1433:'s Image Size dialog, the image editor allows the user to manipulate both pixel dimensions and the size of the image on the printed document. These parameters work together to produce a printed image of the desired size and quality. Pixels per inch of the image, pixel per inch of the computer monitor, and dots per inch on the printed document are related, but in use are very different. The Image Size dialog can be used as an image calculator of sorts. For example, a 1600 × 1200 image with a resolution of 200 ppi will produce a printed image of 8 × 6 inches. The same image with 400 ppi will produce a printed image of 4 × 3 inches. Change the resolution to 800 ppi, and the same image now prints out at 2 × 1.5 inches. All three printed images contain the same data (1600 × 1200 pixels), but the pixels are closer together on the smaller prints, so the smaller images will potentially look sharp when the larger ones do not. The quality of the image will also depend on the capability of the printer.
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882:, the enhancement of an image is the process of improving the quality of a digitally stored image by manipulating the image with software. It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease contrast. Advanced photo enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways. Programs specialized for image enhancement are sometimes called image editors.
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586:. Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to improve the image composition in the new image.
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edges when selecting images. There are a number of ways to silhouette an image with soft edges, including selecting the image or its background by sampling similar colors, selecting the edges by raster tracing, or converting a clipping path to a raster selection. Once the image is selected, it may be
275:. These are called automatic because generally they happen without user interaction or are offered with one click of a button or mouse button or by selecting an option from a menu. Additionally, some automatic editing features offer a combination of editing actions with little or no user interaction.
1408:
to describe the photographic process of capturing multiple bracketed exposures of a land or cityscape over a specific span of time in a changing natural or artificial lighting environment. Once captured, the exposure brackets are manually blended together into a single High
Dynamic Range image using
620:
Using a selection tool, the outline of the figure or element in the picture is traced/selected, and then the background is removed. Depending on how intricate the "edge" is this may be more or less difficult to do cleanly. For example, individual hairs can require a lot of work. Hence the use of the
1056:
The Clone Stamp tool selects and samples an area of your picture and then uses these pixels to paint over any marks. The Clone Stamp tool acts like a brush so you can change the size, allowing cloning from just one pixel wide to hundreds. You can change the opacity to produce a subtle clone effect.
688:
artifacts can be removed; dust and scratches can be removed and an image can be de-speckled. Noise reduction merely estimates the state of the scene without the noise and is not a substitute for obtaining a "cleaner" image. Excessive noise reduction leads to a loss of detail, and its application is
917:
Another form of image sharpening involves a form of contrast. This is done by finding the average color of the pixels around each pixel in a specified radius, and then contrasting that pixel from that average color. This effect makes the image seem clearer, seemingly adding details. An example of
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Image editors usually have a list of special effects that can create unusual results. Images may be skewed and distorted in various ways. Scores of special effects can be applied to an image which include various forms of distortion, artistic effects, geometric transforms and texture effects, or
1344:
Gamma correction is particularly useful for bringing details that would be hard to see on most computer monitors out of shadows. In some image editing software, this is called "curves", usually, a tool found in the color menu, and no reference to "gamma" is used anywhere in the program or the
992:
A more recent tool in digital image editing software is the image slicer. Parts of images for graphical user interfaces or web pages are easily sliced, labeled and saved separately from whole images so the parts can be handled individually by the display medium. This is useful to allow dynamic
639:
of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as
421:
coding) by which the greater the compression, the more information is lost, ultimately reducing image quality or detail that can not be restored. JPEG uses knowledge of the way the human visual system perceive color to make this loss of detail less noticeable.
535:
with the layers below, without affecting any of the elements on the other layers. This is a fundamental workflow which has become the norm for the majority of programs on the market today, and enables maximum flexibility for the user while maintaining
1384:, which occurs when flash photos are taken when the pupil is too widely open (so that light from the flash that passes into the eye through the pupil reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball), can also be eliminated at this stage.
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Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphics manipulation programs. The list is by no means all-inclusive. There are a myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features.
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of images. Common color depths are 2, 4, 16, 256, 65,536 and 16.7 million colors. The JPEG and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors (equal to 256 luminance values per color channel). In addition,
512:
Leonardo da Vinci's
Vitruvian Man overlaid a soft light layer Moses Harris's Color Wheel and a soft light layer of Ignaz Schiffermüller's Color Wheel. Soft light layers have a darker, more translucent look than screen
191:. These pixels contain the image's color and brightness information. Image editors can change the pixels to enhance the image in many ways. The pixels can be changed as a group, or individually, by the sophisticated
951:
When selecting a raster image that is not rectangular, it requires separating the edges from the background, also known as silhouetting. This is the digital-analog of cutting out the image from a physical picture.
1409:
post-processing software. Dynamic
Blending images serve to display a consolidated moment. This means that while the final image may be a blend of a span of time, it visually appears to represent a single instant.
504:
Leonardo da Vinci's
Vitruvian Man overlaid with Goethe's Color Wheel using a screen layer in Adobe Photoshop. Screen layers can be helpful in graphic design and in creating multiple exposures in photography.
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threshold are brightened, thereby brightening underexposed shadows without affecting the rest of the image. The exact transformation that is applied to each color channel can vary from editor to editor.
2117:"Fantasy, fairy tale and myth collide in images: By digitally altering photos of landscapes, artist Anthony Goicolea creates an intriguing world", The Vancouver Sun (British Columbia); June 19, 2006.
898:. Portraits often appear more pleasing when selectively softened (particularly the skin and the background) to better make the subject stand out. This can be achieved with a camera by using a large
980:, all but the parts to be merged are hidden from the layer, giving the impression that these parts have been added to the background layer. Performing a merge in this manner preserves all of the
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to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done in the computer with the image editor. When images are stored in
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In addition to the capability of changing the images' brightness and/or contrast in a non-linear fashion, most current image editors provide an opportunity to manipulate the images'
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to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for
Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels which would equal 0.3
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Some image editors have color swapping abilities to selectively change the color of specific items in an image, given that the selected items are within a specific color range.
1392:
1057:
Also, there is a choice between Clone align or Clone non-align the sample area. In
Photoshop this tool is called Clone Stamp, but it may also be called a Rubber Stamp tool.
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and grayscale, can be added to an image. In addition, more complicated procedures such as the mixing of color channels are possible using more advanced graphics editors.
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Most image editors can be used to remove unwanted branches, etc., using a "clone" tool. Removing these distracting elements draws focus to the subject, improving overall
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part(s) of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as:
303:
image using it. While this technique can increase the information content of an image, there is no guarantee that the upscaled features exist in the original image and
243:. Vector images can be modified more easily because they contain descriptions of the shapes for easy rearrangement. They are also scalable, being rasterizable at any
2035:
1796:. 21st International Conference, Granada, Spain, September 16–20, 2018, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11070. pp. 529–536.
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Many graphics applications are capable of merging one or more individual images into a single file. The orientation and placement of each image can be controlled.
1114:
is useful for reducing the file size dramatically when the original photographic print was monochrome, but a color tint has been introduced due to aging effects.
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this effect can be seen to the right. It is widely used in the printing and photographic industries for increasing the local contrasts and sharpening the images.
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program documentation. Strictly speaking, the curves tool usually does more than simple gamma correction, since one can construct complex curves with multiple
692:
Noise tends to invade images when pictures are taken in low light settings. A new picture can be given an 'antiqued' effect by adding uniform monochrome noise.
531:(each containing separate elements that make up a combined picture), stacked on top of each other, each capable of being individually positioned, altered and
307:
should not be used in analytical applications with ambiguous inputs. These methods can hallucinate image features, which can make them unsafe for medical use.
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or other tools. The color balance can be improved, which is important if the picture was shot indoors with daylight film, or shot on a camera with the
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can often be improved by using this feature. Recent advances have allowed more intelligent exposure correction whereby only pixels below a particular
1681:
Grant-Jacob, James A; Mackay, Benita S; Baker, James A G; Xie, Yunhui; Heath, Daniel J; Loxham, Matthew; Eason, Robert W; Mills, Ben (2019-06-18).
826:(or "transform") the shape of an image. While this might also be useful for special effects, it is the preferred method of correcting the typical
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976:. The background image is used as the bottom layer, and the image with parts to be added are placed in a layer above that. Using an image
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copied and pasted into another section of the same file, or into a separate file. The selection may also be saved in what is known as an
1864:
102:, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to
1660:
Johnson, Justin; Alahi, Alexandre; Fei-Fei, Li (2016-03-26). "Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style
Transfer and Super-Resolution".
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is an extremely common technique used to make images appear sharper, although purists frown on the result as appearing unnatural.
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The color of images can be altered in a variety of ways. Colors can be faded in and out, and tones can be changed using
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and barrel distortions. The corrections are in most cases subtle, but can improve the appearance of some photographs.
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1429:(ppi) variable that is stored in the image file and sometimes used to control the size of the printed image. Within
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Camera or computer image editing programs often offer basic automatic image enhancement features that correct color
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1792:. In Alejandro F. Frangi; Julia A. Schnabel; Christos Davatzikos; Carlos Alberola-López; Gabor Fichtinger (eds.).
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hence subject to a trade-off between the undesirability of the noise itself and that of the reduction artifacts.
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488:, and color and channel-based extraction. The border of a selected area in an image is often animated with the
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to perform super-resolution. In particular work has been demonstrated showing the transformation of a 20x
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2120:"It's hard to tell where pixels end and reality begins", The San Francisco Chronicle; September 26, 2006.
2014:
1936:
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a raster image; how to go about vectorizing a raster image is the focus of much research in the field of
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may be used to add silhouetted images to vector graphics or page layout files that retain vector data.
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from scratch. The term "image editing" usually refers only to the editing of 2D images, not 3D ones.
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Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any direction and to any degree.
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graphics editors, which are often used to alter photographs and other raster graphics. However,
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adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.
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Graphics programs can be used to both sharpen and blur images in a number of ways, such as
407:, which means no information is lost when the file is saved. By contrast, the more popular
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Controlling the print size and quality of digital images requires an understanding of the
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621:"green screen" technique (chroma key) which allows one to easily remove the background.
2028:"A Dynamic Blending and Post Processing Workshop With Travel Photographer Elia Locardi"
1396:
Before and After example of
Advanced Dynamic Blending Technique created by Elia Locardi
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effect to help the user to distinguish the selection border from the image background.
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subject. Care is needed while performing this task, as the image is reprocessed using
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swapping via interactivity or animating parts of an image in the final presentation.
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One of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of
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1790:"Distribution Matching Losses Can Hallucinate Features in Medical Image Translation"
717:
2123:"Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion", MIT Press 2002; Cambridge, Massachusetts
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219:, are used to create and modify vector images, which are stored as descriptions of
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1734:. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 6228–6237.
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a marquee tool for selecting rectangular or other regular polygon-shaped regions,
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functionality available in most image editing software; PhotoshopEssentials.com
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Photo manipulation packages have functions to correct images for various lens
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images are stored in a computer in the form of a grid of picture elements, or
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on both layers to more easily enable future changes in the new merged image.
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Perspective control: original (left), perspective distortion removed (right).
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40:. For the restoration of physical photographs using digital techniques, see
259:
and brightness imbalances as well as other image editing features, such as
32:
For the uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns of image editing, see
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Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can add or remove
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An image that has been digitally edited to include additional rose blooms
1794:
Medical Image
Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2018
1126:
An example of contrast correction. Left side of the image is untouched.
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afterwards, in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges.
796:(of a building, for example), or both. Rotated images usually require
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902:, or in the image editor by making a selection and then blurring it.
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cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for
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to modify photographs or editing illustrations with any traditional
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Advanced
Dynamic Blending is a concept introduced by photographer
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An example of some special effects that can be added to a picture
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A popular way to create a composite image is to use transparent
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Another feature common to many graphics applications is that of
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format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and
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2015:
GIMP source code for brightness and contrast image filtering.
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use. Image editor programs use a mathematical process called
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distortion which results from photographs being taken at an
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An example of color adjustment using raster graphics editor
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Image editors have provisions to simultaneously change the
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Image sharpening: original (top), image sharpened (bottom).
548:
Image editors can resize images in a process often called
1903:
1089:
An example of converting an image from color to grayscale
1788:
Cohen, Joseph Paul; Luck, Margaux; Honari, Sina (2018).
195:
within the image editors. This article mostly refers to
1683:"A neural lens for super-resolution biological imaging"
1466:
36:. For the process of culling and archiving images, see
1036:" effect, better known in photographic circles as the
1028:
Using custom Curves settings in Image editors such as
764:
Image orientation (from left to right): original, 30°
1106:or less can be created, usually via conversion and
842:of adjacent pixels, which may reduce overall image
397:Some compression algorithms, such as those used in
1093:It is possible, using the software, to change the
1023:A complex effect in the first image from the right
944:to give the impression that it is a real landscape
616:Cutting out a part of an image from the background
1421:Control printed image by changing pixels-per-inch
394:allow the user to set the level of compression.
1315:is the input color value in the 0..1 range and
527:, which are analogous to sheets of transparent
74:. Traditional analog image editing is known as
776:can be created and images can be horizontally
465:in the image defined by proximity of color or
8:
731:The eye is drawn to the center of the globe.
476:as well as more advanced facilities such as
90:programs, which can be broadly grouped into
635:Image editors have provisions to create an
350:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
936:Photomontage of 16 photos which have been
1801:
1739:
1706:
1665:
1639:Learn how and when to remove this message
370:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
1765:"The AI Tools Making Images Look Better"
1602:This article includes a list of general
2099:from the original on September 22, 2016
2038:from the original on September 11, 2016
1652:
1373:incorrectly set. Special effects, like
721:Notice the branch in the original image
552:, making them larger, or smaller. High
1730:Blau, Yochai; Michaeli, Tomer (2018).
850:, which achieves a similar correction
58:encompasses the processes of altering
1498:Comparison of raster graphics editors
822:Some image editors allow the user to
291:There is promising research on using
7:
2069:from the original on October 8, 2016
348:adding citations to reliable sources
299:image of pollen grains into a 1500x
150:adding citations to reliable sources
2089:"HDR photography with Elia Locardi"
454:for freehand selection of a region,
286:Super-resolution imaging § Research
231:instead of pixels. It is easier to
1732:The perception-distortion tradeoff
1608:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1134:and brighten or darken the image.
804:Perspective control and distortion
25:
1989:Guyer, Jeff (24 September 2013).
1687:Journal of Physics Communications
846:. The effect mimics the use of a
1593:
1454:
1072:Image after stamp tool processed
417:compression algorithm (based on
320:
284:This section is an excerpt from
122:
1997:from the original on 2019-01-09
1971:from the original on 2016-03-05
1548:Image development (visual arts)
1118:Contrast change and brightening
1059:
922:Selecting and merging of images
886:Sharpening and softening images
712:
642:
588:
1993:. Digital Photography School.
1528:Digital photograph restoration
1147:applies the following formula:
1047:A pseudo-solarised color image
784:. A small rotation of several
607:Lily cropped from larger image
519:Layers (digital image editing)
42:Digital photograph restoration
1:
1965:"Skin Improvement Technology"
788:is often enough to level the
1812:10.1007/978-3-030-00928-1_60
1763:Zeeberg, Amos (2023-08-23).
1538:Graphics file format summary
854:without loss of definition.
696:Removal of unwanted elements
661:Histogram of Sunflower image
582:Digital editors are used to
540:principles and ease of use.
382:Many image file formats use
305:deep convolutional upscalers
301:scanning electron microscope
27:Processes of altering images
597:Uncropped image from camera
293:deep convolutional networks
251:Automatic image enhancement
2179:
2059:"Blending moments in time"
1440:
1330:
1110:from a full-color image.
998:Slicing (interface design)
995:
925:
807:
699:
673:
628:
575:
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283:
68:photo-chemical photographs
31:
1849:Detailed introduction to
419:discrete cosine transform
78:, using tools such as an
1932:Implementations include
1891:Implementations include
1708:10.1088/2399-6528/ab267d
1513:Digital image processing
1323:are in the −1..1 range.
1150:
848:perspective control lens
461:that selects objects or
312:Digital data compression
279:Super-resolution imaging
38:Digital asset management
2158:Photographic techniques
1750:10.1109/CVPR.2018.00652
1623:more precise citations.
1578:Photograph manipulation
538:non-destructive editing
472:vector-based pen tools,
271:features and automatic
235:a vector image than to
114:Basics of image editing
96:raster graphics editors
92:vector graphics editors
2163:Science of photography
2063:cedricdeboom.github.io
1991:"The Sabattier Effect"
1463:This section is empty.
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1024:
1016:combinations thereof.
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866:including pincushion,
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768:rotation, and flipped.
752:
751:Selective color change
740:Selective color change
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1543:Homomorphic filtering
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1032:, one can mimic the "
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938:digitally manipulated
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544:Image size alteration
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426:Image editor features
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1533:Graphic art software
1112:Grayscale conversion
344:improve this section
146:improve this section
2143:Digital photography
2032:blog.xritephoto.com
1699:2019JPhCo...3f5004G
1136:Underexposed images
1034:pseudo-solarisation
928:Digital compositing
810:Perspective control
411:file format uses a
64:digital photographs
62:, whether they are
1950:2008-06-03 at the
1939:2008-05-09 at the
1920:2018-05-13 at the
1909:2022-02-09 at the
1878:2017-03-17 at the
1867:2017-03-18 at the
1856:2017-03-17 at the
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1132:contrast of images
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1081:Change color depth
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960:, allows for soft
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684:in an image. Some
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203:software, such as
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34:Photo manipulation
2057:Cedric, De Boom.
1821:978-3-030-00927-4
1649:
1648:
1641:
1503:Computer graphics
1483:
1482:
1353:Color adjustments
1347:inflection points
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988:Slicing of images
958:Alpha compositing
880:computer graphics
756:Image orientation
737:
736:
667:
666:
613:
612:
572:Cropping an image
486:alpha compositing
401:file format, are
392:computer programs
380:
379:
372:
213:Xara Designer Pro
205:Adobe Illustrator
182:
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18:Image enhancement
16:(Redirected from
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2153:Image processing
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1558:Image processing
1553:Image distortion
1518:Digital painting
1508:Digital darkroom
1478:
1475:
1465:You can help by
1458:
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1406:Blame The Monkey
1388:Dynamic blending
1333:Gamma correction
1327:Gamma correction
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1052:Stamp Clone Tool
1038:Sabattier-effect
904:Edge enhancement
874:Enhancing images
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631:Curve (tonality)
589:
578:Cropping (image)
554:image resolution
384:data compression
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1582:
1563:Image retrieval
1523:Dynamic imaging
1488:
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1427:pixels-per-inch
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858:Lens correction
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672:
670:Noise reduction
651:Sunflower image
637:image histogram
633:
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267:adjustments,
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131:This section
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72:illustrations
69:
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56:Image editing
49:
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39:
35:
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19:
2101:. Retrieved
2093:www.cnet.com
2092:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1958:
1928:
1893:Imagic Photo
1887:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:
1758:
1731:
1725:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1655:
1635:
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1607:
1471:
1467:adding to it
1462:
1424:
1404:in his blog
1402:Elia Locardi
1399:
1379:
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1129:
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412:
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381:
366:
357:
342:Please help
330:
254:
183:
168:
159:
144:Please help
132:
108:computer art
55:
54:
29:
1621:introducing
1493:Color space
1339:gamma value
1095:color depth
962:translucent
864:distortions
836:rectilinear
828:perspective
794:verticality
708:composition
584:crop images
100:3D modelers
2137:Categories
2001:2019-01-09
1975:2008-08-23
1934:FocusMagic
1851:histograms
1803:1805.08841
1774:2023-08-28
1741:1711.06077
1667:1603.08155
1629:March 2011
1604:references
1585:References
1573:Inpainting
1375:sepia tone
1317:brightness
1231:brightness
1192:brightness
1159:brightness
1140:luminosity
996:See also:
982:pixel data
978:layer mask
844:definition
792:, correct
702:Inpainting
566:megapixels
562:resampling
452:lasso tool
297:microscope
245:resolution
193:algorithms
106:or create
84:art medium
1945:Photoshop
1717:2399-6528
1100:grayscale
1030:Photoshop
942:Photoshop
852:in-camera
625:Histogram
467:luminance
441:selecting
435:Selection
360:June 2023
331:does not
265:sharpness
263:removal,
237:vectorize
233:rasterize
209:CorelDRAW
162:June 2023
133:does not
2097:Archived
2067:Archived
2036:Archived
1995:Archived
1969:Archived
1948:Archived
1937:Archived
1918:Archived
1907:Archived
1896:Archived
1876:Archived
1865:Archived
1860:and the
1854:Archived
1830:43919703
1486:See also
1447:Morphing
1413:Printing
1321:contrast
1270:contrast
900:aperture
798:cropping
558:Internet
404:lossless
273:cropping
217:Inkscape
80:airbrush
2103:Sep 11,
2073:Sep 11,
2042:Sep 11,
1963:JPFix.
1695:Bibcode
1617:improve
1437:Warping
868:fisheye
824:distort
790:horizon
786:degrees
782:flopped
778:flipped
533:blended
529:acetate
513:layers.
482:masking
463:regions
352:removed
337:sources
261:red eye
154:removed
139:sources
1943:, and
1913:, and
1904:Viesus
1873:curves
1862:levels
1828:
1818:
1715:
1606:, but
1367:curves
1311:where
974:layers
525:Layers
496:Layers
227:, and
197:bitmap
189:pixels
185:Raster
104:render
98:, and
60:images
1915:Topaz
1835:1 May
1826:S2CID
1798:arXiv
1736:arXiv
1662:arXiv
1313:value
1246:value
1237:value
1222:value
1207:value
1201:value
1177:value
1171:value
834:to a
682:noise
414:lossy
221:lines
70:, or
2105:2016
2075:2016
2044:2016
1871:and
1837:2022
1816:ISBN
1713:ISSN
1445:and
1380:The
1319:and
1198:else
1162:<
1145:GIMP
1104:bits
686:JPEG
409:JPEG
388:JPEG
335:any
333:cite
269:zoom
229:text
137:any
135:cite
1808:doi
1746:doi
1703:doi
1469:.
1303:0.5
1264:tan
1252:0.5
1186:1.0
1165:0.0
940:in
894:or
878:In
766:CCW
399:PNG
346:by
257:hue
215:or
148:by
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2095:.
2091:.
2065:.
2061:.
2034:.
2030:.
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1824:.
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1285:PI
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160:(
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