237:
the
Leonardo Villas-Boas Indigenous Post. By the 1980s, they had moved to the middle Xingu region, and currently administer the Pavuru Indigenous Post, as well as the Ronuro Vigilance Post, which is near their traditional land on the Jabotá river. From this post, they help defend the Xingu Park from illegal loggers and fishermen. The Ikpeng made an expedition in 2002 to the Jabotá River to collect medicinal plants and shells. They currently seek to regain this territory.
266:. The Carib language family comprises approximately 50 languages and is most commonly separated into regional language groups, such as Carib Central, Eastern, Northern etc. (Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú). Carib languages were first encountered in the seventeenth and eighteenth century by Europeans, however, the full spatiality of the language family was not uncovered until the nineteenth century when
301:
focuses on phonology and morphology. Cilene
Campetela concurrently with Pacheco has published articles on Ikpeng since 1997. In 1997 she released "Análise do sistema de marcação de caso nas orações independentes da língua Ikpeng", which focused on phonology and morphology. "Aspectos prosódicos da língua Ikpeng" by Campetela was then released in 2002 and exclusively analysed the prosodic aspects of Ikpeng.
236:
rivers and, when they were found malnourished and exposed to disease, they accepted resources and later relocation to the Xingu
National Park in 1967. The Ikpeng dispersed for a short time, with different family groups living in different parts of the park, but later regrouped in the early 1970s near
2001:
Lexicalized causatives are separate verbs in the sentences used to indicate increased valency. In Ikpeng, these are often verbs such a (in
English) 'to order'. These only happen in cases where the main verb is the causative (the ordering verb like 'to order,' or 'to do') and the action that is being
245:
In the 1990s, the Ikpeng began to elaborate an education system within their community. In 1994, Ikpeng teachers developed a form of writing with the help of linguists. This was done through the
Instituto Socioambiental's Teacher Training program, which has allowed Ikpeng children to learn their own
309:
with an accompanying lexicon database was conducted by Dr. Angela
Fabiola Alves Chagas with assistance from Ingrid Lemos and Maria Luisa Freitas. Further research on the Ikpeng language includes an analysis of the Ikpeng Phonology by Eduardo Alves Vasconcelos, Maria Luisa Freitas' 2015 piece on the
300:
of Ikpeng. In 2005 he wrote "O Ikpeng em contato com o português: empréstimo lexical e adaptação lingüística" an article on the influence of
Portuguese on the Ikpeng language and its impact on cultural practices. Most recently in 2007 he wrote, "Morfofonologia dos prefixos pessoais em Ikpeng" which
1846:
sentences to transitive causative verbs and intransitive causative verbs respectively. The morpheme used for the affix is /-nopo/, with allomorphs such as /nop/ or /nob/ when inserted after a vowel, /pon/ and /poŋ/ after consonants, and /mpo/ which can be explained as an assimilation of the nasal
1632:
Ikpeng uses to morphemes to conjugate verbs in the "immediate past," meaning a period of time understood to be the moment right before the present and, at the very latest, yesterday. These morphemes are /–lɨ/ and /–lan/, with /–lɨ/ being used for actions witnessed by the speaker, and /–lan/ for
283:
The first record of documentation of Ikpeng was conducted by
Eduardo Galvano in 1964 when he created a word list of 12 Ikpeng words. Recently, the Ikpeng language has been analyzed a number of academics most extensively by Frantome Pachecho and Cilene Campetela. Beginning in 1997, Pacheco wrote
326:
documentation department, the
Documentation Project of Indigenous Languages, has executed a documentation project on Ikpeng. It was led by Angela Chegas, assisted by associate researchers Ingrid Lemos and Maria Luisa Freitas, with Ikpeng consultation. The project aimed to document cultural and
736:, number (plural and singular), inclusivity, causation, interrogation, negation and other more specific characteristics. The word classes present in Ikpeng are verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, and particles, and each have a variety of morphemes specific to their word class.
270:
documented the existence of Carib languages in
Central Brazil. Although large, with a population of over twenty-two thousand speakers, Carib languages have faced drastic changes in its geography and prevalence in the region. Precolonial contact Carib languages were found throughout the
216:-Juruena river basin. Before 1900, the Ikpeng were at war with several polities, and even encountered settlers of European descent. War and the colonization of the Teles Pires-Juruena basin pushed the Ikpeng across the Formosa Mountain formation and into the Upper Xingu Basin.
723:
to detail the function of specific words. Researchers of Ikpeng, notably Frantome Pacheco, have given special attention to the Ikpeng verb morphology, in which morphemes are used to give nuance to words in the language; they determine the
246:
language alongside Portuguese in the Ikpeng School. This school plays a central role in the project, and it is responsible for the creation of material and distribution of this material for Ikpeng communities within the Xingu Park.
2088:
In this sentence, the first highlighted verb is the commanding verb "order" in this case, and the bracketed section is the verb that is being ordered, in this case "to run." The lexicalized verb in this case is 'to order.'
327:
linguistic aspects of the Ikpeng people. This was accomplished through audio visual recordings of conversation, songs, stories, and ceremonial speech. The extensive lexical data and transcriptions are stored in a digitized
179:. There are approximately 500 speakers. Ikpeng is a language with high transmission, meaning it is passed on from parent to child at a high rate, with all members speaking the language. The majority of members are also
1834:
related to the verb: the morphological causative, which is added as an affix to the verb, and the lexicalized causative, which uses an independent causative verb and another word is added as sentence complement.
304:
Along with Pacheco and Capetela, there have been a number of studies done by other researchers. Most notably, the 2008 ProDocLin project documenting the Ikpeng language in different social contexts via
2265:
To express plurality or a collective in an interrogative phrase, the suffix /-tom/~/rom/ is attached at the end of the verb. This suffix is typically associated with the use of second person.
1993:
A particular hierarchy needs to be considered when dealing with morphological causatives, concerning the type of argument that is found in the sentence (S- subject, A- agent, and O- object).
2114:
as they are also used to express the repetition of an action. Distinguishing the use of the suffixes is contextual as there is no consistent differentiation between the two uses.
296:, among other topics. Further into the exploration of Ikpeng, Pacheco wrote "Morfossintaxe do verbo Ikpeng" in 2001, an academic article solely focused on the morphology and
3653:
4908:
4526:
1922:
In the above sentence, the causative morpheme indicates that it was the woman who caused the manioc to dry, instead of simply saying "the manioc dried."
487:
3232:
3214:
3154:
3246:
552:
467:
3646:
2341:
To express the quantity of whom possesses an object in the promonimal context, the suffix /-kom/~ /ŋmo/ is attached to the object.
2110:
To denote plural objects in Ikpeng, the suffixes /-tke/ and /-ke/ are employed. Additionally, these suffixes can be interpreted as
1410:
In English, there exist separate verbs to express desire, like for instance 'to want.' By contrast, the Ikpeng language contains a
275:, however, much of the indigenous population was wiped out and the remaining population does not speak their indigenous languages.
3758:
447:
4519:
3303:
692:
662:
623:
3550:
602:
3639:
2201:
To express plurality or a collective in not future tenses, the suffix /-kom/~ /ŋmo/ is attached to the end of the verb.
698:
668:
632:
146:
2425:
When there is an agreement between nominal morphemes, /-niŋkɨn/ is used after the morpheme /keni/ to indicate plurals.
3558:
677:
595:
531:
506:
4859:
3773:
550:/ can be heard as a fricative in word-medial position, in front of a rounded back vowel, as voiced when preceding /
1422:, and it is attached as a suffix to the verb in order to indicate that one wants to do a certain action (the verb).
4903:
4623:
4512:
2876:
2382:
To express the quantity of the possessors in the nominal form, the suffix /-niŋkɨn/ is after the nominal morpheme.
648:
546:
537:
516:
416:
409:
4371:
4361:
4593:
4020:
3909:
4708:
683:
609:
285:
4397:
4126:
2454:
2302:
2238:
2140:
2034:
1951:
1756:
1659:
1511:
1445:
877:
4392:
4005:
3702:
3681:
3540:
711:
Words in the Ikpeng language, like in many other languages, depend on a variety of morphemes in the form of
425:
225:
3483:
1549:
This morpheme is also used with auxiliary verbs, when the predicate has non-verbal elements at its core.
4609:
4247:
3408:
3312:
1827:
386:
379:
293:
168:
3972:
3748:
3261:
Rodgers, D. (2013). "The filter trap: Swarms, anomalies, and the quasi-topology of Ikpeng shamanism".
2198:
Verb plurals are classified in three ways, plurals for the not future, and questions (interrogative).
2102:
Ikpeng has multiple suffixes and prefixes which denote plurality of objects, events, verbs and nouns.
4839:
4821:
4758:
4747:
4686:
4543:
4402:
4376:
4306:
4255:
4191:
4161:
4035:
3924:
3676:
3535:
3438:
960:
852:
431:
297:
267:
254:
The Carib language family also referred to as Karib or Cariban, is a family with languages spoken in
4846:
4815:
4778:
4703:
4641:
4616:
4551:
4356:
4301:
4260:
4166:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3894:
3856:
3851:
3788:
3662:
3296:
1847:
sound (n) in /nopo/. Below are examples of the construction of the causative verb using morphemes.
4181:
3256:(15). Universidade de São Paulo and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo: 121–133.
2294:
2230:
2132:
2026:
1748:
1651:
1503:
1437:
869:
4769:
4578:
4428:
4214:
4146:
4136:
4055:
3952:
3808:
3740:
395:
356:
351:
87:
4853:
4809:
4789:
4665:
4563:
4326:
4281:
4265:
4121:
4050:
4040:
4015:
3914:
3879:
3803:
3343:
4784:
4714:
4535:
4463:
4418:
4311:
4291:
4204:
4141:
4103:
4080:
4065:
4060:
4045:
4010:
3962:
3866:
3818:
3813:
3783:
3778:
3763:
3530:
3478:
3458:
3433:
3416:
1843:
1415:
733:
725:
459:
361:
323:
184:
82:
4832:
4826:
4741:
4670:
4598:
4557:
4488:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4296:
4286:
4199:
4113:
4070:
4030:
3957:
3947:
3939:
3919:
3904:
3884:
3841:
3828:
3798:
3768:
3753:
3714:
3697:
3468:
3463:
3448:
3270:
3179:
729:
272:
3170:
Meira, S.; Franchetto, B. (2005). "The Southern Cariban Languages and the Cariban Family".
212:. By 1850, the Ikpeng were known to inhabit an area of converging rivers thought to be the
4752:
4675:
4587:
4568:
4493:
4483:
4458:
4438:
4423:
4336:
4331:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4176:
4156:
4131:
4025:
3995:
3929:
3874:
3846:
3793:
3473:
3453:
3443:
3427:
3368:
3338:
1839:
373:
366:
74:
4088:
3578:
3240:(PhD thesis) (in Portuguese). Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Universidade de Campinas.
233:
4879:
4864:
4735:
4680:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4366:
4321:
4316:
4222:
4098:
3889:
3719:
3619:
3568:
3378:
3358:
3289:
2646:
Independent personal pronouns express free grammars and occupy argumentative position.
1908:
1876:
479:
2002:
ordered is added as complement of the phrase, instead of an otherwise completed verb.
138:
4897:
4648:
4171:
3836:
3612:
3563:
3525:
3383:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3333:
3320:
2636:
2611:
2519:
In Ikpeng, demonstrative third-person pronouns are used to indicate the distance and
920:
818:
577:
55:
4093:
3605:
3583:
3388:
3328:
2871:
1997:"Subject or Agent (S, A) > direct object (O) > not direct object or Oblique"
229:
205:
1572:
1193:
1147:
3247:"O Ikpeng em contato com o português: empréstimo lexical e adaptação lingüística"
3156:
Análise do Sistema de Marcação de Caso nas Orações Independentes da Língua Ikpeng
3588:
3573:
3192:
572:
306:
289:
263:
213:
201:
200:
The Ikpeng were known to inhabit the same land as the Txipaya peoples, near the
172:
151:
45:
3225:
702:/ may also be nasalized as when preceding nasal consonants in medial position.
687:/ when occurring after a consonant, or preceding a vowel, can be shortened as .
3509:
3393:
3373:
3146:
589:
582:
209:
3222:(Masters thesis). Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Universidade de Campinas.
4151:
3499:
2111:
1831:
640:
617:
500:
439:
328:
259:
180:
131:
115:
4890:
ADJZ: adjectivizer DIST: distant PART: particle PROX: proximal REC: recent
3166:
Galvão, Eduardo. 1996. Diários do Xingu (1947–1967). UFRJ, p. 249-381.
1813:(This event happened the day before and was not witnessed by the speaker.)
122:
3398:
1411:
556:/ in word-medial position, or as a voiced fricative when between vowels.
311:
255:
3281:
3274:
3709:
2520:
403:
3631:
3204:
Moore, D. (2006). "Brazil: Language Situation". In Keith Brown (ed.).
1730:(This event happened moments before and is witnessed by the speaker.)
4433:
3504:
720:
712:
176:
164:
35:
4504:
3183:
2731:
2619:
2401:
2363:
2359:
2306:
2246:
1701:
1594:
1516:
1450:
1151:
1031:
977:
938:
716:
204:, and they a strong alliance with that group in times of war. One
2183:
2148:
1802:
1761:
1719:
1664:
1589:
4508:
3635:
3285:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2744:
2594:
2481:
2355:
2290:
2144:
1585:
1561:
1183:
873:
2607:
2450:
2298:
2234:
2226:
2136:
2128:
2030:
2022:
1947:
1872:
1752:
1744:
1655:
1647:
1557:
1507:
1499:
1441:
1433:
1179:
988:
924:
865:
2494:
3082:
3080:
2615:
1956:
1881:
1838:
Morphological causatives (affixes) are used to change both
183:
speakers of Portuguese. The Ikpeng language is part of the
1207:
3114:
3112:
3110:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2590:
2586:
1826:
Ikpeng has two different methods to determine increasing
1211:
1136:
1132:
228:
encountered Ikpeng villages as they were flying over the
3097:
3095:
3007:
3005:
2623:
2458:
2242:
2042:
1961:
1886:
992:
881:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
3191:
Menget, Patrick; Troncarelli, Maria Cristina (2003).
2940:
2938:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2792:
2790:
2762:
2760:
208:
traces the Ikpeng ancestral territory as far as the
4802:
4768:
4728:
4696:
4658:
4633:
4577:
4542:
4411:
4385:
4349:
4274:
4246:
4213:
4190:
4112:
4079:
3971:
3938:
3865:
3827:
3739:
3730:
3690:
3669:
3597:
3549:
3518:
3492:
3407:
3319:
3197:
Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2777:
2775:
284:"Aspectos da gramática Ikpeng", which explored the
145:
129:
113:
108:
71:
61:
51:
41:
31:
21:
2507:Melobô 3.O-give-REC bow Cilene Fran PART PL DAT:to
2501:Melobô terulɨ topkak Tʃileni Paran keni niŋkɨn ɨna
2827:
262:, the Mato Grosso region of Brazil and the three
1633:actions that were not witnessed by the speaker.
2888:
314:and Linguistic Changes by Wellington Quintino.
232:in Mato Grosso. They lived near the Ronuro and
167:people (also known as Txikāo) who live in the
4520:
3647:
3297:
3172:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
3145:Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú. (n.d.).
2867:
2865:
2863:
3162:(Masters thesis). Universidade de Campinas.
1297:what (for inanimates, or to ask for facts)
541:/ can also be realized as fricatives and .
4765:
4655:
4527:
4513:
4505:
3736:
3654:
3640:
3632:
3304:
3290:
3282:
3206:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
2523:of the entity in relation to the speaker.
18:
3071:
2854:
2510:'Melobô gave the bow to Cilene and Fran'
2648:
2525:
1265:
1058:
748:
564:
343:
3130:
3118:
3101:
3086:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2996:
2984:
2967:
2944:
2929:
2796:
2766:
2756:
3234:Morfossintaxe do verbo Ikpeng (Karib)
3208:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 117–128.
2781:
2084:"Cilene made/ordered the boy to run"
7:
3216:Aspectos da gramática Ikpeng (Karib)
2527:Demonstrative third-person pronouns
2332:"Did you (plural) see the student?"
1628:Morphemes to indicate immediate past
1414:to express desire or want, called a
3263:HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
4909:Languages of Xingu Indigenous Park
3245:Pacheco, Frantomé Bezerra (2005).
3231:Pacheco, Frantomé Bezerra (2001).
959:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
851:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
14:
3213:Pacheco, Fantomé Bezerra (1997).
697:
691:
682:
676:
672:/ can also be heard as open mid .
667:
661:
647:
631:
622:
608:
601:
594:
551:
545:
536:
530:
515:
505:
486:
466:
446:
430:
424:
415:
408:
394:
385:
378:
16:Cariban language spoken in Brazil
1726:"The white man's canoe arrived"
732:that is conjugated in the verb,
226:Orlando and Cláudio Villas-Boas
3226:Etnolinguistica page on Ikpeng
2650:Independent personal pronouns
169:Xingu Indigenous National Park
1:
2828:Menget & Troncarelli 2003
2106:Object and iterative suffixes
1989:"The nurse made the boy cry"
1918:"The woman dried the manioc"
745:Independent personal pronouns
2889:Meira & Franchetto 2005
2504:Melobô t-eru-lɨ topkak ɨna
1623:"You want to be our chief"
331:for researchers to access.
4925:
3153:Campetela, Cilene (1997).
2329:{} 2.A.3.O-see-COL student
2326:pro m-enen-tom torempantum
4873:
4372:Paulista General Language
2657:
2654:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2421:"The feet of the Ikpeng"
1545:"Davi wants to eat pork"
1342:
1307:
1288:
1068:
1065:
1063:
756:
753:
187:(Karib) language family.
26:
2632:ugy-am ø-ar-waɨtke-naŋme
2323:pro menentom torempantum
1418:. The morpheme is /–tɨne
1224:3-clothes-GEN EXIST him:
3682:Brazilian Sign Language
2877:Encyclopædia Britannica
2189:"I hunted many monkeys"
1391:around where, wherever
1267:Interrogative pronouns
1050:"Where are you going?"
163:is the language of the
2258:{} 3.A.1.O-see-REC-COL
1616:1+2-chief EXIST 2-AUX-
1055:Demonstrative pronouns
318:Documentation projects
220:Contact and relocation
4377:Portunhol fronteiriço
3313:Xingu Indigenous Park
2629:ugyam øarawɨtke-naŋme
2179:i-ŋwo-tke-lɨ ɨtɨŋ tae
1975:gwakpitkeni y-aginum-
1809:"Cilene pushed Fran"
1723:whiteman ∅ canoe-POSS
1479:"I want to eat pork"
292:, grammar structure,
224:On October 19, 1964,
3541:Villas-Bôas brothers
3536:Karl von den Steinen
2639:-REFL-fight-CONT-REC
2635:They:DIST:ANIM:PL 3.
2378:"The feet of yours"
1790:Anmelan Cilene Fran.
1707:Areplɨ tupi {} muin.
1275:Translation and use
268:Karl von den Steinen
3663:Languages of Brazil
3275:10.14318/hau3.3.005
2655:Grammatical person
2651:
2642:"They are fighting"
2528:
1399:in which direction
1383:to where, wherever
1286:who (for animates)
1268:
1262:"Those are pretty"
1060:
957:"We are satisfied"
754:Grammatical person
750:
566:
429:
345:
4127:Gavião of Jiparaná
3691:Regional languages
2740:{to where} you-COL
2649:
2526:
2176:iŋwotkelɨ ɨtɨŋ tae
2112:iterative suffixes
1266:
1059:
749:
565:
344:
4904:Cariban languages
4886:
4885:
4880:extinct languages
4798:
4797:
4724:
4723:
4536:Cariban languages
4502:
4501:
4345:
4344:
4031:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3670:Official language
3629:
3628:
2872:Cariban languages
2712:
2711:
2604:ø-ar-waɨtke-naŋme
2572:
2571:
2255:pro g-eneŋ-lɨ-ŋmo
1844:intransitive verb
1609:ugw-erem pe m-it-
1538:Davi 3.A.3.O-eat-
1403:
1402:
1230:"He has clothes"
1121:
1120:
849:"I am satisfied"
811:
810:
657:
656:
526:
525:
157:
156:
4916:
4766:
4656:
4634:Venezuelan Carib
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
3737:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3283:
3278:
3257:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3223:
3221:
3209:
3200:
3187:
3163:
3161:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3099:
3090:
3089:, p. 84–85.
3084:
3075:
3074:, p. 84–85.
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2971:
2965:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2831:
2825:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2746:
2743:"Where are you (
2733:
2703:First exclusive
2692:First inclusive
2652:
2638:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2529:
2496:
2483:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2403:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2185:
2182:1.A.3.O-hunt-PL-
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1910:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1822:Valency of verbs
1804:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1721:
1703:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1269:
1213:
1209:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1153:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1061:
1033:
994:
990:
979:
964:
951:PG-satiate-ADJZ
940:
926:
922:
905:1.A.2.O-see-REC
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
856:
820:
802:First exclusive
791:First inclusive
751:
701:
695:
686:
680:
671:
665:
651:
635:
626:
612:
605:
598:
567:
555:
549:
540:
534:
519:
509:
490:
470:
450:
434:
428:
419:
412:
398:
389:
382:
346:
324:Museu do Indio's
294:prosodic aspects
273:Greater Antilles
141:
125:
118:
77:
19:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4869:
4860:Waimirí Atroarí
4794:
4764:
4720:
4709:Mapoyo-Yawarana
4697:Mapoyo–Tamanaku
4692:
4654:
4629:
4573:
4538:
4533:
4503:
4498:
4407:
4381:
4341:
4270:
4242:
4209:
4186:
4108:
4075:
3967:
3934:
3861:
3823:
3732:
3726:
3686:
3665:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3593:
3545:
3514:
3488:
3403:
3315:
3310:
3260:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3190:
3169:
3159:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2974:
2966:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2870:
2861:
2853:
2834:
2826:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2737:atʃina omro-ŋmo
2735:
2724:
2716:
2644:
2627:
2601:øarawɨtke-naŋme
2598:
2576:
2517:
2512:
2499:
2485:
2473:
2462:
2441:
2430:
2423:
2418:Ikpeng COL feet
2415:Ikeŋ niŋkɨn pun
2413:
2405:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2367:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2310:
2281:
2270:
2263:
2250:
2217:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2174:
2163:
2152:
2119:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2075:Cilene 3.A.3.O-
2064:
2054:
2046:
2012:
1991:
1973:
1965:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1900:petkom y-umene-
1898:
1890:
1862:
1853:
1840:transitive verb
1824:
1819:
1811:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1728:
1717:3.A.3.O-arrive-
1705:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1630:
1625:
1607:
1599:
1576:
1566:
1547:
1529:
1521:
1490:
1481:
1463:
1455:
1408:
1264:
1251:
1243:
1232:
1216:
1197:
1187:
1172:
1170:"It's not him"
1155:
1141:
1057:
1052:
1036:
1021:
1012:
996:
982:
966:
958:
943:
928:
913:
897:
885:
858:
850:
835:
823:
747:
742:
709:
563:
342:
337:
320:
281:
252:
243:
222:
198:
193:
161:Ikpeng language
137:
121:
114:
104:
78:
75:Language family
73:
67:500 (2013)
64:
63:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Haitian Creole
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Brazilian Sign
4389:
4387:
4386:Sign languages
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4350:Interlanguages
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3620:The Hyperwomen
3616:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Curisevo River
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Cândido Rondon
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3258:
3242:
3228:
3210:
3201:
3188:
3184:10.1086/491633
3178:(2): 127–192.
3167:
3164:
3150:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:, p. 104.
3123:
3121:, p. 103.
3106:
3091:
3076:
3072:Campetela 1997
3064:
3062:, p. 181.
3052:
3050:, p. 183.
3040:
3028:
3016:
3001:
2999:, p. 121.
2989:
2987:, p. 120.
2972:
2970:, p. 119.
2949:
2934:
2893:
2891:, p. 129.
2881:
2859:
2855:Campetela 1997
2832:
2801:
2786:
2771:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2725:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2599:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2516:
2513:
2486:
2474:
2463:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2406:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2375:2-feet-POS-COL
2347:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2311:
2282:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2261:"They say me"
2252:pro geneŋlɨŋmo
2218:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2164:
2153:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2055:
2047:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1982:nurse 3.O-cry-
1966:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1891:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1842:sentences and
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1778:
1767:
1733:
1732:
1692:
1681:
1670:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1600:
1577:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1522:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1456:
1425:
1424:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:why, what was
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:Interrogative
1244:
1234:
1233:
1198:
1188:
1174:
1173:
1142:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1022:
1014:
1013:
983:
968:
967:
929:
915:
914:
886:
860:
859:
824:
813:
812:
809:
808:
806:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
777:
776:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
759:
758:
755:
746:
743:
741:
738:
708:
705:
704:
703:
688:
673:
655:
654:
652:
645:
643:
637:
636:
629:
627:
620:
614:
613:
606:
599:
592:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
562:
559:
558:
557:
542:
524:
523:
521:
513:
511:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
484:
482:
476:
475:
473:
471:
464:
462:
456:
455:
453:
451:
444:
442:
436:
435:
422:
420:
413:
406:
400:
399:
392:
390:
383:
376:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
341:
338:
336:
333:
319:
316:
280:
277:
251:
250:Classification
248:
242:
239:
221:
218:
197:
194:
192:
189:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
135:
127:
126:
119:
111:
110:
109:Language codes
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
81:
79:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4921:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:Guianan Carib
4727:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:Pemóng–Panare
4657:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Culuene River
3562:
3560:
3559:Arraias River
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Percy Fawcett
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3321:Xingu peoples
3318:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:, p. 85.
3103:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3038:, p. 77.
3037:
3032:
3029:
3026:, p. 88.
3025:
3020:
3017:
3014:, p. 87.
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2224:
2223:g-eneŋ-lɨ-ŋmo
2221:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1800:3.A.3.O-push-
1798:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:Desideratives
1405:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
995:
986:
981:
980:
973:
972:
965:
962:
955:
954:
949:
948:
945:t-otupit-ket
942:
941:
934:
933:
927:
918:
912:
909:
908:
903:
902:
896:
895:
891:
890:
884:
863:
857:
854:
847:
846:
841:
840:
834:
833:
829:
828:
822:
816:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
760:
752:
744:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
706:
700:
694:
689:
685:
679:
674:
670:
664:
659:
658:
653:
650:
646:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
630:
628:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:
560:
554:
548:
543:
539:
533:
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
493:
489:
485:
483:
481:
478:
477:
474:
472:
469:
465:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
443:
441:
438:
437:
433:
427:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:
339:
334:
332:
330:
325:
317:
315:
313:
308:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
278:
276:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
240:
238:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:Early history
195:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
133:
128:
124:
120:
117:
112:
107:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
60:
57:
56:Ikpeng people
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4889:
4875:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4814:
4803:Unclassified
4777:
4757:
4740:
4713:
4685:
4647:
4640:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4586:
4556:
4412:Non-official
4398:Ka'apor Sign
3981:Akwẽ-Xerénte
3899:
3774:Enawenê-Nawê
3618:
3611:
3604:
3584:Ronuro River
3579:Jabotá River
3421:
3269:(3): 77–80.
3266:
3262:
3253:
3233:
3215:
3205:
3196:
3175:
3171:
3155:
3131:Pacheco 2001
3126:
3119:Pacheco 2001
3102:Pacheco 2001
3087:Pacheco 2001
3067:
3060:Pacheco 2001
3055:
3048:Pacheco 2001
3043:
3036:Pacheco 2001
3031:
3024:Pacheco 2001
3019:
3012:Pacheco 2001
2997:Pacheco 2001
2992:
2985:Pacheco 2001
2968:Pacheco 2001
2945:Pacheco 1997
2930:Pacheco 2001
2884:
2875:
2797:Pacheco 2005
2767:Rodgers 2013
2742:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2194:Verb plurals
2188:
2186:many monkeys
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2127:
2125:i-ŋwo-tke-lɨ
2124:
2121:
2109:
2101:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2038:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1955:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:Intransitive
1837:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:tupi ∅ mui-n
1711:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1472:1.A.3.O-eat-
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1416:desiderative
1409:
1359:in what way
1261:
1259:those pretty
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:e-woy-n ɨpe
1217:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
987:
984:
975:
974:
970:
969:
956:
952:
950:
946:
944:
936:
935:
931:
930:
919:
917:t-otupit-ket
916:
911:"I saw you"
910:
906:
904:
900:
898:
893:
892:
888:
887:
864:
861:
848:
844:
842:
838:
836:
831:
830:
826:
825:
817:
814:
710:
321:
310:Grammatical
307:audiovisuals
303:
282:
253:
244:
230:Ronuro River
223:
206:oral history
199:
160:
158:
130:
95:
4840:Paravilyana
4424:Vlax Romani
4403:Terena Sign
4367:Macarrônico
4248:Nambikwaran
4006:Djeoromitxí
3589:Xingu River
3574:Ferro River
2316:torempantum
2313:torempantum
1932:gwakpitkeni
1915:-REC manioc
1806:Cilene Fran
1797:Cilene Fran
1289:Argumental
1044:{to where}
1001:y-aginum-lɨ
985:y-aginum-lɨ
843:PG-satiate
290:orthography
214:Teles Pires
202:Iriri River
173:Mato Grosso
4898:Categories
4847:Pawishiana
4642:Tiverikoto
4617:Pimenteira
4552:Hixkaryana
4544:Parukotoan
4362:Lanc-Patuá
4261:Nambikwara
4192:Chapacuran
4167:Tenetehara
4041:Mẽbêngôkre
4001:Chiquitano
3910:Pará Arára
3895:Hixkaryana
3731:Indigenous
3703:Pomeranian
3677:Portuguese
3510:Yamurikuma
3484:Yawalapití
3394:Yawalapiti
2782:Moore 2006
2752:References
2551:Inanimate
2545:Inanimate
2372:o-pu-n-kom
2352:o-pu-n-kom
2287:m-enen-tom
2220:geneŋlɨŋmo
2066:Tʃileni ∅-
1926:Transitive
1904:-lɨ tarɨwe
1832:causatives
1531:Tawi ∅-ak-
1343:Adverbial
1324:with what
1316:with whom
1083:Inanimate
1077:Inanimate
899:k-ineŋ-lɨ
707:Morphology
340:Consonants
286:morphology
279:Literature
210:Jari River
4878:indicate
4558:Katxúyana
4429:Hungarian
4152:Nheengatu
4147:Munduruku
4137:Kagwahiva
4056:Rikbaktsa
3953:Kashinawa
3809:Wapishana
3749:Asháninka
3733:languages
3519:Explorers
3500:Huka-huka
3409:Languages
2698:ugro-ŋmo
2687:omro-ŋmo
2663:Singular
2534:Proximal
2122:iŋwotkelɨ
2093:Semantics
2079:-REC boy
2070:-lɨ aŋpi
1940:y-aginum-
1372:otumunto
1364:arakenip
1313:onok pak
1305:for whom
1302:onok ɨna
1278:Function
1226:PROX:ANIM
1182:-clothes-
1167:EXIST-NEG
1165:DIST:ANIM
1088:Singular
1066:Proximal
1010:"We cry"
1007:3-cry-REC
923:-satiate-
862:k-ineŋ-lɨ
837:t-otupit
797:ugro-ŋmo
786:omro-ŋmo
762:Singular
440:Affricate
335:Phonology
329:data bank
260:Venezuela
181:bilingual
132:Glottolog
116:ISO 639-3
52:Ethnicity
4822:Japréria
4785:Karihona
4770:Taranoan
4759:Wayumara
4748:Ye'kuana
4736:Kari'nja
4715:Tamanaku
4687:Purukotó
4579:Pekodian
4464:Romanian
4419:Japanese
4312:Katawixi
4307:Kanamarí
4256:Mamaindê
4215:Tukanoan
4162:Tapirapé
4061:Tapayúna
4036:Maxakalí
4011:Kaingang
3973:Macro-Jê
3963:Yaminawa
3925:Ye'kuana
3842:Jamamadí
3814:Warekena
3784:Mehinaku
3779:Mapidian
3764:Barawana
3741:Arawakan
3459:Mehinaku
3439:Kamayurá
3434:Kalapalo
3424:(Txikão)
3369:Mehinako
3344:Kamayurá
3339:Kalapalo
3193:"Ikpeng"
2747:) going"
2727:omro-ŋmo
2722:to where
2658:Pronoun
2515:Pronouns
2447:t-eru-lɨ
2284:menentom
1986:-REC boy
1979:-lɨ aŋpi
1907:woman 3.
1865:y-umene-
1830:through
1678:whiteman
1662:-arrive-
1554:ugw-erem
1412:morpheme
1388:otumɨlo
1380:otumɨna
1356:arakeni
1332:in what
1329:arɨ wok
1308:Oblique
1080:Animate
1074:Animate
1040:omro-ŋmo
1025:omro-ŋmo
1019:to where
821:-satiate
815:t-otupit
757:Pronoun
740:Pronouns
721:suffixes
713:prefixes
357:Alveolar
352:Bilabial
312:pedagogy
256:Colombia
139:ikpe1245
88:Pekodian
4876:Italics
4827:Kuikuro
4816:Boanarí
4779:Akuriyo
4742:Palmela
4671:Makushi
4599:Bakairí
4489:Chinese
4479:Turkish
4474:Tagalog
4469:Russian
4357:Cafundó
4302:Kadiwéu
4297:Irantxe
4287:Arutani
4200:Oro Win
4081:Nadahup
4071:Xavante
4066:Timbira
4021:Kĩsêdjê
3991:Arikapú
3986:Apinajé
3958:Shipibo
3948:Amawaka
3920:Sikiana
3905:Macushi
3885:Bakairi
3867:Cariban
3857:Zuruahá
3852:Paumarí
3799:Tariana
3789:Palikúr
3754:Atorada
3715:Italian
3710:Hunsrik
3493:Rituals
3464:Nahukwa
3449:Kuikuro
3430:(Yudja)
3374:Nahukuá
3359:Kuikuro
3140:Sources
2874:at the
2706:tʃimna
2681:Second
2666:Plural
2618:-fight-
2556:Plural
2548:Animate
2542:Animate
2537:Distal
2521:animacy
2476:Tʃileni
2369:opunkom
2349:opunkom
2319:student
2172:monkeys
2098:Plurals
2007:Tʃileni
1828:valency
1793:∅-anme-
1738:∅-anme-
1735:Anmelan
1710:∅-arep-
1641:∅-arep-
1396:atʃina
1321:arɨ ge
1176:e-woy-n
1105:Plural
1069:Distal
1046:you-COL
1038:atʃina
1005:we:EXCL
953:we:INCL
805:tʃimna
780:Second
765:Plural
726:subject
717:affixes
578:Central
535:/ and /
460:Lateral
404:Plosive
362:Palatal
264:Guianas
241:Schools
191:History
83:Cariban
4854:Sapará
4810:Apalaí
4790:Tiriyo
4753:Wayana
4704:Kumaná
4676:Panare
4666:Kapóng
4624:Yarumá
4604:Ikpéng
4588:Apingi
4569:Waiwai
4564:Salumá
4494:Slovak
4484:Korean
4459:Polish
4439:French
4434:Arabic
4337:Xukuru
4332:Ticuna
4327:Pirahã
4282:Aikanã
4275:Others
4266:Sabanê
4238:Wanano
4233:Tuyuca
4228:Tukano
4177:Xipaya
4157:Omagua
4132:Juruna
4122:Akwáwa
4114:Tupian
4051:Panará
4026:Krenak
4016:Karajá
3996:Bororo
3940:Panoan
3930:Waiwai
3915:Salumá
3900:Ikpeng
3880:Apalaí
3875:Amonap
3847:Kulina
3829:Arawan
3804:Terêna
3794:Paresi
3759:Baniwa
3720:Talian
3698:German
3613:Kaurup
3551:Rivers
3505:Quarup
3474:Trumai
3454:Matipu
3444:Kayabi
3428:Juruna
3422:Ikpeng
3384:Trumai
3364:Matipu
3354:Kayapo
3349:Kaiabi
3334:Ikpeng
2719:atʃina
2671:First
2582:ugy-am
2568:muyan
2565:ugyam
2562:neyam
2468:topkak
2465:topkak
2457:-give-
2444:terulɨ
2439:Melobô
2436:Melobô
2433:Melobô
2398:niŋkɨn
2393:Ikpeng
2358:-feet-
2279:
2215:
2143:-hunt-
2010:Cilene
1896:manioc
1893:tarɨwe
1857:petkom
1817:Syntax
1775:Cilene
1772:Cilene
1769:Cilene
1759:-push-
1700:canoe-
1683:
1638:Areplɨ
1564:-chief
1375:where
1348:arato
1256:kɨtpip
1249:pretty
1246:kɨtpip
1117:muyan
1114:ugyam
1111:neyam
1016:atʃina
999:tʃimna
971:tʃimna
770:First
730:object
561:Vowels
298:syntax
234:Jabotá
177:Brazil
165:Ikpeng
152:Ikpéng
96:Ikpeng
42:Region
36:Brazil
27:Txikāo
22:Ikpeng
4865:Yukpa
4681:Pemón
4594:Arara
4454:Greek
4444:Dutch
4322:Ninam
4317:Kwaza
4292:Guató
4223:Cubeo
4205:Wariʼ
4142:Kaiwá
4104:Nadëb
4099:Kakwa
4046:Ofayé
3890:Carib
3819:Waurá
3606:Xingu
3598:Films
3479:Waurá
3417:Awetï
3399:Yudjá
3389:Wauja
3329:Aweti
3254:Papia
3250:(PDF)
3238:(PDF)
3224:From
3220:(PDF)
3160:(PDF)
3147:Karib
2695:ugro
2684:omro
2585:They:
2579:ugyam
2337:Nouns
2305:-see-
2241:-see-
2077:order
2039:order
1954:-cry-
1935:nurse
1911:-dry-
1879:-dry-
1860:woman
1780:Fran.
1697:mui-n
1694:muin.
1579:m-it-
1573:EXIST
1514:-eat-
1493:∅-ak-
1465:y-ak-
1448:-eat-
1427:y-ak-
1367:when
1283:onok
1254:neyam
1241:those
1237:neyam
1194:EXIST
1160:pe-wa
1148:EXIST
1144:pe-wa
1097:ugun
1091:oren
991:-cry-
880:-see-
794:ugro
783:omro
734:tense
573:Front
501:Glide
374:Nasal
367:Velar
185:Carib
92:Arara
46:Xingu
4833:Opón
4649:Yaio
4610:Juma
4182:Zo'é
4172:Xeta
3837:Deni
3769:Baré
3469:Suyá
3379:Suyá
2730:you-
2674:uro
2620:CONT
2616:REFL
2591:ANIM
2587:DIST
2559:wan
2411:feet
2390:Ikeŋ
2161:many
2158:ɨtɨŋ
2155:ɨtɨŋ
2068:anoŋ
2049:aŋpi
2017:anoŋ
1984:CAUS
1968:aŋpi
1957:CAUS
1913:CAUS
1882:CAUS
1786:Fran
1783:Fran
1702:POSS
1675:tupi
1672:tupi
1613:omro
1611:tɨne
1602:omro
1581:tɨne
1542:pork
1533:tɨne
1527:pork
1495:tɨne
1488:Davi
1485:Tawi
1476:pork
1467:tɨne
1461:pork
1429:tɨne
1340:how
1337:ara
1294:arɨ
1220:oren
1212:ANIM
1208:PROX
1205:him:
1201:oren
1158:ugun
1137:ANIM
1133:DIST
1126:ugun
1108:wan
1100:mun
1094:nen
1030:you-
978:EXCL
961:help
947:ugro
939:INCL
932:ugro
925:ADJZ
901:omro
889:omro
853:help
773:uro
719:and
590:High
583:Back
520:(y)
510:(w)
491:(r)
322:The
159:The
4094:Hup
4089:Dâw
3271:doi
3180:doi
2732:COL
2715:ex:
2624:REC
2575:ex:
2497::to
2495:DAT
2491:ɨna
2488:ɨna
2471:bow
2459:REC
2429:ex:
2408:pun
2402:COL
2386:ex:
2364:COL
2360:POS
2345:ex:
2307:COL
2276:pro
2273:pro
2269:ex:
2247:COL
2243:REC
2212:pro
2209:pro
2205:ex:
2169:tae
2166:tae
2118:ex:
2052:boy
2043:REC
2019:-lɨ
1971:boy
1962:REC
1944:-lɨ
1902:nob
1887:REC
1869:-lɨ
1867:nob
1795:lan
1740:lan
1620:you
1618:DES
1605:you
1595:DES
1590:AUX
1540:DES
1535:pow
1524:pow
1517:DES
1474:DES
1469:pow
1458:pow
1451:DES
1190:ɨpe
1184:GEN
1163:he:
1152:NEG
1130:he:
1032:COL
993:REC
976:we:
937:we:
907:you
894:you
882:REC
839:uro
827:uro
728:or
641:Low
618:Mid
480:Tap
171:in
147:ELP
123:txi
4900::
3265:.
3252:.
3195:.
3176:71
3174:.
3109:^
3094:^
3079:^
3004:^
2975:^
2952:^
2937:^
2896:^
2862:^
2835:^
2804:^
2789:^
2774:^
2759:^
2745:PL
2637:Sa
2612:Sa
2595:PL
2482:PL
2184:IM
2149:IM
2145:PL
2015:∅-
1977:po
1942:po
1909:So
1877:So
1803:IM
1762:IM
1720:IM
1712:lɨ
1665:IM
1643:lɨ
1569:pe
963:);
921:PG
855:);
819:PG
715:,
696:,
681:,
666:,
532:β̞
507:β̞
448:tʃ
288:,
258:,
175:,
4528:e
4521:t
4514:v
3655:e
3648:t
3641:v
3305:e
3298:t
3291:v
3277:.
3273::
3267:3
3199:.
3186:.
3182::
3149:.
2947:.
2932:.
2857:.
2830:.
2799:.
2784:.
2769:.
2622:-
2614:-
2610:.
2608:3
2593::
2589::
2455:O
2453:.
2451:3
2362:-
2356:2
2303:O
2301:.
2299:3
2297:.
2295:A
2293:.
2291:2
2245:-
2239:O
2237:.
2235:1
2233:.
2231:A
2229:.
2227:3
2147:-
2141:O
2139:.
2137:3
2135:.
2133:A
2131:.
2129:1
2041:-
2037:-
2035:O
2033:.
2031:3
2029:.
2027:A
2025:.
2023:3
1960:-
1952:O
1950:.
1948:3
1885:-
1875:.
1873:3
1757:O
1755:.
1753:3
1751:.
1749:A
1747:.
1745:3
1689:∅
1686:∅
1660:O
1658:.
1656:3
1654:.
1652:A
1650:.
1648:3
1592:-
1588:-
1586:2
1562:2
1560:+
1558:1
1512:O
1510:.
1508:3
1506:.
1504:A
1502:.
1500:3
1446:O
1444:.
1442:3
1440:.
1438:A
1436:.
1434:1
1420:/
1210::
1180:3
1150:-
1135::
989:3
878:O
876:.
874:2
872:.
870:A
868:.
866:1
845:I
832:I
699:o
693:e
690:/
684:u
678:i
675:/
669:o
663:e
660:/
649:a
633:o
624:e
610:u
603:ɨ
596:i
553:l
547:p
544:/
538:j
529:/
517:j
488:ɾ
468:l
432:g
426:k
417:t
410:p
396:ŋ
387:n
380:m
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