161:
representation of
Ilabrat's. Frans Wiggermann proposes that many examples of such use are present in Akkadian texts from the second millennium BCE which appear to treat Ninshubur as a masculine deity. He points out that in texts from the third millennium BCE, Ninshubur's gender is invariably female
119:-labrat. In most cases due to Akkadian grammar it is possible to determine with certainty that Ilabrat was considered a male deity, but as argued by Grégoire Nicolet, the occasional alteration between the base form of the name and the variant Ialbra can be compared to the cases of
289:
Due to the possibility that
Ninshubur's name was used as a logogram to represent Ilabrat's, in some cases it can be difficult to tell which of these two deities was meant, and as a result it is uncertain in which cities where a deity referred to as Ninshubur was worshiped in the
170:
accepts that at least in personal names from Mari, Ninshubur should be read as
Ilabrat. Most likely in the late third millennium Ilabrat (either analogous to or identical with the male Ninshubur) and Ninshubur coexisted, though sources from the
1028:
321:
There is some evidence that, even though
Papsukkal became the dominant messenger deity in the first millennium BCE, Ilabrat was still worshiped in Assur, and in either Babylon or
220:
In the role of a family god, Ilabrat could be asked to act as a divine arbiter in personal conflicts or as a witness, in at least one case alongside ghosts of ancestors.
1240:
898:
859:
VII. Uluslararası Hititoloji
Kongresi bildirileri: Çorum 25-31 Ağustos 2008 = Acts of the VIIth International Congress of Hittitology: Çorum, August 25-31, 2008
227:, known in ancient Mesopotamia as Sipazianna, "the true shepherd of heaven", was regarded as the astral symbol of Ilabrat, as well as Ninshubur and Papsukkal.
162:
if it is specified, even in an
Akkadian royal inscription. The view that male Ninshubur in Akkadian texts should be understood as Ilabrat is also supported by
1216:
1041:
874:
820:
353:
332:
invoking
Ilabrat are known, for example Ibbi-Ilabrat, Ilabrat-bani, Ilabrat-dunni, Šu-Ilabrat and Šat-Ilabra (the spelling without a
915:
407:, where he explains to his master that the eponymous protagonist is a mortal man responsible for breaking a wing of the personified
807:
135:, which according to him would indicate that this deity was perceived as female at least in the northwest of Mesopotamia in the
372:
939:
Uitgaven van het
Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut
408:
77:
Multiple etymologies have been proposed for
Ilabrat's name, including good of (the land/city) Iabrat" (suggested by
1258:
809:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
163:
1263:
254:
for the worship of Ilabrat as a family god in the private sphere. For instance, a certain Ibbi-Ilabrat from
175:
at times already equate them. In the first millennium BCE both of them, as well as another similar deity,
291:
224:
172:
136:
205:, he acts as the source of information about events taking place on earth for his master. Similar to
267:
214:
167:
66:
1234:
1173:
1091:
1015:
968:
892:
275:
282:, mentions that a golden sun disc was supposed to be manufactured in this city and delivered to
213:. However, there is no indication that Ilabrat was regarded as the sukkal of any other deity in
234:, which according to Mesopotamian texts lived in mountainous environments, was associated with
1222:
1212:
1165:
1109:
1078:
1047:
1037:
1007:
960:
921:
911:
880:
870:
816:
112:
98:
86:
82:
1157:
1099:
1068:
999:
862:
368:
340:
Ilabrat is well attested in personal names, but apparently had no formal cult in that city.
329:
120:
52:
116:
1209:
Pax Hethitica: studies on the Hittites and their neighbours in honour of Itamar Singer
854:
1252:
1177:
1019:
303:
90:
1030:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
307:
1186:
299:
111:
in this context, which lead Frans Wiggermann to propose that Ilabrat's name was
85:), but none are universally accepted, and it is not certain that it came from a
78:
1161:
959:. 44/45. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 176–185.
988:"Here a God, There a God: An Examination of the Divine in Ancient Mesopotamia"
357:
262:", while on one Old Babylonian letter, Ilabrat is implored for help alongside
149:
1226:
1169:
1113:
1082:
1051:
1011:
964:
936:
Ancient Sippar: a Demographic Study of an Old-Babylonian City, 1894-1595 B.C.
884:
314:
as well. Additionally a town named after Ilabrat existed in the proximity of
124:
925:
263:
247:
206:
180:
154:
115:
in origin, and that the hypothetical older form of the name might have been
934:
1104:
1003:
1092:"The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources"
866:
322:
279:
158:
1073:
1060:
972:
952:
384:
376:
311:
255:
251:
388:
349:
337:
271:
259:
235:
193:
132:
107:
57:
1061:"Old Babylonian god-lists in retrospect: A new edition of TH 80.112"
1145:
987:
831:
69:
indicates that he could also be worshiped as an independent deity.
1204:
1128:
855:"Mesopotamian Forerunners to the 'Babilili Ritual' from Boğazköy?"
404:
295:
283:
210:
202:
176:
40:
392:
315:
953:"The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502"
198:
62:
29:
1150:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
1129:"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II"
1205:"West Semitic god El in Anatolian Hieroglyphic transmission"
646:
644:
642:
640:
367:
ritual, written in Akkadian but known only from a corpus of
348:
Ilabrat is apparently attested in a single incantation from
507:
505:
503:
430:
428:
426:
424:
356:
1.128, in which he acts as the messenger of the local god
546:
544:
688:
686:
673:
671:
603:
601:
588:
586:
561:
559:
217:
documents, where he appears to function independently.
81:) and "tutelary god of the simple people"(suggested by
1146:"An Unrecognized Synonym of Sumerian sukkal, "Vizier""
411:, who was unable to blow for seven days as a result.
908:
Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature
523:
294:
were cult centers of Ilabrat. Such locations include
806:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
403:Ilabrat appears as a servant of Anu in the myth of
89:language as presumed in these two cases. Some late
36:
21:
1096:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
662:
209:, he could also function as the sukkal of the
8:
1239:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
951:Horowitz, Wayne; Oelsner, Joachim (1997).
897:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
752:
704:
650:
577:
511:
470:
458:
446:
434:
1103:
1072:
1036:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
550:
535:
266:. Many attestations are also known from
832:"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk"
776:
764:
728:
716:
692:
677:
631:
619:
607:
592:
565:
482:
420:
258:called himself "servant of Ilabrat and
1232:
890:
788:
740:
191:Ilabrat was sometimes regarded as the
55:who in some cases was regarded as the
18:
494:
230:A bird possibly named after Ilabrat,
105:, "servant", treated as a synonym of
7:
197:(divine attendant and messenger) of
286:as a votive offering for Ilabrat.
387:, in this context identified with
179:, were eventually overshadowed by
14:
524:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
61:(attendant deity) of the sky god
1185:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
1144:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1988).
1127:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987).
1:
1156:(2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
830:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992).
1191:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
992:Altorientalische Forschungen
986:Hundley, Michael B. (2013).
246:There is evidence both from
815:. Academic Press Fribourg.
663:Horowitz & Oelsner 1997
157:'s name could be used as a
1280:
1162:10.1515/zava.1988.78.2.225
1090:Veenhof, Klaas R. (2018).
1059:Nicolet, Grégoire (2022).
1027:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
957:Archiv für Orientforschung
910:. Potomac, MD: CDL Press.
391:, though addressed as an "
1203:Yakubovich, Ilya (2010).
1067:(99). OpenEdition: 9–78.
906:Foster, Benjamin (1996).
379:, Ilabrat appears as the
270:sources. A document from
127:/Ḫeba where the optional
26:
336:is known from Mari). In
164:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
147:A gloss in the god list
933:Harris, Rivkah (1975).
306:and, in later periods,
853:Beckman, Gary (2010).
1105:10.3917/assy.112.0049
1004:10.1524/aof.2013.0005
292:Old Babylonian period
173:Old Babylonian period
143:Ilabrat and Ninshubur
137:Old Babylonian period
93:connect the element -
153:might indicate that
65:. Evidence from the
28:Divine attendant of
1074:10.4000/syria.14285
344:Outside Mesopotamia
168:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
67:Old Assyrian period
274:, an Old Assyrian
223:The constellation
1259:Mesopotamian gods
1218:978-3-447-06119-3
1043:978-0-9667495-0-2
998:(1). De Gruyter.
876:978-605-363-764-6
836:Acta Sumerologica
822:978-3-7278-1738-0
363:In the so-called
201:. In the myth of
83:Thorkild Jacobsen
46:
45:
37:Major cult center
1271:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1140:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1086:
1076:
1055:
1035:
1023:
982:
980:
979:
947:
945:
944:
929:
902:
896:
888:
849:
847:
846:
826:
814:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
681:
675:
666:
660:
654:
648:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
596:
590:
581:
575:
569:
563:
554:
548:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
330:theophoric names
53:Mesopotamian god
19:
16:Mesopotamian god
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1231:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1143:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1089:
1058:
1044:
1033:
1026:
985:
977:
975:
950:
942:
940:
932:
918:
905:
889:
877:
852:
844:
842:
829:
823:
812:
805:
801:
796:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
763:
759:
753:Yakubovich 2010
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
711:
705:Wiggermann 1998
703:
699:
691:
684:
676:
669:
661:
657:
651:Wiggermann 1998
649:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
606:
599:
591:
584:
578:Wiggermann 1998
576:
572:
564:
557:
549:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
512:Wiggermann 1998
510:
501:
493:
489:
481:
477:
471:Wiggermann 1988
469:
465:
459:Wiggermann 1987
457:
453:
447:Wiggermann 1988
445:
441:
435:Wiggermann 1998
433:
422:
417:
401:
346:
244:
211:divine assembly
189:
145:
131:was a feminine
75:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1264:Messenger gods
1261:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1217:
1200:
1182:
1141:
1133:Ex Oriente Lux
1124:
1098:(112): 49–90.
1087:
1056:
1042:
1024:
983:
948:
930:
916:
903:
875:
850:
827:
821:
802:
800:
797:
794:
793:
791:, p. 431.
781:
779:, p. 112.
769:
767:, p. 116.
757:
755:, p. 394.
745:
743:, p. 153.
733:
721:
709:
707:, p. 493.
697:
682:
667:
665:, p. 179.
655:
653:, p. 500.
636:
624:
612:
597:
582:
580:, p. 496.
570:
555:
540:
528:
516:
514:, p. 491.
499:
487:
475:
473:, p. 237.
463:
451:
449:, p. 231.
439:
437:, p. 492.
419:
418:
416:
413:
400:
397:
345:
342:
276:trading colony
243:
240:
188:
185:
144:
141:
74:
71:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1276:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:. Wiesbaden.
1210:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
938:
937:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:1-883053-23-4
913:
909:
904:
900:
894:
886:
882:
878:
872:
868:
867:2027.42/84329
864:
860:
856:
851:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
818:
811:
810:
804:
803:
798:
790:
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
761:
758:
754:
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
731:, p. 77.
730:
725:
722:
719:, p. 73.
718:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
695:, p. 58.
694:
689:
687:
683:
680:, p. 55.
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
656:
652:
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
634:, p. 71.
633:
628:
625:
622:, p. 68.
621:
616:
613:
610:, p. 66.
609:
604:
602:
598:
595:, p. 74.
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
568:, p. 91.
567:
562:
560:
556:
553:, p. 64.
552:
551:Beaulieu 1992
547:
545:
541:
538:, p. 74.
537:
536:Beaulieu 1992
532:
529:
526:, p. 94.
525:
520:
517:
513:
508:
506:
504:
500:
497:, p. 27.
496:
491:
488:
485:, p. 18.
484:
479:
476:
472:
467:
464:
461:, p. 17.
460:
455:
452:
448:
443:
440:
436:
431:
429:
427:
425:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
221:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
151:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:lexical lists
88:
84:
80:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
42:
39:
35:
31:
25:
20:
1208:
1194:, retrieved
1190:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1117:. Retrieved
1095:
1064:
1029:
995:
991:
976:. Retrieved
956:
941:. Retrieved
935:
907:
858:
843:. Retrieved
839:
835:
808:
799:Bibliography
784:
777:Beckman 2010
772:
765:Beckman 2010
760:
748:
736:
729:Veenhof 2018
724:
717:Veenhof 2018
712:
700:
693:Veenhof 2018
678:Veenhof 2018
658:
632:Veenhof 2018
627:
620:Veenhof 2018
615:
608:Veenhof 2018
593:Veenhof 2018
573:
566:Hundley 2013
531:
519:
490:
483:Nicolet 2022
478:
466:
454:
442:
402:
380:
364:
362:
347:
333:
327:
320:
288:
268:Old Assyrian
245:
231:
229:
222:
219:
215:Old Assyrian
192:
190:
148:
146:
128:
123:/Kubaba and
106:
102:
94:
76:
56:
48:
47:
1187:"Nin-šubur"
789:Foster 1996
741:Harris 1975
375:texts from
298:, Malgium,
159:logographic
79:Ignace Gelb
1253:Categories
1196:2022-04-21
1119:2022-04-23
978:2022-04-21
943:2022-04-23
861:. Ankara.
845:2022-04-23
495:Litke 1998
415:References
409:South Wind
395:goddess."
1235:cite book
1227:646006786
1178:161099846
1170:0084-5299
1114:0373-6032
1083:0039-7946
1052:470337605
1020:170975530
1012:2196-6761
965:0066-6440
893:cite book
885:874009491
399:Mythology
328:Multiple
264:Ninsianna
248:Babylonia
207:Ninshubur
187:Character
181:Papsukkal
155:Ninshubur
150:An = Anum
97:with the
1139:. BRILL.
973:41670126
926:34149948
365:babilili
323:Borsippa
304:Nerebtum
280:Anatolia
232:illabara
166:, while
113:Sumerian
99:Sumerian
393:Elamite
385:Pinikir
377:Hattusa
373:Hittite
312:Babylon
256:Malgium
252:Assyria
242:Worship
121:Kubabat
87:Semitic
49:Ilabrat
22:Ilabrat
1225:
1215:
1176:
1168:
1112:
1081:
1050:
1040:
1018:
1010:
971:
963:
924:
914:
883:
873:
819:
389:Ishtar
381:sukkal
350:Ugarit
338:Sippar
272:Kanesh
236:Nergal
194:sukkal
133:suffix
108:sukkal
58:sukkal
51:was a
1174:S2CID
1065:Syria
1034:(PDF)
1016:S2CID
969:JSTOR
813:(PDF)
405:Adapa
369:Hurro
296:Larsa
284:Assur
225:Orion
203:Adapa
177:Kakka
125:Ḫebat
103:labar
101:word
41:Assur
1241:link
1223:OCLC
1213:ISBN
1166:ISSN
1110:ISSN
1079:ISSN
1048:OCLC
1038:ISBN
1008:ISSN
961:ISSN
922:OCLC
912:ISBN
899:link
881:OCLC
871:ISBN
817:ISBN
316:Nuzi
310:and
308:Kish
300:Mari
260:Ušmu
250:and
95:labr
73:Name
1158:doi
1100:doi
1069:doi
1000:doi
863:hdl
383:of
354:KTU
325:.
318:.
278:in
199:Anu
117:Nin
63:Anu
30:Anu
1255::
1237:}}
1233:{{
1221:.
1207:.
1189:,
1172:.
1164:.
1154:78
1152:.
1148:.
1137:29
1135:.
1131:.
1108:.
1094:.
1077:.
1063:.
1046:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:40
994:.
990:.
967:.
955:.
920:.
895:}}
891:{{
879:.
869:.
857:.
840:14
838:.
834:.
685:^
670:^
639:^
600:^
585:^
558:^
543:^
502:^
423:^
360:.
358:El
352:,
302:,
238:.
183:.
139:.
1243:)
1229:.
1180:.
1160::
1122:.
1102::
1085:.
1071::
1054:.
1022:.
1002::
981:.
946:.
928:.
901:)
887:.
865::
848:.
825:.
371:-
334:t
129:t
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.