143:, and photograph enhancement. The purpose of early image processing was to improve the quality of the image. It was aimed for human beings to improve the visual effect of people. In image processing, the input is a low-quality image, and the output is an image with improved quality. Common image processing include image enhancement, restoration, encoding, and compression. The first successful application was the American Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). They useD image processing techniques such as geometric correction, gradation transformation, noise removal, etc. on the thousands of lunar photos sent back by the Space Detector Ranger 7 in 1964, taking into account the position of the Sun and the environment of the Moon. The impact of the successful mapping of the Moon's surface map by the computer has been a success. Later, more complex image processing was performed on the nearly 100,000 photos sent back by the spacecraft, so that the topographic map, color map and panoramic mosaic of the Moon were obtained, which achieved extraordinary results and laid a solid foundation for human landing on the Moon.
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85:. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory); third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has increased.
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the cross-sectional image, which is called image reconstruction. In 1975, EMI successfully developed a CT device for the whole body, which obtained a clear tomographic image of various parts of the human body. In 1979, this diagnostic technique won the Nobel Prize. Digital image processing technology for medical applications was inducted into the
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7647:
Because of the large amount of medical imaging data, the transmission process becomes complicated in telemedicine applications. Thus, in order to adapt the data bit streams to the constraints related to the limitation of the bandwidths a reduction of the size of the data by compression of the images
1907:
To apply the affine matrix to an image, the image is converted to matrix in which each entry corresponds to the pixel intensity at that location. Then each pixel's location can be represented as a vector indicating the coordinates of that pixel in the image, , where x and y are the row and column of
1919:
Because matrix multiplication is associative, multiple affine transformations can be combined into a single affine transformation by multiplying the matrix of each individual transformation in the order that the transformations are done. This results in a single matrix that, when applied to a point
506:
In 1972, the engineer from
British company EMI Housfield invented the X-ray computed tomography device for head diagnosis, which is what is usually called CT (computer tomography). The CT nucleus method is based on the projection of the human head section and is processed by computer to reconstruct
146:
The cost of processing was fairly high, however, with the computing equipment of that era. That changed in the 1970s, when digital image processing proliferated as cheaper computers and dedicated hardware became available. This led to images being processed in real-time, for some dedicated problems
1923:
For example, 2 dimensional coordinates only allow rotation about the origin (0, 0). But 3 dimensional homogeneous coordinates can be used to first translate any point to (0, 0), then perform the rotation, and lastly translate the origin (0, 0) back to the original point (the opposite of the first
155:
became faster, they started to take over the role of dedicated hardware for all but the most specialized and computer-intensive operations. With the fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s, digital image processing has become the most common form of image processing, and is
1915:
are needed. The third dimension is usually set to a non-zero constant, usually 1, so that the new coordinate is . This allows the coordinate vector to be multiplied by a 3 by 3 matrix, enabling translation shifts. So the third dimension, which is the constant 1, allows translation.
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The feature-based method of face detection is using skin tone, edge detection, face shape, and feature of a face (like eyes, mouth, etc.) to achieve face detection. The skin tone, face shape, and all the unique elements that only the human face have can be described as features.
7741:
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and
514:
As of 2010, 5 billion medical imaging studies had been conducted worldwide. Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50% of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United States. Medical imaging equipment is manufactured using technology from the
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Medical imaging systems produce increasingly accurate images with improved quality using higher spatial resolutions and color bit-depth. Such improvements increase the amount of information that needs to be stored, processed, and
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Digital image processing allows the use of much more complex algorithms, and hence, can offer both more sophisticated performance at simple tasks, and the implementation of methods which would be impossible by analogue means.
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Medical imaging techniques produce very large amounts of data, especially from CT, MRI and PET modalities. As a result, storage and communications of electronic image data are prohibitive without the use of compression.
1920:
vector, gives the same result as all the individual transformations performed on the vector in sequence. Thus a sequence of affine transformation matrices can be reduced to a single affine transformation matrix.
358:
standard for storage and transmission of medical images. The cost and feasibility of accessing large image data sets over low or various bandwidths are further addressed by use of another DICOM standard, called
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a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next. The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first
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a pixel in the image matrix. This allows the coordinate to be multiplied by an affine-transformation matrix, which gives the position that the pixel value will be copied to in the output image.
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Banerjee R, Pavlides M, Tunnicliffe EM, Piechnik SK, Sarania N, Philips R, Collier JD, Booth JC, Schneider JE, Wang LM, Delaney DW, Fleming KA, Robson MD, Barnes E, Neubauer S (January 2014).
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2108:{\displaystyle (I')={\begin{bmatrix}45&50&65\\40&60&55\\25&15&5\end{bmatrix}}B={\begin{bmatrix}1&2&1\\2&1&1\\1&0&3\end{bmatrix}}}
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Digital cameras generally include specialized digital image processing hardware – either dedicated chips or added circuitry on other chips – to convert the raw data from their
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at Bell Labs in 1969. While researching MOS technology, they realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny
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Image quality can be influenced by camera vibration, over-exposure, gray level distribution too centralized, and noise, etc. For example, noise problem can be solved by
6360:: Labelling diverse and multiple images for machine recognition is crucial for further processing accuracy, as incorrect identification can lead to unrealistic results.
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To position human features like eyes, using the projection and find the peak of the histogram of projection help to get the detail feature like mouth, hair, and lip.
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In drawing, if there is some dissatisfied color, taking some color around dissatisfied color and averaging them. This is an easy way to think of
Smoothing method.
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Zhang, M. Z.; Livingston, A. R.; Asari, V. K. (2008). "A High
Performance Architecture for Implementation of 2-D Convolution with Quadrant Symmetric Kernels".
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An opening method is just simply erosion first, and then dilation while the closing method is vice versa. In reality, the D(I,B) and E(I,B) can implemented by
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6354:: Identifying and recognising objects within images, especially in complex scenarios with multiple objects and occlusions, poses a significant challenge.
6339:: Imperfections in images due to poor lighting, limited sensors, and file compression can result in unclear images that impact accurate image conversion.
1080:
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Generally, given a gray level histogram from an image as below. Changing the histogram to uniform distribution from an image is usually what we called
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1946:
The following examples are about
Structuring elements. The denoise function, image as I, and structuring element as B are shown as below and table.
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6369:: Accessing adequate computational resources for image processing can be challenging and costly, hindering progress without sufficient resources.
8734:
6776:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13
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algorithm has been widely implemented in DSP chips, with many companies developing DSP chips based on DCT technology. DCTs are widely used for
6345:: Variations in image quality and resolution, including blurry images and incomplete details, can hinder uniform processing across a database.
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1742:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&\sin(\theta )&0\\-\sin(\theta )&\cos(\theta )&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}}
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After filtering images with skin tone, to get the face edge, morphology and DCT are used to remove noise and fill up missing skin areas.
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translation). These 3 affine transformations can be combined into a single matrix, thus allowing rotation around any point in the image.
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during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing may be modeled in the form of
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Given a batch of face images, first, extract the skin tone range by sampling face images. The skin tone range is just a skin filter.
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5104:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&5&6&5\\3&1&4&6\\1&28&30&2\\7&3&2&2\end{bmatrix}}}
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5381:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&5&6&5\\3&9&10&6\\1&9&9&2\\7&3&2&2\end{bmatrix}}}
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enable basic image transformations including scale, rotate, translate, mirror and shear as is shown in the following examples:
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6628:"Efficient color image steganography based on new adapted chaotic dynamical system with discrete orthogonal moment transforms"
4853:. Additional post processing techniques increase edge sharpness or color saturation to create more naturally looking images.
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73:. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of
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Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S (April 2016).
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6712:. Woods, Richard E. (Richard Eugene), 1954– (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. 23–28.
6046:{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int _{q_{0}}^{q}{\tfrac {N^{2}}{q_{k}-q_{0}}}ds=\displaystyle \int _{p_{0}}^{p}H(s)ds}
9610:
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9120:
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7556:"RNS-Based FPGA Accelerators for High-Quality 3D Medical Image Wavelet Processing Using Scaled Filter Coefficients"
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Matsumoto, Kazuya; et al. (1985). "A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-destructive readout mode".
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6579:"Modern Trends in Improving the Technical Characteristics of Devices and Systems for Digital Image Processing"
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2120:
918:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{9}}\times {\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}}
7466:
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Normally, HSV or RGB color spaces are suitable for the skin filter. E.g. HSV mode, the skin tone range is ~
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Moreover, based on the definition of a function, the Gray level histogram method is like finding a function
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The original image pixel is 1, 4, 28, 30. After smoothing mask, the pixel becomes 9, 10, 9, 9 respectively.
4894:
1940:
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6269:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1/9&1/9&1/9\\1/9&1/9&1/9\\1/9&1/9&1/9\end{bmatrix}}}
5258:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1/9&1/9&1/9\\1/9&1/9&1/9\\1/9&1/9&1/9\end{bmatrix}}}
1037:
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In particular, digital image processing is a concrete application of, and a practical technology based on:
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Notice that the highpass filter shows extra edges when zero padded compared to the repeated edge padding.
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Projection is just projecting the image to see the high frequency which is usually the feature position.
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photography to simulate an android's point of view. Image processing is also vastly used to produce the
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30:
This article is about mathematical processing of digital images. For artistic processing of images, see
1888:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&c_{x}=0.5&0\\c_{y}=0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}}
1140:
1107:
338:. Its highly efficient DCT compression algorithm was largely responsible for the wide proliferation of
2669:{\displaystyle (I')={\begin{bmatrix}45&50&65\\40&66&55\\25&15&5\end{bmatrix}}}
1100:
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178:(MOS) technology, invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960, This led to the development of digital
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7422:"T.81 – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – requirements and guidelines"
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2766:{\displaystyle (I')={\begin{bmatrix}45&50&65\\40&2&55\\25&15&5\end{bmatrix}}}
1594:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}c_{x}=2&0&0\\0&c_{y}=1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}}
610:
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in 1992. JPEG compresses images down to much smaller file sizes, and has become the most widely used
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405:(DSP) chips in the late 1970s. DSP chips have since been widely used in digital image processing.
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processing, or digital picture processing as it often was called, were developed in the 1960s, at
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DCT is to avoid the object with tone-like skin. Since human faces always have higher texture.
1027:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&-1&0\\-1&4&-1\\0&-1&0\end{bmatrix}}}
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Digital filters are used to blur and sharpen digital images. Filtering can be performed by:
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8548:
7662:"A lossless compression method for multi-component medical images based on big data mining"
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index measure (SSIM) can be applied to compare images in terms of extracting the skin tone.
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However, to allow transformations that require translation transformations, 3 dimensional
1471:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}}
1122:
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7018:(12 July 1993). "Active pixel sensors: Are CCDS dinosaurs?". In Blouke, Morley M. (ed.).
4435:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}}
3972:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}}
3512:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}}
3048:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}}
1371:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}}
808:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}}
476:, and decoding operations such as the inverse operation between different color formats (
275:
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7554:
Nagornov, Nikolay N.; Lyakhov, Pavel A.; Valueva, Maria V.; Bergerman, Maxim V. (2022).
7387:
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generally used because it is not only the most versatile method, but also the cheapest.
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Nagornov, Nikolay N.; Lyakhov, Pavel A.; Bergerman, Maxim V.; Kalita, Diana I. (2024).
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levels. The NMOS APS was fabricated by
Tsutomu Nakamura's team at Olympus in 1985. The
237:
8329:
Fundamentals of
Digital Image Processing: A Practical Approach with Examples in Matlab
1381:
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7642:
7619:"ROI-Based Compression Strategy of 3D MRI Brain Datasets for Wireless Communications"
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8125:"Multiparametric magnetic resonance for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver disease"
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9199:
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6980:
Boyle, William S; Smith, George E. (1970). "Charge
Coupled Semiconductor Devices".
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289:
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8244:. Foundations of Physically Based Modeling & Animation. A K Peters/CRC Press.
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Opening method or closing method can be used to achieve filling up missing skin.
4874:
effect that replaces the background of actors with natural or artistic scenery.
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7253:"The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors"
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1121:
Images are typically padded before being transformed to the
Fourier space, the
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Modern algorithms for image processing: computer imagery by example using C#
7950:"Radiation-reduction strategies in cardiac computed tomographic angiography"
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devices. As of 2015, annual shipments of medical imaging chips amount to 46
8336:
8098:"Medical Imaging Chip Global Unit Volume To Soar Over the Next Five Years"
6501:
Chakravorty, Pragnan (2018). "What is a Signal? [Lecture Notes]".
1125:
images below illustrate the consequences of different padding techniques:
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R. Fisher; K Dawson-Howe; A. Fitzgibbon; C. Robertson; E. Trucco (2005).
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4866:(1973) was the first feature film to use the digital image processing to
1190:% ************************** SPATIAL DOMAIN ***************************
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Yamni, Mohamed; Daoui, Achraf; Abd El-Latif, Ahmed A. (February 2024).
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6864:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321.
6809:
6794:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
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9307:
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Sobel operator or other operators can be applied to detect face edge.
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710:
masking specific frequency regions in the frequency (Fourier) domain
616:
Some techniques which are used in digital image processing include:
2339:{\displaystyle max(45+1,50+2,65+1,40+2,60+1,55+1,25+1,15+0,5+3)=66}
259:
in 1993. By 2007, sales of CMOS sensors had surpassed CCD sensors.
232:
in Japan during the mid-1980s. This was enabled by advances in MOS
8559:
7428:
7155:"A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors"
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3421:
2957:
2570:{\displaystyle min(45-1,50-2,65-1,40-2,60-1,55-1,25-1,15-0,5-3)=2}
355:
346:, with several billion JPEG images produced every day as of 2015.
271:
7883:"Reminiscences of the Early Work in DCT: Interview with K.R. Rao"
7617:
Dhouib, D.; NaĂŻt-Ali, A.; Olivier, C.; Naceur, M.S. (June 2021).
292:
introduced in 1999, most optical mouse devices use CMOS sensors.
9557:
8551:, by Alan Peters. Vanderbilt University. Updated 7 January 2016.
4969:
method while gray level distribution problem can be improved by
520:
360:
323:
253:
245:
9234:
8984:
8563:
8398:
Rafael C. Gonzalez; Richard E. Woods; Steven L. Eddins (2004).
5791:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{k}H(p_{i})=\sum _{i=0}^{k}G(q_{i})}
8355:
5698:(see figure 2). It is clear that the area will not change, so
485:
481:
477:
8357:
Digital Image
Processing: An Algorithmic Approach Using Java
7948:
Roobottom CA, Mitchell G, Morgan-Hughes G (November 2010).
6104:
with Matlab, salt & pepper with 0.01 parameter is added
288:
sensor chip. Since the first commercial optical mouse, the
123:, and a few other research facilities, with application to
7923:"Space Technology Hall of Fame:Inducted Technologies/1994"
7258:. In H. T. Kung; Robert F. Sproull; Guy L. Steele (eds.).
7022:. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 1900. pp. 2–14.
7020:
Charge-Coupled
Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III
6887:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"
5425:* (image+image+image+image+image+image+image+image+image)
5641:(see figure 1) while the area of uniform distribution is
248:
active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) was later developed by
7525:"JPeg lockdown: Restriction options sought by committee"
7491:"What Is a JPEG? The Invisible Object You See Every Day"
6106:
to the original image in order to create a noisy image.
488:) for display purposes. DCTs are also commonly used for
8313:, 16 August 2002 (last update), retrieved 24 March 2010
7815:"1979: Single Chip Digital Signal Processor Introduced"
4991:. Take the small image and mask for instance as below.
7850:"30 years of DSP: From a child's toy to 4G and beyond"
7809:
7807:
7187:"CMOS Image Sensor Sales Stay on Record-Breaking Pace"
6655:"Computational Algorithms on Medical Image Processing"
6136:
5951:
5836:
5584:
In discrete time, the area of gray level histogram is
5532:
5500:
5468:
5436:
5404:
5283:
5125:
5006:
4374:
3911:
3451:
2987:
2705:
2608:
2047:
1978:
1801:
1630:
1507:
1407:
1310:
1164:
MATLAB example for spatial domain highpass filtering.
954:
857:
747:
27:
Algorithmic processing of digitally-represented images
7221:"The Optical Mouse: Early Biomimetic Embedded Vision"
6130:
6062:
6000:
5927:
5926:
5892:
5834:
5807:
5704:
5647:
5590:
5530:
5498:
5466:
5434:
5402:
5277:
5119:
5000:
4368:
3905:
3445:
2981:
2682:
2585:
2440:
2354:
2209:
2123:
1955:
1795:
1624:
1501:
1401:
1304:
948:
838:
741:
452:. DCTs are also used for encoding operations such as
7890:
Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences
69:, digital image processing has many advantages over
9676:
9650:
9624:
9584:
9545:
9507:
9498:
9445:
9414:
9388:
9381:
9331:
9275:
9268:
9166:
9080:
9049:
9018:
8725:
8716:
8683:
8597:
8300:
A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film
8174:
International Journal of Computers and Applications
8054:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America
7756:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors"
401:in the early 1970s, and then the first single-chip
393:technology was the basis for the first single-chip
8555:Processing digital images with computer algorithms
8381:Dictionary of Computer Vision and Image Processing
7489:
7370:"How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform"
7306:Brain, Marshall; Carmack, Carmen (24 April 2000).
6268:
6068:
6045:
5910:
5878:
5820:
5801:From the uniform distribution, the probability of
5790:
5690:
5633:
5545:
5513:
5481:
5449:
5417:
5380:
5257:
5103:
4987:Smoothing method can be implemented with mask and
4434:
3971:
3511:
3047:
2765:
2668:
2569:
2423:
2338:
2192:
2107:
1887:
1741:
1593:
1470:
1370:
1026:
917:
807:
7881:Stanković, Radomir S.; Astola, Jaakko T. (2012).
7770:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
444:and color differences, and color formats such as
266:technology. The first optical mouse, invented by
8455:Milan Sonka; Vaclav Hlavac; Roger Boyle (1999).
8205:
8203:
6749:The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future
8474:Gonzalez, Rafael C.; Woods, Richard E. (2008).
6431:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
8457:Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision
322:in 1972. DCT compression became the basis for
9246:
8996:
8575:
8050:"Multiparametric MR Imaging of Breast Cancer"
6124:convolution the graysale image with the mask
5879:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {N^{2}}{q_{k}-q_{0}}}}
8:
7159:IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society
4901:which is usually called DCT, and horizontal
2418:
2364:
2187:
2133:
9726:Computer-related introductions in the 1960s
8478:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
6278:denoisy image will be the result of step 2.
6121:read image and convert image into grayscale
5390:Oberseving image, image, image, and image.
385:was revolutionized by the wide adoption of
9504:
9385:
9272:
9253:
9239:
9231:
9003:
8989:
8981:
8722:
8582:
8568:
8560:
8533:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7719:Grant, Duncan Andrew; Gowar, John (1989).
7660:Xin, Gangtao; Fan, Pingyi (11 June 2021).
6891:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
6741:
6739:
6737:
714:The following examples show both methods:
193:The charge-coupled device was invented by
8148:
8073:
8009:
7965:
7695:
7677:
7597:
7579:
7262:. Computer Science Press. pp. 1–19.
7170:
7035:
6829:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories
6602:
6250:
6237:
6224:
6209:
6196:
6183:
6168:
6155:
6142:
6131:
6129:
6061:
6017:
6010:
6005:
5981:
5968:
5957:
5950:
5944:
5937:
5932:
5925:
5891:
5866:
5853:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5812:
5806:
5779:
5763:
5752:
5736:
5720:
5709:
5703:
5679:
5663:
5652:
5646:
5622:
5606:
5595:
5589:
5531:
5529:
5499:
5497:
5467:
5465:
5435:
5433:
5403:
5401:
5278:
5276:
5239:
5226:
5213:
5198:
5185:
5172:
5157:
5144:
5131:
5120:
5118:
5001:
4999:
4369:
4367:
3906:
3904:
3446:
3444:
2982:
2980:
2700:
2681:
2603:
2584:
2439:
2353:
2208:
2122:
2042:
1973:
1954:
1838:
1813:
1796:
1794:
1625:
1623:
1549:
1514:
1502:
1500:
1402:
1400:
1305:
1303:
1117:Image padding in Fourier domain filtering
949:
947:
852:
839:
837:
742:
740:
9406:society as information processing system
9401:humans as information processing systems
8048:Rahbar H, Partridge SC (February 2016).
7925:. Space Foundation. 1994. Archived from
7353:the Cyclops was the first digital camera
6825:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device"
6297:Gray level distribution too centralized
6078:
4909:General method with feature-based method
2780:
2424:{\displaystyle min\{I(i+m,j+n)-B(m,n)\}}
2193:{\displaystyle max\{I(i+m,j+n)+B(m,n)\}}
1277:
1127:
716:
6632:Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
6493:
5691:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{k}G(q_{i})}
5634:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{k}H(p_{i})}
511:Space Technology Hall of Fame in 1994.
363:, to enable efficient streaming of the
8735:3D reconstruction from multiple images
8526:
8438:Understanding Digital Image Processing
8354:Wilhelm Burger; Mark J. Burge (2007).
8282:
8272:
7991:"Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update"
7722:Power MOSFETS: theory and applications
7295:from the original on 26 February 2014.
6798:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
3426:Denoising picture with dilation method
205:. As it was fairly straightforward to
9642:philosophy of artificial intelligence
8755:Simultaneous localization and mapping
8400:Digital Image Processing using MATLAB
8327:Solomon, C.J.; Breckon, T.P. (2010).
6930:Springer Science & Business Media
6885:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960).
4813:Denoising picture with closing method
1060:Show Image: log(1+Absolute Value(F))
262:MOS image sensors are widely used in
117:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
8419:Computer Vision and Image Processing
8037:from the original on 24 August 2019.
7903:from the original on 13 October 2019
7862:from the original on 14 October 2019
7848:Taranovich, Steve (27 August 2012).
7792:from the original on 13 October 2019
7225:Advances in Embedded Computer Vision
7096:from the original on 29 August 2019.
6926:History of Semiconductor Engineering
6862:History of Semiconductor Engineering
6703:
6701:
5920:In continuous time, the equation is
707:(filter array) in the spatial domain
306:An important development in digital
9332:information processing abstractions
8261:from the original on 30 August 2017
7829:from the original on 3 October 2019
7535:from the original on 9 October 2019
7523:Baraniuk, Chris (15 October 2015).
7504:from the original on 9 October 2019
7336:"Building the First Digital Camera"
7109:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
4961:Improvement of image quality method
2951:% denoising 3 times with all method
8820:Automatic number-plate recognition
7488:Caplan, Paul (24 September 2013).
7002:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01790.x
2806:Use Matlab to read Original image
1935:is suitable for denoising images.
1259:'Laplacian Edge Detection'
34:. For compression algorithms, see
25:
9276:information processes by function
8235:House, Keyser (6 December 2016).
7459:"The JPEG image format explained"
7438:from the original on 17 July 2019
7402:from the original on 10 June 2016
7334:Benchoff, Brian (17 April 2016).
7197:from the original on 21 June 2019
6956:Scientific charge-coupled devices
6792:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
354:image compression is used by the
9396:nature as information processing
9041:Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
8825:Automated species identification
8440:. Taylor and Francis CRC Press.
7998:International Journal of Surgery
7754:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016).
6695:, New York: Academic Press, 1969
6671:10.2174/157340561605200410144743
1897:
1751:
1603:
1480:
1380:
1146:
1139:
1106:
1099:
1085:
1078:
1064:
1036:
927:
817:
328:Joint Photographic Experts Group
234:semiconductor device fabrication
9127:Discrete-time Fourier transform
8810:Audio-visual speech recognition
7227:. Springer. pp. 3–22 (3).
6503:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
6436:Least-squares spectral analysis
5546:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{9}}}
5514:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{9}}}
5482:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{9}}}
5450:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{9}}}
5418:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{9}}}
4832:Applications of computer vision
1928:Image denoising with Morphology
1057:F = Fourier Transform of image
149:television standards conversion
65:. As a subcategory or field of
8655:Recognition and categorization
8186:10.1080/1206212x.2008.11441909
6693:Picture Processing by Computer
6032:
6026:
5785:
5772:
5742:
5729:
5685:
5672:
5628:
5615:
5489:* (5+6+5+1+4+6+28+30+2)) = 10
2694:
2683:
2597:
2586:
2558:
2450:
2415:
2403:
2394:
2370:
2327:
2219:
2184:
2172:
2163:
2139:
1967:
1956:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
656:Partial differential equations
641:Independent component analysis
492:(HDTV) encoder/decoder chips.
371:Digital signal processor (DSP)
326:, which was introduced by the
99:Digital imaging § History
1:
9553:information processing theory
9072:Statistical signal processing
8919:Optical character recognition
8850:Content-based image retrieval
8501:Kovalevsky, Vladimir (2019).
8212:Digital Image Processing, 3rd
7260:VLSI Systems and Computations
6653:Hung, Che-Lun (28 May 2020).
6358:Data Annotation and Labelling
5553:* (1+4+6+28+30+2+3+2+2)) = 9
5521:* (3+1+4+1+28+30+7+3+2)) = 9
5457:* (2+5+6+3+1+4+1+28+30)) = 9
4796:"scene_closing.jpg"
4460:"scene_closing.jpg"
4333:"scene_opening.jpg"
3997:"scene_opening.jpg"
2200:. Let Dilation(I,B) = D(I,B)
2117:Define Dilation(I, B)(i,j) =
687:Digital image transformations
671:Principal components analysis
182:image sensors, including the
9632:computational theory of mind
8549:Lectures on Image Processing
7457:Svetlik, Joe (31 May 2018).
7396:10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z
6959:. SPIE Press. pp. 3–4.
6911:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5
6752:. Springer. pp. 245–8.
6708:Gonzalez, Rafael C. (2008).
6640:10.1016/j.matcom.2024.01.023
6343:Variability in Image Quality
4362:
3899:
3439:
2975:
2431:. Let Erosion(I,B) = E(I,B)
2348:Define Erosion(I, B)(i,j) =
1789:
1618:
1495:
1395:
1298:
1105:
1098:
1084:
1077:
1063:
942:
832:
735:
438:analog-to-digital conversion
318:technique first proposed by
95:Digital image § History
7581:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3151361
7268:10.1007/978-3-642-68402-9_1
7153:; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014).
6604:10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3381493
5911:{\displaystyle 0<i<k}
5557:Gray Level Histogram method
4532:'scene_closing.jpg'
4069:'scene_opening.jpg'
703:with specifically designed
601:Multi-scale signal analysis
528:power semiconductor devices
9757:
9533:computational neuroscience
9437:human–computer interaction
9121:Discrete Fourier transform
9098:Matched Z-transform method
8815:Automatic image annotation
8650:Noise reduction techniques
8141:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.002
8066:10.1016/j.mric.2015.08.012
8011:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053
7967:10.1016/j.crad.2010.04.021
7778:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353
7679:10.1038/s41598-021-91920-x
7635:10.1016/j.irbm.2020.05.001
6953:James R. Janesick (2001).
6837:10.1142/9789814503464_0076
4825:
499:
490:high-definition television
374:
299:
242:micron and then sub-micron
163:
103:Many of the techniques of
92:
42:
29:
9637:philosophy of information
9115:Discrete cosine transform
9012:Digital signal processing
8967:
8780:Free viewpoint television
8210:Gonzalez, Rafael (2008).
7375:Digital Signal Processing
7172:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412
6548:. New York, NY: Pearson.
6544:Gonzalez, Rafael (2018).
6466:Total variation denoising
4899:Discrete cosine transform
3870:"scene_ero.jpg"
3409:"scene_dil.jpg"
3073:"scene_dil.jpg"
1250:% show Laplacian filtered
1199:% Laplacian filter kernel
556:digital signal processors
546:, and processors such as
472:, variable encoding, and
410:discrete cosine transform
312:discrete cosine transform
257:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
176:metal–oxide–semiconductor
153:general-purpose computers
113:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
67:digital signal processing
9427:brain–computer interface
9148:Post's inversion formula
9062:Digital image processing
8845:Computer-aided diagnosis
8476:Digital image processing
7308:"How Computer Mice Work"
6746:Williams, J. B. (2017).
6710:Digital image processing
6546:Digital image processing
6523:10.1109/MSP.2018.2832195
6441:Multidimensional systems
5271:and smoothing, image is
4903:Projection (mathematics)
4893:can be implemented with
4445:
3982:
3522:
3058:
2807:
1226:% convolve test img with
1166:
468:, perceptual weighting,
403:digital signal processor
377:Digital signal processor
83:multidimensional systems
51:Digital image processing
43:Not to be confused with
9616:artificial intelligence
9546:in cognitive psychology
9499:Information processing
9057:Audio signal processing
8907:Moving object detection
8897:Medical image computing
8660:Research infrastructure
8630:Image sensor technology
7823:Computer History Museum
6659:Current Medical Imaging
6451:Remote sensing software
6411:Free boundary condition
6294:Histogram Equalization
6076:that satisfies f(p)=q.
4895:Mathematical morphology
3609:'scene_ero.jpg'
3537:'scene_ero.jpg'
3145:'scene_dil.jpg'
3057:Use Matlab to dilation
1941:Mathematical morphology
1933:Mathematical morphology
1913:homogeneous coordinates
1187:% generate checkerboard
1160:Filtering code examples
367:compressed image data.
216:television broadcasting
71:analog image processing
45:Analog image processing
9611:computational circuits
9606:information structures
9462:bio-inspired computing
9382:Information processors
9262:Information processing
8944:Video content analysis
8912:Small object detection
8691:Computer stereo vision
8421:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8238:Affine Transformations
7072:"Active Pixel Sensors"
6320:
6311:Histogram equalization
6305:
6288:
6270:
6115:
6070:
6047:
5912:
5880:
5822:
5792:
5768:
5725:
5692:
5668:
5635:
5611:
5581:
5573:
5563:Histogram equalization
5547:
5515:
5483:
5451:
5419:
5382:
5259:
5105:
4971:histogram equalization
4887:
4886:Face detection process
4814:
4444:Use Matlab to Closing
4436:
4350:
3981:Use Matlab to Opening
3973:
3887:
3521:Use Matlab to erosion
3513:
3427:
3049:
2963:
2767:
2670:
2571:
2425:
2340:
2194:
2109:
1889:
1743:
1595:
1472:
1372:
1273:Affine transformations
1268:Affine transformations
1229:% 3x3 Laplacian kernel
1047:Fourier Representation
1028:
919:
809:
666:Point feature matching
517:semiconductor industry
391:MOS integrated circuit
228:(APS) was invented by
131:standards conversion,
121:University of Maryland
9695:Decoding the Universe
9567:cognitive informatics
9501:theories and concepts
9269:Information processes
8949:Video motion analysis
8760:Structure from motion
8706:3D object recognition
8402:. Pearson Education.
8337:10.1002/9780470689776
8129:Journal of Hepatology
8102:Silicon Semiconductor
6421:Homomorphic filtering
6319:
6304:
6287:
6271:
6114:
6071:
6048:
5913:
5881:
5823:
5821:{\displaystyle q_{i}}
5793:
5748:
5705:
5693:
5648:
5636:
5591:
5579:
5571:
5548:
5516:
5484:
5452:
5420:
5383:
5260:
5106:
4927:Structural similarity
4885:
4837:Digital camera images
4826:Further information:
4812:
4437:
4349:
3974:
3886:
3514:
3425:
3050:
2961:
2768:
2671:
2572:
2426:
2341:
2195:
2110:
1890:
1744:
1596:
1473:
1373:
1134:Repeated edge padded
1054:image = checkerboard
1029:
920:
810:
621:Anisotropic diffusion
500:Further information:
212:digital video cameras
184:charge-coupled device
170:The basis for modern
141:character recognition
93:Further information:
9701:information overload
9576:behavior informatics
9467:ubiquitous computing
9181:Anti-aliasing filter
9110:Constant-Q transform
9093:Advanced z-transform
8872:Foreground detection
8855:Reverse image search
8835:Bioimage informatics
8805:Activity recognition
8436:Vipin Tyagi (2018).
8305:17 July 2012 at the
8004:(Suppl 1): S142-55.
7129:10.1143/JJAP.24.L323
6446:Relaxation labelling
6128:
6060:
5924:
5890:
5832:
5805:
5702:
5645:
5588:
5528:
5496:
5464:
5432:
5400:
5275:
5117:
4998:
4849:image in a standard
4366:
3903:
3443:
2979:
2784:Structuring element
2680:
2583:
2438:
2352:
2207:
2121:
1953:
1793:
1622:
1499:
1399:
1302:
1281:Transformation Name
946:
836:
739:
676:Self-organizing maps
626:Hidden Markov models
186:(CCD) and later the
9585:in computer science
9524:genetic informatics
8939:Autonomous vehicles
8877:Gesture recognition
8740:2D to 3D conversion
8417:Tim Morris (2004).
8331:. Wiley-Blackwell.
7572:2022IEEEA..1019215N
7388:1991DSP.....1....4A
7121:1985JaJAP..24L.323M
7028:1993SPIE.1900....2F
6994:1970BSTJ...49..587B
6903:1960JPCS...14..131L
6595:2024IEEEA..1244659N
6515:2018ISPM...35e.175C
6456:Standard test image
6088:Before improvement
6082:Improvement method
6022:
5949:
5460:new image = floor({
4918:Process explanation
2822:'scene.jpg'
1937:Structuring element
606:Pattern recognition
458:motion compensation
432:, control signals,
310:technology was the
226:active-pixel sensor
9658:information theory
9597:computation theory
9592:neural computation
9528:cellular computing
9432:physical computing
9138:Integral transform
9133:Impulse invariance
9105:Bilinear transform
8954:Video surveillance
8892:Landmark detection
8800:3D pose estimation
8785:Volumetric capture
8745:Gaussian splatting
8701:Object recognition
8615:Commercial systems
8459:. PWS Publishing.
8104:. 8 September 2016
7954:Clinical Radiology
7819:The Silicon Engine
7666:Scientific Reports
7431:. September 1992.
6982:Bell Syst. Tech. J
6924:Lojek, Bo (2007).
6860:Lojek, Bo (2007).
6823:KAHNG, D. (1961).
6691:Azriel Rosenfeld,
6366:Resource Intensity
6321:
6306:
6289:
6266:
6260:
6116:
6094:After improvement
6066:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6001:
5989:
5928:
5908:
5876:
5874:
5818:
5788:
5688:
5631:
5582:
5574:
5543:
5541:
5524:new image = floor(
5511:
5509:
5492:new image = floor(
5479:
5477:
5447:
5445:
5428:new image = floor(
5415:
5413:
5378:
5372:
5255:
5249:
5101:
5095:
4888:
4815:
4432:
4426:
4351:
3969:
3963:
3888:
3509:
3503:
3428:
3045:
3039:
2964:
2763:
2757:
2666:
2660:
2567:
2421:
2336:
2190:
2105:
2099:
2030:
1885:
1879:
1739:
1733:
1591:
1585:
1468:
1462:
1368:
1362:
1024:
1018:
915:
909:
805:
799:
596:Feature extraction
570:million units and
524:integrated circuit
286:integrated circuit
18:Image optimization
9713:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9651:interdisciplinary
9494:
9493:
9377:
9376:
9359:stream processing
9349:signal processing
9344:sign processesing
9228:
9227:
9153:Starred transform
9143:Laplace transform
9067:Speech processing
9036:Estimation theory
8978:
8977:
8887:Image restoration
8830:Augmented reality
8795:
8794:
8775:4D reconstruction
8727:3D reconstruction
8620:Feature detection
8512:978-1-4842-4237-7
8485:978-0-13-168728-8
8466:978-0-534-95393-5
8428:978-0-333-99451-1
8409:978-81-7758-898-9
8390:978-0-470-01526-1
8371:978-1-84628-379-6
8346:978-0-470-84473-1
8251:978-1-4822-3460-2
8221:978-0-13-168728-8
7736:978-0-471-82867-9
7277:978-3-642-68404-3
7046:10.1117/12.148585
6966:978-0-8194-3698-6
6871:978-3-540-34258-8
6846:978-981-02-0209-5
6810:10.1149/1.2428650
6759:978-3-319-49088-5
6719:978-0-13-168728-8
6555:978-0-13-335672-4
6476:Bounded variation
6406:Fourier transform
6386:Computer graphics
6325:
6324:
6099:Smoothing method
6069:{\displaystyle f}
5988:
5873:
5540:
5508:
5476:
5444:
5412:
4851:image file format
4819:
4818:
1939:are important in
1905:
1904:
1154:
1153:
1123:highpass filtered
1114:
1113:
847:
636:Image restoration
454:motion estimation
414:image compression
383:signal processing
332:image file format
316:lossy compression
308:image compression
302:Image compression
296:Image compression
240:reaching smaller
125:satellite imagery
109:Bell Laboratories
36:Image compression
16:(Redirected from
9748:
9736:Image processing
9571:neuroinformatics
9505:
9472:artificial brain
9386:
9369:state processing
9364:agent processing
9339:event processing
9273:
9255:
9248:
9241:
9232:
9026:Detection theory
9005:
8998:
8991:
8982:
8902:Object detection
8867:Face recognition
8750:Shape from focus
8723:
8610:Digital geometry
8584:
8577:
8570:
8561:
8538:
8532:
8524:
8497:
8470:
8451:
8447:978-11-3856-6842
8432:
8413:
8394:
8375:
8350:
8314:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8284:
8280:
8278:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8260:
8243:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8214:. Pearson Hall.
8207:
8198:
8197:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8152:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8077:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8013:
7995:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7969:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7887:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7811:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7699:
7681:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7601:
7583:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7493:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7469:on 5 August 2019
7465:. Archived from
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7437:
7426:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7368:(January 1991).
7362:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7348:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7257:
7249:Lyon, Richard F.
7245:
7239:
7238:
7217:Lyon, Richard F.
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7076:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7039:
7012:
7006:
7005:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6777:
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6696:
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6683:
6682:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6498:
6350:Object Detection
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6254:
6241:
6228:
6213:
6200:
6187:
6172:
6159:
6146:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
5990:
5987:
5986:
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5973:
5972:
5962:
5961:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5885:
5883:
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5877:
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5870:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5846:
5837:
5827:
5825:
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5819:
5817:
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5797:
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5767:
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5741:
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5724:
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5695:
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5684:
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5667:
5662:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5610:
5605:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5542:
5533:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5501:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5478:
5469:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5437:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5405:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5230:
5217:
5202:
5189:
5176:
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5135:
5110:
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4683:
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4337:
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4307:
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4301:
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4280:
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4232:
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4097:
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3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
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3808:
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3703:
3700:
3697:
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3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
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3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
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3532:
3529:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3043:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2693:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2596:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2434:E(I', B)(1,1) =
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2203:D(I', B)(1,1) =
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2035:
2034:
1966:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1843:
1842:
1818:
1817:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1554:
1553:
1519:
1518:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1278:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1150:
1143:
1128:
1110:
1103:
1095:Fourier Highpass
1089:
1082:
1068:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
938:Spatial Highpass
931:
924:
922:
921:
916:
914:
913:
848:
840:
821:
814:
812:
811:
806:
804:
803:
717:
646:Linear filtering
573:
569:
560:media processors
548:microcontrollers
509:Space Foundation
470:entropy encoding
399:microcontrollers
279:
274:in 1980, used a
195:Willard S. Boyle
55:digital computer
53:is the use of a
21:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9741:Digital imaging
9731:Computer vision
9716:
9715:
9714:
9705:
9672:
9663:decision theory
9646:
9620:
9580:
9541:
9519:systems biology
9500:
9490:
9481:virtual reality
9441:
9410:
9373:
9354:data processing
9327:
9323:decision-making
9264:
9259:
9229:
9224:
9162:
9076:
9045:
9031:Discrete signal
9014:
9009:
8979:
8974:
8963:
8934:Robotic mapping
8882:Image denoising
8791:
8712:
8679:
8645:Motion analysis
8593:
8591:Computer vision
8588:
8545:
8525:
8513:
8500:
8486:
8473:
8467:
8454:
8448:
8435:
8429:
8416:
8410:
8397:
8391:
8378:
8372:
8353:
8347:
8326:
8323:
8321:Further reading
8318:
8317:
8307:Wayback Machine
8298:
8294:
8281:
8271:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8241:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8209:
8208:
8201:
8171:
8170:
8166:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8107:
8105:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8047:
8046:
8042:
8034:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7983:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7932:
7930:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7795:
7793:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7737:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7566:: 19215–19231.
7553:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7505:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7439:
7435:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7405:
7403:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7346:
7344:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7318:
7316:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7278:
7255:
7251:(August 1981).
7247:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7151:Fossum, Eric R.
7149:
7148:
7144:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7074:
7068:Fossum, Eric R.
7066:
7065:
7061:
7037:10.1.1.408.6558
7016:Fossum, Eric R.
7014:
7013:
7009:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6932:. p. 120.
6923:
6922:
6918:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6872:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6745:
6744:
6735:
6720:
6707:
6706:
6699:
6690:
6686:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6589:: 44659–44681.
6576:
6575:
6571:
6556:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6461:Superresolution
6391:Computer vision
6381:Digital imaging
6376:
6352:and Recognition
6330:
6259:
6258:
6245:
6232:
6218:
6217:
6204:
6191:
6177:
6176:
6163:
6150:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6105:
6058:
6057:
6006:
5977:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5933:
5922:
5921:
5888:
5887:
5862:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5775:
5732:
5700:
5699:
5675:
5643:
5642:
5618:
5586:
5585:
5526:
5525:
5494:
5493:
5462:
5461:
5430:
5429:
5398:
5397:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5248:
5247:
5234:
5221:
5207:
5206:
5193:
5180:
5166:
5165:
5152:
5139:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4963:
4880:
4859:
4847:color-corrected
4839:
4834:
4828:Digital imaging
4824:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2579:After dilation
2436:
2435:
2350:
2349:
2205:
2204:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1692:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1648:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1119:
1074:Fourier Lowpass
1017:
1016:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
988:
983:
974:
973:
968:
960:
950:
944:
943:
908:
907:
902:
897:
891:
890:
885:
880:
874:
873:
868:
863:
853:
834:
833:
828:Spatial Lowpass
798:
797:
792:
787:
781:
780:
775:
770:
764:
763:
758:
753:
743:
737:
736:
723:Kernel or mask
694:
689:
651:Neural networks
580:
571:
567:
552:microprocessors
504:
502:Medical imaging
498:
496:Medical imaging
395:microprocessors
379:
373:
304:
298:
277:
268:Richard F. Lyon
252:'s team at the
199:George E. Smith
168:
162:
133:medical imaging
101:
91:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9754:
9752:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9718:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9691:
9686:
9680:
9678:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9668:systems theory
9665:
9660:
9654:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9628:
9626:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9599:
9594:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9578:
9573:
9564:
9555:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9537:neurocomputing
9530:
9521:
9511:
9509:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9476:mind uploading
9469:
9464:
9459:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9392:
9390:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9277:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9235:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9172:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9124:
9118:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9084:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9008:
9007:
9000:
8993:
8985:
8976:
8975:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8959:Video tracking
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8929:Remote sensing
8926:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8847:
8842:
8840:Blob detection
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8772:
8767:
8765:View synthesis
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8731:
8729:
8720:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8698:
8696:Motion capture
8693:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8544:
8543:External links
8541:
8540:
8539:
8511:
8498:
8484:
8471:
8465:
8452:
8446:
8433:
8427:
8414:
8408:
8395:
8389:
8383:. John Wiley.
8376:
8370:
8351:
8345:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8292:
8283:|website=
8250:
8227:
8220:
8199:
8180:(4): 298–308.
8164:
8115:
8089:
8060:(1): 223–238.
8040:
7981:
7960:(11): 859–67.
7940:
7929:on 4 July 2011
7914:
7873:
7840:
7803:
7746:
7735:
7711:
7652:
7629:(3): 146–153.
7609:
7546:
7515:
7480:
7449:
7413:
7357:
7326:
7298:
7276:
7240:
7233:
7208:
7193:. 8 May 2018.
7178:
7142:
7099:
7059:
7007:
6988:(4): 587–593.
6972:
6965:
6945:
6938:
6916:
6877:
6870:
6852:
6845:
6815:
6784:
6765:
6758:
6733:
6718:
6697:
6684:
6665:(5): 467–468.
6645:
6618:
6569:
6554:
6536:
6509:(5): 175–177.
6492:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6471:Machine Vision
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6426:Image analysis
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6364:Computational
6361:
6355:
6346:
6340:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6313:
6307:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6122:
6117:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6065:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6020:
6013:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5956:
5947:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5815:
5811:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5539:
5536:
5507:
5504:
5475:
5472:
5443:
5440:
5411:
5408:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4891:Face detection
4879:
4878:Face detection
4876:
4858:
4855:
4838:
4835:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4446:
4442:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4343:
3983:
3979:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3880:
3523:
3519:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3059:
3055:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2962:Original lotus
2955:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:Original Image
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2676:After erosion
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1929:
1926:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:Affine Matrix
1282:
1269:
1266:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
941:
933:
932:
925:
912:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
851:
846:
843:
831:
823:
822:
815:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
746:
734:
732:Original Image
728:
727:
724:
721:
712:
711:
708:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
591:Classification
579:
576:
564:system-on-chip
538:(particularly
497:
494:
474:motion vectors
389:in the 1970s.
387:MOS technology
375:Main article:
372:
369:
344:digital photos
340:digital images
300:Main article:
297:
294:
238:MOSFET scaling
164:Main article:
161:
158:
90:
87:
59:digital images
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9753:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9625:in philosophy
9623:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9515:computational
9513:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9503:
9497:
9487:
9486:virtual world
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9422:mixed reality
9420:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9303:communication
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9256:
9251:
9249:
9244:
9242:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9215:Undersampling
9213:
9211:
9210:Sampling rate
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9158:Zak transform
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9006:
9001:
8999:
8994:
8992:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8973:
8972:
8971:Main category
8966:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8924:Pose tracking
8922:
8920:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8585:
8580:
8578:
8573:
8571:
8566:
8565:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8420:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8401:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8377:
8373:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8296:
8293:
8288:
8276:
8257:
8253:
8247:
8240:
8239:
8231:
8228:
8223:
8217:
8213:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8168:
8165:
8160:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8119:
8116:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8085:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8041:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7944:
7941:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7877:
7874:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7844:
7841:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7761:IEEE Spectrum
7757:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7729:. p. 1.
7728:
7724:
7723:
7715:
7712:
7707:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7648:is essential.
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7550:
7547:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7516:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7492:
7484:
7481:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7450:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7330:
7327:
7315:
7314:
7313:HowStuffWorks
7309:
7302:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7236:
7234:9783319093871
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7179:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7100:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6976:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6949:
6946:
6941:
6939:9783540342588
6935:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6881:
6878:
6873:
6867:
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6309:Refer to the
6308:
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2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1947:
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1055:
1052:Pseudo-code:
1051:
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1043:
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1008:
1005:
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993:
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662:
659:
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654:
652:
649:
647:
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639:
637:
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631:Image editing
629:
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624:
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619:
618:
617:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
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594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
577:
575:
572:$ 1.1 billion
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:image sensors
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
512:
510:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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459:
455:
451:
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440:, formatting
439:
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321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
284:
281:
273:
269:
265:
264:optical mouse
260:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
203:MOS capacitor
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
180:semiconductor
177:
173:
172:image sensors
167:
160:Image sensors
159:
157:
154:
150:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:digital image
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:Image editing
19:
9693:
9562:intelligence
9205:Quantization
9200:Oversampling
9191:Nyquist rate
9186:Downsampling
9061:
8969:
8862:Eye tracking
8718:Applications
8684:Technologies
8670:Segmentation
8502:
8475:
8456:
8437:
8418:
8399:
8380:
8356:
8328:
8311:Larry Yaeger
8295:
8263:. Retrieved
8237:
8230:
8211:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8135:(1): 69–77.
8132:
8128:
8118:
8106:. Retrieved
8101:
8092:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8020:11573/908479
8001:
7997:
7984:
7957:
7953:
7943:
7931:. Retrieved
7927:the original
7917:
7905:. Retrieved
7893:
7889:
7876:
7864:. Retrieved
7853:
7843:
7831:. Retrieved
7818:
7794:. Retrieved
7765:
7759:
7749:
7740:
7721:
7714:
7672:(1): 12372.
7669:
7665:
7655:
7646:
7626:
7622:
7612:
7605:transmitted.
7603:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7539:13 September
7537:. Retrieved
7518:
7508:13 September
7506:. Retrieved
7497:The Atlantic
7495:
7483:
7471:. Retrieved
7467:the original
7452:
7440:. Retrieved
7416:
7404:. Retrieved
7379:
7373:
7366:Ahmed, Nasir
7360:
7352:
7345:. Retrieved
7339:
7329:
7317:. Retrieved
7311:
7301:
7259:
7243:
7224:
7211:
7199:. Retrieved
7190:
7181:
7165:(3): 33–43.
7162:
7158:
7145:
7115:(5A): L323.
7112:
7108:
7102:
7078:
7062:
7019:
7010:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6955:
6948:
6925:
6919:
6894:
6890:
6880:
6861:
6855:
6828:
6818:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6768:
6748:
6709:
6692:
6687:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6631:
6621:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6545:
6539:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6363:
6357:
6348:
6342:
6333:
6103:
6055:
5919:
5800:
5583:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5523:
5491:
5459:
5427:
5396:new image =
5395:
5392:
5389:
5266:
5112:
4993:
4986:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4964:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4889:
4861:
4860:
4843:image sensor
4840:
4822:Applications
4790:extractclose
4745:extractclose
4466:extractclose
4356:
3893:
3433:
2969:
2798:
2774:
2578:
2433:
2347:
2202:
2116:
1948:
1945:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1783:
1758:
1612:
1489:
1389:
1292:
1271:
1175:checkerboard
1163:
1155:
1131:Zero padded
1120:
1094:
1073:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1045:
936:
826:
731:
720:Filter type
713:
695:
615:
585:
581:
540:CMOS sensors
519:, including
513:
505:
466:quantization
464:prediction,
430:multiplexing
426:audio coding
422:video coding
420:, decoding,
407:
380:
348:
305:
290:IntelliMouse
261:
220:
192:
169:
166:Image sensor
145:
102:
50:
49:
40:
9088:Z-transform
8770:Visual hull
8665:Researchers
7560:IEEE Access
7191:IC Insights
7079:Eric Fossum
6897:: 131–136.
6831:: 583–596.
6583:IEEE Access
6336:Distortions
5269:Convolution
4989:Convolution
4327:extractopen
4282:extractopen
4003:extractopen
2777:Convolution
701:convolution
462:inter-frame
381:Electronic
320:Nasir Ahmed
250:Eric Fossum
188:CMOS sensor
61:through an
57:to process
9720:Categories
9684:infosphere
9602:algorithms
9508:in biology
9453:processors
9446:artificial
9283:perception
9220:Upsampling
9081:Techniques
9050:Sub-fields
8640:Morphology
8598:Categories
8521:1080084533
8108:25 October
7907:13 October
7866:14 October
7833:14 October
7796:13 October
7742:computers.
7406:10 October
7382:(1): 4–5.
6804:(9): 547.
6774:US2802760A
6488:References
6401:Digitizing
6334:Noise and
6328:Challenges
5886:while the
4872:chroma key
4454:extractmax
3991:extractmin
3864:extractmin
3819:extractmin
3795:pointRight
3747:pointRight
3543:extractmin
3403:extractmax
3358:extractmax
3079:extractmax
1391:Reflection
661:Pixelation
611:Projection
544:biosensors
137:videophone
129:wire-photo
79:distortion
9457:processes
9308:reasoning
9298:operating
9293:influence
9288:attention
9195:frequency
8529:cite book
8494:137312858
8285:ignored (
8275:cite book
7933:7 January
7772:: 48–54.
7688:2045-2322
7643:219437400
7599:246895876
7590:2169-3536
7319:9 October
7201:6 October
7137:108450116
7032:CiteSeerX
6728:137312858
6613:2169-3536
6564:966609831
6481:Radiomics
6396:CVIPtools
6003:∫
5975:−
5930:∫
5860:−
5750:∑
5707:∑
5650:∑
5593:∑
4994:image is
4978:Smoothing
4967:Smoothing
4868:pixellate
4863:Westworld
4733:dneighbor
4697:ero_image
4691:dneighbor
4520:ero_image
4270:dneighbor
4234:dil_image
4228:dneighbor
4057:dil_image
3789:pointLeft
3777:pointDown
3771:ero_image
3729:pointLeft
3693:pointDown
3597:ero_image
3346:dneighbor
3310:dil_image
3304:dneighbor
3133:dil_image
2553:−
2541:−
2529:−
2517:−
2505:−
2493:−
2481:−
2469:−
2457:−
2398:−
1704:θ
1698:
1687:θ
1681:
1675:−
1660:θ
1654:
1643:θ
1637:
1411:−
1006:−
991:−
978:−
963:−
850:×
692:Filtering
442:luminance
434:signaling
365:JPEG 2000
352:JPEG 2000
314:(DCT), a
207:fabricate
63:algorithm
9313:learning
9176:Aliasing
9168:Sampling
8675:Software
8635:Learning
8625:Geometry
8605:Datasets
8362:Springer
8303:Archived
8265:26 March
8256:Archived
8194:57289814
8159:24036007
8084:26613883
8032:Archived
8028:26777740
7976:20933639
7898:Archived
7860:Archived
7827:Archived
7790:Archived
7786:32003640
7706:34117350
7533:Archived
7529:BBC News
7502:Archived
7473:5 August
7463:BT Group
7433:Archived
7400:Archived
7347:30 April
7341:Hackaday
7290:Archived
7286:60722329
7219:(2014).
7195:Archived
7091:Archived
7087:18831792
7070:(2007).
7054:10556755
6679:32484080
6531:52164353
6374:See also
6091:Process
5580:Figure 2
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1815:x
1811:c
1805:1
1799:[
1772:6
1769:/
1766:Ď€
1759:θ
1735:]
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1701:(
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1663:)
1657:(
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1587:]
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1556:=
1551:y
1547:c
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1524:2
1521:=
1516:x
1512:c
1505:[
1464:]
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1308:[
1262:)
1256:(
1244:X
1241:(
1217:,
1211:(
1205:=
1202:X
1178:(
1172:=
1020:]
1014:0
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1001:0
994:1
986:4
981:1
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966:1
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768:0
761:0
756:0
751:0
745:[
276:5
47:.
38:.
20:)
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