482:
and appeared in every issue except the last one. It was initially by Mark
Reinsberg, and was taken over by Henry Bott in May 1954 after two months in which both reviewers contributed to the column. A "Cosmic Pen Club" column, where fans could post requests for pen-pals, began in February 1957; as with the book reviews it appeared regularly, excepting only the last issue. Beginning in September 1951, the inside front cover was often used for an "Introducing the Author" feature, with short pieces by and about a writer or artist who appeared in the issue. These included photographs of the authors in question, a feature not typically found in other magazines. Among the authors featured were Heinlein, Evan Hunter and Philip K. Dick. "Introducing the Author" skipped four issues from October 1954 to January 1955, and ceased altogether with the April 1956 issue. One issue, May 1953, included pictures from that year's World Science Fiction in Chicago, rather than a feature about an author. The most frequently appearing cover artists were Harold W. McCauley, Lloyd Rognan,
509:. The volume number rose by one at the start of each calendar year, regardless of the number of issues. Volume 1, 1950, contained only two issues; subsequent volumes contained five to twelve issues, depending on frequency of publication. The first issue had a publication date of October 1950, and the schedule was bimonthly through the September 1952 issue except that June 1951 was followed by September 1951. The next four issues were dated October 1952, December 1952, January 1953 and February 1953, and then a monthly run began with April 1953 that lasted without a break until the July 1955 issue. The next issue was October 1955, which inaugurated another bimonthly period that ran with perfect regularity until the last issue, October 1958. The price remained at 35 cents throughout.
109:
272:, a major distributor, meant that many magazines had to scramble to find new distributors. Independent distributors often required that the magazines be monthly, and that they be in a larger format than the digest-size common in science fiction magazines. The larger format required higher revenue to be profitable, but in many cases it proved impossible to attract the additional advertising income that would have kept the magazines afloat. By the end of 1958, many titles had disappeared as a result, with
495:
22:
318:
450:, writing under the pseudonym "William Atheling, Jr.", which he used for some of his critical writing, remarked that it was a "widely unread" magazine. Hamling's editorial policy was consciously slanted against intellectualism. In the November 1951 issue he commented that "science fiction was never meant to be an educational
521:
but was changed with the fifth issue, June 1951, to have a white background banner for the title. This format was retained for the rest of the magazine's life, with occasional slight variations such as using a different color for the banner background. The spine also changed from a colored spine with
481:
from June 1956 through the end. The column had an excellent reputation, and was one of the few such columns in the
American science fiction professional magazines. Every issue carried an editorial, and a letter column appeared in every issue but the very last. A book review column began in June 1953,
529:
The publisher was Clark
Publishing Company for the first two issues. The editor for those issues was Raymond Palmer, but as he was hospitalized much of the work was done by Bea Mahaffey. As a result, these two issues are sometimes indexed with Mahaffey as editor. With the third issue, Greenleaf
234:
and help out. The magazine's first issue, dated
October 1950 on a planned bi-monthly schedule, appeared on news stands 1 August 1950. However, in September that year, Ziff-Davis made the decision to move to New York from Chicago; Palmer promptly contacted
145:
and its attendant paper shortages led to the demise of several titles. By the late 1940s the market began to recover again. From a low of eight active magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 in 1950, and a further 22 had commenced publication by 1954.
512:
The title of the magazine was initially "Imagination: Stories of
Science and Fantasy"; it changed with the October 1955 issue to "Imagination: Science Fiction", though this change was only on the cover and spine and was never reflected on the masthead.
75:
and adventure fiction, and modern literary historians refer to it in dismissive terms. Hamling consciously adopted an editorial policy oriented toward entertainment, asserting in an early issue that "science fiction was never meant to be an educational
187:, the first issue of which was dated November 1949. Both of these magazines listed their editor as "Robert N. Webster", a pseudonym Palmer adopted while he was still at Ziff-Davis because of the conflict of interest. The second issue of
222:. Material for the first two issues had been assembled by mid-1950, but in the early summer Palmer fell down his basement stairs and was left paralyzed from the waist down. While he was hospitalized, much of the work of editing both
1230:
70:
The magazine was more successful than most of the numerous science fiction titles launched in the late 1940s and early 1950s, lasting a total of 63 issues. Despite this success, the magazine had a reputation for low-quality
561:
Nicholls & Clute, "Genre SF"; Edwards & Nicholls, "Astounding
Science-Fiction"; Stableford, "Amazing Stories"; Edwards & Nicholls, "SF Magazines", all in Nicholls & Clute, "Encyclopedia of Science
516:
The first 28 issues were 166 pages long. The page count dropped to 134 with the April 1954 issue and stayed at that length for the remainder of the run. The cover layout initially strongly resembled that of
1250:
1225:
243:. Like Palmer, Hamling had made preparations to leave Ziff-Davis by establishing a separate publishing company, Greenleaf Publishing, and in November 1950 Hamling left Ziff-Davis and became
1245:
462:
s approach, he said, was to publish entertainment: "What we need is a little relaxation. And entertaining reading is one way to get it." Some readers agreed with
Hamling; a 1952 issue of
1220:
357:, whose first story had been published only the year before. Neville's work appeared regularly in the first few years of the magazine; other prolific contributors included
1215:
141:. The beginnings of science fiction as a separately marketed genre can be traced to this time, and by the end of the 1930s the field was undergoing its first boom, but
303:
Circulation figures were not required to be published annually until the 1960s, so the actual circulation figures are not known. For comparison, the more successful
191:
reported that
Webster and Palmer were going to edit together; by the third issue, dated March 1950, the pretense had been dropped and although there was no
305:
203:, held over the weekend of 3–5 September, Palmer announced that he had left Ziff-Davis and described his plans for Clark Publishing. He also met and hired
1235:
632:
380:'s "The Fire Balloons" was published in the April 1951 issue, under the title "'…In This Sign'"; the story was later incorporated into Bradbury's
309:, which had been launched the previous year, is known to have had a circulation of just under 60,000 copies for its first issue, dated Fall 1949.
1240:
63:, in 1954; both ceased publication at the end of 1958 in the aftermath of major changes in US magazine distribution due to the liquidation of
1200:
57:, who published and edited it from the third issue, February 1951, for the rest of the magazine's life. Hamling launched a sister magazine,
442:, dismissed the novels it published, saying, "not many were noteworthy, most being in the interplanetary/space opera/adventure field", and
373:'s work also appeared frequently towards the end of the magazine's life. The magazine often contained a long novel as the lead attraction.
870:
530:
Publishing
Company became the publisher and William Hamling took over as editor, a position he retained throughout the magazine's life.
345:
tale of Leeta, a beautiful woman from another dimension stealing the souls of men to try to save her father. The cover illustration, by
434:
is generally thought of by historians of science fiction as one of the weaker magazines of the 1950s, despite its relative longevity.
1177:
1158:
1139:
1120:
1101:
1082:
1063:
1044:
1025:
998:
979:
296:, ceased with the November 1958 issue. There was no indication in either magazine that the end had come, though the last issue of
704:
498:
The
December 1952 issue, illustrating the revised cover layout that began with the June 1951 issue. The artist is Malcolm Smith.
473:
Starting with the April 1951 issue, a regular column on science fiction fandom began, titled "Fandora's Box". It was written by
192:
745:
636:
230:
was done by Mahaffey, who coped well, despite her inexperience. An assistant, Marge Budwig Saunder, was hired to read the
329:
The cover story for the first issue was "The Soul Stealers" by Chester S. Geier, a regular in the Ziff-Davis magazines
863:
236:
54:
400:'s first story, "Final Examination", appeared in the May 1952 issue. Other well-known authors who were published in
1017:
723:
108:
42:
38:
175:
and did not leave until the end of 1949, but he launched two magazines under the Clark name before that date:
50:
858:
183:
483:
386:
300:
omitted its letter, book review and pen-pal columns, all of which had appeared regularly in prior issues.
153:
The groundwork was laid in 1947, when Clark Publishing, the company that would publish the first issue of
269:
64:
640:
458:
story is nothing more than an attempt to show the reader how dumb he is and how smart the editor is."
957:
he lists Palmer as editor. Tuck and Stableford (1993) (p. 615) both list Palmer rather than Mahaffey.
758:
See for example the statement of circulation in "Statement Required by the Act of October 23, 1962",
337:
88:'s first professional sale, "Final Examination", in the May 1952 issue, and also printed fiction by
494:
446:, a science fiction writer and critic, described it as dealing "primarily in routine space opera."
392:
836:
21:
195:
listing the editor, the editorial was simply signed "Rap" (for "Raymond A. Palmer"). At the 1949
158:
93:
861:
fan fund in 1989, recalls being introduced to fandom by running across Bloch's column in 1958.
1173:
1154:
1135:
1116:
1097:
1078:
1059:
1054:
Edwards, Malcolm; Nicholls, Peter (1993). "Astounding Science-Fiction". In Clute, John (ed.).
1040:
1021:
994:
975:
739:
470:, contains approving commentary on Hamling's editorial by Gregg Calkins, a fan of the period.
425:
362:
252:
162:
46:
207:, a 21-year-old science fiction fan attending her first convention, as his assistant editor.
443:
376:
In addition to less well-known regulars, some more prominent writers occasionally appeared.
258:
397:
370:
358:
342:
331:
177:
171:
129:
85:
1092:
Nicholls, Peter; Clute, John (1993). "Genre SF". In Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.).
1010:
435:
417:
413:
138:
89:
708:
127:
American science fiction magazines first appeared in the 1920s with the appearance of
1209:
421:
405:
366:
134:
53:. The magazine was sold almost immediately to Greenleaf Publishing Company, owned by
1193:
478:
377:
354:
350:
204:
142:
97:
317:
949:
Ashley lists Mahaffey as the editor of the first two issues in the appendices to
1073:
Edwards, Malcolm; Nicholls, Peter (1993). "SF Magazines". In Clute, John (ed.).
506:
447:
409:
72:
925:
346:
231:
200:
166:
26:
1012:
Transformations: The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970
1111:
Sanders, Joe (1985). "Imagination". In Tymn, Marshall; Ashley, Mike (eds.).
474:
874:
196:
467:
264:
256:; in addition, his company Greenleaf Publishing was the publisher of
239:, who did not want to relocate and suggested that Hamling take over
1130:
Stableford, Brian (1993). "Amazing Stories". In Clute, John (ed.).
726:. CyberSpaceSpinner. Archived from the original on 2 December 1998
584:
Magazine publishing dates for the period are tabulated in Ashley,
493:
381:
316:
107:
20:
571:
Edwards & Nicholls, "SF Magazines", in Nicholls & Clute,
1231:
Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States
857:
Robert Lichtman, subsequently an active fan and a winner of the
349:, showed Leeta on her flying steed. Other contributors included
218:
launched, Palmer began to plan for a new magazine, to be called
1149:
Stableford, Brian (1993). "Imagination". In Clute, John (ed.).
522:
pale lettering, which was similar to the spine style used by
1115:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 343–347.
991:
The History of the Science Fiction Magazine Part 4 1956–1965
972:
The History of the Science Fiction Magazine Vol. 3 1946–1955
702:
See the individual issues. Online indices are available at
477:, an active fan, for five years, and was taken over by
1113:
Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines
1077:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 1066–1071.
787:
Stableford, "Imagination", in Nicholls & Clute,
150:
was launched in the middle of this publishing boom.
1251:Science fiction magazines established in the 1950s
1226:Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
1096:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 483–484.
1009:
1172:. Vol. 3. Chicago: Advent: Publishers, Inc.
1246:Monthly magazines published in the United States
1134:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 25–27.
1058:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 62–65.
1170:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy
955:History of the Science Fiction Magazine, Vol. 3
762:vol. 76, no 4 (December 1965), p.161.
526:, to a white spine with red or blue lettering.
280:and its sister magazine to invest the money in
586:History of the Science Fiction Magazine Vol. 3
250:In 1954 Hamling started a companion magazine,
84:have received recognition, but it did publish
1153:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 615.
276:one of the victims; Hamling closed down both
16:American fantasy and science fiction magazine
8:
926:"Imagination/Imaginative Tales/Space travel"
724:"Imagination Science Fiction: Fiction Index"
544:
542:
1221:1958 disestablishments in the United States
440:Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy
783:
781:
707:. Texas A&M University. Archived from
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
596:
594:
1216:1950 establishments in the United States
353:, another prolific magazine author, and
288:was October 1958, the 63rd issue, while
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
538:
306:Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction
737:
1201:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
953:, p. 329, though in his earlier
910:
908:
837:"Imagination is Fun by Gregg Calkins"
633:"ISFDB: Other Worlds Science Stories"
7:
1039:. Chicago: Advent: Publishers, Inc.
974:. Chicago: Contemporary Books, Inc.
1151:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
1132:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
1094:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
1075:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
1056:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
871:Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society
760:Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact
408:, John Wyndham (as "John Beynon"),
45:first published in October 1950 by
630:. An online index is available at
552:, November 1951, pp. 146–147.
262:, a men's magazine modelled after
14:
123:s stable-mate at Clark Publishing
1236:Magazines disestablished in 1958
864:"Westercon 55 Progress Report 2"
197:World Science Fiction Convention
993:. London: New English Library.
789:Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
573:Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
1035:Atheling Jr., William (1974).
637:Texas A&M University Press
1:
1241:Magazines established in 1950
663:History of SF Magazine Vol. 3
626:See the individual issues of
615:History of SF Magazine Vol. 3
548:Hamling, "The Editorial", in
268:. In 1957 the liquidation of
181:, in the spring of 1948, and
25:Cover of the first issue by
284:instead. The last issue of
80:". Few of the stories from
1267:
1018:Liverpool University Press
744:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1168:Tuck, Donald H. (1982).
989:Ashley, Michael (1978).
970:Ashley, Michael (1976).
924:Stephensen-Payne, Phil.
247:s editor and publisher.
51:Clark Publishing Company
43:science fiction magazine
914:Sanders (1985), p. 347.
499:
420:, Robert A. Heinlein,
387:The Martian Chronicles
326:
313:Contents and reception
157:, was incorporated in
124:
29:
1008:Ashley, Mike (2005).
873:, Inc. Archived from
497:
490:Bibliographic details
320:
270:American News Company
111:
65:American News Company
24:
705:"ISFDB: Imagination"
464:Rhodomagnetic Digest
338:Fantastic Adventures
1037:More Issues at Hand
902:, pp. 365–389.
824:More Issues at Hand
813:, pp. 570–571.
678:, pp. 190–193.
643:on 19 November 2008
588:, pp. 323–325.
486:and William Terry.
393:The Illustrated Man
112:The first issue of
811:Encyclopedia of SF
500:
341:. The story was a
327:
159:Evanston, Illinois
125:
94:Robert A. Heinlein
30:
880:on 11 August 2007
711:on 20 August 2011
665:, pp. 48–49.
617:, pp. 45–46.
426:Robert Silverberg
363:Daniel F. Galouye
290:Imaginative Tales
253:Imaginative Tales
169:as the editor of
60:Imaginative Tales
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639:. Archived from
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165:. He worked for
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550:Imagination
507:digest size
503:Imagination
448:James Blish
436:Donald Tuck
432:Imagination
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325:, May 1954.
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1210:Categories
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534:References
347:Hannes Bok
232:slush pile
201:Cincinnati
167:Ziff-Davis
27:Hannes Bok
562:Fiction".
475:Mari Wolf
438:, in his
321:Cover of
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661:Ashley,
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1199:on the
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935:July 8,
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