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bowlers had ever had a problem regarding the legality of their bowling action. This testing showed that a zero tolerance threshold, and the tiered thresholds implemented in the late 1990s, had no or little scientific merit. The study, conducted by the
Australian Institute of Sport Biomechanics department, led by cricket biomechanist Dr. Marc Portus, involved taking three-dimensional video based biomechanical analyses during tour, test and one-day international matches in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Results from this work indicated that video based measurement error in such a scenario, using best practice methodologies, was 3 degrees. This report was submitted to the ICC in 2003, which instigated the review of the illegal action definition and processes.
722:. This group will review evidence and decide, by a simple majority vote, on the legality of the player's action. If the player is cleared the suspension will be lifted immediately. A player who has been suspended from international cricket can continue to play domestic cricket under the supervision of his cricket Board. A player who has been suspended can at any time apply for a reassessment of their action. This usually happens after the player has completed a period of remedial work on their action. This reassessment is carried out in the same manner as the independent review. If the review concludes that the player has remedied their action the suspension will be lifted with immediate effect and they can start bowling in international cricket.
373:, Australia's most revered cricketer of the mid-19th century, was also its most controversial. He was often accused of throwing and later even admitted to it. Many of his contemporaries recalled his trickery: " used to say to the umpire, 'Just look at my feet, will you; I have a bad habit now and then of going over the crease.' The umpire would look at Tom's feet, and Tom would let go a throw for all he was worth." In 1872 Wills became the first cricketer to be called for throwing in a major Australian match, effectively ending his first-class career.
772:, can give the illusion of throwing. In the report it was seen that R. P. Singh maintained this negative angle throughout his delivery stride, while Akhtar sometimes bowled a quicker delivery by flexing this hyperextension. These actions are not considered to be chucking as they are due to the distinctive architecture of their elbows, possibly a congenital condition. Since these cricketers have no control over this hyperextension, any degree of hyperextension (past zero) is not included in the 15-degree extension tolerance threshold.
606:
to call him for throwing meant Hair was isolated and was later excluded from officiating in matches involving Sri Lanka. Subsequent bio-mechanical tests exonerated
Muralitharan's action, showing that he did not extend his arm any more than many other bowlers with legal actions. This testing never completely cleared his action in the eyes of his critics, who claim the extension of the arm differs between bowling in testing and bowling in games, and also when he bowls particular deliveries. During testing at the
501:"dragging" – grounding the back foot behind the bowling crease, thus making the delivery legal, but dragging it through so that it was considerably in front of the crease before the front foot landed, thus bowling from illegally close to the batsman. Following arguments over this, the no-ball law was changed to rely on the bowler's front foot being grounded behind the popping crease, rather than the back foot being grounded behind the bowling crease.) Elder statesmen on both sides, including
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743:(normally a batsman, and only a very occasional bowler) in the 1986 Eng/NZ Test at Trent Bridge: with New Zealand needing just one run to win with eight wickets in hand, rather than leaving the job of conceding the final run to a specialist bowler, Gower was brought on to bowl, and threw it with a fairly blatant illegal action (he normally bowled legally on the rare occasions that he bowled), conceding a no-ball for throwing.
456:
New South Wales Colts in 1930 and took 6 wickets but the
Brisbane Courier's correspondent "Long On" was moved to describe his whipped catapult action as "almost a throw". He was picked for Queensland's Sheffield Shield side and bowled with great success. Queensland selectors responded to complaints from New South Wales by filming his arm action in slow motion but took no action against him. His most famous spell came against
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immediately suspended from all international cricket until they have remedied their action. If however, only a particular delivery is illegal, they can continue to bowl in international cricket provided they do not use the delivery in question until it has been remedied. Throughout the period of this independent assessment, the player can continue to bowl in international cricket.
315:(ICC) set a limit of 15 degrees of permissible straightening of the elbow joint for all bowlers in international cricket. This law applies between the point at which the bowling arm passes above shoulder height and the point at which the ball is released. The limit is to allow only the natural flexing of the elbow joint which happens during the course of legal delivery.
405:
657:. Moeen Ali, at least, although never actually banned from bowling, has stopped attempting to bowl the doosra and now bowls classical off-spin. Saqlain is one of the few bowlers of the doosra whose action has never been called into question, although he was regularly no-balled for the more conventional sin of overstepping the crease.
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deliberately and obviously throw the odd ball in a manner akin to a javelin throw as a surprise. Such cases have occurred throughout history of a bowler whose general action is not of concern but for whatever reason has appeared to deliberately throw a ball with a vastly different action. The
Australian Test bowler
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The new 15-degree limit was chosen after considering biomechanical findings from 130 pace and spin bowlers, the scientific issues with measurement, and that bowling actions considered to be "throw-like", or illegal, were usually measured to be well above 15 degrees of elbow extension, often in the 20
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in
England. Regardless of the biomechanical measurement protocol used, a strikingly similar pattern emerged: the normal biomechanics of cricket bowling, whether it be spin or pace, features an element of elbow extension. The average extension of a normal, seemingly legal delivery was 8–10 degrees for
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was generally thought to throw his dangerous faster ball; on one occasion Doug Insole inquired if he had been 'bowled or run out' after Lock had shattered his stumps. He was in fact called for throwing in county cricket early in his career, and is said to have cleaned up his action towards the end of
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was another fast bowler who generated extreme pace from a remarkably short run. Standing 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm) tall and 9 stone (130 lb; 57 kg) in weight he took wickets at a prodigious rate in the late 1920s in
Queensland club cricket. He was chosen for Queensland against
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in 1900 and 1901, all but ending his productive career. Mold took 1,673 wickets in first-class cricket at only 15.54 apiece, bowling at high pace with a sharp 'break back' from just a four pace run up, but his bowling had always attracted as much controversy as praise. He took 192 wickets in 1895 and
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A ball is fairly delivered in respect of the arm if, once the bowler's arm has reached the level of the shoulder in the delivery swing, the elbow joint is not straightened partially or completely from that instant until the ball has left the hand. This definition shall not debar a bowler from flexing
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Test in
Melbourne, 1995. Hair publicly stated that he would not hesitate to call Murali for throwing again, given the opportunity and considered his bowling action "diabolical". The inability of cricket's officials to agree on the legality of Muralitharan's action and the reluctance of other umpires
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decided to take action. He persuaded the Kent committee to cancel the return fixture. Later that season, Crossland was found to have broken his residential qualification for
Lancashire by living in Nottinghamshire and Nash dropped out of the side. Thus the two counties resumed playing each other the
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The ICC formed an expert panel comprising biomechanists
Professor Bruce Elliott of The University of Western Australia, Dr Marc Portus of the Australian Institute of Sport and Dr Paul Hurrion from the UK who presented during a forum of a special ICC cricket sub-committee for illegal bowling actions
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Testing conducted in the 1990s in
England revealed that during a delivery virtually all bowlers flex and extend their arms naturally to some degree as it rotates around the shoulder. This testing revealed that the strict Laws of Cricket which banned any flexing of the arm were impossible to follow.
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smacked the ball to the boundary anyway, and the four runs were awarded (in those days, if runs were scored from the bat off a no-ball, these were considered to replace the normal penalty run for a no-ball: the law has subsequently changed so that the penalty run is additional to any runs scored),
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If an umpire or match official deems that a bowler is contravening law 24.3, they detail this in the match report which is passed on the match referee. Within 24 hours of the conclusion of the match, the match referee provides the team manager and the ICC with a copy of the match report. A media
500:
helped Australia to regain the Ashes in 1958–59 but feelings ran high in the England team and press that Meckiff and others had bowled outside the laws and spirit of the game. (Meckiff was also alleged – along with several other Australia bowlers – to be breaking the spirit of the no-ball law by
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A later study from 2000 to 2003 showed that bowling actions that looked normal to the naked eye in many of the world's elite fast bowlers had, on average, 9 degrees of elbow extension during the bowling action. Some recorded elbow extension measuring between 10 and 15 degrees, yet none of these
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In general, although players with suspect actions now tend to be reported for investigations rather than suffering a public trial in front of spectators by being no-balled, umpires still have the right to call bowlers on the field if necessary. Such a case might occur when a bowler decides to
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Subsequent to this the ICC received data from laboratory based analyses, on the basis that these measurement environments are more controlled, involving more sophisticated measurement technologies such as the Vicon Motion Analysis system. These were subject to less measurement error. Data was
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on 6 November 1931. He dismissed the NSW opener with his first ball, a vicious bouncer, then knocked Bradman's bat out of his hands with the next. The next delivery knocked Bradman over and the third had him caught behind. A month later, playing against Victoria, he was repeatedly called for
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The first step in this process is an independent review of the player's bowling action which is carried out by a member of the ICC panel of human movement specialists, who will furnish the ICC with their report. If this report concludes that the player does have an illegal action, they are
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If the player is reported and suspended a second time within two years of his last report, he is automatically suspended for a period of one year before they can apply for a reassessment of their action. This event usually ends up effectively terminating a player's international career.
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provided by the Australian Institute of Sport, the University of Western Australia and the Motion Analysis Corporation system from the University of Auckland. The ICC also carried out further video based three-dimensional analyses on all bowlers during the 2004
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Before the advent of developed biomechanical and audiovisual technology, Law 24 Clause 3 was implemented by the field umpires, who judged a delivery as illegal or "thrown" on visual judgement alone. The law against throwing has not changed in its essence since
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in late 2003 in Dubai. The sub-committee was David Richardson, Angus Fraser, Aravinda De Silva, Michael Holding, Tony Lewis and Tim May. After this meeting the ICC decided to raise the elbow extension tolerance threshold to 15 degrees for all bowlers.
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who called him four times during the Second Test. Remarkably he claimed a hat trick during the test but South Africa lost by an innings, prompting an exhibition match to be staged as the Queen was due to visit the ground. Griffin was called by umpire
681:. Enforcing these new measures proved problematic, as the laboratory based measurement systems used had a margin of error of at least 1 degree, and video based measurement systems were likely to have more, especially if inappropriately executed.
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The charge of 'throwing' against a bowler is one of the most serious and controversial that can be made in cricket, as a bowler with an illegal action must take steps to correct their action or face being banned from the game.
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throwing. He played on for Queensland, bowling at a reduced pace, and in 1934–35 headed the Queensland averages. He was a victim of legislation outlawing intimidatory bowling, in the wake of the
920:
Elliott, Bruce C.; Alderson, Jacqueline A.; Denver, Eliot R. (2007). "System and modelling errors in motion analysis: Implications for the measurement of the elbow angle in cricket bowling".
540:, perhaps the most feared fast bowler of his generation, was often suspected of throwing his faster ball although he was not called in Test matches and the promising career of Derbyshire's
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589:, one of the modern era's most celebrated exponents of spin bowling was dogged by controversy over his bowling action for much of his international career. From his debut for
625:, off spinners who have bowled with a non-classical action that can produce this delivery have routinely been reported and investigated for throwing. Such bowlers include
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obituarist wrote: "there can be no doubt the action of Lord Harris, even if it did not entirely remove the throwing evil, had a very healthy effect on the game."
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was once no-balled in such circumstances in the 1930s, with the journalists present opining that he had deliberately thrown the ball. The same was also true of
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of his congenitally bent arm during delivery. Despite initial criticism, the first occasion when his action became a real issue was when Australian umpire
435:'s bowling career by calling him for throwing. Pardon considered the end of the career of the famous Corinthian bowler "a case of long-delayed justice".
524:, who had already been called when playing for Natal, was called in May 1960 while playing against MCC at Lords and his test career was ended by umpire
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Portus, M. R.; Rosemond, C. D.; Rath, D. (2006). "Fast bowling arm actions and the illegal delivery law in men's high performance cricket matches".
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was stunted by constant speculation about the legality of his action. He was 'called' while playing against the South African tourists in 1960 by
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After biomechanical testing showed that all bowlers flex their extended arms to some degree, rules were changed. Current regulations of the
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but though he was eventually cleared and played on with great success for Derbyshire through the decade, he played just twice for England.
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his career after seeing a bowler on video, commenting on how poor the bowler's action was and being shocked to discover it was himself.
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If the player does not agree with the report, they can seek a hearing from a bowling review group made up of experts appointed by the
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A set of tiered tolerance thresholds for the amount of allowable elbow extension, or straightening, were implemented: 10 degrees for
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was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1892 but he left the first-class scene after the 1901 season and Phillips' intervention.
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all bowler types. There were virtually zero instances of no elbow extension at all in accordance with the original laws.
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In the early 1880s there were a number of bowlers who were widely considered to have unfair actions, with the
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leaving Gower with an unusual bowling analysis of conceding 4 runs from, technically, zero deliveries.
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of throwing during Australia's tour of England in 1896 but it was left to an Australian umpire,
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against Lancashire in 1885, when he faced the bowling of Crossland and Nash,
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affair and retired in 1936, having taken 87 first-class wickets at 29.21.
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angle with respect to the upper arm. This phenomenon, also known as
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for throwing in 1951 but was blocked by the authorities at Lords,
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Throws are not allowed when a bowler bowls to a batsman. If the
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21, Clause 2 defines a fair delivery with respect to the arm:
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An epidemic of throwing plagued cricket in the 1950s. Umpire
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statement is also issued that the player has been reported.
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Phillips went on to call Lancashire and England fast bowler
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several independent witnesses, including former cricketer
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commenting diplomatically "These people are our guests".
885:"Q+A: Cricket – Muttiah Muralitharan's bowling action"
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coming in for particular criticism. After playing for
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deems that the ball has been thrown, they will call a
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he was under scrutiny from umpires due to an unusual
792:
List of international cricketers called for throwing
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Biomechanics and modifications to the throwing laws
412:no-balled several prominent bowlers for throwing.
903:"Bowling Report: Testing Muralitharan's Doosra"
617:Since the mid-1990s when Pakistani off-spinner
556:In more recent times bowlers such as England's
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999:"New ICC illegal deliveries process announced"
572:have come under scrutiny to varying degrees.
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513:in the First Test against South Africa in
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451:The Australian aboriginal fast bowler
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488:Surrey and England left-arm spinner
477:wanted to no-ball the South African
601:called him for throwing during the
27:Illegal bowling action in the sport
520:Twenty-one-year-old South African
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706:Process once a bowler is reported
293:straightens the bowling arm when
608:University of Western Australia
934:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.012
1:
1043:Illegal bowling actions: FAQs
1026:International Cricket Council
313:International Cricket Council
1068:Cricket laws and regulations
833:"Dates in Cricket History".
871:Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
835:Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
397:following season. Harris's
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536:West Indian fast bowler
423:, accused quick bowler
362:was legalised in 1864.
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18:Illegal bowling action
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852:"The bowling trouble"
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837:. 1966. p. 152.
730:Intentional throwing
702:to 30-degree range.
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587:Muttiah Muralitharan
580:Muttiah Muralitharan
957:Sports Biomechanics
850:(2 February 1901).
115:left-arm unorthodox
812:"Law 21 – No ball"
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843:
834:
828:
818:29 September
816:. Retrieved
806:
755:
745:Martin Crowe
733:
724:
717:
713:
709:
700:
696:
687:
683:
679:spin bowlers
671:fast bowlers
668:
664:
631:Shoaib Malik
616:
599:Darrell Hair
585:
555:
535:
519:
495:
487:
472:
450:
437:
429:Jim Phillips
425:Ernest Jones
420:
415:
410:Jim Phillips
398:
375:
369:
356:
349:
344:
337:
317:
310:
286:
282:
281:
147:Knuckle ball
79:Spin bowling
54:Fast bowling
29:
922:JNL Biomech
762:R. P. Singh
741:David Gower
737:Laurie Nash
647:Johan Botha
643:Saeed Ajmal
507:Don Bradman
503:Gubby Allen
498:Ian Meckiff
483:Plum Warner
458:Don Bradman
447:Early 1900s
440:Arthur Mold
394:Lord Harris
386:George Nash
202:Carrom ball
172:Slower ball
1052:Categories
798:References
603:Boxing Day
531:Syd Buller
511:Colin Egar
378:Lancashire
295:delivering
242:Topspinner
162:Outswinger
157:Off cutter
152:Leg cutter
985:219698572
655:Moeen Ali
591:Sri Lanka
562:Brett Lee
546:Paul Gibb
526:Frank Lee
490:Tony Lock
433:C. B. Fry
371:Tom Wills
332:Tom Wills
297:the ball.
227:Off break
222:Leg break
142:Inswinger
977:16939154
942:17307186
776:See also
766:negative
515:Brisbane
463:Bodyline
380:pair of
323:Overview
287:chucking
283:Throwing
197:Arm ball
110:leg spin
91:off spin
37:a series
35:Part of
873:. 1933.
408:Umpire
353:History
306:no-ball
212:Flipper
137:Bouncer
983:
975:
940:
623:doosra
421:Wisden
399:Wisden
302:umpire
291:bowler
237:Teesra
232:Slider
217:Googly
207:Doosra
177:Yorker
86:Finger
1022:(PDF)
981:S2CID
848:Felix
814:. MCC
552:1990s
469:1950s
366:1800s
105:Wrist
66:Swing
973:PMID
938:PMID
820:2017
653:and
568:and
505:and
390:Kent
384:and
61:Seam
965:doi
930:doi
720:ICC
339:Law
1054::
1024:.
1001:.
979:.
971:.
959:.
936:.
926:40
924:.
905:.
887:.
854:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
629:,
39:on
987:.
967::
961:5
944:.
932::
860:.
822:.
271:e
264:t
257:v
20:)
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