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publish an organic statute as a provisional constitution. The government set out to dismantle the remainder of Santa Anna's dictatorship. On 9 January 1856, a decree was passed to hold Santa Anna, his ministers, governors and other subordinates responsible for their to the nation and individuals for their illegal acts. Their estates were seized and placed at the disposal of the supreme court to meet damages. The ministry also promised legislation on personal rights, the press, police, the national guard and a moderate approach towards ecclesiastical affairs. Economic measures included opening ports to commerce, opening facilities for commerce, manufacturing, and mining, as well as for education. Foreigners were allowed to own real estate under certain conditions.
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granting emergency powers to the state governors and on 3 November suspended certain articles of the constitution impeding
Comonfort's ability to suppress rebellion: namely those on freedom of speech, assembly, bearing arms, and due process. Congress meanwhile counted the votes for the presidential elections which had been held earlier in the year, with Comonfort receiving a majority. Comonfort officially assumed the executive on 1 December 1857. In his inaugural address, he asked the representatives to amend the constitution, insisting that he had a respectful record of supporting liberal causes.
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917:. The insurgents soon found themselves short on resources and filled with dissension. One of their chiefs seized money from a British consul's house, but the leaders of the revolt ultimately concluded that they did not have enough men and resources to defend San Luis Potosí, and the city was mostly abandoned. After their evacuation, Parrodi laid siege to them on Magdalena Hill near the town of Cadereita. They retreated on 6 February 1857 and were routed in Tunas Blancas. Colonel Osollo was taken prisoner.
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constitution. The supreme control of the government was to be entrusted to
Ignacio Comonfort who was to convoke within three months another constitutional congress for framing another constitution more in line with the national will, to be submitted to a national plebiscite and in the event of its non-acceptance to be returned to the congress for an amendment. The president was to rule with a consultative council composed of one representative from each state.
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1101:, named after the secretary of the treasury. The law was aimed at the collective ownership of the real estate. It forced 'civil or ecclesiastical institutions' to sell any land that they owned, with the tenants getting priority and generous terms for buying the land that they lived on. It was mostly aimed at the church, but the law was also aimed at Mexico's native communities who were forced to sell their communal lands, the
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636:. The plan declared Santa Anna deposed and called for the convocation of a new president and a representative assembly to reorganize the government. The plan was ratified at Acapulco by Colonel Comonfort, among others, with some amendments, including a provision allowing changes to be made in accordance with the national will. Juan Álvarez was chosen as head of the movement.
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1283:. Operations planned to capture not destroy the rebels, and they only numbered 200, but they made an unexpected defense, sustained by a belief that sympathetic movements were breaking out all over the country, which they did to a limited extent. The besieged conservatives finally surrendered on November 29, though Miramon and Orihuela managed to escape.
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652:, whom he viewed as an effort by the remainders of the administration to coopt the revolution. Comonfort entered Guadalajara on 22 August 1855 and published a circular arguing that only Juan Álvarez could be recognized as the leader of the revolution. By September, Comonfort was at Lagos conferring with the independent revolutionary leaders
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constitution was promulgated by
Comonfort on 12 February. On that day the government also issued a comprehensive electoral law with 67 articles. The constitution was not meant to come into force until 16 September. Before the end of the year, Comonfort himself would have disavowed the constitution and civil war would have broken out.
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arrested. The ayuntamiento of Mexico City was also dissolved. On 19 December, Comonfort officially announced that he had accepted the Plan of
Tacubaya. He released a manifesto explaining his motives, expounding that he viewed the Plan of Tacubaya as an opportunity for a moderate compromise and viewing the alternative as anarchy.
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Minister of
Interior and Foreign Relations Montez received him courteously, but his protests did not change government policy. The law was designed to develop Mexico's economy by increasing the number of private property owners, but in practice, the land was bought up by rich speculators. Most of the lost indigenous land went to
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The clergy of Puebla were resolved to obstruct at all hazards the execution of the Lerdo Law, whereupon the government adopted stringent measures. The sale of the property went on though slowly owing to conscientious objectors and fear of political persecution by others and the government exiled both
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Due to the disorder, the military had caused throughout
Mexican history, the idea began to be floated in the cabinet of dissolving the military and rebuilding it from the ground. Ocampo and Juarez were in favor while Comonfort was against, wishing instead to reform the military class, but not destroy
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Another ministerial crisis on 15 September led to the entire cabinet resigning and the ministries being left in charge of the chief clerks. Comonfort's emergency powers had now ended, a newly elected congress was not yet meeting, and the country was rife with insurrections. Businesses in the capital
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The constitutional congress wrapped up its work on 5 February 1857, and the fundamental code was signed and its support swore to by each congressman after which
President Comonfort swore an oath to observe the constitution. After this, both Congress and the president addressed the nation and the new
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The ministers outlined their program, which was to avoid any dismemberment of the national territory, as Santa Anna had engaged in with the
Gadsden Purchase, avoid civil war, use force only as a last resort, and convoke a constitutional congress at once to frame the constitution, and in the meantime
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and Moreno were commissioned as generals. Comonfort was now threatening to resign and only keep the office of general in chief. Álvarez directed his secretaries to lay before him proposals on how to proceed. He also directed his council to prepare a draft of the statute. Meanwhile, the conservatives
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Congress was installed on 8 October and
Comonfort soon requested emergency powers to deal with the insurgencies. Congress denied the request, and many of the deputies disagreed that the situation demanded it. Comonfort remained determined to seek the necessary executive powers. Congress conceded by
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Ezequiel Montes was dispatched in early
October to Rome by the government to try to convince the pope to agree on the constitution. The archbishop was asked by the government to restrain the clergy who were urging disobedience to the government. Comonfort accepted the resignation of Puebla governor
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The Franco-Mexican liberal paper Trait d'Union (Hyphen) proclaimed that war had been declared between church and state and featured stories on who had refused the oath, including judges and other federal civil servants. The press noted many cases of minor and local officials also refusing the oath.
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A debate on religious freedom began on 29 July, with 106 deputies present and a large crowd in the galleries. It lasted until 5 August when it decided not to put the article to a vote. Ultimately religious freedom would not make it into the constitution, but neither would an article making Mexico a
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The first meeting of the congress which had been called on 16 October of the previous year under the Alvarez administration, occurred on 14 February. Nothing of substance was passed until the 21st when Alvarez's decree transferring executive power to Comonfort was ratified by a majority of 72 votes
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On 9 March, Comonfort began a siege which lasted until the 22nd when the insurgents finally surrendered. Comonfort refused to negotiate with Haro and the latter thus handed his command over to Castillo and Guitian, and they to Oronoz, who finally negotiated the surrender. Haro meanwhile escaped and
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Five thousand troops under generals Villareal, Traconis, Zuloaga, Gayosso, and Moreno marched out of Mexico City on 29 January to suppress the revolt at Puebla. A thousand more men were expected from Guanajuato. Comonfort intended to conduct the operations himself. On 24 February, he had 11,500 men
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Comonfort had to deal with recently conscripted troops unsuited to stand a fair chance against the French and he was defeated on 8 May 1863, at the Battle of San Lorenzo, retreating to Mexico City. Comonfort followed the national government when it retreated from the capital on 31 May 1863, and he
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and Pardo that resistance in the capital was futile, Comonfort sought to abandon the city on the morning of 22 January. The conservative general, Parra, allowed him to leave the city and he headed for the liberal-controlled state of Vera Cruz. On 7 February, he disembarked on the steamer Tennessee
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Comonfort now sought to move away from the government he had helped bring to power. He made known to troops in the interior his repentance of having supported the Plan of Tacubaya and to surrender the executive over to the president of the Supreme Court. He thought at one point of even joining the
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Seventy deputies reassembled in Querétaro and aired their protests. A council of state was installed on 25 December in which skeptical voices opined that it was impossible to bring about the reconciliation that Comonfort sought. On 30 December the strategic state of Vera Cruz abandoned the Plan of
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were accused of plotting against the constitution, which caused much displeasure in Congress, but finally, Zuloaga was indicted. After arranging with certain governors, the conspirators in a suburb of Mexico City declared the Plan of Tacubaya on the morning of 17 December to set aside the national
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stripped the Church to hold property. The law also forced the breakup of communal land holdings of indigenous communities, which enabled them to resist integration economically and culturally. The controversy was further inflamed when the government mandated that all civil servants take an oath to
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The revolts united Congress behind the president and acquiesced to Comonfort's request for emergency powers, granting him a vote of confidence joined in even by the progressive hardliners whom Comonfort had previously clashed with. A commission was named to negotiate with Vidaurri's government in
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pronounced against the government of Juan Alvarez on 6 December, holding up the moderate Ignacio Comonfort as the new president. His proclamation accused Alvarez of attacking religion, the one thing that bound Mexicans together. This proved redundant, as before news of the revolt even reached the
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The Puebla garrison made a sally in force on 8 March, and a battle was fought at half past seven o'clock in the morning at Ocotlan. After two hours of fighting without any decisive results, Haro asked for a truce, and while he held a conference with Comonfort, Haro's troops retreated to Puebla.
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Alvarez seriously considered stepping down from the presidency and handing it over to Comonfort, but the latter's enemies urged Alvarez to stay in office. On 4 December, Alvarez summoned a meeting of the most prominent members of the Liberal party for advice on how to proceed. He wavered on the
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On the morning of 11 January, more troops near the capital joined the Plan of Tacubaya. Comonfort resolved to go with 5,000 loyal troops to the headquarters of the constitutionalists. He intended to step down from the government and hand over the presidency to his constitutional successor, the
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On 17 December, congress made a solemn protest against the Plan of Tacubaya and declared that Comonfort's authority had now ended. Zuloaga's brigade occupied the capital and dissolved the congress. Benito Juárez, president of the Supreme Court and Isidoro Olvera, president of the Congress were
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Meanwhile, the drafting of the new constitution continued amidst the opposition of the conservative press as well as opposition within the committee assigned to the task, two of whose members had given a dissenting vote on the current draft. Two other members approved it with reservations, and
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The government also had to deal with the ever-present financial crisis, as Santa Anna's taxes had been lifted and the only source of revenue left was the excise taxes, that northern Governor Vidaurri objected to, duties from customs, which were not substantial, due to a lack of confidence from
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Comonfort considered the anticlerical articles of the constitution too radical, likely to provoke a violent reaction. He also objected to the deliberate weakening of the power of the executive branch of government by empowering the legislative branch. He had been dealing with revolts since the
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On 1 July, Archbishop Garza protested to the government that the properties were likely to be bought by a few rich individuals, argued that the church had previously lent to the government during crises, and defended the church's record of treating tenants more generously than private owners.
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The organic statute meanwhile had been passed on 15 May. The statue tended toward the centralization of the government by extending the action of the executive over everything, even municipalities. Limits were however placed on this wide authority. The constitutional congress clashed with the
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capital, the elderly President Alvarez, who was not enjoying administrative tasks or the climate of Mexico City, decided to step down and announced this on 8 December. Alvarez met with Comonfort and officially transferred the presidency to him on 11 December at four o'clock in the afternoon.
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On 17 March 1857, it was decreed that all civil servants had to publicly swear and sign an oath to the constitution. The Catholic Church decreed ex-communication for anyone that took the oath, and subsequently, many Catholics in the Mexican government lost their jobs for refusing the oath.
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were arrested and their convent was occupied by troops, and on the 17th the government decreed the suppression of the convent and the seizure of all its property except the main church and chapels, sacred vessels ornaments, relics, and images which were handed over to the archbishop.
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Comonfort, in charge of the fortress of Acapulco, resisted a siege by Santa Anna who appeared on 20 April 1854, but soon had to retreat. During the revolution, Comonfort went on an important mission abroad to gain war materiel. Comonfort later established his base of operations in
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The government's problems were now complicated by the Spanish refusal to accept the Mexican plenipotentiary La Fragua and made suggestions that the Spanish government intended to interfere in Mexico. A minor war scare flared up and applications to join the national guard surged.
463:, nullifying the constitution in December 1857. Congress was dissolved and Comonfort remained as president, only to be completely abandoned by his liberal allies. He backed out of the plan and resigned from the presidency. He was succeeded by the president of the Supreme Court,
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A ministerial crisis led to the appointment of a new ministry, more moderate whose head was the Minister of Relations, Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. Angonio Garcia was made Minister of Justice, and Amarcelino Castaneda was made Minister of Government and was shortly succeeded by
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in which he made many material improvements. He also had to deal with many southern indigenous revolts within his jurisdiction, including one case in which Comonfort, with twenty-four troops almost without ammunition, sustained a siege against two thousand indigenous troops.
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The opposition press now began to advocate that Comonfort continue ruling with extraordinary powers rather than allow the constitution to come into force, though the majority of the liberals did not take seriously the notion that Comonfort would join such a scheme.
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of 1843. The rebels next attacked Puebla on 16 January 1855, and the governor surrendered without a fight. The revolution was now formidable, as the army had four thousand men, abundant supplies, and control of the second-largest city in the republic.
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Comonfort appointed his cabinet two days after he assumed the presidency. Luis de la Rosa was made Minister of Relations, Ezequiel Montes was made Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Manuel Siliceo was made Minister of Development,
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besieged Puebla with a vastly superior force, Comonfort defended one of its most exposed points. Arista was repulsed and Comonfort returned to his job as a military commander. In 1834, he returned to defend Puebla against the siege of General
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president over his claimed power to interfere in the proceedings. Comonfort wished to temper the efforts of the deputies who in response to Santa Anna's recent dictatorship, intended to set up a government that Comonfort viewed as too weak.
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placed in the echelon and 4000 men of the national guard were stationed at the capital. He then set off for the front on 29 February and made his headquarters at Rio Prieto. The insurgents meanwhile retreated within the walls of Puebla.
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another declined to sign it. Many members of Congress advocated the revival of the Constitution of 1824, while the distinguished statesman Luis de la Rosa also opposed the new constitution, congress as a whole approved it, 93 to 5.
759:, represented a new generation of liberals that had come of age since independence in 1821 and intended to pass unprecedented reforms in a period which began with the Álvarez administration and would eventually come to be known as
739:, now moved himself and his troops to Mexico City. The filth and brutality of his troops, known as 'pintos' (mottled ones), caused general disgust and alarm and led to rumors that Alvarez would be overthrown in favor of Comonfort.
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under the lead of Manuel Maria Calvo revolted on 10 December 1856, and Rosas Landa was taken prisoner. There were rumors that a group of conservatives were directing these revolts from the capital. There were hostile movements in
1165:, Governor Lopez de Nava also cracked down on those refusing to take the oath by depriving them of political rights. Governor Alatiste of Puebla outright ordered public prayers for the success of the constitutional authorities.
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troops to fight against the reactionists. His ruling council now advised him to make a complete retraction. Minister of War Garcia Conde proposed a conference of state governors to reconcile the country, but it was rejected.
1268:, seized the artillery and the ammunition, arrested the governor, commandant general and demanded an end to the Juarez and Lerdo Laws. The prisoners were later liberated in a rescue by lieutenant colonel Diaz Quijano.
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The conservative conspirators were now sounding out the support of the governors for a plan to suppress Congress and restore Comonfort's emergency powers. Members of Comonfort's government, Minister Payno and General
1075:. The Declaration of the Rights of Man took into consideration the judicial thought and constitutions of the world's most advanced nations. Equality before the law was accepted as a fundamental right.
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The draft of the new constitution had its first reading on 16 June, and the consideration of its clauses was begun at once. Like the Constitution of 1824, it embodied many principles borrowed from the
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Liberal officials however struck back at opposition to the oath and the constitution. Governor Juarez of Oaxaca expelled all priests who refused Christian burial to supporters of the constitution. In
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beginning of his administration and the new constitution left the president powerless to act. Hoping to reach compromise with the conservatives and other opponents of the constitution, he joined the
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merchants. The Spanish sent a squadron to the Port of Vera Cruz with representative Miguel de los Santos Alvarez on board, and this was interpreted as a hostile demonstration by nervous merchants.
515:, San Lorenzo, and Posadas, and gave proof of his great military talent until Bustamante was overthrown and the Zavaleta Accords put an end to the revolution. He was named military commander of
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went into hiding. In the final negotiations, the rank-and-file troops were allowed to remain in the government or to retire from service, and the officers were arrested to await their fate.
1291:. Comonfort vacillated back and forth between the moderate party and the radical party wondering if it was prudent or not in carrying out all of the constitution's unprecedented reforms.
1246:. The rebels, in addition to the usual conservative cause of 'religion y fueros' also promised the Indians to protect their landed property which had also been targeted by the Ley Lerdo.
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president of the Supreme Court, who was Benito Juarez. Comonfort released him from his imprisonment, and Juarez left for Guanajuato where on 19 January, he established a government.
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Forces were dispatched against Puebla led by General Tomas Moreno, and reinforced with troops from Tlaxcala until the total forces amounted to over 4,000 men under General Traconis,
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should be submitted to the pope, a suggestion the government rejected. The conservative generals Santa Anna and Blanco were officially stripped of their ranks and the liberals
632:, Guerrero, condemning the dictatorship of Santa Anna, attacking measures such as military conscription, and the selling of the Mesilla valley to the U.S., known there as the
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had attempted to annex the greater part of Coahuila's towns to Nuevo León, but Comonfort on 15 April 1856, declared this act null, a decree that was confirmed by Congress.
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The constitutional congress closed its session on 17 February and Comonfort in the meantime passed laws establishing a civil state register and government-run cemeteries.
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Comonfort struggled against both the radical wing of his party and against clerical conservatives, both of which accused the president of conceding too much to the other.
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583:. He participated in the Mexican–American War, occupying the dangerous position of assistant to the commander-in-chief, and was part of the congress that met at
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it. This was just one example of the divisions that existed within the cabinet and Comonfort was publicly perceived as more moderate than his fellow ministers.
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on 12 March 1812. His parents were lieutenant colonel Mariano Comonfort and Maria Guadalupe de los Rios. At the age of 14, he began his studies at the
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785:. Opponents of the measure accused government deputies of hypocrisy for claiming to support equality before the law while maintaining their immunity.
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Others retracted their oaths to be able to receive the sacraments during Lent, which had begun that year shortly after the decree requiring an oath.
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should seize the properties of the church, except those being used for public worship, and sell them to pay for the damages caused by the rebellion.
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in February 1856, to organize the nation under the republican, democratic, and representative form, based upon a decree dating back to the -
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was exiled from Mexico for resisting the seizure of church properties. On 5 June, after a secret session, congress voted 70 to 14 to expel
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after the U.S. Army took the capital. He was elected senator the following year in 1848, and later made a customs official in the port of
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Comonfort left the city and returned to his family, where he remained for four years until he was named prefect and military commander of
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were stripped of their right to judge civil law cases involving the Catholic clergy. They were allowed to continue judging clergy under
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in 1841. Alvarez would step down before this date, and it was Comonfort who was destined to be president during that fateful session.
648:. After months of fighting, Santa Anna resigned in August 1855, but Comonfort refused to recognize his government-appointed successor
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in Puebla, a school run by Jesuits. He was twenty years old in 1832 when he took part in the liberal revolt which overthrew President
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763:. The reforms culminated in a new constitution in 1857, and open conflict with its opponents that did not entirely end until 1867.
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On 13 November, he was heading from San Luis Potosí to Guanajuato when he was killed in a surprise attack between Chamacuero and
1042:, which had long been championed by the liberals, failed to pass by one vote. Efforts began on a draft of a new constitution.
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uphold the new constitution, which left Catholic public servants with the choice between either keeping their jobs or being
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provisions to undermine the economic power and privileged status of the Catholic Church as an institution. Most notably the
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755:Álvarez's cabinet, which included the progressive state governors Benito Juárez and Melchor Ocampo, as well as the writer
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from the country. Critics of the government accused this measure of hypocritically violating the liberal principle of
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that Mexican conservatives supported. Comonfort was killed in action in defense of the Republic on 13 November 1863.
430:. Comonfort was a moderate liberal and assumed the presidency when Álvarez stepped down after only a few months. The
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Comonfort's liberal sympathies, military office, and presence in the South would lead him to play a key role in the
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A revolt broke out in Puebla on 12 December but was shortly taken care of. General Guitian then joined a revolt at
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He was a deputy in Congress in 1842 and 1846. The 1842 Congress was dissolved by Santa Anna and the one in 1846 by
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Orders were issued for Haro's arrest. On 31 March, the federal government issued a decree that the governors of
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565:. Comonfort took part in the revolt against the Paredes government in late 1846, during the early stages of the
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Tena Ramírez, Felipe. "Comonfort, los moderados, y la Revolucíon de Ayutla," in Mario de la Cueva, et al. eds.
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Hernández Rodríguez, Rosaura. "Ignacio Comonfort y la Intervención Francesa" in Ángel Bassols Batalla, et al.
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1235:. Nearly all of the nation's available troops had to be sent to the north to deal with Vidaurri's uprising.
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confessional state as in previous constitutions, thus resulting in a type of de facto religious freedom.
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The clerical uprisings did not make up the only insurgency that Comonfort had to deal with, as Governor
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Congress ratified Ley Juarez and nullified many of the commissions that had been made by Santa Anna.
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1401:, and after the republic was restored in 1867 his ashes were taken to the cemetery of San Fernando.
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at the Soria Mill, by a party under the command of Chief Gonzales Aguirre. His corpse was taken to
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The Archbishop protested against the measure and suggested that the question of the ecclesiastical
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948:, Colonel Ortega and Lieutenant Colonel Calderon joined the rebels. They were also then joined by
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667:, effecting their recognition of Álvarez's leadership. Álvarez assumed the presidency in August.
591:, although he was removed from this position during the last dictatorship of Santa Anna in 1854.
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advised him to make peace with the government. The first forces sent against them under General
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military officers and ecclesiastics charged with sedition. On the night of 15 September, many
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President Alvarez proceeded to form a cabinet and chose Ignacio Comonfort as Minister of War.
895:. Osollo, pursued by Lamberg, went to San Luis Potosí to assume command of the revolt there.
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to organize another. The portfolios would remain empty for the rest of Alvarez's presidency.
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1060:. Conservatives feared another wave of anti-clerical legislation, as had occurred in 1833.
986:. Haro escaped and joined the rebels at Zacapoaxtla, demanding the re-establishment of the
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the conservatives lost in 1861. Comonfort returned to the country in 1862 to fight against
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was drafted during his presidency, incorporating changes enacted in individual laws of the
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matter and the following day accepted the resignation of his entire ministry and summoned
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was made Minister of the Treasury, and Jose Yanez was made Minister of War and Marine.
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The Wages of Conquest: The Mexican Aristocracy in the Context of Western Aristocracies
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Under the suspicion of sedition, Comonfort decreed the expulsion from the country of
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The congress was thoroughly progressive, echoing the radical congress of 1833 under
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Tacubaya, convincing Comonfor that his new government's position was precarious.
1200:(left) and Father Francisco Javier Mirando (right), leaders of the Puebla Revolt.
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In June 1856, another major controversy emerged over the promulgation of the
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on 1 March 1854. The plan proclaimed a revolutionary program in the town of
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Traconis and replaced him with the more moderate Jose Maria Garcia Conde.
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617:, unifying liberal opposition to Santa Anna, formulated by the dissident
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Broussard, Ray F. "Vidaurri, Juárez, and Comonfort's Return from Exile"
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In 1861, he was living in Texas and sought through the intermediary of
1053:
965:
26:
56:
1394:
1007:
953:
411:, was a Mexican politician and soldier who was also president during
342:
1378:, permission to return to Mexico. Vidaurri allowed him to reside in
1253:
on 20 October when Colonel Joaquin Orihuela and Lieutenant Colonel
1102:
829:
789:
746:
2381:
2186:
2184:
2182:
531:
as part of a conservative revolt against the administration of
2320:
Hamnett, Brian (1996). "The Comonfort presidency, 1855–1857".
1986:
1984:
1242:
on 13 October fell into the hands of the conservative officer
2365:
Historical Text Archive: "Comonfort, Ignacio" By Kindra Cowan
1082:
and Nuevo León was now an issue for the government. Governor
713:
On 16 October, a call was made for a congress to assemble at
426:
in 1855; he then served in the cabinet of the new president,
2290:
Broussard, Ray F. "El regreso de Comonfort del exilio," in
2283:
Broussard, Ray F. "Comonfort y la revolución de Ayutla" in
418:
He played a leading role in the liberal movement under the
2001:
1999:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1681:
1596:
1594:
863:. Over 1,000 men of Rosas Landa's brigades returning from
797:
began to favor the moderate Comonfort for the presidency.
2308:
The Grammar of Civil War: A Mexican Case Study, 1857-1861
1509:
1507:
1362:
Lithograph portraying the death and ambush of Comonfort.
891:. The Indians of Chapala revolted with instigation from
507:, he was already a captain of the cavalry and fought at
1872:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 101.
540:
but lost. The victorious conservatives would turn the
1031:
to 7, thus granting Comonfort a substantial mandate.
379:
371:
348:
325:
320:
304:
292:
274:
262:
250:
232:
213:
201:
191:
170:
158:
150:
132:
120:
108:
89:
42:
2870:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico
2337:Ignacio Comonfort: Trayetoría política, documentos
1865:
1026:Deputies swear an oath to the Constitution of 1857
438:. The constitution was met with opposition from
573:. He was elected to the presidency of the third
1227:had revolted on the northern frontier, seizing
735:Alvarez, who had meanwhile been governing from
579:in the capital and was made prefect of western
33: and the second or maternal family name is
2310:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2022.
407:; 12 March 1812 – 13 November 1863), known as
2393:
2190:
2173:
1474:
1462:
1450:
952:. Scattered conservative revolts followed in
909:which had been organized by the governors of
499:and saw action at San Agustin del Palmar and
8:
2276:Broussard, Ray F. "Mocedades de Comonfort,"
1303:closed up and troops patrolled the streets.
1371:and headed towards Europe with his family.
1038:, but a measure to re-adopt the federalist
288:22 September 1854 – 30 August 1855
146:10 October 1854 – 17 December 1857
104:11 December 1855 – 21 January 1858
2400:
2386:
2378:
1951:
1900:
1851:
898:The government dispatched 4,000 men under
467:. Comonfort went into exile as the bloody
187:19 August 1861 – 13 November 1862
55:
39:
843:was made Minister of Interior Relations,
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1990:
1975:
1963:
1939:
1927:
1839:
1827:
1810:
1798:
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1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1687:
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1636:
1624:
1612:
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1585:
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1537:
1525:
1513:
1498:
1486:
1357:
1314:
1120:
1021:
924:
680:
604:
2300:The Hispanic American Historical Review
2280:XII (Jan-March 1964), pp. 379–393.
1443:
706:of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs.
702:was made Minister of the Treasury, and
1917:. University of Michigan. p. 294.
404:[iɣˈnasjokomoɱˈfoɾðelosˈri.os]
396:Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos
246:16 March 1861 – 9 August 1862
402:
7:
777:, which passed on 22 November 1855.
2322:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2229:Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico
1125:Liberals posing with a copy of the
134:Secretary of War and Navy of Mexico
2344:Temas y figuras de la intervención
2245:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
940:against Ley Juarez, though Bishop
710:was made Minister of Development.
609:Fighting during the Plan of Ayutla
14:
2845:19th-century presidents of Mexico
1073:Constitution of the United States
422:to overthrow the dictatorship of
2855:Mexican people of French descent
2840:19th-century Mexican politicians
2768:
1427:List of heads of state of Mexico
1411:
1366:After being advised by Generals
1259:Francisco Javier Miranda y Morfi
1186:
1177:
698:was made Minister of Relations,
1390:was even made Minister of War.
930:Church of San Cristóbal, Puebla
571:federalist Constitution of 1824
16:President of Mexico (1855–1858)
2335:Hernández Rodríguez, Rosaura.
671:Role in Alvarez administration
487:Ignacio Comonfort was born in
1:
2370:Profile at presidencia.gob.mx
546:Centralist Republic of Mexico
523:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1249:Another revolt flared up in
801:Assumption of the Presidency
367:(now Municipio de Comonfort)
25:, the first or paternal
2835:19th-century Mexican people
2754:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
2480:Francisco Javier Echeverría
2460:Antonio López de Santa Anna
2261:Historia de Mexico:Tomo XIV
1169:Leadup to the War of Reform
619:Colonel Florencio Villareal
2886:
2606:Francisco León de la Barra
2213:History of Mexico Volume V
859:A revolt now flared up at
674:
598:
71:Museo de Historia Mexicana
20:
2777:
2766:
2729:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
2581:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
2415:
2294:16, no. 4 (1967) 516–530.
1864:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
975:, Francisco Pacheco, and
973:Antonio de Haro y Tamariz
654:Antonio de Haro y Tamariz
644:and prepared to march on
389:
316:
281:
239:
180:
139:
97:
85:
54:
2676:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
1615:, pp. 676–677, 682.
1149:Oath to the Constitution
932:after the Siege of 1855.
880:still led troops around
503:. During the subsequent
176:Manuel María de Sandoval
2865:Politicians from Puebla
2646:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
2525:Manuel María Lombardini
2490:José Joaquín de Herrera
1354:Exile, return and death
1018:Constitutional Congress
557:Involvement in politics
2601:Manuel González Flores
2520:Juan Bautista Ceballos
1363:
1320:
1130:
1027:
933:
882:San Juan de los Llanos
855:San Luis Potosi revolt
835:
752:
708:Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
686:
685:President Juan Álvarez
610:
542:First Mexican Republic
477:the invasion by France
400:Spanish pronunciation:
234:Governor of Tamaulipas
2661:Plutarco Elías Calles
2626:Francisco S. Carvajal
2558:Manuel Robles Pezuela
2455:Valentín Gómez Farías
2263:. J.F. Parres y Comp.
2241:Rivera Cambas, Manuel
2209:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
1913:Nutini, Hugo (1995).
1868:The History of Mexico
1399:San Miguel de Allende
1361:
1318:
1124:
1036:Valentín Gómez Farías
1025:
928:
833:
779:Ecclesiastical courts
750:
684:
608:
533:Valentín Gómez Farías
220:Juan Suárez y Navarro
2860:Presidents of Mexico
2850:Liberalism in Mexico
2699:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2694:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2689:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2641:Roque González Garza
2540:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
2505:Pedro María de Anaya
2450:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
2440:Anastasio Bustamante
2430:José María Bocanegra
2409:Presidents of Mexico
2217:The Bancroft Company
2104:, pp. 720, 722.
1588:, pp. 130, 132.
1501:, pp. 656, 665.
1432:Liberalism in Mexico
1127:Constitution of 1857
1078:The organization of
1040:Constitution of 1824
766:They began with the
567:Mexican–American War
505:Siege of Mexico City
497:Anastasio Bustamante
432:Constitution of 1857
2783:President of Mexico
2724:Miguel de la Madrid
2719:José López Portillo
2704:Adolfo López Mateos
2671:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2651:Adolfo de la Huerta
2631:Venustiano Carranza
2611:Francisco I. Madero
2586:José María Iglesias
2553:Félix María Zuloaga
2257:Zamacois, Niceto de
2140:, pp. 726–727.
2128:, pp. 724–725.
2068:, pp. 715–716.
2044:, pp. 701–702.
1993:, pp. 698–699.
1966:, pp. 514–525.
1930:, pp. 695–697.
1813:, pp. 690–691.
1777:, pp. 688–689.
1753:, pp. 298–299.
1675:, pp. 680–681.
1627:, pp. 704–705.
1552:, pp. 127–128.
1489:, pp. 648–649.
1465:, pp. 485–486.
1384:French Intervention
1326:Félix María Zuloaga
1319:Felix Maria Zuloaga
1196:Lieutenant Colonel
1058:freedom of religion
946:Ignacio de la Llave
841:Jose Maria Lafragua
569:which restored the
517:Izúcar de Matamoros
276:Governor of Jalisco
92:President of Mexico
2749:Enrique Peña Nieto
2709:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2568:José Ignacio Pavón
2500:José Mariano Salas
2420:Guadalupe Victoria
2324:. 15 (1): 81–100.
2191:Rivera Cambas 1873
2174:Rivera Cambas 1873
1475:Rivera Cambas 1873
1463:Rivera Cambas 1873
1451:Rivera Cambas 1873
1364:
1321:
1131:
1028:
934:
836:
761:the Liberal Reform
753:
687:
611:
538:Guadalupe Victoria
208:Felipe Berriozábal
165:Manuel de Sandoval
45:The Most Excellent
2807:
2806:
2794:Emperor of Mexico
2761:(President-elect)
2759:Claudia Sheinbaum
2666:Emilio Portes Gil
2636:Eulalio Gutiérrez
2621:Victoriano Huerta
2545:Ignacio Comonfort
2510:Manuel de la Peña
2485:Valentín Canalizo
2303:49 (1969)268-280.
2292:Historia Mexicana
2278:Historia Mexicana
2249:J.M. Aguilar Cruz
1376:Santiago Vidaurri
1221:Santiago Vidaurri
1084:Santiago Vidaurri
900:Anastasio Parrodi
834:Minister Lafragua
719:Bases of Tacubaya
511:, Casas Blancas,
409:Ignacio Comonfort
393:
392:
257:Jesús de la Serna
61:Portrait made by
49:Ignacio Comonfort
2877:
2772:
2771:
2470:José Justo Corro
2425:Vicente Guerrero
2402:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2264:
2252:
2236:
2225:Fehrenbach, T.R.
2220:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1311:Plan of Tacubaya
1267:
1238:The garrison of
1190:
1181:
1117:New Constitution
1050:Bishop of Puebla
985:
908:
890:
794:Santos Degollado
776:
757:Guillermo Prieto
727:
700:Guillermo Prieto
662:
634:Gadsden Purchase
627:
493:Carolino College
461:Plan of Tacubaya
406:
401:
355:
352:13 November 1863
335:
333:
321:Personal details
311:Santos Degollado
307:
295:
286:
265:
253:
244:
228:
216:
204:
185:
173:
161:
144:
123:
111:
102:
79:
59:
40:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2825:1850s in Mexico
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2744:Felipe Calderón
2734:Ernesto Zedillo
2714:Luis Echeverría
2684:Lázaro Cárdenas
2680:
2616:Pedro Lascuráin
2572:
2549:
2495:Mariano Paredes
2465:Miguel Barragán
2445:Melchor Múzquiz
2411:
2406:
2375:
2361:
2356:
2287:(1967):511-528.
2272:
2270:Further reading
2267:
2255:
2239:
2223:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1952:Fehrenbach 1995
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1901:Fehrenbach 1995
1899:
1895:
1880:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:Fehrenbach 1995
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1356:
1343:
1313:
1281:Emilio Langberg
1261:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1151:
1119:
1095:
1048:On 12 May, the
1020:
988:Bases Organicas
979:
923:
902:
884:
861:San Luis Potosí
857:
828:
808:Luis de la Rosa
803:
770:
751:Minister Juárez
745:
721:
715:Dolores Hidalgo
692:
690:Minister of War
679:
673:
656:
621:
603:
597:
581:State of Mexico
563:Mariano Paredes
559:
525:
485:
399:
380:Political party
366:
357:
353:
337:
331:
329:
305:
293:
287:
282:
263:
251:
245:
240:
222:
214:
202:
186:
181:
171:
159:
145:
140:
121:
109:
103:
98:
81:
73:
50:
47:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2788:Vice president
2778:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Álvaro Obregón
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Juan N. Méndez
2588:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:Miguel Miramón
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Martín Carrera
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Mariano Arista
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2359:External links
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:. Mexico 1964.
2351:Plan de Ayutla
2347:
2346:. Mexico 1963.
2340:
2333:
2318:
2306:Fowler, Will.
2304:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2237:
2221:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:, p. 535.
2178:
2176:, p. 530.
2166:
2164:, p. 728.
2154:
2152:, p. 727.
2142:
2130:
2118:
2116:, p. 723.
2106:
2094:
2092:, p. 719.
2082:
2080:, p. 717.
2070:
2058:
2056:, p. 713.
2046:
2034:
2032:, p. 701.
2022:
2020:, p. 700.
2010:
2008:, p. 699.
1995:
1980:
1978:, p. 716.
1968:
1956:
1954:, p. 416.
1944:
1942:, p. 708.
1932:
1920:
1905:
1903:, p. 414.
1893:
1878:
1856:
1854:, p. 413.
1844:
1842:, p. 694.
1832:
1830:, p. 693.
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 691.
1791:
1789:, p. 689.
1779:
1767:
1765:, p. 687.
1755:
1743:
1741:, p. 686.
1731:
1729:, p. 684.
1719:
1717:, p. 683.
1707:
1705:, p. 682.
1692:
1690:, p. 681.
1677:
1665:
1663:, p. 679.
1653:
1651:, p. 678.
1641:
1639:, p. 705.
1629:
1617:
1605:
1603:, p. 673.
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 672.
1566:
1564:, p. 671.
1554:
1542:
1540:, p. 669.
1530:
1528:, p. 668.
1518:
1516:, p. 667.
1503:
1491:
1479:
1477:, p. 486.
1467:
1455:
1453:, p. 485.
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1406:
1403:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1312:
1309:
1257:led by Father
1255:Miguel Miramon
1240:Querétaro City
1198:Miguel Miramon
1195:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1163:Aguascalientes
1150:
1147:
1118:
1115:
1094:
1091:
1019:
1016:
950:Miguel Miramón
922:
919:
856:
853:
827:
824:
819:Manuel Doblado
802:
799:
744:
741:
696:Melchor Ocampo
691:
688:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
665:Manuel Doblado
650:Martin Carrera
615:Plan of Ayutla
601:Plan of Ayutla
599:Main article:
596:
595:Plan of Ayutla
593:
558:
555:
529:Mariano Arista
524:
521:
484:
481:
453:excommunicated
436:Liberal Reform
420:Plan of Ayutla
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
356:(aged 51)
350:
346:
345:
339:Amozoc de Mota
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677:Juan Álvarez
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486:
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444:anticlerical
428:Juan Álvarez
417:
408:
395:
394:
354:(1863-11-13)
306:Succeeded by
283:
269:Albino López
264:Succeeded by
241:
215:Succeeded by
182:
172:Succeeded by
154:Juan Álvarez
141:
122:Succeeded by
115:Juan Álvarez
99:
34:
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
2830:1863 deaths
2820:1812 births
2739:Vicente Fox
2535:Rómulo Díaz
2435:Pedro Vélez
1341:Resignation
1289:Jesus Teran
1262: [
1251:Puebla City
1244:Tomas Mejia
1209:Franciscans
980: [
938:Zacapoaxtla
903: [
893:Guadalajara
885: [
878:Tomas Mejia
771: [
722: [
657: [
646:Guadalajara
622: [
372:Nationality
294:Preceded by
252:Preceded by
223: [
203:Preceded by
160:Preceded by
110:Preceded by
74: [
35:de los Ríos
2814:Categories
1888:1035597669
1438:References
1225:Nuevo León
915:Guanajuato
865:Nuevo León
826:Presidency
815:Guanajuato
768:Ley Juarez
743:Ley Juárez
737:Cuernavaca
483:Early life
469:Reform War
424:Santa Anna
413:La Reforma
360:Guanajuato
332:1812-03-12
2285:Humanitas
1380:Monterrey
1233:Matehuala
1111:haciendas
1099:Ley Lerdo
1093:Ley Lerdo
962:Querétaro
958:Zacatecas
942:Labastida
870:Michoacan
783:canon law
642:Michoacan
585:Querétaro
544:into the
473:civil war
448:Lerdo law
284:In office
242:In office
192:President
183:In office
151:President
142:In office
100:In office
90:25th
65:in 1855,
31:Comonfort
2259:(1880).
2243:(1873).
2227:(1995).
2211:(1881).
1405:See also
1229:Saltillo
1080:Coahuila
1012:Veracruz
911:Zacateca
874:Tlaxcala
589:Acapulco
513:Zumpango
509:Tacubaya
21:In this
2339:. 1967.
2330:3339405
1386:began.
1054:Jesuits
966:Jalisco
375:Mexican
27:surname
2798:Regent
2328:
2314:
1886:
1876:
1395:Celaya
1368:Rangel
1103:ejidos
1008:Puebla
964:, and
954:Oaxaca
876:, and
630:Ayutla
501:Puebla
489:Puebla
364:México
343:Puebla
2326:JSTOR
1266:]
984:]
907:]
889:]
790:fuero
775:]
726:]
661:]
626:]
550:Tlapa
227:]
78:]
2312:ISBN
1884:OCLC
1874:ISBN
1231:and
1010:and
913:and
872:and
663:and
349:Died
326:Born
1223:of
813:In
29:is
2816::
2247:.
2231:.
2215:.
2181:^
1998:^
1983:^
1882:.
1818:^
1695:^
1680:^
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1506:^
1264:es
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2786:(
2401:e
2394:t
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398:(
334:)
330:(
80:.
37:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
