75:. There are several types of cywydd, each with strictly defined rules that were well established by Ieuan's time. In the less rigid forms of poetry to which we are accustomed in English, strict rules might seem to result in a staid or dry poetry. But, as Glanmor Williams says, âFar from being fetters which intolerably shackle the poetâs ability to express himself freely, become adornments which add to the power as well as the elegance of the verseâ. No wonder it took at least nine years to become a master poet! Of course these rules developed around the
87:, can also mean a symbol of constancy in love. For Ieuan, this quality apparently superseded marriage, as one of his poems, âTo a Cuckold,â implies. This poem is also described as a âpoem to his love who had alienated him after marrying a wealthy churl.â The expectation that a married woman would remain faithful to her former lover might reveal something about the society in which he lived or perhaps the character of the poet. After all, his teacher was
17:
183:. From this place he took his penname. While Ieuan Deulwyn has become the standardized version of the poet's name, his name appears in the copies of his poetry in various forms, including Ieuan Deulwyn, Ieuan Daylwyn, Ieuan Deylwyn, and Evan o Dewlwyn. In pedigrees his name appears as âEvan Daylwyn thelder,â âDuyland als. tobushe,â and âdwyland to bushe,â, the latter designations derived from the English translation of
291:, with whom he may have served in the French Wars in the first half of the 15th century. Howell Evans attributes poetry written to the Welsh hero Mathew Gough to Ieuan Deulwyn. No such poem appears in Williamsâ collection, but if Ieuan did write a poem during the lifetime of Mathew Gough, it would date his earliest poetry prior to 1450.
79:, complicating translation of the poetry into English. One poem that has been translated into English is an elegy for Dafydd Fychan ap Dafydd of Llyn-went, Llanbister, Radnorshire, and his friend Ieuan ap Gruffudd ap Hywel Llwyd of Cloch-faen, Llangurig, Montgomeryshire. The friends were slain in an ambush during the reign of Henry VI.
319:âThey sing the glory of a Tudor or a Herbert according as each rises to eminence, and bids fair to become a national leader. Nor can it be said that they exposed themselves to a charge of apostasy if their panegyrics thus alternated between the one and the other. They were consistent in their nationalism.â.
322:
This nationalism took the form of opposition to the
English, or the Saxon, as the Welsh referred to them. Indicative is his appeal to Sir Richard Herbert to âlock the door of privilege against the Saxonâ. In his poem, "I Ferch a'i Gwallt" (To a Woman and Her Hair), Ieuan suggests half-jokingly, that
294:
Ieuan
Deulwyn's name appears in a 1460 commission attributed to Edward IV to look into the lineage of the Herberts, in which the poet is said to be one of the four 'cheyffest men of skill within the provynce of Sowth Wallys,' presumably in regard to genealogy. However, Sir Samuel Meyrick demonstrates
283:
Given the dates of his poetry and the dates of birth of his children it is most likely he was born at some date between 1425 and 1435 and died around 1490, but no exact dates are recorded. Ieuan
Deulwyn is seven generations removed from Cadwgan Fawr who was born about 1200. He had grandchildren born
298:
Professor Ifor
Williams suggests his poetry dates between about 1466 and 1488, with the latter date being âquestionable.â He is said to have presided at the Glamorgan Gorsedd in 1480, although that is also questioned. In any case Ieuan is generally believed to have died no later than 1500. He lived
203:
In the 16th century John Bushe of Dilton, Wiltshire, came to the
Clarenceux King of Arms, probably William Harvey, and required of him to search his records to identify how he was descended of âdwyland to busheâ. The Clarenceux discovered that John Bushe was the son and heir of John Bushe, the son
82:
Ieuan's best work is considered to be in his love poems, which comprise the majority of his collected works (22 of 50 poems). Williams says that he is âabove all a poet of love.â And George Borrow opines that âIeuan
Deulwynâs most beautiful production is his cywydd to a birch tree.â Borrow suggests
211:
That âdwyland to bushe,â is Ieuan
Deulwyn is made clear by another manuscript that equates the Bushe and Daylwyn pedigrees. This pedigree identifies Ieuan as âEvan Daylwyn theelder,â son of David Daylwyn, son of John, son of Gryffith, son of Meredith, son of Gruffith, son of Cadwgan Fychan, son of
333:
Although not of the stature of his cousins, the Dwnns, Ieuan
Deulwyn was not a poor man. The 1609 freeholder survey in Kidwelly confirms that he had property that passed through several generations. His son William was a gentleman and his daughter Elen married well. In marrying Cecily Rede, Ieuan
116:
In his elegy to Sir
Richard Herbert, Ieuan compares the sorrow at the news of his death to the crucifixion of Christ, and the betrayal at Banbury as exceeded only by the betrayal of God. Similarly, in his elegy to Dafydd Fychan and Ieuan ap Gruffydd: âAs Mary mourned, beneath the cross, her sonâs
108:
As
Professor Williams observes, Deulwyn complains about the waiting, the longing, and his aching, like every lover. He knows well how to turn a sweet verse, but understanding the puzzling personality of Gwen is too much for him. Like his skilled teacher, he jokes about the deplorable condition to
112:
Deulwyn sometimes borders on what might be considered blasphemy in other ages. In praise of the generosity of Sion ap Dafydd of Llysnewydd, he says in his elegy: âIf he is in his home, God will not be without a drink of wine.â âDo not be so treacherousâ writes a later copyist in the margin, but
131:
Although Ieuan, like Lewys, was able to flatter his patrons, he was unfortunate enough to anger two who were worthy of reconciliation. And indeed he humbles himself in seeking that reconciliation. At the same time this presents a perfect opportunity for him to paint a picture of the slanderer:
65:
and others. Because they have similar styles, their work is constantly attributed to each other, which makes definitive identification of Ieuan's poetry difficult. Williams used the evidence of multiple manuscripts as a determination of which poems to include in his collection, which may have
307:
for playing it both ways with regards to the political factions, yet Ieuan himself composed poetry for both Lancastrians and Yorkists, as can be seen graphically in the accompanying figure. The boxes identify subjects of Ieuan's poetry. The red roses identify people who supported the
232:
Ieuan the younger might be John Bushe, a 15th-century wool merchant in Northleach, Gloucestershire. His merchant's mark contains a clear â2Bâ designation, and his descendants are associated with some of the same families as William's descendants.
274:
Thomas ap John Dylwyn appears as a witness to a 1490 deed in Brecon, although no more is known of him. Other descendants of Ieuan Deulwyn remained in Carmarthenshire, as evidenced by a 1609 survey of freeholders in the Welshry of Kidwelly.
726:
334:
himself married a woman of âone of the most notable of burghal familiesâ. In âI Ferch aâi Gwalltâ Ieuan praises âthe girl I am going to ask for myself as a gift,â which may refer to Cecily. He alludes to the stature of her family:
66:
resulted in some of Deulwyn's poems being excluded, but we are fortunate indeed in the edition that was published, complete with explanatory footnotes, notes about many of the subjects, and indexes of both people and places.
323:
his love should not love him more than a âdeceitful Englishman.â And in his elegy to Sir Richard Herbert, Ieuan refers to the English as the children of Alis, which the Reverend Ellis notes means the children of Hell.
387:
as if the three died at about the same time, which is believed to be about 1490. Yet among his collected works there is no poem about the decisive Battle of Bosworth, which took place in 1485. His wife's cousin, Sir
204:
and heir of William Bushe and his wife (a daughter of Strange of Gloucester), which William Bushe was son and heir to âdwyland to busheâ of the county of Carmarthen, who married Cecily, daughter of âThos. Ryde (
215:
Ieuan's ancestry can be traced even further back since Cadwgan Fawr was a descendant of the tribal patriarch Llywelyn ap Gwrgan, whose paternal line traces back to the 6th-century Plaws âHenâ, king of Dyfed.
120:
His poems of praise are loaded with genealogy, âuntil they bore the poet,â but they are a treat for the historian and genealogist. The subjects of these poems are generally the heroes of the
372:, a merchant who was connected with some of the most influential families in South Wales, and her mother (or at least step-mother), was Elen, daughter of the powerful Gruffudd ap Nicholas.
212:
Cadwgan Fawr. This Cadwgan Fawr was born about AD 1200, and âhad the house ofâ Maenor Cadwgan, one of the commotes in the Welshry of the Lordship of Kidwelly in medieval times.
266:
Elen married Hywel ap Maredudd of Cromlech, Llanfechell, Anglesey, and a fairly extensive list of at least one line of her descendants is documented.
128:, and they frequently wrote of the same people, with the benefit that one poet often supplements the other in clarifying relations of local families.
303:, but a closer look at the subjects of his poems reveals that his devotion is more to family and country than to a political faction. He criticized
46:
A collection of fifty of the poems of Ieuan Deulwyn were published in 1909 under the auspices of the Bangor Welsh Manuscripts Society, thanks to
396:
well, and sang his praises, but there is no mention of his exploits at Bosworth. It is possible Ieuan was dead before the battle took place.
375:
Ieuan's death is undocumented. There is some evidence he wrote a poem as late as 1488, but that date is questioned. He is named with
330:, near Abergavenny, was Ieuan's principal patron, but he was in the homes of many of the most influential figures in South Wales.
195:
on establishing himself in England, and it was this branch of the family that sought out the heralds to establish the pedigree.
478:
College of Arms MSS D.13, 142 and I.C.B., f 84. Note that in one line in MS D.13, 142 he is erroneously identified as Meredith.
250:
811:
787:
327:
284:
in the 1480s, and possibly some as early as the 1450s, which puts Ieuan's birth in the early part of the 15th century.
224:
Ieuan Deulwyn and his wife Cecily Rede had at least four children: Ieuan (John) the younger, William, Thomas and Elen.
253:, and the current monarch of Great Britain. That the name is Elizabeth is clarified by Gervase Bushe in his entry at
299:
and wrote, then, during the Wars of the Roses. He is styled a âfervent supporter to the men of Yorkâ by his editor,
255:
792:
442:
619:
679:
535:
562:
604:
752:
447:
708:
693:
493:
663:
465:
416:
241:
William's line is the one identified in the pedigrees. His descendants include such notable figures as
171:
Fortunately the poet was successful enough in his work to have his poetry survive the ravages of time.
576:
520:
246:
392:, played an important role in the battle, which led to him being knighted on the field. Ieuan knew
288:
309:
242:
662:
Seven children are named in the 21 June 1477 will of John Bush of North Leach, Gloucestershire,
94:
Deulwyn's poems have the usual romantic references, but his melancholy laments are even better:
179:
Ieuan was from Pendeulwyn in Llangynnwr parish in the Welshry of Cydweli (Kidwelly) commote in
121:
16:
448:
The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, vol. 2
191:. It is emphasized in the pedigrees because at least one of Ieuan's sons adopted the surname
651:
380:
125:
88:
62:
54:
460:
180:
83:
this might have some relation to the âdeulwynâ part of his name, but the word for birch,
757:
Collections Historical & Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire, and its Borders
393:
389:
304:
76:
58:
28:
466:
The Works of George Borrow: Wild Wales Cancelled Passages and Other Writings on Wales
805:
376:
313:
300:
47:
782:
518:
College of Arms D.13, 142. See âPaul Bushâ, op. cit. p152. See also, F.W. Weaver,
634:
369:
205:
384:
287:
As a descendant of Cadwgan Fawr, Ieuan was a distant cousin to his neighbour
20:
Family and Political Connections of the Subjects of Ieuan Deulwyn's Poetry
316:(Herberts). As Evans writes, referring to the bards of the 15th century:
113:
Deulwyn says, âHis treatment of his guests made a saint of Sionâs soul.â
368:
Cecily Rede certainly did come from a notable family. Her father was
71:
548:
J.E. Lloyd, ââA History of Carmarthenshireââ, Cardiff, 1935, pp227-8
635:
A Catalogue of Manuscripts Relating to Wales in the British Museum
494:
Paul Bush, The Last Rector of Edington and First Bishop of Bristol
249:, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland, Admiral Sir
15:
650:âRees ap Edmund et David Gryffith John pro terra Jeuan Dailwnâ,
312:(Tudors), and the white roses identify people who supported the
35:
31:
593:, London, 1936, e.g., Ashley, Bamfylde, Hungerford, Strangeways
134:
509:
College of Arms I.C.B. f 84. See âPaul Bushâ, op. cit. p152
431:
Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation, Wales, c.1415-1642
208:) of Rodes Court by Talcarneâ in the county of Carmarthen.
109:
which he was driven by love, even to the loss of his hair!
539:, University of Wales Press 1974, âLlywelyn ap Gwrgan 1â
340:
Great is his concern about a husband for his daughter.
620:Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families
723:The Heraldic Visitations of Wales by Lewys Dwnn,
646:
644:
8:
342:He will never give her in a red-gold girdle
140:
521:The Visitations of the County of Somerset
488:
486:
484:
410:
408:
577:The Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire
344:To anyone except the same kind of gold.
104:If the bruise of a strawberry is sweet.
53:Ieuan Deulwyn belonged to the school of
433:, University of Wales Press, 1987, p151
404:
469:, Constable & Co. Ltd., 1926, p203
245:, first Protestant bishop of Bristol,
7:
256:June Ferguson's Royal Genealogy Page
608:, Houghton Mifflin, 1932, chapter 1
591:A History of the Manor of Hazelbury
753:Welsh Proverbs, Triads and Truisms
270:Thomas ap Ieuan Deulwyn and others
157:Two tongues of me they do detract,
98:What of love? What does it matter?
14:
770:Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family
295:that the commission is spurious.
420:, Bangor Welsh MSS Society, 1909
348:He expresses some reservations:
159:And in the same mouth they move.
759:, Vol. XIII, London, 1880, p325
740:Wales and the Wars of the Roses
709:Wales and the Wars of the Roses
694:Wales and the Wars of the Roses
117:fell wounds, so I their loss.â
69:Ieuan clings to one metre, the
500:, September and December, 1902
417:Casgliad o Waith Ieuan Deulwyn
364:My request for her was right.
352:I do not go to ask for my lady
338:Her father is like Hu Gadarn ;
251:John Bush (Royal Navy officer)
1:
788:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
536:Welsh Genealogies, AD300-1400
328:Richard Herbert of Coldbrook
100:Taste is the craving of men.
498:Wiltshire Notes and Queries
124:. He was a contemporary of
828:
727:Plwyf Bereudeth Sir Benfro
163:Has become my persecutor.
146:Mwyn o beth i'm wyneb oedd
793:National Library of Wales
623:, W.K. Morton, 1914, p356
605:An Incorruptible Irishman
443:Jacob Youde William Lloyd
161:What was value to my face
144:Ag yn yr un genau yr ânt.
697:, Cambridge 1915, p51 n4
451:, London, 1882, pp 274-6
262:Elen ferch Ieuan Deulwyn
142:Dau dafod a'm hathrodant
358:But then, he exclaims:
148:Ymlidiwr i'm ol ydoedd.
155:
141:
138:
21:
721:Samuel Rush Meyrick,
712:, Cambridge 1915, p50
362:Seize me; contemn me!
19:
812:Welsh-language poets
772:, Cardiff, 1993, p13
768:Ralph A. Griffiths,
680:Llewelyn ap Gwrgan 2
638:, London, 1908, p590
580:, London, 1899, p136
354:For fear of these .
247:Charles Kendal Bushe
27:(fl. c. 1460) was a
524:, Exeter, âDaylwynâ
602:Edith Somerville,
533:Peter C. Bartrum,
429:Glanmor Williams,
310:House of Lancaster
22:
676:Welsh Genealogies
559:Welsh Genealogies
228:Ieuan the younger
169:
168:
122:Wars of the Roses
102:Sweet is thy kiss
819:
797:
796:
779:
773:
766:
760:
749:
743:
736:
730:
719:
713:
704:
698:
689:
683:
672:
666:
660:
654:
652:Kidwelly Welshry
648:
639:
630:
624:
615:
609:
600:
594:
587:
581:
572:
566:
555:
549:
546:
540:
531:
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510:
507:
501:
490:
479:
476:
470:
458:
452:
440:
434:
427:
421:
412:
381:Dafydd ab Edmwnd
150:
135:
126:Lewys Glyn Cothi
89:Dafydd ap Gwilym
63:Dafydd ab Edmwnd
55:Dafydd ap Gwilym
827:
826:
822:
821:
820:
818:
817:
816:
802:
801:
800:
783:"Dafydd Nanmor"
781:
780:
776:
767:
763:
750:
746:
742:, op. cit., p10
737:
733:
720:
716:
705:
701:
690:
686:
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
642:
631:
627:
617:J.E. Griffith,
616:
612:
601:
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588:
584:
573:
569:
556:
552:
547:
543:
532:
528:
517:
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508:
504:
491:
482:
477:
473:
461:Clement Shorter
459:
455:
441:
437:
428:
424:
414:Ifor Williams,
413:
406:
402:
379:in an elegy of
366:
363:
356:
353:
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343:
341:
339:
281:
272:
264:
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181:Carmarthenshire
177:
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106:
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44:
12:
11:
5:
825:
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761:
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731:
714:
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610:
595:
589:G.J. Kidston,
582:
567:
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541:
526:
511:
502:
480:
471:
453:
435:
422:
403:
401:
398:
394:Rhys ap Thomas
390:Rhys ap Thomas
360:
350:
336:
305:Bedo Brwynllys
280:
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238:
235:
229:
226:
221:
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200:
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176:
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167:
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153:
96:
77:Welsh language
59:Bedo Brwynllys
43:
40:
29:Welsh language
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
824:
813:
810:
809:
807:
794:
790:
789:
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778:
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765:
762:
758:
754:
751:T.G. Jones, â
748:
745:
741:
735:
732:
728:
724:
718:
715:
711:
710:
703:
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696:
695:
688:
685:
681:
678:, op. cit., â
677:
671:
668:
665:
664:PROB 11/6/419
659:
656:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:
632:Edward Owen,
629:
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611:
607:
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561:, op. cit., â
560:
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378:
377:Dafydd Nanmor
373:
371:
365:
359:
355:
349:
345:
335:
331:
329:
324:
320:
317:
315:
314:House of York
311:
306:
302:
301:Ifor Williams
296:
292:
290:
289:Gruffydd Dwnn
285:
278:
276:
269:
267:
261:
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252:
248:
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237:William Bushe
236:
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67:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
48:Ifor Williams
41:
39:
37:
33:
30:
26:
25:Ieuan Deulwyn
18:
786:
777:
769:
764:
756:
747:
739:
734:
722:
717:
707:
706:H.T. Evans,
702:
692:
691:H.T. Evans,
687:
675:
670:
658:
633:
628:
618:
613:
603:
598:
590:
585:
575:
574:C.T. Davis,
570:
558:
553:
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519:
514:
505:
497:
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456:
446:
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93:
84:
81:
70:
68:
52:
45:
24:
23:
370:Thomas Rede
220:Descendants
206:Thomas Rede
729:, p196 n16
400:References
385:Tudur Aled
738:Herbert,
674:Bartrum,
563:Plaws Hen
557:Bartrum,
243:Paul Bush
199:Ancestors
57:, as did
806:Category
189:two bush
725:vol I,
187:, i.e.
185:deulwyn
175:Origins
85:bedwen
72:cywydd
42:Poetry
755:â in
496:â in
326:Sir
279:Life
193:Bush
36:bard
32:poet
383:by
34:or
808::
791:.
785:.
643:^
483:^
463:,
445:,
407:^
91:.
61:,
50:.
38:.
795:.
682:â
565:â
492:â
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