439:
1700:
691:, a few days after New Years in 1938, he rented a room in New York City from a French immigrant named Madame Carnot. Her son, Bernard Carnot, had been sent to Devil's Island in 1922 for a murder that he did not commit, and the Carnot family had since moved to the United States. Out of compassion and a sense of adventure, Willis set out to the penal colony to effect Bernard Carnot's escape, which he eventually accomplished. The subtitle of the book indicates that it documents the 'true story of the last escape from Devil's Island'.
311:) moored in French harbours, until the bagnes rotted and sank. The prisoners were transferred to live on the adjacent pontoons. Prisoners relied on charity or their families for food, bedding and clothing. They were required to work 12 hours a day in the docks, earning 10–15 centimes, which they could spend on food and wine. Other prisoners were housed in prisons onshore, but conditions were reportedly so bad that many prisoners would beg to be transferred to the hulks.
284:
1712:
51:
423:). This penal colony developed a reputation for harshness and brutality, and generated periodic calls for reform. Inter prisoner violence was common; tropical diseases were rife. Only a small minority of broken survivors returned to France to tell how horrible it was; they sometimes scared other potential criminals to go straight. This system was gradually phased out and closed completely in 1953.
704:
1688:
430:
On 30 May 1854, France passed a new law of forced residency. It required convicts to stay in French Guiana after completion of sentence for a time equal to their forced labour time. If the original sentence exceeded eight years, they were forced to stay as residents for the remainder of their lives
655:
where he worked for nearly a year. In late 1930, he decided to return to France to argue for his freedom. However, it was a crime for a Devil's Island convict to return to France. He was sent back to French Guiana in 1931 to the prison colony. This time he was sent to Île Royale rather than Devil's
619:
Charrière's account aroused considerable controversy. French authorities disputed it and released penal colony records that contradicted his account. Charrière had never been imprisoned on Devil's Island. He had escaped from a mainland prison. French journalists or prison authorities disputed other
434:
An 1885 law provided for repeat offenders for minor crimes to be sent to the French Guiana prison system, previously reserved for serious offenders and political prisoners. A limited number of convicted women were also sent to French Guiana, with the intent that they marry freed male inmates to aid
995:
Alexander Miles's 1988 history of Devil's Island, including an analysis of Charrière's "memoir" based on the records of the penal colony, show that most of the latter account did not happen, were embellishments, or were feats ascribed to others. Although prisoners were not treated well, conditions
314:
By the early 19th century, the French urban population had increased from under six million to over 16 million, and crime kept pace. In 1832, legislation was passed mandating the state's provision of basic necessities to prisoners. Prison reform changed the previous reliance on corporal punishment
500:
system that provided access to Devil's Island from Royale Island deteriorated and Devil's Island is now closed to public access. It can be viewed from off shore by use of charter boats. The two larger islands in the Salut island group are open to the public, with some of the old prison buildings
383:
prisoners convicted of political crimes, such as espionage or conspiracy. France also continued to use the hulks, housing an average of 5,400 prisoners at a time, until they were finally closed around the end of the 19th century. The agricultural penal colonies continued to be used for juveniles
694:
Carnot was smuggled to Brazil aboard a supply ship, and was never reunited with his family, although they learned via Willis that he had gained his freedom. On the outbreak of WW2 he returned to Europe and joined the French forces. He is believed to have been killed in action shortly before the
366:
Since 1604, France had repeatedly failed to colonize French Guiana. The last attempt at colonization was in 1763. Some 75% of the 12,000 colonists who had been sent there died in their first year, often from tropical diseases. By the 1850s, the declining number of survivors were on the brink of
607:(1969) describes his successful escape from Devil's Island, with a companion, Sylvain. They used two sacks filled with coconuts to act as rafts. According to Charrière, the two men leaped into heavy seas from a cliff and drifted to the mainland over a period of three days. Sylvain died in
509:
Around the middle of the 19th century, an experiment was carried out in which 15 prostitutes were brought to Devil's Island, who were thought to encourage prisoners to live a dignified life and start a family. The women were guarded by nuns. No families were born, but the women offered
426:
Convicts who were lucky enough to have family or friends willing to send them money had to have it sent to them in care of a prison guard. The standard practice was for the guard to keep for himself a quarter of the amount sent and give the rest to the prisoner.
195:. It was notorious both for the staff's harsh treatment of detainees and the tropical climate and diseases that contributed to high mortality. The prison system had a death rate of 75 percent at its worst and was finally closed down in 1953.
611:
a short distance from the shore. From there, Charrière was to meet a man by the name of Cuic-Cuic who would help him continue and complete his escape to freedom; instead Charrière was caught again and served for a time in the Bagne at
431:
and were given land on which to settle. In time, a variety of penal regimes emerged, as convicts were divided into categories according to the severity of their crimes and the terms of their imprisonment or "forced residence" regime.
302:
fleet. Given the harsh conditions, this was virtually a death sentence. Following the decommissioning of the
Mediterranean galley fleet in 1666, the French detained the majority of prisoners in pairs, held in chains aboard galley
1033:
series dedicated to it. Aired on Animal Planet (Discovery
Channel Network) in 2015, the episode documents Salmoni's exploration of the island together with talk of its flora & fauna, dangers, and past as host to a network of
737:
Since the late 20th century, the islands have become tourist destinations with areas of the former prisons open for tours. With the addition of tourism facilities, the islands receive more than 50,000 tourists each year.
330:
The French Navy, which had been given the task of managing the prison hulks, complained strongly about the cost of guarding the hulks and the disruption they caused to the work of the shipyards. Following his coup in 1851,
435:
in settlement and development of the colony. As the results were poor, the government discontinued the practice in 1907. On Devil's Island itself, the small prison facility did not usually house more than 12 persons.
407:
The vast majority of the more than 80,000 prisoners sent to the Devil's Island prison system never returned to France. Many died due to disease and harsh conditions. Sanitary systems were limited, and the region was
322:
In the 1840s, the state set up internal agricultural penal colonies as a place to receive prisoners, thereby removing them from urban environments and giving them work. Prisoners were commonly sentenced under
660:, or free prisoner, he was, as before in 1930, not allowed to return to France. He eventually made his way to the United States. He gained US citizenship in 1956. He died in California in 1959, age 59.
257:
In addition to the prisons on each of the three islands in the
Salvation Islands group, the French constructed three related prison facilities on the South American mainland: just across the straits at
1612:
1348:
931:(1969), ostensibly described the extreme brutality of the penal colony. He claimed to be an escaped convict but was found never to have visited the island. The book was adapted as an American
734:). They must be evacuated during each launch. The islands host a variety of measurement apparatus for space launches and some buildings classified as historical monuments have been restored.
1098:
In Rob Zombie's 2022 movie The
Munsters, Herman and Lilly vacation on the beach at Devil's Island Hotel. Herman wears a prison uniform that says Property of Devil's Island Penal Colony.
711:
In 1938, the French government stopped sending prisoners to Devil's Island. In 1953, the prison system was finally closed entirely. Most of the prisoners at the time were repatriated to
970:(A Plan for Escape, 1969), is set on Devil's Island. The novella tells of a French military officer sent to the archipelago and his interactions with the island's governor and staff.
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on 18 October 1936. Their native boat was nearly wrecked on the reef and the convicts were initially entertained as guests and treated for injuries at the
Municipal Hospital.
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elements of his book and said that he had invented many incidents or appropriated experiences of other prisoners. Critics said he should have admitted his book was fiction.
392:
Devil's Island and associated prisons eventually became one of the most infamous prison systems in history. While the prison system was in use (1852–1952), inmates included
570:
for life. He escaped in April 1901 and fled to New York City, where he remained for the rest of his life. He eventually wrote a book about his imprisonment called
327:
by which, on completion of their sentence, they were required to work as employees at the penal colony for an additional period equal to their original sentence.
1175:
246:, where inmates were sent to be punished by solitary confinement in silence and darkness, for attempted escapes or offences committed in the penal colony.
1747:
1609:
1345:
485:
Shortly after the release of
Belbenoît's book, which aroused public outrage about the conditions, the French government announced plans to close the
85:
315:
through hard labor, to imprisonment with a goal of punishment and deterrence. Imprisonment was considered a way to remove offenders from society.
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Four escapees from Devil's Island - François Frean, 37, Paul Renuci, 32, Raymond Vaude, 35, all French, and
Giovanni Batistoti, 35 - arrived in
1762:
1752:
1045:. He was a top tennis player in the late 19th century who was convicted of murder and sentenced to Devil's Island. He committed suicide there.
493:
delayed this operation but, from 1946 until 1953, one by one the prisons were closed. The Devil's Island facility was the last to be closed.
1018:
755:
1502:
1480:
1155:
843:
as three convicts and a woman who escape from Devil's Island; they are led by Hunter's character, a possible personification of God.
472:
was unjustly convicted of treason and sent to Devil's Island on 5 January 1895. In 1938, the penal system was strongly criticized in
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1572:
1539:
583:
864:): "Did you ever hear of Pierre Villemars? .... He's on Devil's Island, they sent me here to get him, to bring him back here to
397:
371:(Cayennes penal colony) at French Guiana; 3,000 convicts applied. Two categories of prisoners were eligible for transportation:
1371:
1294:
438:
1757:
1668:
1009:, Devil's Island has independently entered the 3004 Olympics; its athletes appear to be wearing striped prison uniforms.
267:
188:
31:
1314:
881:
747:
877:
directed by
Michael Curtiz is about five men who escape from Devil's Island to fight for Free France during World War Two.
810:
1678:
730:. The islands are under the trajectory of the space rockets launched eastward from the CNES facility toward the sea (to
643:
is perhaps the most renowned escapee of the penal colony, who wrote about his experiences in two well-received memoirs:
544:
78:
1654:
1419:
852:
1229:"Les archives des bagnes de Cayenne et de Nouvelle-Calédonie : la sous-série colonies H aux archives nationales"
1179:
1732:
419:
The main part of the penal colony was a labour camp that stretched along the border with Dutch Guiana (present-day
247:
1527:. Translated from the French by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint by Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 1941.
400:
in 1851) and the most hardened of thieves and murderers. The islands housed those convicted by juries rather than
823:
319:
of up to 75% had become a major problem; released and unemployed prisoners entered cities to seek a way to live.
295:
Prisoners convicted of felonies in the 17th and 18th centuries were sentenced to serve as oarsmen in the French
603:
336:
628:
Felix Milani travelled on the same ship over as Henri Charrière and wrote a book about his experiences titled
1742:
1072:
684:
128:
656:
Island. He was put into solitary confinement for almost one year. In 1934, he was again released, but as a
339:
convicts be transferred overseas to colonies. Debate over where the convicts would be sent was prolonged.
539:
was sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. He escaped with twelve others, making their way to
1054:
873:
783:
511:
1641:
722:
In 1965, the French government transferred responsibility for most of the islands to its newly-founded
1662:
651:(1938). After leaving the colony with temporary permission in 1930, he eventually made his way to the
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1038:
944:
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192:
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extinction. In 1852, Napoleon called for volunteer prisoners from the hulks to transfer to the new
239:
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563:
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tropical diseases. The only exit from the island prisons was by water, and few convicts escaped.
393:
352:
203:
922:
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was a scandal extending for several years in late 19th and early 20th century France, exposing
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177:
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in the United States were considered, but the government eventually chose its own colony of
304:
283:
250:
was for political prisoners. In the 19th century; the most famous such prisoner was
Captain
1454:
226:
The prison system encompassed several locations, both on the mainland and in the off-shore
1616:
1375:
1352:
1112:
1107:
927:
919:(first broadcast on 11 November 1966), titled "Devil's Island", was set on Devil's Island.
915:
890:
861:
536:
157:
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238:; they were housed in moderate freedom due to the difficulty of escape from the island.
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251:
211:
207:
176:
that operated for 100 years, from 1852 to 1952, and officially closed in 1953, in the
1726:
1692:
1077:
1066:
1022:
The song expresses the thoughts of a prisoner on Devil's Island about to be executed.
936:
898:
857:
840:
832:
818:
805:
779:
360:
231:
181:
71:
1368:
1547:
Hell's
Outpost: The True Story of Devil's Island By a Man Who Exiled Himself There.
1428:
1424:
1026:
652:
532:
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to anyone who could offer them rum. Disputes arose among the men, and eventually a
490:
332:
235:
215:
173:
50:
1711:
981:
844:
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703:
567:
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448:
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1716:
1638:
Damned and Damned Again: The True Story of the Last Escape from Devil's Island
956:
865:
760:
401:
316:
1280:
100:
87:
17:
1091:
1049:
989:
608:
559:
1597:édition du chêne, 2002 (Ranked as "Best coffee table book of the year" by
1455:"The Realms of Deth – Megadeth Lyrics – Peace Sells... But Who's Buying?"
1013:
1005:
1000:
894:
515:
420:
409:
1401:
1228:
1075:'s adventure on Devil's Island was featured in the Season 4 premiere of
975:
672:
456:
413:
340:
263:
1554:
Isle of the Damned: Twenty Years in the Penal Colony of French Guinea
1335:. Victory book. Vol. 11. Salvationist Publishing & Supplies.
299:
288:
259:
187:
Opened in 1852, the Devil's Island system received convicts from the
56:
910:(first broadcast on 4 November 1966) takes place on Devil's Island.
343:
was ruled out by the Navy as it was controlled by the French Army;
702:
578:
François Frean, Paul Renuci, Raymond Vaude, and Giovanni Batistoti
437:
356:
344:
282:
199:
1556:. Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951. Also published in England as
1604:
1090:
Devil's Island is mentioned in the plot of the 2015 sci-fi book
727:
348:
1069:, the title character accompanies a prisoner to Devil's Island.
464:
The horrors of the penal settlement were publicised during the
1148:
Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies, 1854–1952
543:. In later life, he joined the American Army and survived the
683:
According to the second memoir of American sailor and writer
1295:"The Virgin Islands Daily News – Google News Archive Search"
531:
After an attempt on 14 January 1858, to assassinate Emperor
501:
restored as museums. They have become tourist destinations.
234:
was the reception centre for the general population of the
675:
who wrote a book about his experiences on Devil's Island.
198:
Devil's Island was also notorious for being used for the
847:
also stars, playing a bounty hunter pursuing the others.
1048:
Devil's Island is the title of a song by musical group
649:
The Dry Guillotine: Fifteen Years Among the Living Dead
266:(which later became the capital of French Guiana), and
1333:
God's Man on Devil's Island: The story of Charles Péan
1041:
is the subject of a 2012 Irish theatrical play called
335:
ordered that the hulks be permanently closed and that
1676:
1310:
1308:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
763:, the Phantom is said to have escaped Devil's Island.
1315:"Papillon alive and well in a Paris retirement home"
808:
was cast as Dr. Charles Gaudet in the American film
719:. Some chose to stay and resettle in French Guiana.
1532:
Dry Guillotine: Fifteen Years among the Living Dead
1012:"Devils Island" is the title of a song by the band
142:
134:
124:
116:
77:
67:
1257:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009, p. 67.
210:, who had been accused of spying for Germany. The
1477:"Chatting with CheeryWild Productions | Love All"
1391:(1928), Chapter 6, "The Man From Devil's Island".
562:, was sent to Devil's Island in 1886. Originally
616:. Once finally freed, he remained in Venezuela.
1479:. Entertainment.ie. 18 May 2012. Archived from
988:, saying "These are the people who introduced
191:, who had been deported from all parts of the
8:
1567:. Reprints: Hart-Davis Macgibbon Ltd. 1970.
1222:
1220:
1196:, posted at "trivia-library.com. Archive.org
55:The Dreyfus Tower on the Pointe des Roches,
39:
1431:, 11 Oct. 1944. From 1:24:52 into the film.
566:, he later received a commuted sentence of
1052:, featured as a hidden track on the album
996:were not as bad as in Charrière's account.
973:In the fifth season of American TV series
766:Devil's Island is featured in the plot of
396:(such as 239 republicans who opposed
375:those civil-law prisoners sentenced under
49:
38:
1626:Peter Dawnay Ltd., London, 1968. Hardback
1207:"Devil's Island Prison History and Facts"
412:-infested, with the insects transmitting
270:, 160 km (100 mi) to the west.
1505:. Irish Theatre Magazine. Archived from
801:), describing life in the prison system.
1683:
1134:
1025:Devil's Island has one full episode of
218:and corruption in the French military.
1142:
1140:
1138:
1267:Overbye, Stine (2010). "Pirunsaari".
1176:"The Last Prisoner on Devil's Island"
885:is a 1955 American movie directed by
262:, 50 kilometres (30 mi) east in
206:, with the most famous being Captain
7:
1655:"Devil's Island French Penal Colony"
1442:Devil's Island: Colony of the Damned
782:plays a Devil's Island prisoner in
445:in his room on Devil's Island 1898,
384:until the last was closed in 1939.
1549:Minton, Balch & Company, 1931.
1227:Krakovitch, Odile (January 1985).
27:Prison of Cayenne in French Guiana
25:
728:National Centre for Space Studies
1748:Defunct prisons in French Guiana
1710:
1698:
1686:
1150:. University of Nebraska Press.
1019:Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?
901:as escapees from Devil's Island.
1610:Dossier de presse Îles du Salut
1357:Dossier de presse Îles du Salut
1255:Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters.
1233:Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle
951:was released in 2017, starring
935:; released in 1973, it starred
1669:New International Encyclopedia
1542:. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971.
707:The hut in which Dreyfus lived
522:Alleged and successful escapes
518:epidemic raged on the island.
459:...; collection Fritz Lachmund
189:Prison of St-Laurent-du-Maroni
1:
1763:20th century in French Guiana
1753:19th century in French Guiana
1631:Black Martinique, Red Guiana,
776:, an American mystery writer.
468:, as the French army captain
980:episode 23, "Party, Party",
545:Battle of the Little Bighorn
1624:The Man From Devil's Island
1534:. Reprint: Berkley (1975).
1457:. Megadeth.rockmetal.art.pl
984:extols Seattle's exclusive
904:The season 2, episode 8 of
748:Films set on Devil's Island
726:under the authority of the
594:Henri Charrière and Sylvain
120:Closed (tourist attraction)
1779:
1545:W.E. Allison-Booth. 1931.
1269:Tieteen Kuvalehti Historia
753:In the 1925 American film
745:
695:liberation of Strasbourg.
398:Napoleon III's coup d'état
29:
1003:" of the animated comedy
333:Emperor Napoleon III
63:
48:
1657:, Salvation Army history
1575:(hbk); Perennial, 2001.
1065:, a short film starring
856:(1944), Paul de Bursac (
756:The Phantom of the Opera
689:Damned and Damned Again)
1636:Willis, William. 1959.
1530:Belbenoit, René. 1938.
1523:Belbenoit, René. 1940.
1444:, Ten Speed Press, 1988
1331:Larsson, Flora (1960).
154:penal colony of Cayenne
1663:"Devil's Island"
1402:"Strange Cargo (1940)"
1178:. 1981. Archived from
1146:Toth, Stephen (2006).
933:movie of the same name
860:) tells Harry Morgan (
795:Helvede hinsides havet
708:
461:
292:
1758:Former penal colonies
1558:Scars Are My Passport
1552:Seaton, George John.
1055:Tales of a GrassWidow
999:In the 2003 episode "
874:Passage to Marseilles
850:In the American film
784:Condemned (1929 film)
706:
505:Fifteen women to camp
441:
286:
164:), commonly known as
1420:To Have and Have Not
1039:Vere St. Leger Goold
1016:on their 1986 album
853:To Have and Have Not
614:El Dorado, Venezuela
601:'s bestselling book
193:Second French Empire
101:5.29222°N 52.58417°W
30:For other uses, see
1615:16 May 2011 at the
1590:, Tallandier, 2008.
1374:4 June 2008 at the
1369:"Les Îles du Salut"
1351:16 May 2011 at the
1319:Mail & Guardian
992:to Devil's Island!"
964:Adolfo Bioy Casares
799:Hell beyond the Sea
791:Aage Krarup Nielsen
772:(1928), a novel by
732:geostationary orbit
724:Guiana Space Centre
713:metropolitan France
588:U.S. Virgin Islands
394:political prisoners
388:Use as penal colony
240:Saint-Joseph Island
204:political prisoners
97: /
45:
1642:St. Martin's Press
1563:Charrière, Henry.
1387:Hammett, Dashiell
1118:George John Seaton
907:The Wild Wild West
742:In popular culture
717:the Salvation Army
709:
671:was a painter and
564:sentenced to death
489:. The outbreak of
462:
353:Dominican Republic
293:
279:Early penal system
106:5.29222; -52.58417
1622:Rickards, Colin.
1440:Alexander Miles,
1427:. United States:
1211:prisonhistory.net
1192:Excerpt from the
962:Argentine author
491:World War II
487:bagne de Cayennes
460:
287:A prison hulk in
228:Salvation Islands
178:Salvation Islands
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
1770:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1593:Godfroy Marion,
1586:Godfroy Marion,
1511:
1510:
1509:on 5 March 2016.
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1215:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1194:People's Almanac
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1159:
1144:
774:Dashiell Hammett
669:Francis Lagrange
664:Francis Lagrange
447:
369:Bagne de Cayenne
268:St. Laurent
172:), was a French
162:Bagne de Cayenne
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
53:
46:
44:(Devil's Island)
41:Bagne de Cayenne
21:
1778:
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1709:
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1677:
1660:
1651:
1617:Wayback Machine
1525:@#!*% on Trial
1518:Further reading
1515:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1483:on 4 March 2016
1475:
1474:
1470:
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1452:
1448:
1439:
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1417:
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1400:
1399:
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1386:
1382:
1376:Wayback Machine
1367:
1363:
1353:Wayback Machine
1346:"Iles du salut"
1344:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:, 26 June 2005.
1313:
1306:
1299:news.google.com
1293:
1292:
1288:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1253:Begley, Louis.
1252:
1248:
1238:
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1226:
1225:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1185:
1183:
1182:on 20 July 2008
1174:
1173:
1162:
1145:
1136:
1126:
1108:Charles DeRudio
1104:
1034:penitentiaries.
968:Plan de Evasion
923:Henri Charrière
916:The Time Tunnel
891:Humphrey Bogart
882:We're No Angels
862:Humphrey Bogart
750:
744:
701:
681:
666:
638:
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599:Henri Charrière
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1507:the original
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
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1425:Howard Hawks
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1232:
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1180:the original
1147:
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1127:
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1085:
1076:
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1053:
1042:
1037:The life of
1030:
1027:Dave Salmoni
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222:Organization
216:antisemitism
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174:penal colony
169:
165:
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153:
151:
40:
36:
1239:15 November
986:Safari Club
966:'s novella
925:'s memoir,
845:Peter Lorre
829:Clark Gable
759:, starring
647:(1940) and
630:The Convict
568:hard labour
449:stereoscopy
402:magistrates
104: /
79:Coordinates
1727:Categories
1503:"Love All"
1124:References
957:Rami Malek
866:Martinique
837:Ian Hunter
761:Lon Chaney
746:See also:
317:Recidivism
232:Île Royale
202:of French
92:52°35′03″W
1595:Bagnards,
1461:14 August
1281:0806-5209
1275:: 50–57.
1235:. 1985–01
1113:Papillion
1092:Seveneves
1050:CocoRosie
990:badminton
817:Director
804:In 1939,
699:Aftermath
609:quicksand
560:anarchist
498:cable car
455:, Altona-
381:déportés,
377:doublage,
337:civil law
244:Reclusion
89:5°17′32″N
1613:Archived
1599:Le Monde
1588:Bagnards
1565:Papillon
1372:Archived
1349:Archived
1186:28 April
1102:See also
1043:Love All
1014:Megadeth
1006:Futurama
1001:Bend Her
949:Papillon
928:Papillon
895:Aldo Ray
797:(1933) (
604:Papillon
516:syphilis
476:'s book
453:F. Hamel
451:sold by
421:Suriname
410:mosquito
325:doublage
291:harbour.
242:was the
68:Location
1738:Cayenne
1679:Portals
1672:. 1905.
1487:10 June
976:Frasier
572:Revolte
457:Hamburg
414:endemic
341:Algeria
274:History
264:Cayenne
129:Maximum
1693:France
1583:(sbk).
1579:
1571:
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1359:, CNES
1279:
1154:
945:remake
897:, and
839:, and
827:stars
673:forger
658:libéré
355:, and
351:, the
309:bagnes
300:galley
289:Toulon
260:Kourou
158:French
143:Closed
135:Opened
117:Status
57:Kourou
1633:1942.
1129:Notes
982:Niles
558:, an
357:Texas
345:Haiti
305:hulks
200:exile
1605:CNES
1577:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1489:2016
1463:2011
1406:IMDb
1277:ISSN
1241:2007
1188:2012
1152:ISBN
955:and
943:. A
939:and
496:The
379:and
349:Cuba
152:The
146:1953
138:1852
1717:Law
1081:on
1061:In
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