982:
1916:
1892:
1904:
1880:
610:
876:, for example building of cattle pens and sheepfolds under her command, otherwise not associated with her. Another hymn (CBS 14073) mentions both her role as a divine attendant and that of "mother of the land". In addition to this metaphorical role, Ninshubur was also referred to as a "mother" in personal names. However, references to her as an actual "birth mother" are uncommon and unusual according to Julia M. Asher-Greve. It is possible that this aspect of her character was responsible for her unusual and unparalelled placement in the Old Babylonian
6418:
1720:(...) This is my minister of fair words, my escort of trustworthy words. She did not forget my instructions. She did not neglect the orders I gave her. She made a lament for me on the ruin mounds. She beat the drum for me in the sanctuaries. She made the rounds of the gods’ houses for me. She lacerated her eyes for me, lacerated her nose for me. In private, she lacerated her buttocks for me. Like a pauper, she clothed herself in a single garment. All alone she directed her steps to the
53:
1349:
1409:, who ruled Lagash around 2200 BCE, mentions Ninshubur in his royal inscriptions, possibly in reference to Urukagina's reverence for her, as it is likely that they came from the same family and thus shared the same personal goddess, though he might also have considered her a divine mediator guaranteeing Lagash its territorial rights, regained from rulers of the
6302:
1690:(...) do not let your daughter bow down (before) anybody in the Netherworld! Do not let your beautiful precious metal mix with the dirt of the Netherworld! Do not let your beautiful lapis lazuli be split apart like the stone cutter's stone! Do not let your boxwood be cut like the carpenter’s wood! Do not let maiden Inana bow down in the Netherworld!
1830:, Enki's monstrous servants attack the boat six times, but each time she repeats the formula "water has not touched your hands, water has not touched your feet" to Ninshubur, which according to Bendt Alter is meant to indicate that as long as the stay out of water they are out of the reach of Enki. After successfully escaping, they reach
732:, linked to the deities she served "not as cause and effect, but as command and execution". Her two main functions were these of "intercessory goddess" and "archetypal attendant of the gods". She served Inanna, but also Anu and by extension the entire divine assembly. The association with Anu is known from sources from the reign of
678:. It is also known that during building rituals figures of Ninshubur were buried under temples of other gods in some cases. A "letter-prayer" possibly referring to a statue of Ninshubur mentions that the deity had a "face exuding allure", and describes Ninshubur's physique in terms similar to these sometimes applied to Inanna.
1915:
1891:
1499:. Records indicate that he built temples of both female and male Ninshubur. In an inscription commemorating the building of a temple of Ninshubur in Ur, he refers to this deity as a goddess, while in a later one commemorating the defeat of Uruk - as a god. It is likely he was particularly devoted to this deity.
1490:
priestess, though it has been noted that she lacks the horned crown associated with divinity. A "letter-prayer" to
Ninshubur (UET 6/1, 7) which indicates that such texts were presented to a statue of the deity, is also assumed to be from Ur, though it is regarded as likely that it was sent by a king
1447:
in the Ur III period. E-ninbitum ("house fit for a lady"), a temple dedicated to her, or according to
Wolfgang Heimpel a cella in a temple dedicated to Inanna, is attested in texts from this city. It might be the same temple as E-aggasummmu, "house which gives decrees," also presumed to be located in
368:
when Anu is concerned", Papsukkal being the name of a male messenger deity, Frans
Wiggermann argues that the only texts from the third millennium BCE which identify Ninshubur's gender state that she was a goddess, rather than a god. Gábor Zólyomi also translates a passage related to Ninshubur's role
1694:
Victor
Hurowitz considered it possible that the terms which Ninshubur uses to illustrate the possible dreadful fate of Inanna in the netherworld during her attempts to persuade other gods to help her might be a mythical reflection of a ritual of renewal of a damaged statue. While the first two gods
932:
and before other relatives. Ninshubur was regarded as a guardian of Inanna's secrets and as her adviser, though according to one text the latter could scoff at offered advice, both incorrect and correct. Ninshubur was also capable of "appeasing" Inanna, and one of her epithets was "who flatters the
1673:
Before Inanna embarks on her journey to the land of the dead, seemingly motivated by a desire to take over it, she instructs
Ninshubur what to do if she will not return after three days. It is assumed that this scene is supposed to establish that she is not going to be trapped in the underworld
425:, and the only similarity between her and the class of priests was their shared ability to appease specific deities. Wolfgang Heimpel suggested another solution, namely that three separate deities shared the same name, one female (according to him found for example in association with Inanna in
1037:, where Ninshubur appears alongside Meslamtaea in two lists of offerings. Frans Wiggermann notes that the pairing of Nergal with Ninshubur is unusual, as she was the only goddess sometimes regarded as his wife who had a well defined role other than that of his spouse, the other exception being
1858:
Ninshubur is tasked with providing Ishtar (the counterpart of Inanna) with information about the fearsome Saltu ("discord"), an opponent Ea (the counterpart of Enki) created for her, meant to serve as her mirror image. A peculiarity of this text are recurring misspellings of specific words in
1543:, a ruler of this city, considered her his personal deity and dedicated a statue to her for the life of himself, his wife and children. A document dealing with distribution of bread to the Adab's temples indicates that one of them was dedicated to Ninshubur, and that its staff included a
559:. Papsukkal was not worshiped in that city in earlier periods, and in contrast with Ninshubur appeared only infrequently as a family deity or in personal names, but in the context of the so-called "antiquarian theology" relying largely on god lists, which developed in Uruk under
1005:, in which a minor goddess (Lamma) leads a human to a seated major deity. Lamma could also be a designation for specific goddesses in contexts in which their functions were analogous to these usually fulfilled by this category of deities, with Gudea occasionally calling the
1569:
According to Jennie Myers, Ninshubur is also attested in Sippar, where the theonym according to her should be read phonetically in
Sumerian names, and as "Ilabrat" in less common Akkadian ones. The worship of Ninshubur in this city is no longer attested after the reign of
863:
appears in it as well, seemingly to elevate his standing among gods due to his role in the royal ideology of that time period. Gábor Zólyomi notes that a hymn focusing on
Ninshubur in the role of "mother of the land" (BL 195, known from the tablet Ash. 1911.326 from the
1388:, which makes it possible she a deity worshiped by commoners at first, and only started to receive offerings from the official administration during the period of the latter monarch's rule. A temple dedicated to her, E-ešbarmeluḫḫa, "house of decisions which cleans the
1172:, Ninshubur is paired with the otherwise unknown goddess Mārat-ūmi, "daughter of the day" or "daughter of the storm". In a single incantation dated to the end of the third millennium BCE, possibly a part of a building ritual, she appears alongside the divine potter
1324:
In the Early
Dynastic period Ninshubur's cult was already established in Uruk, as indicated by votive inscriptions, and it is considered possible that it was transferred there from Akkil. She continues to appear in sources from this city in the Ur III period, when
1903:
744:
was derived from her position as a servant of major deities, which resulted in the belief that she was capable of mediating with her masters on behalf of human petitioners. A hymn (CBS 14073) describes her as a servant of not only her usual masters, but also
1101:, and invokes both of them to bless the recipient. Lugalnamtarra, as well as a deity whose name was written as SUKKAL, who according to Odette Boivin might be analogous to Ninshubur, both appear in association with Shamash in texts from the archives of the
1452:
referred to her as "mistress". However, she does not appear in the official cultic calendars and offering lists from this location from the reign of his dynasty, despite being a popular deity, which according to Julia M. Asher-Greve finds a parallel in
1859:
Ninshubur's speech. While it has been proposed that they are simply scribal errors, Benjamin R. Foster assumes this is implausible as all of them occur in two successive lines, and proposes that they were employed purposely to represent
Ninshubur
1049:, were possibly associated with the earth, this role of Ninshubur was tied to her function as "lady of the earth." No other examples of Ninshubur being regarded as another deity's wife are known. A single source refers to Ninshubur as Nergal's
981:
437:
hymn (CBS 15119+) possibly being an attempt at reconciling conflicting accounts by describing
Ninshubur (identified as female in this context by Frans Wiggermann) as dressed in both feminine (left side) and masculine (right side) robes.
621:
representing right to rule granted to her by her masters, It is possible that it was believed Ninshubur therefore bestowed similar privileges upon kings. Other gods' divine attendants were depicted holding staffs too, including
1511:
in the Early Dynastic period already, and it is possible she was introduced to the local pantheon directly from Akkil, like in the case of Uruk. In the Old Babylonian period, she received offerings in the temple complexes of
1398:," known from later royal inscriptions, was also located in this city. Only a single theophoric name invoking Ninshubur is known from the Lagash area from the Early Dynastic period, Ninshubur-amamu, "Ninshubur is my mother".
340:, might be either an alternate form or a separate, though similarly named, deity. Frans Wiggermann additionally argues that sometimes the name was rendered simply as Shubur, but this assumption is not universally accepted.
1879:
1947:, most likely due to their culture also having an urban character. According to Tonia Sharlach, the inhabitants of Subartu were viewed as "neighbors whose language (and perhaps culture) were worthy of closer knowledge."
1585:, Ninshubur was worshiped in a temple built by the local king Takil-ilissu in the Old Babylonian period. An inscription states that various festivals dedicated to this deity were held in the courtyard of the temple of
5369:
1764:: in the former, a servant seeks help on behalf of her mistress, while in the latter text the roles are reversed, and it is Gilgamesh who wants to bring his companion Enkidu back. Dina Katz suggests that since
1748:, where it turns out that he did not mourn Inanna's death, which angers her. His behavior, contrasted with Ninshubur's (as well as Shara's and Lulal's), is meant to justify his eventual fate. Inanna lets the
650:
was expected to walk in front of their master, leading the way with their staff. Other objects associated with Ninshubur included doors and shoes, and her epithet in a single source is "pure minister of the
1752:
take him away. Ninshubur is not mentioned in the surviving lines of the remaining section of the narrative, which is focused on Dumuzi's attempt at escaping his fate and his confinement in the underworld.
800:. According to Wiggermann, while this term is attested as an administrative rank and in this context refers to an official responsible for managing the activities of multiple people holding the rank of
1317:, the goddess of prisons, also bearing such a name. A number of objects dedicated to "Ninshubur of Akkil" are known, including artifacts from the Early Dynastic period and a vessel inscribed by a
1461:" appear in texts from Ur as well. It has been suggested she was introduced to the latter city from Uruk, as the local pantheon included other typically Urukean deities, such as the deified hero
939:. Additionally, a temple dedicated to her whose location is not presently known bore the name E-šatezu, "house which knows the soothing of the heart". It is attested in a hymn dedicated to king
804:, there is no indication that it had a similar meaning when applied to deities, and in this context its use is most likely only meant to exalt the bearer. Ninshubur was also referred to as
313:. The Sumerian term Shubur or Subir (Subartu) designated areas north of Mesopotamia. Both in ancient documents and in past scholarship the terms "Subartu" and "Subarians" usually refer to
4796:
Gabbay, Uri; Boivin, Odette (2018). "A Hymn of Ayadaragalama, King of the First Sealand Dynasty, to the Gods of Nippur: The Fate of Nippur and Its Cult during the First Sealand Dynasty".
1473:
too. In one case, Ninshubur of Enegi is called the "small Ninshubur" (Ninshubur-banda), in contrast with Ninshubur of Akkil or Uruk, referred to as "great Ninshubur" (Ninshubur-gula).
1405:, regarded Ninshubur as his personal deity. In offering lists from his reign she was placed above Mesandu, who possibly had an analogous role during the reigns of earlier local kings.
946:
The role of a mediator between a major deity and worshipers played by Ninshubur in the cult of Inanna has been compared to that played by the spouses of other major gods, for example
777:. Frans Wiggermann notes that Ninshubur's association with the divine assembly treated as a whole indicates that even though she shared many of her roles with another well attested
1121:. She accordingly appears in the Isin god list in the section enumerating deities linked to both Ninisina and Inanna. Other members of this group who shared this status include
1001:
explains the character of Lamma as that of "protective and tutelary goddesses" and notes that they are the figures most commonly appearing in so-called "presentation scenes" in
1732:
Since Ninshubur is a faithful servant who mourned her properly, the demons are not allowed to take her. Inanna also does not allow them to take two further servants they meet,
1779:
focused on the counterpart of Inanna, Ishtar, but he is not directly designated as her personal servant, and the text states that he was serving "the great gods" as a group.
522:
in personal names. However, Ichiro Nakata nonetheless lists a single instance name from this city in which Ninshubur according to his analysis is treated as a female deity.
6216:
582:, worshiped alongside Papsukkal in Seleucid Uruk, was originally an epithet of female Ninshubur, a manifestation of her or at least a similar goddess sharing the role of
1333:
mentions the building of a "temple kitchen" of Ninshubur, which might be related to a foundation tablet dedicated to her found in Uruk, though this remains uncertain.
514:. In texts from the second millennium BCE, Ninshubur and Ilabrat coexisted. It is assumed that at least some cases Ninshubur's name, when treated as masculine, was a
1674:
permanently. After this period time passes, Ninshubur, following her mistress' instructions, mourns her death by lamenting and wearing rags and pleads with the gods
1801:, also referred to as the "Both of An" in modern literature. The name of the boat is also attested in a fragment of an otherwise unknown narrative about Inanna and
1547:
priestess. While Ninshubur's position in offering lists indicates she was a major deity in the local pantheon, very few theophoric names invoking her are attested.
1233:
already. Due to her intercessory role, she was popular in the sphere of personal worship, for example as a family deity. She was also among the deities invoked in
6076:
5762:
6316:
714:, known in ancient Mesopotamia as Sipazianna, "the true shepherd of heaven", was regarded as the astral symbol of Ninshubur, as well as Ilabrat and Papsukkal.
388:
texts Ninshubur was regarded as male, though it is possible exceptions did exist. According to Raphael Kutscher, Ninshubur might have been viewed as female in
1009:(in this context a collective term for the major deities) gods "Lamma of all countries". The nature of Lamma can be compared to that of the modern concept of
6364:
441:
The view that Ninshubur was male as a servant of An in Sumerian texts from the third millennium BCE relies on the widely accepted assumption that a deity's
707:, and that on Old Babylonian seals the double lion-headed mace associated with Nergal might represent Ninshubur in the role of a deity related to him.
1263:, was considered her primary cult center. Nin-Akkil ("lady of Akkil"), a name found in documents from the Early Dynastic period and from the reign of
924:. Frans Wiggermann describes the relation between them as very close. It was believed that Inanna bestowed Ninshubur's titles upon her and made her a
433:), with no ambiguity of gender in any case. However, the matter of Ninshubur's gender was in some cases already unclear to ancient scribes, with one
5773:
Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
832:
in more than one or two sources, with seven instances known as of 2014. One of them is an Old Babylonian dedicatory inscription from the reign of
381:
is not entirely conclusive, though might point at the female version of this deity being worshiped there too, despite attested connection to Anu.
1943:
Beate Pongratz-Leisten notes that Hurrians were never regarded as outsiders in Mesopotamian sources, unlike other neighboring groups such as the
1589:, which bore the ceremonial name Emaš (possibly erroneous writing of Eulmaš). In the same text Ninshubur is invoked in a curse formula alongside
1384:
and received offerings from the king's wife, Barnamtarra. There is no evidence pertaining to Ninshubur from the reign of Lugalanda's predecessor
928:. In one text, Inanna addressed Ninshubur endearingly as "my mother". In another, she is called the "beloved attendant" and appears right after
5686:
6275:
6226:
6052:
5810:
5781:
5738:
5657:
5585:
5554:
5382:
4850:
4786:
4759:
4666:
4600:
4571:
4521:
4467:
4426:
1057:
might have existed in early periods, but notes that no potential references to it occur in any sources postdating the Old Babylonian period.
1053:
rather than wife. Dina Katz on the basis of the connection between those two deities suggests that a tradition connecting Ninshubur to the
541:. Papsukkal's rise to prominence at the expense of other similar figures, such as Ninshubur, was likely rooted in the presence of the word
1909:
Ancient Sumerian calcite-alabaster figurine of a male worshiper. 2500 BCE - 2250 BCE. The inscription on his right arm mentions Ninshubur.
1033:
in early sources from southern Mesopotamian cities. Marcos Such-Gutiérrez notes that it is possible that this tradition was also known in
175:. While it is agreed that in this context Ninshubur was regarded as female, in other cases the deity was considered male, possibly due to
1597:, and the divine lions Dan-bītum and Rašub-bītum to guarantee that nobody removes Takil-ilissu's name from the foundation of the temple.
1230:
918:
374:
337:
195:
1484:
have been found. It is uncertain if a statue found in the Ninshubur chapel represents any deity, or a human. for example a princess or
1301:. Ninshubur's temple located in that settlement was E-(a)akkil, whose ceremonial name has been translated as "house of lamentation" by
6754:
4564:
Death rituals, ideology, and the development of early Mesopotamian kingship: toward a new understanding of Iraq's royal cemetery of Ur
5646:"Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East"
6253:
5839:
5265:
5073:
4931:
4896:
4869:
4724:
4697:
4552:
4494:
1695:
Ninshubur approaches, Enlil and Nanna, refuse to help her, she eventually manages to secure the aid of Enki. He creates two beings,
332:
dialect are known, Gashanshubur, referring to the female form of this deity, and Umunshubur, referring to the male one. The theonym
1064:
Kakka, a local healing goddess, attested only in personal names, was associated with Ninshubur, but also with the medicine goddess
4413:
377:
refer to Ninshubur exclusively as a goddess according to Toshiko Kobayashi. According to Marcos Such-Gutiérrez, the evidence from
6357:
4531:
Cavigneaux, Antoine; Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2014). "Vizir, concubine, entonnoir... Comment lire et comprendre le signe SAL.ḪUB
662:
Very few depictions of female Ninshubur have been identified with certainty, though it is possible she is the deity on seals of
183:. No certain information about her genealogy is present in any known sources, and she was typically regarded as unmarried. As a
6734:
1707:
1054:
847:
A number of references to Ninshubur as the "mother of the land" are known. A theological text composed during the reign of the
298:
1960:, regarded as "lady of Lamma" She was viewed as a servant of Inanna much like Ninshubur, and in god lists, for example in the
740:, Ninshubur was believed to implement divine rules and regulations on her behalf. Her role as a popular intercessory deity in
187:, she functioned both as a messenger deity and as an intercessor between other members of the pantheon and human petitioners.
190:
Due to the belief that she could intercede with higher ranking deities, Ninshubur was popular in everyday religion, and many
510:
It has been proposed that the variance in Ninshubur's gender is related to syncretism between her and the male Akkadian god
5698:"„Dieser Ziegel ist wie Lapislazuli..." Ein bisher übersehenes Bauritual im Kontext der frühen sumerischen Beschwörungen."
997:, a class of minor goddesses, likely due to their shared role in intercession between mortals and higher ranking deities.
741:
1229:
There is evidence for creation of cult statues and votive offerings dedicated to Ninshubur from various locations in the
502:, whose varying gender might be connected to dual role as personification of both the morning star and the evening star.
6744:
5484:
4453:
421:
clergy, but this view is not supported by other researchers, as regardless of gender Ninshubur was never described as a
281:". or alternatively "Lady of servants" (or "Lady of Subarian servants") based on another meaning of the second element,
68:
1670:. It is assumed it belonged to the curriculum of scribal schools. However, no first millennium BCE examples are known.
693:), she can be identified as a goddess accompanied by his symbolic composite animal, the "lion-griffin", similar to how
609:
6350:
655:
shoes." According to Julia Krul, said title is bestowed upon Ninshubur by Inanna in a late variant of one of the city
1176:. She is rare in magical texts otherwise, though she is attested in an incantation from the Ur III period alongside
6739:
1524:". It is possible it can be identified with a nameless sanctuary mentioned in an inscription dated to the reign of
1394:," existed in Girsu. It is possible, though not certain, that E-mekilibbasagil, "house which lifts on high all the
1026:
943:, though it is uncertain if it corresponds to structures dedicated to Ninshubur mentioned in texts from his reign.
686:
4415:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1834:, and Ninshubur asks Inanna where she plans to unload the stolen items. The rest of the myth is poorly preserved.
6749:
5162:
5127:
5092:
1989:, used to refer to this location in this passage, is sparsely attested in Sumerian literature, only appearing in
1768:
was a widely circulated text, it is plausible that this part of the latter narrative was in part inspired by it.
911:
Ninshubur, under the variant name Nin-Akkil ("lady of Akkil"), is already regarded as a servant of Inanna in the
5702:
Text and Image: Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015
1897:
The name of the deity Ninshubur is mentioned on the right shoulder. From Adab, Iraq. 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum.
194:
invoking her and other references to personal worship are known. Her original cult center was Akkil, but in the
1716:
demons accompanying Inanna suggest they can take Ninshubur to replace her in the underworld, but she protests:
1667:
1294:
1002:
736:
onward, and might be a secondary development, with Inanna being her primary and original mistress. As Inanna's
903:
No clear evidence exists regarding Ninshubur's parentage. In early sources she usually did not have a spouse.
449:, regarded as a goddess in known sources and in one case equated with female Ninshubur, was also said to be a
396:, though Douglas Frayne treats this deity as male in his translation of an inscription from this location. In
285:"servant," and in reference to her role as a benevolent intercessory deity. Earlier translations, for example
1113:, one of the kings of Sealand, included the title "servant of Utu and Ninshubur" in his royal titulature. In
812:, though according to Raphael Kutscher in this case the use of this title should be considered the result of
468:
Ninshubur was not the only Mesopotamian deity whose gender varied in ancient sources, other examples include
1194:) of Ninshubur's sanctuary in Akkil (tablet I, line 255), though the same deity is also mentioned alongside
851:
states that "Ninshubur occupies the land" and includes her among the highest ranking gods, alongside Enlil,
623:
255:
demons sent to find someone to replace her in the land of the dead. Ninshubur's mourning is contrasted with
578:
Despite the syncretism leading to perception of Ninshubur as a male deity, it is possible that the goddess
6042:
998:
758:
1863:
in shock due to Saltu's fearsome nature and her resemblance to Ishtar, translating the text accordingly:
1218:
1195:
6662:
1793:, Ninshubur assists her mistress in escaping from enemies sent after her by Enki in the Boat of Heaven,
1655:
1628:, but it is difficult to tell if the deity in mention was female Ninshubur, male Ninshubur, or Ilabrat.
1217:
states the latter attestation is likely to be a scribal mistake, as Šeri was conventionally paired with
1102:
711:
699:
567:
and one of the eighteen major deities of the city. The late syncretic Papsukkal was not regarded as the
434:
397:
6306:
828:
appears in literary texts in parallel with "sukkal". Ninshubur is the only deity referred to as SAL.ḪÚB
309:. It is possible this uncommon understanding was based on a local tradition associating Ninshubur with
6417:
4589:
D'Agostino, Franco; Greco, Angela (2019). "Abu Tbeirah. A Philological and Epigraphic Point of View".
1097:
A single Old Babylonian letter associates Ninshubur with Lugalnamtarra, a deity possibly analogous to
6473:
1207:
1084:(where the medicine goddess Kakka appears separately in Ninkarrak's section) and from the later myth
162:
233:
In myths, Ninshubur is portrayed as a companion of Inanna and helps her during various exploits. In
6647:
1274:
1264:
873:
848:
733:
318:
1686:
in an effort to persuade them to rescue Inanna. In all three cases, she repeats the same formula:
1269:
481:
6149:
6070:
6023:
6015:
5972:
5933:
5894:
5886:
5756:
5713:
5632:
5456:
5417:
5314:
5052:
5005:
4958:
4821:
4639:
4400:
1203:
965:
Sumerian literary catalogs list at least 7 hymns dedicated to Ninshubur which based on surviving
671:
286:
6330:
6322:
6312:
6268:
An experienced scribe who neglects nothing: ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Jacob Klein
1706:
After Inanna returns to the world of the living, Ninshubur, who was waiting at the gates of the
820:. This term is sparsely attested, and it assumed that it referred to a deity considered to be a
317:. It is possible that echoes of Ninshubur's association with Subartu survived as late as in the
52:
5401:
1126:
6373:
6337:
6281:
6271:
6249:
6232:
6222:
6141:
6058:
6048:
6007:
5964:
5925:
5878:
5845:
5835:
5816:
5806:
5787:
5777:
5744:
5734:
5682:
5663:
5653:
5624:
5591:
5581:
5560:
5550:
5531:
5500:
5448:
5388:
5378:
5306:
5261:
5209:
5184:
5149:
5114:
5079:
5069:
5044:
4997:
4950:
4927:
4902:
4892:
4875:
4865:
4846:
4813:
4782:
4755:
4730:
4720:
4703:
4693:
4672:
4662:
4631:
4606:
4596:
4577:
4567:
4548:
4517:
4490:
4463:
4422:
4392:
1772:
1563:
1481:
1329:
built a new temple dedicated to her there. A year name of either this king or his predecessor
986:
385:
4484:
1180:, and in a late liver omen text "hand of Ninshubur" is listed one of the possible diagnoses.
895:
Some hymns indicate that the role of a divine healer was occasionally ascribed to Ninshubur.
6133:
5999:
5870:
5705:
5616:
5521:
5492:
5409:
5253:
5174:
5139:
5104:
5036:
4989:
4919:
4838:
4805:
4774:
4747:
4540:
4509:
4384:
1961:
1756:
Alhena Gadotti notes that an "inverted parallelism" exists between the role of Ninshubur in
1348:
1302:
1046:
865:
675:
6764:
6759:
6447:
1925:
dedicated to Ninshubur by Enzi and his son Amar-kiku. 2400 BCE). British Museum, BM 22470.
1679:
1532:
1423:
1410:
1293:, and favors the latter interpretation due to lack of references to it in economic texts.
1277:
notes that she can be considered one of the members of a group of deities associated with
1234:
1134:
1117:, Ninshubur was seemingly instead incorporated into the entourage of the medicine goddess
933:
heart of Inanna". Various epithets related to this function are preserved in the god list
889:
242:
191:
57:
1586:
1154:
393:
6569:
1826:
1486:
1390:
1212:
1010:
869:
723:
663:
572:
417:
401:
349:
265:
5727:"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba"
4375:
Alster, Bendt (1974). "On the Interpretation of the Sumerian Myth "Inanna and Enki"".
1728:, to the house of Enki. She brought me back to life. How could I turn her over to you?
586:
of Anu. Frans Wiggermann translates this name as "mother who cannot be pushed aside".
472:(the deity of beer, female in earlier sources but at times male later on), the couple
356:. At the same time, many authors propose that Ninshubur was male when associated with
6728:
6153:
6027:
5898:
5717:
5636:
5421:
5056:
4825:
4404:
1885:
A seal of Lugal-ushumgal as servant of Shar-Kali-Sharri, possibly depicting Ninshubur
1845:
1806:
1617:
1555:
1470:
1290:
947:
598:
409:
290:
211:
60:
5485:"A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in the Old Babylonian Texts from Mari"
5371:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-umm and AN:Anu šá Ameli
1964:, she usually appears after the latter, before any further related deities (such as
6402:
5496:
5249:
The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
1625:
1601:
1571:
1310:
1138:
1122:
921:
824:
who was viewed as emotionally close to their lord or lady. In most of cases SAL.ḪÚB
652:
538:
6085:
5828:
Sharlach, Tonia (2002). "Foreign Influences on the Religion of the Ur III Court".
1496:
793:
6198:
6180:
6162:
5676:
5351:
5333:
5276:
5228:
4889:
The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts
4457:
1289:. Frans Wiggermann is uncertain if Akkil should be interpreted as a town or as a
1161:
at least in the sphere of cult she was linked to the circle of the local goddess
6559:
6513:
1922:
1733:
1613:
1536:
1432:
1428:
1086:
1061:
1034:
877:
833:
704:
694:
627:
519:
494:
but as his daughter in sources from Uruk from the first millennium BCE, and the
378:
219:
6137:
5040:
4949:. 44/45. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 176–185.
352:
is that Ninshubur was always identified as a female deity when associated with
6708:
6619:
6599:
6554:
6478:
6397:
5748:
5605:"UET 6/1, 74, the Hymnic Introduction of a Sumerian Letter-Prayer to Ninšubur"
5257:
5197:
4610:
4544:
4388:
1860:
1745:
1477:
1406:
1352:
A tablet mentioning sacrifices made to various gods worshiped in the state of
1298:
1297:
in a more recent publication instead concluded it was a town located close to
1162:
1130:
1038:
935:
913:
754:
613:
A seal of Lugal-ushumgal as servant of Naram-Sin, possibly depicting Ninshubur
589:
Julia Krul suggests that the conflation between two deities from the court of
579:
560:
547:
545:
in his name. While an association between the two is attested in the god list
515:
490:
458:
446:
176:
6145:
6062:
6011:
5968:
5929:
5882:
5667:
5628:
5595:
5564:
5535:
5504:
5452:
5392:
5310:
5213:
5188:
5179:
5153:
5144:
5118:
5109:
5048:
5001:
4954:
4817:
4676:
4635:
4396:
1376:(around 2400 BCE), during whose reign she was celebrated during festivals of
840:
of Inanna", and appears in a short list of members of her family right after
6703:
6594:
6564:
6452:
6285:
6236:
5849:
5820:
5791:
5709:
5413:
5083:
4923:
4906:
4879:
4734:
4590:
4581:
1991:
1965:
1594:
1551:
1462:
1427:("mistress"). Statues dedicated for the life of a ruler to Ninshubur and to
1414:
1402:
1385:
1373:
1306:
1286:
1110:
1065:
881:
860:
770:
526:
499:
473:
365:
322:
134:
5546:
God Lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
4773:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press.
4746:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press.
4707:
465:(both of them male) in a Sumerian text dated to the Old Babylonian period.
408:
Ninshubur was also considered female. However, whether her name on Kassite
6301:
5437:"Who Was Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur? The Epigraphic and Textual Data"
4842:
4778:
4751:
4513:
4486:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
1760:
and that of Gilgamesh in another composition dealing with similar themes,
1129:. Frans Wiggermann states an attestation of Ninshubur appearing alongside
785:, she was ultimately considered the higher-ranked member of the pantheon.
301:" - are regarded as erroneous, as no other sources explain the meaning of
6713:
6693:
6483:
5620:
4809:
2239:
2237:
1802:
1582:
1540:
1525:
1469:. References to Ninshubur receiving offerings there appear in texts from
1381:
1330:
1314:
1248:
1177:
1118:
1006:
601:, might have been influenced by the similar process involving Ninshubur.
552:
314:
5976:
5937:
5578:
Studia Mesopotamica: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur
5526:
5513:
5460:
5318:
4962:
4643:
3765:
3763:
453:
of Anu in an Old Babylonian document. Ninshubur herself appears as the
263:, Ninshubur helps Inanna escape from Enki's servants after theft of the
71:
while Ninshubur stands in front of her paying obeisance, c. 2334-2154 BC
6657:
6614:
6589:
6584:
6528:
6503:
6019:
5952:
5913:
5890:
5802:
Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš
5436:
5294:
5009:
4942:
4835:
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle
3529:
3527:
3208:
3206:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2568:
2566:
2391:
2389:
1973:
1969:
1944:
1621:
1578:
1517:
1413:. Another ruler of Lagash who regarded her as his personal goddess was
1337:
1146:
994:
966:
951:
809:
766:
511:
469:
389:
278:
227:
210:. Many kings of this area regarded her as their personal deity. In the
180:
154:
124:
5991:
5858:
5163:"ON NINAZU, AS SEEN IN THE ECONOMIC TEXTS OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC LAGAŠ"
4977:
4592:
Abu Tbeirah excavations I. Area 1: last phase and building A – phase 1
2505:
2503:
2501:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
1372:. She was already worshiped there when the area was under the rule of
1094:, but only in the specific role of "one who holds the great scepter".
6688:
6672:
6609:
6604:
6579:
6574:
6549:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6442:
6342:
5963:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44.
3012:
3010:
2052:
2050:
1995:
1957:
1810:
1741:
1663:
1637:
1520:. Her temple in this city was Eakkilduku, "house of lamentation, the
1508:
1466:
1454:
1449:
1377:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1326:
1282:
1260:
1243:
1187:
1173:
1158:
1142:
1106:
1098:
1077:
1042:
1030:
940:
929:
885:
856:
852:
841:
762:
728:
690:
667:
656:
631:
594:
534:
429:) and two male (one associated with Anu and yet another worshiped in
405:
370:
353:
329:
310:
256:
223:
203:
172:
167:
109:
64:
38:
33:
6003:
5874:
5829:
5771:
5726:
5697:
5604:
5544:
5514:"Old Babylonian god-lists in retrospect: A new edition of TH 80.112"
5247:
4993:
4619:
1724:, to the house of Enlil, and to Urim, to the house of Nanna, and to
1654:. It is presently known from a total of fifty eight copies from the
1149:
in the Old Babylonian period, she seemingly fulfilled the role of a
6246:
Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer
6121:
5800:
5645:
5573:
4690:
Essays on the ancient Near East in memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein
4685:
4437:
1267:, likely refers to her. She is the goddess of this location in the
1041:. He assumes that since many of Nergal's attested spouses, such as
563:
rule, he was fully identified with Ninshubur and thus became Anu's
237:, she is responsible for securing Inanna's return by pleading with
6698:
6652:
6533:
6437:
6407:
6263:
6104:
5024:
1867:
She is b-bizarre in her actions, she b-behaves unreasoningly (...)
1818:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1675:
1609:
1521:
1513:
1492:
1458:
1418:
1369:
1347:
1169:
1069:
1022:
989:, 2000-1800 BCE. Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago.
980:
955:
816:
cultural influence. Ninshubur could also be referred to as SAL.ḪÚB
782:
746:
682:
643:
639:
608:
495:
477:
462:
430:
415:
Uri Gabbay proposed that Ninshubur's identity was a mirror of the
251:
238:
207:
85:
5491:. 30–31. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 234–253.
1813:
during a festival, and in lists of offerings from Old Babylonian
659:, and might reflect her "arduous travels in her lady's service".
6667:
6642:
6624:
6432:
6387:
1831:
1814:
1683:
1605:
1559:
1278:
1199:
1114:
1029:, in this context to be understood as a byname used to refer to
969:
described her lamenting over something that happened to Inanna.
959:
813:
750:
635:
590:
556:
485:
246:
199:
81:
6346:
2342:
2340:
2338:
1457:'s position in the local pantheon. References to "Ninshubur of
788:
In addition to her usual title, Ninshubur could also be called
369:
as a servant of Anu as referring to a female deity. Texts from
6457:
6392:
5805:(in German). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
4943:"The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502"
3672:
3670:
3594:
3592:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3544:
3542:
1600:
Other cities where Ninshubur was apparently worshiped include
1590:
774:
357:
42:
6126:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
6105:"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II"
6044:
The reception of Sumerian literature in the western periphery
5609:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
5029:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
4798:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
4377:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
2874:
2872:
2870:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
1068:. This deity most likely should be regarded as distinct from
617:
Ninshubur's attribute was a staff, a sign of her office as a
259:'s attitude which leads to his death in this composition. In
5093:"On the Meaning of the Offerings for the Statue of Entemena"
2997:
2995:
2889:
2887:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
5574:"A Journey of the Boat of An During the Reign of Rim-Sin I"
2931:
2929:
1659:
1444:
1340:
indicates that Ninshubur was also worshiped in Bad-tibira.
836:. In another text, she is described as the "beloved SAL.ḪÚB
426:
215:
5025:"Inanna's Descent and Undressing the Dead as a Divine Law"
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
202:. She was also introduced to the pantheon of the state of
5173:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 75–105.
3735:
3733:
3271:
3269:
3118:
3116:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2760:
2758:
2447:
2445:
2420:
2418:
2416:
277:
Frans Wiggermann translates Ninshubur's name as "Lady of
6338:
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Papsukkal (god)
5138:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 22–42.
5103:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 43–65.
4341:
4339:
4314:
4312:
4310:
3750:
3748:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2916:
2914:
2376:
2374:
1956:
A similar association with Lamma was also attributed to
1550:
Ninshubur is also attested in Early Dynastic texts from
1364:
Ninshubur is well attested in sources from the state of
480:, whose genders were in some instances switched around,
249:. After being resurrected, Inanna protects her from the
5998:. 43/45. American Schools of Oriental Research: 63–70.
4237:
4235:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4109:
4107:
4105:
3984:
3982:
3657:
3655:
3394:
3392:
3193:
3191:
218:. Further cities where Ninshubur was worshiped include
6248:, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers,
6122:"An Unrecognized Synonym of Sumerian sukkal, "Vizier""
2946:
2944:
1480:, as well as votive objects to dedicated to them from
1368:. Offerings were typically made to her in the city of
1168:
In a greeting formula in a latter from Old Babylonian
146:
24:
5869:(1/2). American Schools of Oriental Research: 62–80.
4717:
Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature
3889:
3817:
3805:
3769:
3533:
3518:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3212:
2818:
2737:
2670:
2572:
2509:
2492:
2436:
2407:
2395:
2262:
2243:
2204:
2056:
5066:
The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources
3016:
1636:
In literary texts, Ninshubur frequently accompanies
1090:. Ninshubur was identified with the latter Kakka in
6681:
6633:
6542:
6466:
6425:
6380:
5731:
Uruk - altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum
5704:(in German). Peeters Publishers. pp. 399–410.
4862:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
4412:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
3793:
1476:During excavations of Ur, chapels of Ninshubur and
1431:are also known from the periods of Nammahani's and
1305:. The city is to be distinguished from a temple of
412:refers to a god or a goddess is presently unknown.
130:
120:
115:
104:
99:
91:
76:
21:
5447:(2). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 153–197.
1809:, where it appears in association with Inanna and
1321:priests of Inanna from Uruk in the Ur III period.
551:already, the conflation was only finalized in the
6163:"Nergal A. Philologisch · Nergal A. Philological"
4918:. Penn State University Press. pp. 155–160.
3287:
2168:
2132:
1535:, Ninshubur was also present in the pantheon of
1202:(tablet III, lines 233-234), which according to
5953:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt"
4978:"The Mesopotamian God Image, from Womb to Tomb"
4914:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2002). "The Lady of Girsu".
4506:The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia
2849:
2020:
1865:
1718:
1688:
293:from the first millennium BCE explaining it as
6244:Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983),
5914:"Notes on the Old Babylonian Hymns of Agušaya"
5128:"Was Mesandu the Personal Deity of Enentarzi?"
3877:
3347:
2346:
2216:
685:, where Ninshubur was regarded as the wife of
6358:
6317:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1620:) in the Old Babylonian period, and later on
1421:. Gudea himself referred to Ninshubur as his
1313:also known as Akkil, and from a sanctuary of
8:
6221:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.
5831:General studies and excavations at Nuzi 10/3
5305:. GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press: 11–14.
4891:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
4566:. Leiden Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
3434:
3028:
525:Ninshubur was additionally syncretised with
3781:
3634:
3622:
3598:
3571:
3548:
3260:
2905:
2878:
2837:
2689:
2637:
2596:
2305:
2120:
2099:
2075:
2041:
1259:Akkil, where Ninshubur was associated with
360:. While the second millennium BCE god list
6365:
6351:
6343:
6075:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4941:Horowitz, Wayne; Oelsner, Joachim (1997).
3371:
3359:
3335:
3248:
3146:
3134:
3001:
2986:
2962:
2935:
2893:
2861:
2749:
2713:
2701:
2468:
1850:In an Akkadian myth known under the title
1643:
1105:in place of his usual attendants (such as
5924:(4). American Oriental Society: 561–571.
5525:
5377:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
5198:"Two British Museum iršemma "Catalogues""
5178:
5143:
5108:
4988:(1). American Oriental Society: 147–157.
4630:(3). University of Texas Press: 475–487.
3901:
3712:
3676:
3470:
2329:
2192:
336:ŠUBUR.AL, attested in documents from the
5918:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5650:Les représentations des dieux des autres
4982:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4537:He Has Opened Nisaba's House of Learning
4265:
4253:
4096:
3949:
3865:
3506:
3494:
3275:
3158:
3122:
2974:
2793:
2781:
2764:
2620:
2608:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2480:
2451:
2365:
2274:
2180:
1658:, with most found during excavations in
1281:in this context nonetheless, similar to
792:"heavenly attendant". An inscription of
5476:The Sippar pantheon: a diachronic study
4438:"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk"
4226:
4202:
4084:
3458:
3410:
3170:
3107:
3095:
3076:
3064:
2920:
2424:
2317:
2156:
2144:
2087:
2013:
1936:
1875:
1771:Papsukkal takes Ninshubur's role in an
1574:. The reasons behind this are unknown.
1141:god list she appears next Nanna's wife
985:Depictions of Lamma goddesses from the
157:" or "Lady of servants"), also spelled
6068:
5776:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
5754:
5035:(2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 221–233.
4744:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.)
4595:. Roma: Sapienza Università Editrice.
4483:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
4357:
4345:
4330:
4318:
4301:
4289:
4277:
3973:
3961:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3754:
3739:
3700:
3688:
3583:
3446:
3422:
3383:
3236:
3197:
3182:
3052:
3040:
2521:
2380:
1703:, who subsequently bring Inanna back.
1666:, as well as from a fragment from the
1186:refers to Māgiru ("obedient") as the "
859:, Ninurta and Nuska. The deified hero
571:of Anu and Ishtar, but rather Anu and
518:spelling of Ilabrat's, for example in
297:- "lord of the earth" or "lord of the
179:with other divine messengers, such as
18:
4241:
4190:
4166:
4142:
4125:
4113:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4000:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3724:
3482:
3398:
3224:
2228:
1237:in many periods. Sometimes her title
1137:is also known. In the Early Dynastic
726:as "the earliest and most important"
328:Two forms of Ninshubur's name in the
7:
4804:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 22–42.
4539:(in French). Brill. pp. 25–35.
4214:
4178:
4154:
4012:
3988:
3661:
3646:
3610:
2950:
2725:
2649:
2584:
1762:Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Underworld
1581:, a kingdom located to the south of
198:she was already worshiped in nearby
6323:Inana's descent to the nether world
6313:Compositions dedicated to Ninshubur
5859:"Miscellaneous Sumerian Texts, III"
4976:Hurowitz, Victor (Avigdor) (2003).
1652:Inanna s Descent to the Netherworld
1645:Inanna's descent to the Netherworld
235:Inanna's Descent to the Netherworld
165:whose primary role was that of the
5681:. New York and London: Routledge.
1710:, throws herself at her feet. The
1507:Ninshubur appears in sources from
993:Ninshubur was associated with the
289:'s from 1976, which relied on two
171:(divine attendant) of the goddess
67:resting her foot on the back of a
14:
6197:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998b),
6179:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998a),
5406:In Context: the Reade Festschrift
3890:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3818:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3806:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3770:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3534:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3519:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3324:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3312:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3300:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3213:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2819:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2738:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2671:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2573:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2510:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2493:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2437:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2408:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2396:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2263:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2244:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2205:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2057:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
880:god list, where she occurs after
6416:
6300:
6161:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
6120:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1988).
6103:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987).
5644:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012).
4657:Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008).
3017:Cavigneaux & Wiggermann 2014
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
348:The modern consensus view among
51:
6262:Zólyomi, Gábor Zólyomi (2005).
5992:"A Shulgi Statuette from Tello"
5951:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005).
5729:. In van Ess, Margarete (ed.).
5408:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
4459:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
1443:Ninshubur is first attested in
445:matched their gender. However,
5497:10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234
4916:Riches Hidden in Secret Places
4624:The Journal of Library History
1650:Ninshubur appears in the myth
1562:, she was worshiped alongside
1206:should be considered unusual.
1025:, Ninshubur was the spouse of
899:Association with other deities
1:
6132:(2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
5725:Sallaberger, Walther (2021).
5615:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
5350:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987a),
5295:"Introductory Considerations"
5202:Studia Orientalia Electronica
4436:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992).
4383:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
1336:A document from the reign of
681:It has been proposed that in
6203:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
6185:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
6167:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
6090:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
5996:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
5863:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
5648:. In Bonnet, Corinne (ed.).
5356:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
5338:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
5332:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987),
5293:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1976).
5281:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
5233:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
5196:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1975).
4864:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
4771:Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC)
4715:Foster, Benjamin R. (1996).
4684:Foster, Benjamin R. (1977).
4489:. The British Museum Press.
1824:After Inanna's theft of the
506:Syncretism with male deities
364:explains that "Ninshubur is
206:, where her cult center was
16:Mesopotamian messenger deity
6270:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
6084:Waetzoldt, Hartmut (2014),
5912:Streck, Michael P. (2010).
5834:. Bethesda, Md: CDL Press.
5652:. Caltanissetta: Sciascia.
5603:Peterson, Jeremiah (2016).
5572:Peterson, Jeremiah (2014).
5543:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
5227:Krebernik, Manfred (1987),
5161:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1992).
5126:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1989).
5091:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1984).
5068:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
4659:Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja
4462:. Oxford University Press.
4421:. Academic Press Fribourg.
3794:D'Agostino & Greco 2019
2850:Horowitz & Oelsner 1997
2021:Wolkstein & Kramer 1983
1198:as one of the two bulls of
689:(in this context a name of
214:she was also introduced to
6781:
6138:10.1515/zava.1988.78.2.225
5990:Suter, Claudia E. (1991).
5957:Archiv für Orientforschung
5580:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
5549:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
5512:Nicolet, Grégoire (2022).
5368:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
5275:Kutscher, Raphael (1987),
5041:10.1515/zava.1995.85.2.221
4947:Archiv für Orientforschung
4887:George, Andrew R. (2003).
4860:George, Andrew R. (1993).
4719:. Potomac, MD: CDL Press.
1843:
1604:(in the Sargonic period),
1080:, known from the god list
703:, a symbol of her husband
605:Attributes and iconography
6755:LGBTQ themes in mythology
6414:
5770:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
5675:Pryke, Louise M. (2017).
5520:(99). OpenEdition: 9–78.
5435:Marchesi, Gianni (2004).
5258:10.1163/9789004364943_004
4545:10.1163/9789004260757_004
4389:10.1515/zava.1974.64.1.20
1401:A later ruler of Lagash,
1255:Akkil, Uruk and Badtibira
1247:sign in front of it like
722:Ninshubur is regarded by
392:when worshiped alongside
108:usually none, but rarely
50:
30:
6215:Wilhelm, Gernot (1989).
6041:Viano, Maurizio (2016).
5857:Sjöberg, Åke W. (1982).
5733:(in German). Wiesbaden.
5400:MacGinnis, John (2020).
5180:10.5356/orient1960.28.75
5145:10.5356/orient1960.25.22
5110:10.5356/orient1960.20.43
4833:Gadotti, Alhena (2014).
4769:Frayne, Douglas (1997).
4742:Frayne, Douglas (1990).
4692:. Hamden: Archon Books.
3435:Gabbay & Boivin 2018
3029:Gabbay & Boivin 2018
1740:. Eventually they reach
1668:Middle Babylonian period
1295:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
1251:, was used in them too.
1003:ancient Mesopotamian art
872:related to abundance in
484:, described as a son of
131:Seleucid Uruk equivalent
5710:10.2307/j.ctv1q26x24.40
5696:Rudik, Nadezda (2018).
5483:Nakata, Ichiro (1995).
5414:10.2307/j.ctv1ddckv5.12
4924:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4wn.16
4620:"The Sumerian Catalogs"
4504:Boivin, Odette (2018).
1616:and Nerebtum (possibly
1356:, including Ninshubur.
855:, Nanna, Inanna, Enki,
321:in texts pertaining to
45:and the divine assembly
6735:Mesopotamian goddesses
6086:"Umma A. Philologisch"
5799:Selz, Gebhard (1995).
5474:Myers, Jennie (2002).
4618:Dalby, Andrew (1986).
4562:Cohen, Andrew (2005).
3288:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2862:Black & Green 1992
1869:
1730:
1692:
1361:
990:
614:
4843:10.1515/9781614515456
4779:10.3138/9781442657069
4752:10.3138/9781442678033
4514:10.1515/9781501507823
2169:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
2133:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
1656:Old Babylonian period
1554:, the cult center of
1351:
1231:Early Dynastic period
1103:First Sealand dynasty
984:
742:Mesopotamian religion
670:during the reigns of
612:
457:of Nergal instead of
375:Early Dynastic period
338:Early Dynastic period
196:Early Dynastic Period
6474:Dumuzid the Shepherd
6309:at Wikimedia Commons
6264:"A hymn to Ninšubur"
5621:10.1515/za-2016-0004
5402:"The gods of Arbail"
5246:Krul, Julia (2018).
4810:10.1515/za-2018-0003
1417:, brother in law of
999:Julia M. Asher-Greve
907:Ninshubur and Inanna
163:Mesopotamian goddess
6745:Messenger goddesses
6467:Other major deities
5527:10.4000/syria.14285
5064:Katz, Dina (2003).
5023:Katz, Dina (1995).
4661:. Warszawa: Agade.
4268:, pp. 319–320.
4181:, pp. 270–271.
3878:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
3425:, pp. 219–221.
3362:, pp. 219–220.
3348:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
3314:, pp. 192–193.
3263:, pp. 497–498.
3149:, pp. 228–229.
3079:, pp. 404–405.
3043:, pp. 121–122.
2989:, pp. 225–227.
2908:, pp. 496–497.
2347:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
2217:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
2102:, pp. 490–491.
1275:Walther Sallaberger
1265:Third Dynasty of Ur
950:in the relation to
874:Sumerian literature
868:) employs multiple
849:Third Dynasty of Ur
796:refers to her as a
734:Third Dynasty of Ur
697:was accompanied by
575:as a pair instead.
319:Neo-Assyrian period
121:Akkadian equivalent
6374:Sumerian mythology
5688:978-1-138--86073-5
3302:, p. 191-192.
2023:, p. 92, 193.
1998:and the Underworld
1805:and in texts from
1362:
1204:Wilfred G. Lambert
1017:Other associations
991:
710:The constellation
672:Naram-Sin of Akkad
615:
537:, tutelary god of
287:Wilfred G. Lambert
6740:Mesopotamian gods
6722:
6721:
6381:Primordial beings
6305:Media related to
6277:978-1-883053-83-3
6228:978-0-85668-442-5
6054:978-88-6969-077-8
5812:978-0-924171-00-0
5783:978-3-447-04456-1
5740:978-3-447-11368-7
5659:978-88-8241-388-0
5587:978-3-86835-076-0
5556:978-3-86835-019-7
5384:978-0-9667495-0-2
4852:978-1-61451-708-5
4788:978-1-4426-5706-9
4761:978-1-4426-7803-3
4668:978-83-87111-41-0
4602:978-88-9377-108-5
4573:978-90-04-14635-8
4523:978-1-5015-0782-3
4469:978-0-19-929633-0
4442:Acta Sumerologica
4428:978-3-7278-1738-0
4360:, pp. 88–89.
4304:, pp. 25–26.
4292:, pp. 24–25.
4217:, pp. 45–46.
4169:, pp. 74–75.
4128:, pp. 72–73.
4075:, pp. 71–72.
4063:, pp. 46–47.
4051:, pp. 45–46.
3290:, pp. 23–28.
3251:, pp. 18–20.
2611:, pp. 57–59.
2495:, pp. 92–93.
2483:, pp. 68–69.
2410:, pp. 95–96.
2246:, pp. 93–94.
1564:Inanna of Zabalam
1531:Since before the
1482:Isin-Larsa period
1241:written with the
987:Isin-Larsa period
529:, originally the
362:An = Anu ša āmeli
140:
139:
77:Major cult center
6772:
6750:Wisdom goddesses
6634:Demons, spirits,
6420:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6344:
6304:
6289:
6258:
6240:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6157:
6116:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6080:
6074:
6066:
6037:
6035:
6034:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5853:
5824:
5795:
5766:
5760:
5752:
5721:
5692:
5671:
5640:
5599:
5568:
5539:
5529:
5508:
5479:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5396:
5376:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5334:"Lugal-namtarra"
5328:
5326:
5325:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5271:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5192:
5182:
5157:
5147:
5122:
5112:
5087:
5060:
5019:
5017:
5016:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4937:
4910:
4883:
4856:
4829:
4792:
4765:
4738:
4711:
4680:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4614:
4585:
4558:
4527:
4500:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4454:Black, Jeremy A.
4449:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3782:Wiggermann 1998a
3779:
3773:
3767:
3758:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:, p. 80-81.
3674:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3635:Sallaberger 2021
3632:
3626:
3623:Sallaberger 2021
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3599:Sallaberger 2021
3596:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3572:Wiggermann 1998b
3569:
3552:
3549:Sallaberger 2021
3546:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3261:Wiggermann 1998b
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2906:Wiggermann 1998b
2903:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2879:Wiggermann 1998b
2876:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2838:Wiggermann 1998b
2835:
2822:
2816:
2797:
2796:, p. 36-37.
2791:
2785:
2779:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2704:, pp. 8–10.
2699:
2693:
2690:Wiggermann 1998b
2687:
2674:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2638:Wiggermann 1998b
2635:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2597:Wiggermann 1998b
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2439:, p. 93-94.
2434:
2428:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2306:Wiggermann 1998b
2303:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2121:Wiggermann 1998b
2118:
2103:
2100:Wiggermann 1998b
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2076:Wiggermann 1998b
2073:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2042:Wiggermann 1998b
2039:
2024:
2018:
2001:
1983:
1977:
1962:Weidner god list
1954:
1948:
1941:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1856:Hymn of Agushaya
1852:Poem of Agushaya
1839:Poem of Agushaya
1777:Inanna's Descent
1766:Inanna's Descent
1758:Inanna's Descent
1344:Lagash and Girsu
1303:Andrew R. George
1235:theophoric names
1216:
1133:in the court of
866:Ashmolean Museum
676:Shar-Kali-Sharri
488:in the god list
192:theophoric names
148:
55:
26:
19:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6677:
6635:
6629:
6538:
6462:
6426:Primary deities
6421:
6412:
6376:
6371:
6297:
6292:
6278:
6261:
6256:
6243:
6229:
6214:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6171:
6169:
6160:
6119:
6102:
6095:
6093:
6083:
6067:
6055:
6040:
6032:
6030:
6004:10.2307/1359846
5989:
5981:
5979:
5950:
5942:
5940:
5911:
5903:
5901:
5875:10.2307/1359993
5856:
5842:
5827:
5813:
5798:
5784:
5769:
5753:
5741:
5724:
5695:
5689:
5674:
5660:
5643:
5602:
5588:
5571:
5557:
5542:
5511:
5482:
5473:
5465:
5463:
5434:
5426:
5424:
5399:
5385:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5358:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5331:
5323:
5321:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5226:
5218:
5216:
5195:
5160:
5125:
5090:
5076:
5063:
5022:
5014:
5012:
4994:10.2307/3217848
4975:
4967:
4965:
4940:
4934:
4913:
4899:
4886:
4872:
4859:
4853:
4832:
4795:
4789:
4768:
4762:
4741:
4727:
4714:
4700:
4683:
4669:
4656:
4648:
4646:
4617:
4603:
4588:
4574:
4561:
4555:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4503:
4497:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4452:
4435:
4429:
4418:
4411:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3372:Wiggermann 1998
3370:
3366:
3360:Wiggermann 1998
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3336:Wiggermann 1998
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3249:Wiggermann 1987
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3147:Wiggermann 1988
3145:
3141:
3135:Wiggermann 1988
3133:
3129:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3002:Wiggermann 1988
3000:
2993:
2987:Wiggermann 1988
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2963:Wiggermann 1987
2961:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2936:Wiggermann 1987
2934:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2894:Wiggermann 1988
2892:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2825:
2817:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2750:Wiggermann 1987
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2714:Wiggermann 1987
2712:
2708:
2702:Wiggermann 1987
2700:
2696:
2688:
2677:
2669:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2469:Wiggermann 1998
2467:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1980:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1848:
1842:
1798:
1791:Inanna and Enki
1787:
1784:Inanna and Enki
1648:
1634:
1533:Sargonic period
1505:
1465:and his mother
1441:
1411:Akkadian Empire
1346:
1257:
1227:
1210:
1208:Daniel Schwemer
1153:in relation to
1019:
979:
958:in relation to
909:
901:
839:
831:
827:
819:
720:
607:
508:
346:
275:
261:Inanna and Enki
72:
46:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6778:
6776:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6727:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6331:Inana and Enki
6327:
6319:
6310:
6296:
6295:External links
6293:
6291:
6290:
6276:
6259:
6254:
6241:
6227:
6212:
6194:
6176:
6158:
6117:
6109:Ex Oriente Lux
6100:
6081:
6053:
6038:
5987:
5948:
5909:
5854:
5840:
5825:
5811:
5796:
5782:
5767:
5739:
5722:
5693:
5687:
5672:
5658:
5641:
5600:
5586:
5569:
5555:
5540:
5509:
5480:
5471:
5432:
5397:
5383:
5365:
5347:
5329:
5290:
5272:
5266:
5243:
5224:
5193:
5158:
5123:
5088:
5074:
5061:
5020:
4973:
4938:
4932:
4911:
4897:
4884:
4870:
4857:
4851:
4837:. De Gruyter.
4830:
4793:
4787:
4766:
4760:
4739:
4725:
4712:
4698:
4686:"Ea and Saltu"
4681:
4667:
4654:
4615:
4601:
4586:
4572:
4559:
4553:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4508:. De Gruyter.
4501:
4495:
4480:
4468:
4450:
4433:
4427:
4409:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4350:
4335:
4333:, p. 561.
4323:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4256:, p. 319.
4246:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4205:, p. 282.
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4130:
4118:
4101:
4099:, p. 155.
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3991:, p. 226.
3978:
3976:, p. 121.
3966:
3964:, p. 672.
3954:
3952:, p. 300.
3942:
3940:, p. 374.
3930:
3928:, p. 148.
3918:
3916:, p. 147.
3906:
3904:, p. 322.
3902:Waetzoldt 2014
3894:
3882:
3870:
3868:, p. 185.
3858:
3856:, p. 391.
3846:
3844:, p. 287.
3834:
3832:, p. 280.
3822:
3820:, p. 232.
3810:
3808:, p. 231.
3798:
3796:, p. 470.
3786:
3784:, p. 333.
3774:
3772:, p. 234.
3759:
3744:
3742:, p. 134.
3729:
3727:, pp. 66.
3717:
3713:Kobayashi 1989
3705:
3703:, p. 123.
3693:
3681:
3677:Kobayashi 1992
3666:
3664:, p. 265.
3651:
3649:, p. 264.
3639:
3637:, p. 363.
3627:
3625:, p. 358.
3615:
3613:, p. 150.
3603:
3601:, p. 356.
3588:
3576:
3574:, p. 499.
3553:
3551:, p. 361.
3538:
3523:
3521:, p. 165.
3511:
3499:
3497:, p. 255.
3487:
3485:, p. 404.
3475:
3473:, p. 355.
3471:Krebernik 1987
3463:
3451:
3449:, p. 221.
3439:
3427:
3415:
3413:, p. 150.
3403:
3388:
3386:, p. 236.
3376:
3374:, p. 219.
3364:
3352:
3340:
3338:, p. 216.
3328:
3326:, p. 194.
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3239:, p. 150.
3229:
3227:, p. 480.
3217:
3215:, p. 273.
3202:
3187:
3185:, p. 144.
3175:
3173:, p. 406.
3163:
3151:
3139:
3137:, p. 226.
3127:
3112:
3100:
3081:
3069:
3067:, p. 396.
3057:
3055:, p. 121.
3045:
3033:
3021:
3006:
3004:, p. 229.
2991:
2979:
2977:, p. 302.
2967:
2955:
2953:, p. 177.
2940:
2925:
2910:
2898:
2896:, p. 228.
2883:
2881:, p. 497.
2866:
2864:, p. 141.
2854:
2852:, p. 179.
2842:
2840:, p. 500.
2823:
2821:, p. 207.
2798:
2786:
2769:
2754:
2742:
2740:, p. 180.
2730:
2728:, p. 155.
2718:
2706:
2694:
2692:, p. 498.
2675:
2673:, p. 181.
2654:
2652:, p. 153.
2642:
2640:, p. 493.
2625:
2613:
2601:
2599:, p. 494.
2589:
2577:
2575:, p. 132.
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2524:, p. 253.
2514:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2471:, p. 220.
2456:
2441:
2429:
2427:, p. 156.
2412:
2400:
2398:, p. 101.
2385:
2383:, p. 674.
2370:
2368:, p. 301.
2351:
2334:
2330:Kobayashi 1992
2322:
2320:, p. 403.
2310:
2308:, p. 491.
2279:
2267:
2248:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 109.
2193:MacGinnis 2020
2185:
2183:, p. 111.
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 495.
2104:
2092:
2080:
2078:, p. 496.
2061:
2046:
2044:, p. 490.
2025:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1978:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1844:Main article:
1841:
1836:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1775:adaptation of
1647:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1504:
1501:
1440:
1437:
1433:Ur-Ningirsu II
1345:
1342:
1256:
1253:
1226:
1223:
1221:, not Māgiru.
1018:
1015:
1011:guardian angel
978:
973:Ninshubur and
971:
919:Early Dynastic
908:
905:
900:
897:
837:
829:
825:
817:
724:Assyriologists
719:
716:
666:, governor of
664:Lugal-ushumgal
606:
603:
507:
504:
435:Old Babylonian
398:Old Babylonian
350:Assyriologists
345:
342:
274:
271:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
73:
56:
48:
47:
31:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6777:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:Mortal heroes
6680:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:Minor deities
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6257:
6255:0-06-090854-8
6251:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5959:(in German).
5958:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5841:1-883053-68-4
5837:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5267:9789004364936
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5075:1-883053-77-3
5071:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4933:9781575065335
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4898:0-19-814922-0
4894:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4871:0-931464-80-3
4867:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4726:1-883053-23-4
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4699:0-208-01714-3
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4554:9789004260740
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4496:0-7141-1705-6
4492:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4348:, p. 83.
4347:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4321:, p. 81.
4320:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4280:, p. 24.
4279:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4266:Peterson 2014
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:Peterson 2014
4250:
4247:
4244:, p. 93.
4243:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4229:, p. 13.
4228:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4193:, p. 75.
4192:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4157:, p. 45.
4156:
4151:
4148:
4145:, p. 74.
4144:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4116:, p. 46.
4115:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:Hurowitz 2003
4093:
4090:
4087:, p. 38.
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4039:, p. 65.
4038:
4033:
4030:
4027:, p. 43.
4026:
4021:
4018:
4015:, p. 46.
4014:
4009:
4006:
4003:, p. 42.
4002:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3950:Kutscher 1987
3946:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3892:, p. 58.
3891:
3886:
3883:
3880:, p. 19.
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:Marchesi 2004
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3757:, p. 64.
3756:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3715:, p. 26.
3714:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3691:, p. 82.
3690:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3586:, p. 66.
3585:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:, p. 53.
3535:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3509:, p. 70.
3508:
3507:Schwemer 2001
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:Lambert 1987a
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3461:, p. 23.
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3437:, p. 36.
3436:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3401:, p. 25.
3400:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3350:, p. 24.
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3278:, p. 38.
3277:
3276:Peterson 2016
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:, p. 94.
3199:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3161:, p. 36.
3160:
3159:Peterson 2016
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3125:, p. 39.
3124:
3123:Peterson 2016
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:, p. 17.
3109:
3104:
3101:
3098:, p. 19.
3097:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3031:, p. 31.
3030:
3025:
3022:
3019:, p. 35.
3018:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:Kutscher 1987
2971:
2968:
2965:, p. 16.
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:, p. 20.
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:, p. 63.
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:Peterson 2016
2790:
2787:
2784:, p. 34.
2783:
2782:Peterson 2016
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2767:, p. 33.
2766:
2765:Peterson 2016
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2716:, p. 11.
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:, p. 63.
2622:
2621:Beaulieu 1992
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:Beaulieu 1992
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2587:, p. 79.
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:, p. 58.
2559:
2558:Peterson 2009
2554:
2551:
2548:, p. 64.
2547:
2546:Beaulieu 1992
2542:
2539:
2536:, p. 61.
2535:
2534:Beaulieu 1992
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:, p. 93.
2511:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:Schwemer 2001
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:, p. 65.
2453:
2452:Beaulieu 1992
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Kutscher 1987
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:, p. 29.
2348:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:, p. 80.
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:, p. 62.
2276:
2275:Beaulieu 1992
2271:
2268:
2265:, p. 94.
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:, p. 45.
2230:
2225:
2222:
2219:, p. 34.
2218:
2213:
2210:
2207:, p. 57.
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:Sharlach 2002
2177:
2174:
2171:, p. 85.
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2135:, p. 96.
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:, p. 12.
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:, p. 18.
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1846:Agushaya Hymn
1840:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:Puzrish-Dagan
1804:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:Tell Ishchali
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1593:, Ulmašītum,
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1471:Puzrish-Dagan
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
983:
976:
972:
970:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
937:
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
915:
906:
904:
898:
896:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
835:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
717:
715:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:lexical lists
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Ur III period
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
61:cylinder seal
59:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
35:
29:
20:
6636:and monsters
6523:
6334:in the ETCSL
6329:
6326:in the ETCSL
6321:
6267:
6245:
6218:The Hurrians
6217:
6206:, retrieved
6202:
6188:, retrieved
6184:
6170:, retrieved
6166:
6129:
6125:
6112:
6108:
6094:, retrieved
6089:
6043:
6031:. Retrieved
5995:
5980:. Retrieved
5960:
5956:
5941:. Retrieved
5921:
5917:
5902:. Retrieved
5866:
5862:
5830:
5801:
5772:
5730:
5701:
5677:
5649:
5612:
5608:
5577:
5545:
5517:
5488:
5475:
5464:. Retrieved
5444:
5440:
5425:. Retrieved
5405:
5370:
5359:, retrieved
5355:
5341:, retrieved
5337:
5322:. Retrieved
5302:
5298:
5284:, retrieved
5280:
5248:
5237:, retrieved
5232:
5217:. Retrieved
5205:
5201:
5170:
5166:
5135:
5131:
5100:
5096:
5065:
5032:
5028:
5013:. Retrieved
4985:
4981:
4966:. Retrieved
4946:
4915:
4888:
4861:
4834:
4801:
4797:
4770:
4743:
4716:
4689:
4658:
4647:. Retrieved
4627:
4623:
4591:
4563:
4536:
4505:
4485:
4473:. Retrieved
4458:
4445:
4441:
4414:
4380:
4376:
4368:Bibliography
4353:
4326:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4227:Lambert 1976
4222:
4210:
4203:Gadotti 2014
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4121:
4092:
4085:Gadotti 2014
4080:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4032:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3579:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3459:Nicolet 2022
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3411:Lambert 1987
3406:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3178:
3171:Zólyomi 2005
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3108:Nicolet 2022
3103:
3096:Nicolet 2022
3077:Zólyomi 2005
3072:
3065:Zólyomi 2005
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2921:Sjöberg 1982
2901:
2857:
2845:
2789:
2752:, p. 4.
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2645:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2488:
2476:
2432:
2425:Heimpel 2002
2403:
2325:
2318:Zólyomi 2005
2313:
2270:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2159:, p. 8.
2157:Wilhelm 1989
2152:
2147:, p. 7.
2145:Wilhelm 1989
2140:
2128:
2095:
2088:Lambert 1976
2083:
2016:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1952:
1939:
1921:Statue from
1866:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1825:
1823:
1821:and Nippur.
1794:
1790:
1789:In the myth
1788:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1731:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1672:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1599:
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1572:Sin-Muballit
1568:
1549:
1544:
1530:
1506:
1503:Other cities
1485:
1475:
1442:
1439:Ur and Enegi
1422:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1363:
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1323:
1318:
1270:Temple Hymns
1268:
1258:
1242:
1239:sukkal anna,
1238:
1228:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1150:
1139:Abu Salabikh
1123:Ninigizibara
1096:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1073:
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922:Abu Salabikh
912:
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789:
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260:
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232:
230:, and more.
189:
184:
166:
158:
150:
142:
141:
32:
6560:Geshtinanna
6514:Ningishzida
6199:"Nin-šubur"
6092:(in German)
6047:. Venezia.
5235:(in German)
5229:"Mārat-ūmi"
5208:: 141–166.
4358:Foster 1996
4346:Foster 1977
4331:Streck 2010
4319:Foster 1996
4302:Alster 1974
4290:Alster 1974
4278:Alster 1974
3974:George 1993
3962:Frayne 1990
3854:Frayne 1997
3842:Frayne 1990
3830:Frayne 1990
3755:George 1993
3740:George 1993
3701:George 1993
3689:George 1993
3584:George 1993
3447:Boivin 2018
3423:Boivin 2018
3384:Nakata 1995
3237:Kramer 1975
3198:Frayne 1997
3183:George 1993
3053:George 2003
3041:George 2003
2522:Nakata 1995
2381:Frayne 1990
1495:, possibly
1429:Ningishzida
1211: [
1087:Enuma Elish
888:and before
834:Samsu-iluna
705:Ningishzida
695:Geshtinanna
628:Ningishzida
597:and female
516:logographic
482:Uṣur-amāssu
404:periods in
153:, "Lady of
116:Equivalents
6729:Categories
6709:Lugalbanda
6600:Nimintabba
6570:Hushbishag
6479:Ereshkigal
6398:Enmesharra
6208:2021-08-06
6190:2022-03-19
6172:2021-08-06
6096:2022-10-08
6033:2021-08-07
5982:2022-10-08
5943:2022-03-20
5904:2021-08-07
5749:1255365039
5466:2022-10-08
5441:Orientalia
5427:2022-03-20
5361:2023-07-04
5343:2021-10-05
5324:2021-08-07
5299:Orientalia
5286:2022-10-08
5239:2022-12-06
5219:2021-08-07
5015:2021-08-07
4968:2021-08-07
4649:2021-08-07
4611:1107331347
4475:2022-10-09
4242:Pryke 2017
4191:Black 2006
4167:Black 2006
4143:Black 2006
4126:Black 2006
4114:Cohen 2005
4073:Black 2006
4061:Cohen 2005
4049:Cohen 2005
4037:Black 2006
4025:Viano 2016
4001:Viano 2016
3938:Myers 2002
3926:Myers 2002
3914:Myers 2002
3725:Suter 1991
3483:Rudik 2018
3399:Litke 1998
3225:Dalby 1986
2229:Cohen 2005
2008:References
2000:otherwise.
1861:stuttering
1746:Bad-tibira
1708:underworld
1545:nin-dingir
1522:pure mound
1478:Hendursaga
1407:Puzer-Mama
1299:Bad-tibira
1163:Nintinugga
1055:underworld
1039:Ereshkigal
1027:Meslamtaea
914:Zame Hymns
755:Damgalnuna
687:Meslamtaea
580:Amasagnudi
561:Achaemenid
555:period in
447:Amasagnudi
299:underworld
295:bel erseti
177:syncretism
63:depicting
6704:Gilgamesh
6595:Ninsianna
6565:Gugalanna
6524:Ninshubur
6453:Ninhursag
6307:Ninshubur
6181:"Nin-azu"
6154:161099846
6146:0084-5299
6071:cite book
6063:965932920
6028:163637086
6012:0022-0256
5969:0066-6440
5930:0003-0279
5899:163447695
5883:0022-0256
5757:cite book
5718:240366059
5668:850438175
5637:164470953
5629:0084-5299
5596:952181311
5565:460044951
5536:0039-7946
5505:1884-1392
5453:0030-5367
5422:234551379
5393:470337605
5311:0030-5367
5277:"Malgium"
5252:. Brill.
5214:2323-5209
5189:1884-1392
5154:1884-1392
5119:1884-1392
5057:161464047
5049:0084-5299
5002:0003-0279
4955:0066-6440
4826:165744935
4818:0084-5299
4677:263460607
4636:0275-3650
4405:162192195
4397:0084-5299
4215:Katz 2003
4179:Katz 2003
4155:Katz 2003
4013:Katz 2003
3989:Katz 1995
3662:Selz 1995
3647:Selz 1995
3611:Krul 2018
2951:Katz 2003
2726:Krul 2018
2650:Krul 2018
2585:Krul 2018
1992:Gilgamesh
1985:The term
1966:Kanisurra
1632:Mythology
1595:Annunitum
1587:Ulmašītum
1552:Shuruppak
1497:Rim-Sîn I
1463:Gilgamesh
1435:'s rule.
1415:Nammahani
1403:Urukagina
1386:Enentarzi
1374:Lugalanda
1307:Papsukkal
1287:Ningirima
1273:, though
1184:An = Anum
1155:Ulmašītum
1127:Ninḫinuna
1111:Akurduana
1092:An = Anum
1082:An = Anum
1066:Ninkarrak
977:goddesses
936:An = Anum
882:Ninhursag
861:Gilgamesh
806:sukkalmaḫ
798:sukkalmaḫ
794:Rim-Sîn I
771:Ninhursag
718:Character
548:An = Anum
527:Papsukkal
500:Ninsianna
491:An = Anum
474:Ninsikila
394:Ulmašītum
373:from the
366:Papsukkal
323:Papsukkal
159:Ninšubura
143:Ninshubur
135:Papsukkal
100:Genealogy
22:Ninshubur
6714:Ziusudra
6694:Enmerkar
6663:Mušḫuššu
6484:Ishtaran
6286:56414097
6237:21036268
6115:. BRILL.
5977:41670228
5938:23044558
5850:48399212
5821:33334960
5792:48145544
5461:43076896
5352:"Māgiru"
5319:43074678
5084:51770219
4963:41670126
4907:51668477
4880:27813103
4735:34149948
4644:25541711
4582:61260809
4456:(2006).
1803:Enmerkar
1773:Akkadian
1744:'s city
1697:galatura
1583:Eshnunna
1541:Meskigal
1526:Ibbi-Sin
1382:Ningirsu
1331:Ur-Nammu
1315:Manungal
1249:theonyms
1192:gu-za-lá
1178:Asalluhi
1119:Ninisina
1043:Mammitum
967:incipits
700:mušḫuššu
638:'s) and
553:Seleucid
386:Akkadian
384:In most
315:Hurrians
161:, was a
151:Ninšubur
58:Akkadian
6615:Sherida
6590:Ninkasi
6585:Ninimma
6529:Ninurta
6504:Ninegal
6315:in the
6020:1359846
5891:1359993
5010:3217848
4708:3294583
1974:Bizilla
1970:Gazbaba
1945:Gutians
1872:Gallery
1701:kurĝara
1622:Babylon
1579:Malgium
1518:Ninurta
1338:Shu-Sin
1225:Worship
1147:Malgium
1131:Alammuš
952:Shamash
814:Elamite
810:Malgium
767:Ninurta
657:laments
646:'s). A
593:, male
512:Ilabrat
470:Ninkasi
402:Kassite
390:Malgium
279:Subartu
228:Malgium
181:Ilabrat
155:Subartu
125:Ilabrat
80:Akkil,
6765:Lagash
6760:Inanna
6689:Enkidu
6673:Rabisu
6658:Huwawa
6610:Nungal
6605:Ninsun
6580:Namtar
6575:Isimud
6550:Azimua
6519:Ninlil
6509:Ningal
6499:Ninazu
6494:Nisaba
6489:Nergal
6443:Inanna
6284:
6274:
6252:
6235:
6225:
6152:
6144:
6061:
6051:
6026:
6018:
6010:
5975:
5967:
5936:
5928:
5897:
5889:
5881:
5848:
5838:
5819:
5809:
5790:
5780:
5747:
5737:
5716:
5685:
5678:Ishtar
5666:
5656:
5635:
5627:
5594:
5584:
5563:
5553:
5534:
5503:
5489:Orient
5478:(PhD).
5459:
5451:
5420:
5391:
5381:
5317:
5309:
5264:
5212:
5187:
5167:Orient
5152:
5132:Orient
5117:
5097:Orient
5082:
5072:
5055:
5047:
5008:
5000:
4961:
4953:
4930:
4905:
4895:
4878:
4868:
4849:
4824:
4816:
4785:
4758:
4733:
4723:
4706:
4696:
4675:
4665:
4642:
4634:
4609:
4599:
4580:
4570:
4551:
4520:
4493:
4466:
4425:
4403:
4395:
1996:Enkidu
1987:ganzir
1958:Nanaya
1811:Nanaya
1742:Dumuzi
1726:Eridug
1664:Nippur
1638:Inanna
1509:Nippur
1467:Ninsun
1455:Nanshe
1450:Shulgi
1378:Nanshe
1366:Lagash
1358:Louvre
1354:Lagash
1327:Shulgi
1291:temple
1283:Dumuzi
1261:Inanna
1244:dingir
1188:herald
1174:Nunura
1159:Nippur
1151:sukkal
1143:Ningal
1107:Bunene
1099:Namtar
1078:Anshar
1074:sukkal
1072:, the
1051:sukkal
1031:Nergal
941:Shulgi
930:Dumuzi
926:sukkal
886:Nintur
857:Nergal
853:Ninlil
842:Dumuzi
822:sukkal
802:sukkal
779:sukkal
763:Ningal
738:sukkal
729:sukkal
691:Nergal
668:Lagash
648:sukkal
632:Isimud
619:sukkal
595:Isimud
584:sukkal
569:sukkal
565:sukkal
543:sukkal
535:Zababa
531:sukkal
498:deity
455:sukkal
451:sukkal
443:sukkal
406:Nippur
371:Lagash
354:Inanna
344:Gender
330:Emesal
311:Nergal
307:erseti
303:shubur
283:šubur,
257:Dumuzi
224:Nippur
204:Lagash
185:sukkal
173:Inanna
168:sukkal
147:𒀭𒎏𒋚
110:Nergal
105:Spouse
92:Symbol
65:Inanna
39:Inanna
34:Sukkal
25:𒀭𒎏𒋚
6699:Etana
6653:Gallu
6534:Nuska
6448:Nanna
6438:Enlil
6408:Nammu
6150:S2CID
6024:S2CID
6016:JSTOR
5973:JSTOR
5934:JSTOR
5895:S2CID
5887:JSTOR
5714:S2CID
5633:S2CID
5518:Syria
5457:JSTOR
5418:S2CID
5375:(PDF)
5315:JSTOR
5053:S2CID
5006:JSTOR
4959:JSTOR
4822:S2CID
4640:JSTOR
4419:(PDF)
4401:S2CID
1931:Notes
1819:Larsa
1799:an-na
1750:galla
1738:Lulal
1734:Shara
1722:E-kur
1713:galla
1680:Nanna
1676:Enlil
1610:Larsa
1602:Akkad
1558:. In
1514:Enlil
1493:Larsa
1459:Enegi
1419:Gudea
1370:Girsu
1319:sanga
1219:Ḫurri
1215:]
1170:Larsa
1157:. In
1145:. In
1135:Nanna
1070:Kakka
1023:Girsu
1007:Anuna
995:Lamma
975:Lamma
956:Shala
917:from
890:Aruru
870:topoi
783:Nuska
759:Nanna
747:Enlil
712:Orion
683:Girsu
644:Enlil
640:Nuska
630:'s),
496:Venus
478:Lisin
463:Ishum
431:Girsu
410:seals
252:galla
243:Nanna
239:Enlil
208:Girsu
95:staff
86:Girsu
6668:Udug
6648:Anzû
6643:Asag
6625:Uttu
6620:Ugur
6555:Bitu
6433:Enki
6388:Abzu
6282:OCLC
6272:ISBN
6250:ISBN
6233:OCLC
6223:ISBN
6142:ISSN
6077:link
6059:OCLC
6049:ISBN
6008:ISSN
5965:ISSN
5926:ISSN
5879:ISSN
5846:OCLC
5836:ISBN
5817:OCLC
5807:ISBN
5788:OCLC
5778:ISBN
5763:link
5745:OCLC
5735:ISBN
5683:ISBN
5664:OCLC
5654:ISBN
5625:ISSN
5592:OCLC
5582:ISBN
5561:OCLC
5551:ISBN
5532:ISSN
5501:ISSN
5449:ISSN
5389:OCLC
5379:ISBN
5307:ISSN
5262:ISBN
5210:ISSN
5185:ISSN
5150:ISSN
5115:ISSN
5080:OCLC
5070:ISBN
5045:ISSN
4998:ISSN
4951:ISSN
4928:ISBN
4903:OCLC
4893:ISBN
4876:OCLC
4866:ISBN
4847:ISBN
4814:ISSN
4783:ISBN
4756:ISBN
4731:OCLC
4721:ISBN
4704:OCLC
4694:ISBN
4673:OCLC
4663:ISBN
4632:ISSN
4607:OCLC
4597:ISBN
4578:OCLC
4568:ISBN
4549:ISBN
4535:?".
4518:ISBN
4491:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4423:ISBN
4393:ISSN
1832:Uruk
1815:Isin
1736:and
1699:and
1684:Enki
1682:and
1662:and
1626:Kish
1624:and
1614:Mari
1606:Isin
1560:Umma
1537:Adab
1516:and
1448:Ur.
1380:and
1311:Kish
1285:and
1279:Uruk
1200:Adad
1196:Šeri
1125:and
1115:Isin
1062:Mari
1047:Admu
1035:Adab
960:Adad
884:and
878:Mari
773:and
751:Enki
636:Enki
624:Alla
591:Enki
573:Antu
557:Uruk
539:Kish
520:Mari
486:Adad
476:and
459:Ugur
423:gala
418:gala
400:and
379:Adab
334:Nin-
273:Name
247:Enki
245:and
220:Adab
200:Uruk
82:Uruk
69:lion
6458:Utu
6134:doi
6000:doi
5922:130
5871:doi
5706:doi
5617:doi
5613:106
5522:doi
5493:doi
5410:doi
5254:doi
5175:doi
5140:doi
5105:doi
5037:doi
4990:doi
4986:123
4920:doi
4839:doi
4806:doi
4802:108
4775:doi
4748:doi
4541:doi
4510:doi
4385:doi
1972:or
1923:Der
1854:or
1591:Anu
1577:In
1556:Sud
1491:of
1424:nin
1309:in
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1109:).
1076:of
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