364:. There is continuing photographic evidence to support their more scientific measurements. George Vaux, Jr.'s grandson Henry Vaux, Jr., (also an alpine photographer) noted the static nature of the glacier's alpine area, related to its short growing seasons. The only two major differences between contemporary times and the early 1900s are the retreat of the glacier and the presence of the Trans-Canada Highway. Thus, he saw trees that were observed by his grandfather from the same perspective, and there is little difference "except for the glaciers, most of which are back at least two kilometres, and of man-made things."
52:
402:
C.E. Webb measured the glacial retreat mostly with annual photos from fixed points. The period of World War I and the Great
Depression saw fewer observations; the closing of Glacier House in 1925 drastically reduced the number of visitors to the area. The federal Dominion Water and Power Bureau started assessing the glacier in 1945 using baseline measurements. The Bureau conducted yearly studies from 1945 to 1950, and every two years from 1950 to 1960. There were no measurements taken from 1960 to 1972, when Parks Canada began surveying. A study which examines rock
394:
276:
422:, with shorter periods of small advances. Between 1887 and 1962 the terminus of the glacier retreated almost 1.5 km (0.93 mi). Parks Canada research indicates that there was a period of advancement from 1972 to 1986, with the terminus advancing 100 m (330 ft). In total, there was a net retreat of 1,433 m (4,701 ft) in the period of 1887 to 1984. The glacier lost about 28% of its mass by 1951; it regained maybe 1% by 1986.
36:
306:
59:
291:, a railway surveyor, who examined the area in 1882 and 1883 in search of a viable pass. With the completion of the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) through nearby Rogers Pass in 1885, the glacier and its surrounding area became one of western Canada's first tourist destinations. Glacier National Park was established in 1886, and
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is 3.91 square kilometres (1.51 sq mi), for a total size of 8.83 square kilometres (3.41 sq mi). Its estimated mean depth is 100 metres (330 ft), and its highest point is measured at 2,800 metres (9,200 ft). The exposed bedrock downslope of the glacier's terminus shows
384:
began to improve facilities at the glacier; the
Illecillewaet campground was opened and new trails were constructed giving access to the glacier, now located significantly farther away. The latter half of the century saw more glaciological studies as the glacier's retreat became more pronounced.
401:
Although sparse compared with studies of
European glaciers, studies of the Illecillewaet are detailed by North American standards. The first scientific study of the glacier was performed by the Vaux family from 1887 to 1912. George, William, and Mary Vaux with others, including A.O. Wheeler and
376:, which bypassed the Glacier House site. The numbers of visitors declined, and, in 1925, the hotel was closed. It was demolished in 1929. For a thirty-year period, the previously popular glacier was mostly unvisited. In 1962, the new
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from
Pennsylvania. The family first visited Glacier House and Illecillewaet Glacier in 1887. On a subsequent trip, they noticed a visible retreat of the glacier's terminus. The Vaux children, William, George, Jr., and Mary (later
221:, and the building of a hotel nearby, the glacier became a prominent tourist destination in the Canadian west. Easily accessible by road and railway, it is one of the most-studied glaciers in North America. Its
295:, a small hotel, was built near the terminus of the glacier in the same year. The hotel was expanded in 1892 and 1904, and by 1907 the glacier was described as the "most visited glacier in the Americas".
563:
Glaciers of North
America – Glaciers of Canada: Mapping Canada's Glaciers in Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-J-1
346:
in the U.S. Their study and methods were considered a "breakthrough" in the new field of glaciology. Mary Vaux would continue to visit the area every summer until her death in 1940.
287:
people were present in valleys to the east and west, evidence of aboriginal settlement in the
Illecillewaet area has not been found. The first European to visit the glacier was
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There are also other organizations that have compiled photographic records. Unfortunately, there have been lapses in the coverage, and discontinuity in the landmarking system.
302:
First
Nations word for "big water", and referred to the river before being applied to the glacier. It gradually replaced "Great" and was adopted by Parks Canada in the 1960s.
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342:) were amateur photographers and began a study of the glacier using pictures taken from fixed points. William and George, Jr. presented their findings to the
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near
Glacier House for mountaineering use. Feuz was one of several Swiss guides hired by the CPR to accompany visitors to the glacier and up nearby peaks.
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was completed and its route closely followed that of the original CPR line. Once again, Illecillewaet was joined with a major transportation route.
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971:"Evolution of the Illecillewaet Glacier, Glacier National Park, B.C., Using Historical Data, Aerial Photography and Satellite Image Analysis"
603:"Evolution of the Illecillewaet Glacier, Glacier National Park, B.C., Using Historical Data, Aerial Photography and Satellite Image Analysis"
98:
985:
691:
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Vaux, George; Vaux, William S. Jr. (October–December 1907). "Observations Made in 1907 on
Glaciers in Alberta and British Columbia".
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The influx of visitors to the glacier brought both mountaineers and glaciologists. The first recorded ascent of the glacier was by
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Ogilvie, I.H. (Nov–Dec 1904). "The Effect of
Superglacial Débris on the Advance and Retreat of Some Canadian Glaciers".
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On a more anecdotal level, the Vaux family carefully photographed the glacier and surrounding area, first using
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with Edward Feuz and Charles Clarke in 1901, although it had most likely been climbed earlier. Wheeler and the
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At this point, the glacier was called the "Great Glacier" by CPR promoters. The name "Illecillewaet" is an
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726:"Rogers Pass National Historic Site of Canada: Glacier National Park and Glacier House"
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Since scientific research began in the late 1800s, Illecillewaet Glacier has been
881:"National Park Feature Articles: Glaciers, lichens, and the history of the Earth"
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feeds three other glaciers: the Asulkan, Geikie and Deville. As of 2002, the
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in British Columbia. The outflow of the glacier forms the headwaters of the
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A researcher's guide to the Illecillewaet Glacier, British Columbia, Canada
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of the glacier is 4.92 square kilometres (1.90 sq mi) while its
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920:
Proceedings of National Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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883:. Columbia Mountains Institute of Applied Ecology. Archived from
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which were transported up and down the mountain and sent back to
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over the last one hundred years has been extensively documented.
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Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
916:"Observations made in 1900 on Glaciers in British Columbia"
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in order to determine glacial retreat was begun in 1996.
66:
Illecillewaet Glacier location in British Columbia, Canada
174:
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825:"Following glaciers' progress a Vaux family tradition"
1041:- A researcher's guide to the Illecillewaet Glacier,
664:. Parks Canada - Government of Canada. Archived from
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759:(Third ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p.
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790:. New York, NY: American Alpine Club. p. 306.
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82:
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410:has also been used to measure the glacier's size.
914:Vaux, George; Vaux, William S. Jr. (March 1901).
462:A researcher's guide to the Illecillewaet Glacier
1048:Glaciers, lichens, and the history of the Earth
969:Champoux, André; Ommanney, C. Simon L. (1986).
601:Champoux, André; Ommanney, C. Simon L. (1986).
560:Ommanney, C. Simon L.; Champoux, André (2002).
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133:8.83 square kilometres (3.41 sq mi)
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8:
86:Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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40:Northern terminus of glacier in July 2006
1050:, by Michael Morris, Parks Canada, 2002.
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702:of the Canadian Rockies. Archived from
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397:Image of the glacier in the early 1900s
751:Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen (1997).
7:
1043:Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies
466:Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies
986:International Glaciological Society
952:(3). Academy of Natural Sciences (
237:in the Selkirk Mountains, west of
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372:In 1916, the CPR constructed the
213:. After the construction of the
787:The Columbia Mountains of Canada
662:"Glacier National Park: History"
279:A visitor to the glacier in 1902
233:The glacier is located south of
201:, Canada. It is located inside
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57:
50:
34:
571:United States Geological Survey
1681:Glacier National Park (Canada)
823:Cooper, Alex (4 August 2011).
333:The Vaux family were well-off
1:
1039:"Photographs of the Terminus"
458:"Photographs of the Terminus"
1676:Glaciers of British Columbia
755:British Columbia Place Names
344:National Academy of Sciences
908:Original glaciology studies
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855:"Glacier House hotel site"
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995:10.3189/S0260305500001087
623:10.3189/S0260305500001087
217:(CPR) near the glacier's
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33:
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1696:Canadian Pacific Railway
420:retreating and shrinking
357:; and later more modern
229:Physical characteristics
215:Canadian Pacific Railway
1026:"Illecillewaet Glacier"
829:Revelstoke Times-Review
502:"Illecillewaet Glacier"
432:Canadian Pacific Hotels
258:the effects of glacial
1701:Kootenay Land District
1193:Pierre Elliott Trudeau
732:- Government of Canada
398:
310:
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114:51.23667°N 117.44167°W
1031:BC Geographical Names
507:BC Geographical Names
396:
389:Glaciological studies
362:medium format cameras
323:Arthur O. Wheeler hut
319:Alpine Club of Canada
308:
278:
271:CPR and Glacier House
245:. The Illecillewaet
209:, a sub-range of the
203:Glacier National Park
149:Illecillewaet Glacier
24:Illecillewaet Glacier
1158:Sir Mackenzie Bowell
978:Annals of Glaciology
690:McCarthy, Daniel P.
610:Annals of Glaciology
569:. Washington, D.C.:
378:Trans Canada Highway
368:Trans Canada Highway
119:51.23667; -117.44167
1188:Louis Saint Laurent
1143:Sir Wilfrid Laurier
243:Illecillewaet River
110: /
1085:Columbia Mountains
784:Fox, John (1992).
668:on 8 February 2013
531:Journal of Geology
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211:Columbia Mountains
1686:Selkirk Mountains
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1153:Sir John Thompson
879:Morris, Michael.
408:Satellite imagery
340:Mary Vaux Walcott
309:Mary Vaux in 1914
289:Major A.B. Rogers
251:accumulation area
207:Selkirk Mountains
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16:Glacier in Canada
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1691:Columbia Country
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1198:Sir Allan MacNab
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374:Connaught Tunnel
235:Mount Sir Donald
199:British Columbia
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1163:Stanley Baldwin
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903:Further reading
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1603:North Albert
1547:Sir Sandford
1459:Major ranges
1412:Pigeon Spire
1407:Howser Spire
1381:The Bugaboos
1256:Kettle River
1229:Major ranges
1105:Major ranges
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922:: 214–215.
891:6 September
861:8 September
839:8 September
577:6 September
329:Vaux family
239:Rogers Pass
117: /
105:117°26′30″W
92:Coordinates
1670:Categories
1608:Sir Donald
1593:Krell Hill
1588:Kit Carson
1583:Gypsy Peak
1520:Sub-ranges
1476:Bonnington
1369:Sub-ranges
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770:0774806370
538:(8): 738.
438:References
321:built the
141:Retreating
102:51°14′12″N
1598:Mica Peak
1561:Mountains
1390:Mountains
1295:Mountains
1271:Ratchford
1136:Mountains
1127:Christina
988:: 31–33.
736:27 August
710:27 August
672:24 August
616:: 31–32.
513:24 August
443:Footnotes
283:Although
1648:Glaciers
1634:Kootenay
1506:Valhalla
1471:Big Bend
1426:Glaciers
1338:Monashee
1286:Whatshan
1276:Rossland
1222:Monashee
544:30056229
426:See also
300:Okanagan
260:plucking
219:terminus
83:Location
1618:Spokane
1573:Adamant
1532:Badshot
1527:Adamant
1496:Kokanee
1452:Selkirk
1397:Farnham
1362:Purcell
1343:Sherman
1328:Bonanza
1122:Premier
1112:Mowdish
1098:Cariboo
962:4063206
489:Sources
414:Retreat
335:Quakers
266:History
223:retreat
205:in the
1639:Rogers
1627:Passes
1578:Dawson
1511:Valkyr
1501:Nelson
1491:Duncan
1486:Dawson
1466:Battle
1321:Passes
1307:Hallam
1266:Midway
1261:Malton
1251:Jordan
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138:Status
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1552:Windy
1537:Norns
1333:Eagle
1281:Scrip
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974:(PDF)
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954:JSTOR
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1542:Ruby
1433:Toby
1312:Odin
1302:Dunn
1246:Gold
1117:Wavy
1011:2012
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