614:
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526:, under Cuba's criminal code, individuals who, "without completing legal formalities, leave or take actions in preparation for leaving the national territory" faced prison sentences of one to three years in prison. From 1985 to 1994 the number of illegal emigrants is estimated to 82,500, with an additional 7,500 up to the mid-2000. Even discussing illegal emigration carried a six-month prison sentence.
25:
461:, stating "leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity", and "workers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic, the strong bastion of the fight for peace, to serve the deadly enemy of the German people, the imperialists and militarists".
547:, was trapped in Iran after her husband had decided that they would stay there during a two-week vacation. She had to escape to Turkey aided by smugglers because she would not have legally been allowed to leave Iran without first obtaining a divorce from her husband, who would have gained full custody of their daughter,
441:
By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the
Eastern Bloc (along with China, Mongolia and North Korea). Up until 1952, the lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places. Accordingly,
567:
was subordinated to the aims and interests of the nation. The 1933 Constitution says that "he state has the right and the obligation to coordinate and regulate the economic and social life of the Nation with the objective of populating the national territories, protecting emigrants, and disciplining
554:
According to the law of the government of Iran, Iranian males older than 18 years old are not allowed to leave the country unless they serve Iran armed forces for 24 months. This has caused a huge number of
Iranian students and the young population to leave the country through illegal channels.
529:
However, Law-Decree 302, published in the
Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba on October 16, 2012, went into effect on January 14, 2013. This immigration law eliminates the need for an exit permit but increased passport costs to 100 CUC, the equivalent of 5 months of average salary.
538:
It is illegal for an
Iranian woman to leave Iran alone without written permission from her husband or male relative if she is not married. Any woman of any nationality married to an Iranian man automatically becomes an Iranian citizen and is subject to these regulations.
568:
emigration." The state tried to attain three key goals with this policy: meet labor needs, satisfy interests in Africa, and ensure benefits from emigrant remittances. At least 36 percent of
Portuguese emigrants between 1950 and 1988 left the country illegally.
677:
If a person owes more than $ 2,500 in child support, they cannot get their US passport renewed, and therefore will be unable to leave the United States and may be deported back to the United States for not having a valid US passport.
147:. The simplest case is when a country prohibits certain persons from physically leaving. Another common situation is when a person legally goes abroad but refuses to return when demanded by his or her country of origin.
442:
before 1961, most of that eastâwest flow took place between East and West
Germany, with over 3.5 million East Germans emigrating to West Germany. On August 13, 1961, barbed-wire barrier that would become the
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2000:
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Where Did They All Come From? Typology and
Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century; EUROPEAN POPULATION CONFERENCE CONGRESS EUROPEAN DE DEMOGRAPHE
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Previously, the Cuban government forbade its citizens from leaving or returning to Cuba without first obtaining permission from the government. In a translation by
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per 2001, authorities continued to deny passports to less prominent critics as well as to family members of political prisoners and expatriate activists.
446:
separating East and West Berlin was erected by East
Germany. Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall.
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laws. Countries often seek to regulate who departs a country for diverse reasons, such as stopping criminals from leaving, preventing
453:(fugitives from the Republic) was used for anyone wishing to leave to non-socialist countries. A propaganda booklet published by the
2850:
2733:
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1607:
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escaping persecution or, after committing a crime, trying to escape prosecution. However, a person who enters another country as an
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who was photographed jumping the Berlin wall while under construction and a number of
European football players, including
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68:
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3034:
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1895:
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317:, Eastern Bloc countries instituted emigration bans similar to those in the Soviet Union. After the erection of the
75:
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302:
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35:
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757:
1207:
3931:
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1939:
57:
508:. While media sources often reported high level defections, non-prominent defections usually went unreported.
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339:. Soviet Jews and a few others who were not allowed emigrate from the USSR were described by the slang term
263:
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was highly restrictive of any travel external to the
Eastern Bloc, and often required approval by the
3664:
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3326:
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2901:
2896:
2800:
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2015:
1981:
1966:
1802:
1749:
708:
517:
3868:
3560:
3413:
3395:
3343:
3136:
3044:
2993:
2285:
2090:
2065:
2045:
1949:
801:
796:
485:
469:
221:
170:
122:
177:, "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country".
3878:
3649:
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3443:
3437:
3172:
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2442:
2424:
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2407:
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2060:
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2010:
1792:
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577:
523:
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82:
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1993:
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states "Between 1945 and 1961, around 3.6 million people left the Soviet zone and East Berlin"
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Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verlĂ€Ăt, stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
241:
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2005:
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fleeing the Nazis in Austria of 1938 and secretly escaping over the Alps to freedom in
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Rolando GarcĂa Quiñones, Director del Centro de Estudios DemogrĂĄficos (CEDEM), Cuba:
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The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956
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border guards. (More generally, escape by any citizen was considered defection.)
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Australia and New Zealand have a travel ban for people who owe child support.
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257:, as it is poorly written, repetitive, and reads like a list in many places.
16:
Person moving across national borders in a way that violates emigration laws
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2357:
2323:
2281:
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1971:
821:
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457:(SED) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of
326:
1501:
Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961
3858:
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645:
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pilgrimage. Muslims claimed they continue to have difficulties getting
585:
403:
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379:
151:
1098:("He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers")"
2500:
2313:
2246:
2186:
2181:
1988:
1109:
816:
732:
716:
704:
371:
363:
1447:
Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945-1989: Judgements on the Street
669:
People who owe child support are prevented from leaving Costa Rica.
321:
in 1961, emigration mostly halted from east-to-west. A few thousand
169:
is that freedom to emigrate is a human right, part of the right to
2308:
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1787:
770:
728:
724:
589:
581:
2318:
1860:
720:
712:
3220:
2942:
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1919:
1659:
1655:
1600:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
1465:
Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement
1170:
International Migrations in Cuba: persinting trends and changes
3205:
2938:
1341:"Essential information for New Zealanders travelling overseas"
607:
593:
336:
235:
184:
18:
1223:
A passport will cost the average Cuban five months' salary
3492:
List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea
1237:"Cubans set for foreign travel as exit permits abolished"
309:
thereafter banning emigration. After the creation of the
297:
implemented emigration restrictions two months after the
1483:
A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century
1190:"Fidel Castro's Cuba: The Views of the Exile Community"
259:
201:
158:
may be sent back, and if a criminal, a person may face
1350:. New Zealand Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
1582:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939â1953
3779:
3693:
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3119:
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2212:
2172:
2081:
2074:
2029:
1932:
1778:
1732:
313:from countries occupied by the Soviet Union during
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3792:European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis
1617:
1411:Regulation of Migration: International Experiences
3787:Migration and asylum policy of the European Union
3716:2015â16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany
563:Until 1974, individual freedom to emigrate from
150:Special cases are when one flees a country as a
1316:"Media release: Child Support and welfare debt"
1208:"Cubans can leave, but to where and with what?"
1102:Notizbuch des Agitators ("Agitator's Notebook")
1046:Senate Chancellery, Governing Mayor of Berlin,
914:, New York: Manchester University Press, 1995,
496:. Famous East German defectors include author
3819:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
3232:
2954:
1671:
1537:The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path
8:
3259:Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis
2355:
131:is departure from a country in violation of
3497:List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe
438:from the Soviet zone of German occupation.
3239:
3225:
3217:
2961:
2947:
2939:
2581:
2572:
2559:
2078:
1929:
1916:
1729:
1678:
1664:
1656:
1374:. Harvard University Press. pp. 58â.
869:
867:
865:
781:â documentary about escaping Cuba on rafts
358:by directly annexing several countries as
3474:2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster
974:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3372:2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
3366:2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
1262:Portuguese Emigration After World War II
958:, Texas A&M University Press, 2004.
3731:2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum
1145:
1133:
1112:District. November 1955. Archived from
1068:
930:
856:
837:
3426:November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks
1564:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
1481:Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005),
1395:The Real Story of the Von Trapp Family
998:
942:
886:
884:
882:
873:
3771:2021âpresent BelarusâEU border crisis
3549:Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention
3480:2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster
1519:Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List
1080:
1022:
1010:
892:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
844:
812:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
584:has tightly restricted the number of
285:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
226:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
175:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
162:or prosecution in the other country.
7:
3609:Lampedusa immigrant reception center
1557:, United Nations Population Division
1235:Rainsford, Sarah (14 January 2013).
1034:
986:
894:, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007
410:). Other states were converted into
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3846:European Border Surveillance System
3468:2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster
3456:2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters
3450:2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster
1368:Jill Elaine Hasday (16 June 2014).
1314:Robert, Stuartt (24 October 2019).
1049:The construction of the Berlin Wall
739:may require special exit visas for
333:Passport system in the Soviet Union
3726:Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher
1921:
1429:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia
1206:Gupta, Girish (11 November 2012).
14:
1640:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
468:include Joseph Stalin's daughter
323:escape attempts from East Germany
253:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
3802:European Union Agency for Asylum
3462:2023 Libya migrant boats sinking
3360:May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck
3183:White genocide conspiracy theory
2923:
2922:
1322:. Australian Government Services
1106:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
761:â 1965 movie fictionalizing the
612:
455:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
240:
188:
23:
1499:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003),
424:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
34:needs additional citations for
3670:North Macedonia border barrier
2564:
1624:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
1503:, Princeton University Press,
773:in the events it was based on)
476:, U.N. Undersecretary General
1:
3756:Murder of Pamela Mastropietro
3701:Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray
3545:(EU Navfor Med, 2015âpresent)
3432:2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks
3337:African immigration to Europe
3168:Criticism of multiculturalism
1158:Cubaâs Restrictions on Travel
325:occurred, including those by
3896:Valletta Summit on Migration
3766:Murder of Desirée Mariottini
3741:2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot
3736:2016 Reutlingen knife attack
3675:NorwayâRussia border barrier
3555:Migrant Offshore Aid Station
3420:2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck
3408:Burgenland corpses discovery
3390:2014 Libya migrant shipwreck
3384:2014 Malta migrant shipwreck
3248:2015 European migrant crisis
1642:, Rowman & Littlefield,
1616:Thackeray, Frank W. (2004),
1188:M. Hollis Kobayashi (2005).
432:People's Republic of Albania
428:People's Republic of Romania
420:People's Republic of Hungary
3884:Schengen Information System
3746:Murder of Maria Ladenburger
1620:Events that changed Germany
1598:Shirer, William L. (1990),
1539:, Oxford University Press,
1517:Krasnov, Vladislav (1985),
1281:Burma: Crackdown on Muslims
1279:Human Rights Watch (2002).
416:People's Republic of Poland
346:During the final stages of
224:policy was included in the
3963:
3797:European Asylum Curriculum
3721:Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen
3040:Indefinite leave to remain
1770:Weberian (three-component)
1580:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006),
1260:Maria Ioannis B. Baganha.
685:
515:
459:'flight from the republic'
449:In East Germany, the term
360:Soviet Socialist Republics
354:began the creation of the
303:Soviet Socialist Republics
299:Russian Revolution of 1917
282:
120:
3353:Migrant vehicle incidents
3254:
3178:Opposition to immigration
2918:
2584:
2571:
2558:
1928:
1915:
1728:
1699:
1584:, Yale University Press,
1562:Pearson, Raymond (1998),
1467:, Yale University Press,
1427:Cook, Bernard A. (2001),
657:Australia and New Zealand
621:This section needs to be
362:. These included Eastern
3685:Slovenian border barrier
3660:Hungarian border barrier
3645:Bulgarian border barrier
3458:(March & April 2023)
3268:Refugees and immigration
2892:Pre-industrial East Asia
1638:Wettig, Gerhard (2008),
1431:, Taylor & Francis,
1320:servicesaustralia.gov.au
1108:, Agitation Department,
910:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline,
266:may contain suggestions.
251:may need to be rewritten
121:Not to be confused with
3891:Turkey's migrant crisis
3640:Austrian border barrier
1940:Administrative detainee
3874:Migrants around Calais
3761:2018 Chemnitz protests
3711:2015 Corsican protests
3706:2015 Geldermalsen riot
3680:PolandâBelarus barrier
3619:Migrants around Calais
3525:Operation Mare Nostrum
3322:Immigration to Germany
3317:Immigration to Romania
3091:Immigrant assimilation
2984:Immigration by country
2356:
1602:, Simon and Schuster,
1535:Loescher, Gil (2001),
1409:Böcker, Anita (1998),
682:Restrictive exit visas
545:Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody
500:, East German soldier
3655:Calais border barrier
3332:Immigration to Greece
3312:Immigration to Europe
3161:Opposition and reform
2897:Pre-industrial Europe
1553:Mynz, Rainer (1995),
1445:Dale, Gareth (2005),
1371:Family Law Reimagined
743:, departing workers,
588:allowed to travel to
543:, married to Iranian
480:, chess grand master
3665:Melilla border fence
3594:Basroch refugee camp
3327:Immigration to Italy
2754: or countries
2565:By country or region
1803:Class discrimination
1463:Dowty, Alan (1989),
954:Granville, Johanna,
890:Senn, Alfred Erich,
709:United Arab Emirates
580:, the government of
518:Human rights in Cuba
414:states, such as the
165:The position of the
58:"Illegal emigration"
43:improve this article
3937:Illegal immigration
3869:Illegal immigration
3561:Proactiva Open Arms
3506:Maritime operations
3414:Death of Alan Kurdi
3396:Blue Sky M incident
3378:Lampedusa shipwreck
3344:Migration diplomacy
3045:Migration diplomacy
2994:Illegal immigration
2286:Vanniar (Chieftain)
802:Illegal immigration
797:Freedom of movement
486:Mikhail Baryshnikov
470:Svetlana Alliluyeva
394:), part of eastern
366:(incorporated into
301:, with the various
222:freedom of movement
173:. According to the
171:freedom of movement
123:Illegal immigration
3879:Schengen Agreement
3650:Ceuta border fence
3614:Moria refugee camp
3551:(EU, 2015âpresent)
3539:(EU, 2018âpresent)
3527:(Italy, 2013â2014)
3513:Operation Poseidon
3486:MĂŒhldorf van crash
3444:Sofia lorry deaths
3438:Essex lorry deaths
3173:Immigration reform
3120:Political theories
3086:Social integration
2989:Immigration policy
2867:18th-century Spain
2721:Standard of living
2425:Upper middle class
2420:Lower middle class
2011:Political prisoner
1793:Chattering classes
1765:Spoon class theory
1348:safetravel.govt.nz
1299:Human Rights Watch
1286:2007-02-16 at the
1267:2007-02-21 at the
1175:2006-10-05 at the
1055:2014-04-02 at the
758:The Sound of Music
600:to travel abroad.
578:Human Rights Watch
524:Human Rights Watch
400:Karelo-Finnish SSR
368:two different SSRs
200:. You can help by
129:Illegal emigration
3927:Emigration policy
3904:
3903:
3824:Dublin Regulation
3751:2017 Turku attack
3567:Aquarius Dignitus
3307:Sudanese refugees
3300:Assyrian refugees
3214:
3213:
3127:Civic nationalism
3100:Acculturation Gap
2936:
2935:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2747:
2746:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2448:Lumpenproletariat
1950:illegal immigrant
1911:
1910:
1823:Classless society
1649:978-0-7425-5542-6
1631:978-0-313-32814-5
1591:978-0-300-11204-7
1546:978-0-19-829716-1
1528:978-0-8179-8231-7
1510:978-0-691-09678-0
1492:978-0-415-28954-2
1474:978-0-300-04498-0
1438:978-0-8153-4057-7
1420:978-90-5589-095-8
1381:978-0-674-36985-6
1001:, pp. 96â100
977:, pp. 370â71
912:Stalin's Cold War
900:978-90-420-2225-6
827:Look out circular
642:
641:
498:Wolfgang Leonhard
494:Alexander Godunov
478:Arkady Shevchenko
281:
280:
255:quality standards
218:
217:
156:illegal immigrant
119:
118:
111:
93:
3954:
3836:Economic migrant
3780:Related articles
3579:(NGO, 2016â2017)
3571:SOS Méditerranée
3563:(NGO, 2015â2018)
3557:(NGO, 2014â2017)
3543:Operation Sophia
3537:Operation Themis
3531:Operation Triton
3519:Operation Hermes
3422:(September 2016)
3416:(September 2015)
3402:Ezadeen incident
3392:(September 2014)
3386:(September 2014)
3280:Kurdish refugees
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3201:Economic migrant
3147:Plurinationalism
3142:Multiculturalism
3111:Social exclusion
3079:Social processes
3070:Voluntary return
2963:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2926:
2925:
2753:
2654:Mexican-American
2582:
2573:
2560:
2361:
2304:Business magnate
2194:Knowledge worker
2079:
1967:dual or multiple
1930:
1917:
1871:Social exclusion
1866:Social cleansing
1780:
1730:
1719:Economic classes
1680:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1549:
1531:
1521:, Hoover Press,
1513:
1495:
1477:
1459:
1441:
1423:
1413:, Het Spinhuis,
1397:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
908:
902:
888:
877:
871:
860:
854:
848:
842:
763:von-Trapp family
637:
634:
628:
616:
615:
608:
490:Natalia Makarova
412:Soviet Satellite
295:Russian Republic
276:
273:
267:
244:
236:
213:
210:
192:
185:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3932:Human migration
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3864:Fortress Europe
3814:Chain migration
3809:Asylum shopping
3775:
3689:
3633:Border barriers
3628:
3582:
3573:, 2015âpresent)
3533:(EU, 2014â2018)
3521:(EU, 2011â2013)
3515:(EU, 2006â2015)
3501:
3452:(February 2023)
3446:(February 2023)
3428:(November 2016)
3398:(December 2014)
3348:
3290:Libyan refugees
3285:Syrian refugees
3275:Afghan refugees
3263:
3250:
3245:
3215:
3210:
3193:
3187:
3156:
3152:Ethnocentricism
3132:Social cohesion
3115:
3074:
3055:Right of asylum
3050:Non-refoulement
3035:Externalization
3030:Immigration law
3010:Border security
3003:History and law
2998:
2972:
2967:
2937:
2932:
2906:
2855:
2743:
2715:
2682:
2666:Underprivileged
2608:
2567:
2566:
2542:
2472:
2429:
2389:
2371:
2290:
2208:
2168:
2070:
2025:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1886:Social position
1876:Social mobility
1774:
1724:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1650:
1637:
1632:
1615:
1610:
1597:
1592:
1579:
1574:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1534:
1529:
1516:
1511:
1498:
1493:
1480:
1475:
1462:
1457:
1444:
1439:
1426:
1421:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1288:Wayback Machine
1278:
1274:
1269:Wayback Machine
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1177:Wayback Machine
1167:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1057:Wayback Machine
1045:
1041:
1037:, p. 2.2.1
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
909:
905:
889:
880:
872:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
835:
788:
753:
747:, or visitors.
741:foreign workers
694:
684:
675:
667:
659:
654:
638:
632:
629:
626:
617:
613:
606:
574:
561:
549:Mahtob Mahmoody
536:
520:
514:
502:Conrad Schumann
484:, ballet stars
482:Viktor Korchnoi
472:, Mig-25 pilot
402:) and northern
291:
283:Main articles:
277:
271:
268:
258:
245:
234:
214:
208:
205:
198:needs expansion
183:
143:, and averting
137:labor shortages
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3942:Legal concepts
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3694:Related events
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3488:(October 2023)
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3440:(October 2019)
3435:
3434:(January 2018)
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:(January 2015)
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3380:(October 2013)
3375:
3369:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3295:Iraqi refugees
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Ottoman Empire
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Ancient Greece
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2846:United Kingdom
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2739:Home-ownership
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:American Dream
2591:
2585:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Migrant worker
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1922:By demographic
1920:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1902:Status Anxiety
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Ranked society
1853:
1848:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Class conflict
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1781: topics
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Mudsill theory
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1635:
1630:
1613:
1608:
1595:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1559:
1550:
1545:
1532:
1527:
1514:
1509:
1496:
1491:
1478:
1473:
1460:
1456:978-0714654089
1455:
1442:
1437:
1424:
1419:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1332:
1306:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1227:
1198:
1180:
1161:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
975:Grenville 2005
967:
947:
935:
923:
903:
878:
861:
849:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
787:
784:
783:
782:
774:
752:
749:
737:Czech Republic
683:
680:
674:
671:
666:
663:
658:
655:
653:
650:
640:
639:
620:
618:
611:
605:
602:
573:
570:
560:
557:
541:Betty Mahmoody
535:
532:
513:
510:
474:Viktor Belenko
451:Republikflucht
279:
278:
248:
246:
239:
233:
230:
216:
215:
209:September 2015
195:
193:
182:
179:
167:United Nations
141:capital flight
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3959:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Calais Jungle
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:Migrant camps
3585:
3578:
3577:Jugend Rettet
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:(August 2015)
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:Acculturation
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2851:United States
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:Other regions
2750:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
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2019:
2017:
2016:Socioeconomic
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
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1991:
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1983:
1980:
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1904:
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1899:
1897:
1894:
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1891:Social stigma
1889:
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1881:Social orphan
1879:
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1864:
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1840:
1839:Nouveau riche
1836:
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1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Class traitor
1811:
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1808:Class society
1806:
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1799:
1796:
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1771:
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1746:
1745:Gilbert model
1743:
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1738:
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1609:0-671-72868-7
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1575:
1573:0-312-17407-1
1569:
1566:, Macmillan,
1565:
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1524:
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1488:
1485:, Routledge,
1484:
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1458:
1452:
1449:, Routledge,
1448:
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1181:
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1151:
1147:
1142:
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1130:
1127:
1116:on 2014-03-26
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1083:, p. 124
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
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1054:
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1043:
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1036:
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1025:, p. 121
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:, p. 114
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
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988:
983:
980:
976:
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968:
965:
964:1-58544-298-4
961:
957:
951:
948:
945:, p. 794
944:
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920:0-7190-4201-1
917:
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702:
698:
693:
689:
688:Kafala system
681:
679:
673:United States
672:
670:
664:
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652:Child support
651:
649:
647:
636:
624:
619:
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583:
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576:According to
571:
569:
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408:Moldavian SSR
405:
401:
397:
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392:Lithuania SSR
389:
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249:This section
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196:This section
194:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3922:Criminal law
3851:
3624:Hotspot camp
3464:(April 2023)
3374:(April 2011)
3368:(March 2009)
3020:Repatriation
2902:Soviet Union
2877:Ancient Rome
2734:Homelessness
2659:Upper Middle
2531: /
2512: /
2503: /
2468:Working poor
2364:
2351:Robber baron
2174:Intellectual
2164:Royal family
2128:Ancient Rome
1982:second-class
1900:
1843:
1842: /
1837:
1833:High society
1740:Elite theory
1717:
1710:
1703:
1690:Social class
1639:
1619:
1599:
1581:
1563:
1554:
1536:
1518:
1500:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1428:
1410:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1347:
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1294:
1275:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:
1230:
1222:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1201:
1183:
1164:
1153:
1146:Krasnov 1985
1141:
1134:Krasnov 1985
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1101:
1095:
1088:
1076:
1071:, p. 75
1069:Pearson 1998
1064:
1048:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
989:, p. 17
982:
970:
955:
950:
938:
933:, p. 55
931:Roberts 2006
926:
911:
906:
891:
876:, p. 21
859:, p. 43
857:Roberts 2006
852:
847:, p. 70
840:
776:
756:
701:Saudi Arabia
695:
676:
668:
660:
643:
633:January 2016
630:
622:
575:
562:
553:
537:
528:
521:
463:
448:
440:
436:East Germany
434:, and later
406:(became the
384:Estonian SSR
356:Eastern Bloc
352:Soviet Union
348:World War II
345:
341:"refuseniks"
331:
315:World War II
311:Eastern Bloc
307:Soviet Union
292:
269:
260:You can help
250:
232:Eastern Bloc
219:
206:
202:adding to it
197:
164:
149:
128:
127:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3853:Fire at Sea
3482:(July 2023)
3476:(June 2023)
3470:(June 2023)
3106:Persecution
3025:Deportation
3015:Citizenship
2970:Immigration
2821:New Zealand
2538:Untouchable
2463:Proletariat
2453:Pea-pickers
2403:Bourgeoisie
2091:Aristocracy
1977:naturalized
1972:native-born
1246:24 February
1148:, p. 5
1136:, p. 2
999:Wettig 2008
943:Shirer 1990
874:Wettig 2008
767:Switzerland
506:Jörg Berger
444:Berlin Wall
319:Berlin Wall
289:Berlin Wall
160:extradition
145:brain drain
3911:Categories
3604:La LiniĂšre
3362:(May 2007)
2811:Luxembourg
2701:Inequality
2366:Superclass
2157:Hereditary
2133:Post-Roman
2124:Patrician
1994:adolescent
1818:Classicide
1403:References
1354:2021-02-09
1326:2021-02-09
1120:2008-02-17
1081:Dowty 1989
1023:Dowty 1989
1011:Dowty 1989
845:Dowty 1989
686:See also:
665:Costa Rica
516:See also:
376:Latvia SSR
133:emigration
69:newspapers
3848:(Eurosur)
2836:Sri Lanka
2729:Education
2696:Household
2589:Affluence
2524:Rat tribe
2486:Ant tribe
2458:Precariat
2443:Lazzaroni
2385:Bohemians
2346:Overclass
2341:Old money
2277:Spartiate
2252:Kshatriya
2242:Hashashin
2199:Professor
2140:Political
2113:Oligarchy
2103:Hanseaten
2021:Stateless
2001:Convicted
1933:By status
1896:Subaltern
1828:Euthenics
1760:New class
1212:USA Today
1035:Mynz 1995
987:Cook 2001
807:Refusenik
692:Exit visa
598:passports
466:defectors
388:Lithuania
327:defecting
272:June 2018
264:talk page
228:of 1948.
99:June 2018
3947:Morality
3841:Edlumino
3137:Nativism
2928:Category
2860:Historic
2781:Colombia
2771:Cambodia
2706:Personal
2604:Mobility
2533:Freedman
2519:Plebeian
2505:Prisoner
2491:Commoner
2377:Creative
2358:Seigneur
2324:Nobility
2282:Vanniyar
2267:Pendekar
2227:Cossacks
1861:Snobbery
1733:Theories
1284:Archived
1265:Archived
1241:BBC News
1173:Archived
1053:Archived
822:Stowaway
786:See also
778:Balseros
745:citizens
592:for the
565:Portugal
559:Portugal
398:(became
390:(became
382:(became
374:(became
3859:Frontex
3829:Eurodac
3060:Refugee
2977:General
2831:Romania
2826:Nigeria
2711:Poverty
2614:Classes
2599:History
2510:Peasant
2496:Outcast
2435:Working
2415:Burgher
2272:Samurai
2262:OcÄlĆtl
2222:Chhetri
2214:Warrior
2204:Scholar
2118:Russian
2108:Magnate
2096:Aristoi
2075:By type
1962:Citizen
1955:refugee
1851:Poverty
1845:Parvenu
1779:Related
1750:Marxian
1712:Stratum
1303:Tunisia
1217:12 July
751:Fiction
697:Lebanon
646:Tunisia
623:updated
604:Tunisia
586:Muslims
572:Myanmar
464:Famous
404:Romania
396:Finland
380:Estonia
305:of the
181:History
152:refugee
83:scholar
3917:Crimes
3194:topics
3192:Causes
2786:France
2766:Belize
2761:Africa
2688:Income
2644:Middle
2637:Gentry
2501:Outlaw
2408:Petite
2395:Middle
2329:Landed
2314:Gentry
2247:Knight
2187:Priest
2182:Clergy
2145:Family
2083:Ruling
2032:collar
1989:Clique
1705:Status
1646:
1628:
1606:
1588:
1570:
1543:
1525:
1507:
1489:
1471:
1453:
1435:
1417:
1378:
1110:Berlin
962:
918:
898:
817:Sakoku
792:Coyote
733:Russia
717:Kuwait
705:Jordan
430:, the
426:, the
422:, the
418:, the
372:Latvia
364:Poland
350:, the
262:. The
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3569:(NGO
2882:Aztec
2841:Tibet
2816:Nepal
2806:Italy
2796:India
2791:Haiti
2776:China
2676:Under
2671:Lower
2649:Black
2632:Donor
2627:Black
2622:Upper
2529:Slave
2478:Under
2334:Petty
2309:Elite
2296:Upper
2237:Harii
2232:CuÄuh
2066:White
2046:Green
1945:Alien
1788:Caste
1344:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
833:Notes
771:Italy
729:Nepal
725:Qatar
590:Mecca
582:Burma
90:JSTOR
76:books
3065:Visa
2801:Iran
2514:Serf
2319:Lord
2257:Nair
2150:List
2061:Pink
2051:Grey
2041:Blue
2030:By "
1644:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1248:2019
1219:2021
960:ISBN
916:ISBN
896:ISBN
735:and
721:Oman
713:Iraq
690:and
534:Iran
512:Cuba
492:and
293:The
287:and
139:and
62:news
3206:War
2056:New
1301:on
644:In
594:Haj
386:),
378:),
370:),
337:KGB
204:.
45:by
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1346:.
1318:.
1239:.
1221:.
1210:.
1104:.
1100:.
881:^
864:^
731:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
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274:)
270:(
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207:(
125:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
