they said were factual errors and matters of opinion, regarding
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public welfare, while ordering the state to compensate Ienaga 100,000 yen for a certain abuse of discretion.
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in 1937. Following his graduation, he served as a professor at Tokyo University of Education (東京教育大, today's
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Ienaga filed an administrative lawsuit to demand the Ministry of Education to reverse the rejection of his
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subsequently. Ienaga made several alterations, but refused several others. The revised
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199:(大逆事件) was not appropriate, and that the draft did not clarify the fact that the
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675:"Obituary: Saburo Ienaga: One man's campaign against Japanese censorship"
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163:. He entered Tokyo's Kudan High School in 1926, and graduated from the
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558:, 1931–1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role in World War II
514:, and ordered the state to pay Ienaga 400,000 yen as compensation.
536:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, Publishers, 2001.
490:(草莽隊), and ordered the state to compensate Ienaga 100,000 yen.
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Japan's Last War: World War II and the Japanese, 1931–1945
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The Pacific War: World War II and the Japanese, 1931–1945
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any merit in requesting reversal of Ministry's decision.
622:. Tr. by Richard L. Gage. New York: Weatherhill, 1979.
588:. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1979.
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Japan's Past, Japan's Future: One Historian's Odyssey
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Japan's Past, Japan's Future: One Historian's Odyssey
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Japan's Past, Japan's Future: One Historian's Odyssey
187:(新日本史) as a general history book. Upon request from
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143:among others. He also recorded the history of the
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213:for publication in 1959 and 1962 respectively.
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125:, September 3, 1913 – November 29, 2002)
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604:. John M. Shields, translator. Translated as
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510:, sexual assaults at Nanking in addition to
777:Academic staff of the University of Tsukuba
651:Japanese resistance during the Shōwa period
450:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
356:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
255:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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470:Learn how and when to remove this message
376:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
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392:at the textbook authorization in 1966.
127:was a Japanese historian. In 1953, the
620:Japanese Art: A Cultural Appreciation
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448:adding citations to reliable sources
354:adding citations to reliable sources
253:adding citations to reliable sources
526:. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau, 1964.
145:Japanese resistance in World War II
574:. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
560:. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
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797:Academic staff of Chuo University
494:censoring of the descriptions of
772:20th-century Japanese historians
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183:In April 1947, Ienaga published
787:Laureates of the Imperial Prize
608:. New York" Weatherhill, 1973.
129:Japanese Ministry of Education
27:Japanese historian (1913–2002)
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530:Ichi Rekishi Gakusha No Ayumi
606:Painting in the Yamato style
171:) from 1949 to 1977, and at
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792:University of Tokyo alumni
719:. Rowman and Littlefield.
149:The Pacific War, 1931–1945
681:. London (UK). p. 22
544:. Ienaga's autobiography.
179:Background of the lawsuit
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715:Ienaga, Saburō (2004).
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197:High Treason Incident
193:New Japanese History.
169:University of Tsukuba
444:improve this section
390:New Japanese History
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249:improve this section
210:New Japanese History
185:New Japanese History
139:in 1999 and 2001 by
102:New Japanese History
486:the description of
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159:Ienaga was born in
133:Japanese war crimes
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366:August 2013
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72:Nationality
756:Categories
744:Review of
657:References
641:Tomio Hora
80:Occupation
51:1913-09-03
431:does not
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83:Historian
685:4 August
635:See also
508:Unit 731
189:Sanseidō
75:Japanese
602:Yamatoe
512:sōmōtai
500:sōmōtai
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