155:(CCD) is a syndrome that is characterized by the sudden loss of adult bees from the hive. Many possible explanations for it have been proposed, but no one primary cause has been found. The US Department of Agriculture indicated in a 2010 report to Congress that a combination of factors could be causing colony collapse disorder, including pesticides, pathogens, and parasites. Although pesticides were suspected to be part of the problem, a survey of healthy and CCD-affected colonies revealed similar levels of pesticides in wax and pollen.
129:. Acute toxicity of pesticides causes a range of effects on bees, which can include agitation, vomiting, wing paralysis, arching of the abdomen similar to sting reflex, and uncoordinated movement. Acute toxicity may depend on the mode of exposure, for instance, many pesticides cause toxic effects by contact while neonicotinoids are more toxic when consumed orally. The acute toxicity, although more lethal, is less common than sub-lethal toxicity or cumulative effects.
4611:
76:(EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as clothianidin represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees. Neonicotinoids have been banned for all outdoor use in the entire European Union since 2018, but has a conditional approval in the U.S. and other parts of the world, where it is widely used.
1670:
Avoiding the application of pesticides directly to blooming flowers can help limit the exposure of honeybees to toxic materials. If blooming flowers must be sprayed with pesticides for any reason, they should be sprayed in the evening or night hours when bees are not in the field. The usual foraging
137:
Field exposure to pesticides, especially with relation to neonicotinoids, may lead to multiple physiological and/or behavioral sublethal effects in exposed bees. Sublethal effects to honey bees can include disruptions to behavioral and motor functions, compromised immunity, and delayed development.
37:. Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill bees when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other areas around it. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants.
1653:
In April 2018, member states of the
European Union agreed upon a total ban on neonicotinoid insecticide use, except within closed greenhouses. The vote on the proposed ban followed a February 2018 report from the EFSA which concluded that neonicotinoids posed a high risk to both domestic and wild
2158:
Pisa, Lennard; Goulson, Dave; Yang, En-Cheng; Gibbons, David; Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Mitchell, Edward; Aebi, Alexandre; Van Der Sluijs, Jeroen; MacQuarrie, Chris J. K; Giorio, Chiara; Long, Elizabeth Yim; McField, Melanie; Bijleveld Van
Lexmond, Maarten; Bonmatin, Jean-Marc (2017).
49:, brood, and nurse bees are not contaminated and the colony survives. Alternatively, the bee may come into contact with an insecticide and transport it back to the colony in contaminated pollen or nectar or on its body, potentially causing widespread colony death.
3790:
Perry, Trent; Chan, Janice Q; Batterham, Phil; Watson, Gerald B; Geng, Chaoxian; Sparks, Thomas C (2012). "Effects of mutations in
Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits on sensitivity to insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors".
52:
Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application. A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill soil-dwelling insects, such as
290:
Bees poisoned with carbaryl can take 2–3 days to die, appearing inactive as if cold. Sevin should never be sprayed on flowering crops, especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. Less toxic formulations exist.
3940:
Moroni, Flavio; Russi, Patrizia; Gallo-Mezo, Miguel Angel; Moneti, Gloriano; Pellicciari, Roberto (1991). "Modulation of
Quinolinic and Kynurenic Acid Content in the Rat Brain: Effects of Endotoxins and Nicotinylalanine".
44:
tend to be more hazardous to bees than solutions or emulsifiable concentrates. When a bee comes in contact with pesticides while foraging, the bee may die immediately without returning to the hive. In this case, the
3759:
4114:
815:
Malathion is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects, some fish, and other aquatic life. Malathion is moderately toxic to other fish and birds, and is considered low in toxicity to mammals.
1844:
3430:
1657:
In 2020, the EPA supplemented its policy with a proposal to restrict the use of neonicotinoids on residential lawns and turf, but otherwise confirmed that they would remain in use in the US.
629:
Sale of diazinon for residential use was discontinued in the U.S. in 2004. Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
4055:
4216:
1650:
periods when crops are in bloom. Seed treatments were not considered to present a risk to bee health. A modified form of these proposals was adopted as EPA policy in
January 2017.
2127:
4186:
1980:
4084:
3766:
1291:
Black Flag
Mosquito Fog Solution, Chrysron, Crossfire, Pynosect, Raid Flying Insect Killer, Scourge, Sun-Bugger #4, SPB-1382, Synthrin, Syntox, Vectrin, Whitmire PT-110
3734:
220:
1735:
1438:
Confidor, Gaucho, Kohinor, Admire, Advantage, K9 Advantix, Merit, Confidor, Hachikusan, Amigo, SeedPlus (Chemtura Corp.), Monceren GT, Premise, Prothor, Winner
317:
4106:
2583:
4849:
3387:
4025:
1836:
1867:
3475:
3408:
2604:
3422:
3654:
3991:
1942:
2036:
4328:
4047:
4507:
2442:
4208:
4297:
2210:
Desneux, Nicolas; Decourtye, Axel; Delpuech, Jean-Marie (January 2007). "The
Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods".
789:
2134:
1165:
Agri-Medk, Abamectin, Talstar, Bifenthrine, Brigade, Capture, FMC 54800, OMS3024, Torant (with
Clofentezine), and Zipak (with Amitraz)
4630:
4376:
518:
for home and garden use. Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
4178:
2469:
2002:
1964:
1877:
2744:
2347:
4785:
4076:
4795:
1654:
bees. The ban had strong public support, but faced criticism from the agrochemical industry, and from certain farmers' groups.
1643:
2161:"An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: Impacts on organisms and ecosystems"
4459:
4444:
4425:
3627:
1901:
1621:
1553:
73:
4255:
2648:
2043:
Pollinator protection requirements for
Section 18 Emergency Exemptions and Section 24(c) special local need registration in
61:
as well as other insects, including bees, that are exposed to the leaves, fruits, pollen, and nectar of the treated plants.
2684:
3886:
3855:
2797:
1646:(EPA) proposed to prohibit the application of certain pesticides and herbicides that are known to be toxic to bees during
3088:
1755:
4670:
4625:
3918:
3738:
3712:
3682:
3594:
3564:
3534:
3504:
3301:
3241:
3211:
3181:
3151:
3121:
3029:
2974:
2944:
2881:
2851:
2821:
2773:
2717:
2626:
2557:
2527:
2494:
1705:
1202:
Safened by repellency under arid conditions. Permethrin is also the active ingredient in insecticides used against the
892:
4396:
3361:
3331:
3059:
2370:"Sub-Lethal Effects of Pesticide Residues in Brood Comb on Worker Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Development and Longevity"
213:
All substances listed are insecticides, except for 2,4-D, which is an herbicide. Some substances are arachnicides too.
4813:
4640:
4452:
4437:
3271:
3826:
4808:
4655:
2579:
4017:
3383:
4790:
4705:
91:– the exposure level that causes 50% of the population exposed to die. Toxicity thresholds are generally set at
1471:
Regent, Goliath, Nexa, Adonis, Termidor, Ultrathor, Fipforce, Taurus, Combat Ant-Rid, Anthem, Clearout, Radiate
4745:
4740:
4665:
4650:
4500:
3467:
1923:"Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin"
1685:
1680:
152:
147:
69:
4345:
4645:
2047:; Registration Services Program Pesticide Management Division Washington State Dept of Agriculture, Dec 2006
992:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
947:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
861:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
838:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
721:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
698:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
347:
Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.
122:
The acute toxicity of pesticides on bees, which could be by contact or ingestion, is usually quantified by
4758:
4401:
3651:
2033:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4660:
4349:
3984:
1922:
1608:
1327:
1671:
hours of honeybees are during the daytime when the temperature is above 55–60 °F (13–16 °C).
286:
foraging even 10 hours after spraying; 3 – 7 days (b) 8 hours @ 1.5 lb/acre (1681 g/Ha) or less.
17:
4839:
4780:
4725:
4149:
2381:
2082:
1690:
1211:
542:
4469:
4844:
4818:
4710:
4493:
4324:
1700:
462:
Acephate is a broad-spectrum insecticide and is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects.
2126:
Hopwood J, Code A, Vaughan M, Biddinger D, Shepherd M, Black SH, Lee-Mäder E, Mazzacano C (2012).
4715:
3966:
2339:
2044:
1730:
1247:
123:
85:
2435:
4730:
4720:
3958:
3402:
2598:
2417:
2399:
2331:
2323:
2284:
2266:
2227:
2192:
2108:
2100:
2010:
1972:
1873:
1813:
1203:
1114:
1000:
550:
4304:
1782:"Plant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar: A review of current knowledge"
4700:
4280:
4157:
3950:
3800:
3760:"The National Beekeepers' Association of New Zealand – Submission on Application ERMA200886"
2916:
2407:
2389:
2315:
2274:
2258:
2219:
2182:
2172:
2090:
1934:
1803:
1793:
1715:
588:
438:
Propoxur is highly toxic to honey bees. The LD50 for bees is greater than one ug/honey bee.
320:
ban on use on crops grown for human consumption (2009) carbofuran (banned in granular form)
2740:
4685:
4456:
4441:
4429:
4369:
3658:
2801:
2473:
2223:
2040:
1145:
1122:
1099:
1077:
1054:
1031:
1008:
985:
963:
940:
918:
880:
854:
831:
807:
781:
759:
737:
714:
711:
Entex, Baytex, Baycid, Dalf, DMPT, Mercaptophos, Prentox, Fenthion 4E, Queletox, Lebaycid
690:
668:
645:
622:
596:
573:
534:
508:
478:
470:
454:
2466:
4153:
2385:
2133:(Report). Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Archived from
2086:
1837:"Protecting Pollinators from Pesticides – Bees, Beekeeping & Protecting Pollinators"
4764:
3954:
2412:
2369:
2279:
2187:
2160:
1710:
1625:
1483:
1474:
1454:
1421:
1392:
1356:
899:
488:
4422:
4833:
4751:
2304:"Detrimental interactions of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure and bumblebee immunity"
1441:
1412:
1383:
932:
823:
751:
65:
3970:
2905:"Effect on honey bees of dicrotophos and methomyl applied as sprays to white clover"
2247:"Exposure to neonicotinoids influences the motor function of adult worker honeybees"
4675:
4610:
4580:
4553:
4548:
2921:
2904:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1433:
1404:
1375:
1309:
1222:
1069:
846:
729:
500:
58:
2343:
2003:"Fears for bees as US set to extend use of toxic pesticides that paralyse insects"
1893:
4263:
3804:
2652:
2394:
1798:
1781:
4595:
4575:
4538:
3879:
3848:
2673:
1725:
1647:
1502:
1495:
1363:
1262:
1136:
637:
546:
377:
4162:
4137:
2794:
2071:"Environmental Risks and Challenges Associated with Neonicotinoid Insecticides"
1611:
Banned in
California. Banned for agricultural use in the US by the EPA in 2006.
84:
Insecticide toxicity is generally measured using acute contact toxicity values
4635:
4585:
3616:
3081:
2262:
2177:
1759:
1599:
1346:
1337:
1318:
1294:
1286:
1270:
1230:
1194:
1186:
1168:
1160:
1091:
682:
660:
399:
355:
299:
41:
30:
4449:
4434:
3910:
3704:
3674:
3586:
3556:
3526:
3496:
3293:
3233:
3203:
3173:
3143:
3113:
3021:
2996:
2966:
2936:
2873:
2843:
2813:
2765:
2709:
2618:
2549:
2519:
2486:
2403:
2327:
2308:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology
2270:
2104:
2014:
1976:
1938:
1817:
4600:
4590:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4533:
4524:
4516:
4407:
3353:
3323:
3051:
2246:
2095:
2070:
1720:
1566:
1534:
1520:
1251:
1243:
978:
910:
874:
869:
799:
526:
431:
407:
385:
363:
339:
309:
279:
253:
46:
2421:
2335:
2288:
2245:
Williamson, Sally M.; Willis, Sarah J.; Wright, Geraldine A. (2014-10-01).
2231:
2196:
2112:
3962:
3263:
1869:
Pollination Biology: Biodiversity Conservation and Agricultural Production
1780:
Zioga, Elena; Kelly, Ruth; White, Blánaid; Stout, Jane C. (October 2020).
3818:
1695:
1593:
1466:
1207:
706:
614:
554:
446:
421:
333:
328:
268:
243:
3985:"Addendum to the 2002 Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED)"
4543:
1604:
1559:
1513:
1301:
Resmethrin is highly toxic to bees, with an LD50 of 0.063 ug/bee.
1046:
1023:
773:
565:
304:
2034:
http://www.agr.wa.gov/pestfert/Pesticides/docs/PollinatorSLNSect18.pdf
1808:
4259:
2319:
1587:
426:
4138:"EU expected to vote on pesticide ban after major scientific review"
2303:
4209:"Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision for Neonicotinoids"
955:
248:
96:
54:
4353:
2368:
Wu, Judy Y.; Anelli, Carol M.; Sheppard, Walter S. (2011-02-23).
2069:
Hladik, Michelle L.; Main, Anson R.; Goulson, Dave (2018-03-20).
163:
The kill rate of bees in a single bee hive can be classified as:
1624:(EFSA), in April 2013 the EU decided to restrict the use of the
889:
34:
4489:
3450:
3448:
68:, have been investigated in relation to risks for bees such as
4077:"Policy Mitigating Acute Risk to Bees from Pesticide Products"
1239:
896:
4485:
4107:"EU to fully ban neonicotinoid insecticides to protect bees"
2741:"Europe Rejects Appeal for Use of Azinphos-methyl Pesticide"
2302:
Czerwinski, Mitchell Andrew; Sadd, Ben Michael (June 2017).
1639:. Fipronil was also banned for use on maize and sunflowers.
4465:
4260:
Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium
557:
of the honey bee. Overdoses can lead to bee poisoning.
4016:
Torello, Alessandro; Haddon, Michael (April 29, 2013).
3423:"Toxicity of Pesticides to Pollinators and Beneficials"
2514:
2512:
804:
Malathion USB, ~ EC, Cythion, maldison, mercaptothion
2903:
Clinch, P. G; Palmer-Jones, T; Forster, I. W (1973).
1620:
Based on a risks to bee health as identified by the
108:
nontoxic (acute LD50 > 100 μg/bee) to adult bees.
4773:
4618:
4523:
4237:
4466:"The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation"
652:Dicrotophos toxicity duration is about one week.
4423:US EPA Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-5
3454:
3427:Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment
1894:"Neonicotinoids: risks to bees confirmed | EFSA"
40:Of contact pesticides, dust and wettable powder
4179:"EU agrees total ban on bee-harming pesticides"
2909:New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture
1965:"EU agrees total ban on bee-harming pesticides"
1661:General measures to prevent pesticide bee kills
541:This is an insecticide that is used inside the
4435:Bee Health: Background and Issues for Congress
102:moderately toxic (acute LD50 2 – 10.99 μg/bee)
4501:
4303:. Washington State University. Archived from
4298:"How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides"
4281:"How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides"
1831:
1829:
1827:
1736:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1666:Application of pesticides at evening or night
8:
3990:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2006.
2165:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1487:for use on maize and sunflowers since 2014.
1278:Safened by repellency under arid conditions
185:Pesticides come in different formulations:
167:< 100 bees per day – normal die off rate
105:slightly toxic (acute LD50 11 – 100 μg/bee)
4508:
4494:
4486:
215:
4397:"Protecting Bees When Using Insecticides"
4395:Ellis MD, Baxendale FP, Keith DL (1998).
4161:
4018:"EU to Restrict 'Bee-Harming' Pesticides"
2920:
2411:
2393:
2278:
2186:
2176:
2094:
1807:
1797:
4296:Mayer DF, Johansen CA, Baird CR (1999).
1238:Cypermethrin is found in many household
4370:"Protecting honey bees from pesticides"
4346:"Protecting Honey Bees From Pesticides"
4279:Hooven L, Sagili R, Johansen E (2016).
2497:from the original on September 28, 2021
2056:
1747:
4325:"Protecting Honeybees From Pesticides"
3407:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3400:
3214:from the original on February 26, 2021
3154:from the original on February 25, 2021
2603:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2596:
2560:from the original on February 26, 2021
2530:from the original on November 10, 2019
2075:Environmental Science & Technology
812:>8 fl oz/acre (58 L/km) ⇒ 5.5 days
18:Imidacloprid effects on bee population
4472:from the original on October 14, 2014
4368:Krupke CH, Hunt G, Foster RE (2021).
4331:from the original on 7 September 2006
3793:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
3624:National Pesticide Information Center
3094:from the original on 12 February 2021
2854:from the original on December 4, 2021
2690:from the original on October 18, 2021
2681:National Pesticide Information Center
2224:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440
1562:), ingredient in over 1,500 products
7:
4136:Butler, Declan (February 28, 2018).
3997:from the original on 5 December 2021
3921:from the original on August 31, 2021
3829:from the original on August 31, 2021
3184:from the original on October 1, 2017
3062:from the original on August 31, 2021
3032:from the original on October 1, 2017
1847:from the original on August 31, 2021
1061:Phosmet is very toxic to honeybees.
318:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
173:500–900 bees per day – moderate kill
4850:Environmental effects of pesticides
3633:from the original on August 1, 2014
3507:from the original on March 23, 2012
3433:from the original on August 3, 2021
3124:from the original on April 16, 2022
2884:from the original on April 24, 2009
2776:from the original on April 11, 2021
1866:Abrol, Dharam P. (5 October 2011).
1119:Rabon, Stirofos, Gardona, Gardcide
790:List of Schedule 2 substances (CWC)
4450:Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides
4219:from the original on July 20, 2021
4189:from the original on 27 April 2018
4087:from the original on July 20, 2021
4028:from the original on June 24, 2013
3955:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06361.x
3304:from the original on July 28, 2021
2947:from the original on July 12, 2021
2824:from the original on July 28, 2021
1214:in the temperate climate regions.
25:
4382:from the original on 24 July 2021
4327:. North Dakota State University.
4238:Ellis, Baxendale & Keith 1998
4117:from the original on 22 June 2018
3537:from the original on June 9, 2021
2629:from the original on July 9, 2021
1963:Carrington, Damian (2018-04-27).
1582:Highly toxic and banned in the US
4609:
3715:from the original on May 8, 2021
3685:from the original on May 8, 2021
3597:from the original on May 5, 2021
3567:from the original on May 8, 2021
3364:from the original on May 8, 2021
3334:from the original on May 8, 2021
3274:from the original on May 8, 2021
3244:from the original on May 8, 2021
2977:from the original on May 8, 2021
2720:from the original on May 8, 2021
2465:Radunz, L. and Smith, E. S. C.
2128:Are Neonicotinoids Killing Bees?
4058:from the original on 2022-04-01
3892:from the original on 2015-09-21
3861:from the original on 2015-09-21
3617:"Active Ingredient Fact Sheets"
3478:from the original on 2018-10-05
3390:from the original on 2020-06-20
2747:from the original on 2022-03-14
2586:from the original on 2009-01-31
2467:Pesticides Hazard to Honey Bees
2448:from the original on 2023-10-17
2350:from the original on 2024-07-12
1983:from the original on 2024-01-29
1945:from the original on 2022-03-06
1904:from the original on 2023-06-06
1644:Environmental Protection Agency
170:200–400 bees per day – low kill
95:highly toxic (acute LD50 < 2
4460:Congressional Research Service
4445:Congressional Research Service
3455:Krupke, Hunt & Foster 2021
3082:"MALATHION GENERAL FACT SHEET"
2922:10.1080/03015521.1973.10427625
2739:Scott, Alex (August 4, 2008).
1622:European Food Safety Authority
198:Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
176:1000+ bees per day – high kill
74:European Food Safety Authority
1:
2674:"Acephate General Fact Sheet"
2476:Entomology, Darwin, Australia
2001:Milman, Oliver (2022-03-08).
902:, "Ia, Extremely Hazardous".
133:Sublethal and chronic effects
4671:Persistent organic pollutant
3805:10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.10.010
2395:10.1371/journal.pone.0014720
1799:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109873
1706:Imidacloprid effects on bees
1458:for outdoor use since 2018.
1425:for outdoor use since 2018.
1396:for outdoor use since 2018.
893:persistent organic pollutant
232:length of residual toxicity
27:Effects of pesticide on bees
4814:Index of pesticide articles
4641:Agricultural spray adjuvant
4256:"Honey Bees and Pesticides"
2212:Annual Review of Entomology
260:apply 4 weeks before bloom
4866:
4809:Integrated Pest Management
4656:Integrated pest management
4163:10.1038/d41586-018-02639-1
3735:"EPA Clothianidin Reviews"
1558:Weed B Gon (also contains
145:
4804:
4706:Paradox of the pesticides
4607:
4283:. Oregon State University
3943:Journal of Neurochemistry
2800:February 5, 2005, at the
2263:10.1007/s10646-014-1283-x
2178:10.1007/s11356-017-0341-3
1756:"Ministry of Agriculture"
1596:Banned by US EPA in 1974.
1590:Banned by US EPA in 1974.
1227:Ammo, Demon, Raid, Viper
33:vary in their effects on
4746:Pesticide Action Network
4666:Non-pesticide management
4375:. University of Purdue.
1939:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3066
1686:Colony collapse disorder
1681:Bees and toxic chemicals
475:Guthion, Methyl-Guthion
226:Examples of Brand names
153:Colony collapse disorder
148:Colony collapse disorder
142:Colony collapse disorder
70:Colony Collapse Disorder
4646:Biological pest control
2096:10.1021/acs.est.7b06388
606:for toxicity to humans
72:. A 2018 review by the
64:Pesticides, especially
4759:The Pesticide Question
4402:University of Nebraska
4262:. 1978. Archived from
1786:Environmental Research
888:It is classified as a
181:Pesticide formulations
159:Bee kill rate per hive
4661:Maximum residue limit
4631:Environmental effects
4350:University of Florida
1328:General Use Pesticide
192:Wettable powders (WP)
4819:Pesticide categories
4215:. January 30, 2020.
3626:. November 9, 2015.
3472:pmep.cce.cornell.edu
3429:. January 25, 2017.
3114:"ACEPHATE (ORTHENE)"
1701:Honey bee starvation
1691:Endangered arthropod
1575:Relatively nontoxic
1548:Relatively nontoxic
1529:Relatively nontoxic
1155:Relatively nontoxic
560:Relatively nontoxic
416:Relatively nontoxic
263:Relatively nontoxic
195:Soluble powders (SP)
4344:Sanford MT (1993).
4323:McBride DK (1997).
4154:2018Natur.555..150B
2386:2011PLoSO...614720W
2171:(10): 11749–11797.
2087:2018EnST...52.3329H
1246:killers, including
4455:2021-07-05 at the
4440:2021-07-05 at the
4428:2006-09-30 at the
4410:on 8 February 2005
4404:Lincoln, Extension
4310:on 4 February 2007
3657:2006-06-12 at the
3294:"DEMETON-S-METHYL"
2814:"Demeton-S-methyl"
2526:. August 1, 1994.
2472:2016-03-03 at the
2039:2014-10-30 at the
1898:www.efsa.europa.eu
1731:Pollinator decline
1235:Less than 2 hours
551:small hive beetles
284:High risk to bees
113:Pesticide toxicity
4827:
4826:
4148:(7695): 150–151.
4113:. 27 April 2018.
2743:. Chemical Week.
2710:"Azinphos-methyl"
2436:"USDA CCD Report"
1841:Honey Bee Program
1616:Regulatory policy
1579:
1578:
1370:Moderately toxic
1204:Small hive beetle
1115:Tetrachlorvinphos
1001:Oxydemeton-methyl
828:Monitor, Tameron
609:Moderately toxic
505:Dursban, Lorsban
465:Moderately toxic
16:(Redirected from
4857:
4613:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4406:. Archived from
4391:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4352:. Archived from
4340:
4338:
4336:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4266:on 11 March 2007
4241:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4083:. May 28, 2015.
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4048:"Neonicotinoids"
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3765:. Archived from
3764:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3737:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3671:
3665:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2651:. Archived from
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2397:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2320:10.1002/jez.2087
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2257:(8): 1409–1418.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2081:(6): 3329–3335.
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2045:Washington State
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1758:. Archived from
1752:
1716:Pesticide misuse
1642:In 2015, the US
1565:Synthetic auxin
1449:Banned in France
1142:Dylox, Dipterex
870:Methyl parathion
604:Banned worldwide
589:Demeton-S-methyl
229:Pesticide Class
216:
21:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4800:
4769:
4614:
4605:
4519:
4514:
4484:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4457:Wayback Machine
4442:Wayback Machine
4430:Wayback Machine
4413:
4411:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4357:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3659:Wayback Machine
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3557:"Esfenvalerate"
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3384:"Archived copy"
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3234:"Monocrotophos"
3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2802:Wayback Machine
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2580:"Archived copy"
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2474:Wayback Machine
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2041:Wayback Machine
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1618:
1584:
1326:available as a
1191:Ambush, Pounce
1175:> 1 day ERT
1146:Organophosphate
1123:Organophosphate
1100:Organophosphate
1078:Organophosphate
1055:Organophosphate
1032:Organophosphate
1009:Organophosphate
986:Organophosphate
964:Organophosphate
941:Organophosphate
919:Organophosphate
881:Organophosphate
855:Organophosphate
832:Organophosphate
808:Organophosphate
782:Organophosphate
760:Organophosphate
738:Organophosphate
715:Organophosphate
691:Organophosphate
687:Cygon, De-Fend
669:Organophosphate
646:Organophosphate
623:Organophosphate
597:Organophosphate
574:Organophosphate
535:Organophosphate
509:Organophosphate
479:Organophosphate
471:Azinphos-methyl
455:Organophosphate
404:Pirimor, Aphox
211:
183:
161:
150:
144:
135:
127:
120:
115:
89:
82:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4863:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:European Union
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4765:Toxicity class
4762:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4741:Restricted use
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:Gene silencing
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Health effects
4622:
4620:
4619:Related topics
4616:
4615:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4462:
4447:
4432:
4420:
4392:
4365:
4341:
4320:
4293:
4276:
4251:
4249:
4248:External links
4246:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4200:
4177:Carrington D.
4169:
4128:
4098:
4068:
4039:
4008:
3976:
3932:
3902:
3871:
3840:
3810:
3782:
3751:
3726:
3696:
3675:"Methoxychlor"
3666:
3644:
3608:
3578:
3548:
3527:"Cypermethrin"
3518:
3488:
3459:
3444:
3414:
3375:
3345:
3315:
3285:
3255:
3225:
3195:
3165:
3144:"Methidathion"
3135:
3105:
3073:
3043:
3022:"Fenitrothion"
3013:
2988:
2958:
2928:
2895:
2865:
2835:
2805:
2787:
2766:"Chlorpyrifos"
2757:
2731:
2701:
2665:
2640:
2610:
2571:
2541:
2508:
2478:
2458:
2427:
2360:
2314:(5): 273–283.
2294:
2237:
2202:
2150:
2118:
2061:
2049:
2026:
1993:
1955:
1933:: 3066. 2013.
1914:
1900:. 2018-02-28.
1885:
1878:
1858:
1823:
1772:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Neonicotinoids
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1626:neonicotinoids
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1475:Phenylpyrazole
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1314:DMDT, Marlate
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1267:Asana, Pydrin
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:< 1 day RT
1171:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1139:, Metrifonate
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
983:
981:
975:
974:
971:
969:
966:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
945:
943:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
923:
921:
916:
913:
907:
906:
903:
900:Toxicity Class
886:
883:
878:
872:
866:
865:
862:
859:
857:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
836:
834:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
787:
784:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
764:
762:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
742:
740:
735:
732:
726:
725:
722:
719:
717:
712:
709:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
673:
671:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
650:
648:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
627:
625:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
601:
599:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
579:
576:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
539:
537:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
511:
506:
503:
497:
496:
493:
484:
481:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
460:
457:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
436:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:
414:
412:
410:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
390:
388:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
368:
366:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
337:
331:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
307:
302:
296:
295:
292:
288:
282:
277:
275:(b) Sevin XLR
271:
265:
264:
261:
258:
256:
251:
246:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:Solutions (LS)
199:
196:
193:
190:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
160:
157:
146:Main article:
143:
140:
134:
131:
125:
119:
118:Acute toxicity
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
87:
81:
80:Classification
78:
66:neonicotinoids
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4862:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4796:United States
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:Silent Spring
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4356:on 2021-01-13
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4282:
4277:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:(5): 1630–5.
3948:
3944:
3936:
3933:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3783:
3772:on 2016-03-04
3768:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3741:on 2015-02-25
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:"Dicrotophos"
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2655:on 2008-03-06
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(2): e14720.
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:Ecotoxicology
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:(1): 81–106.
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2151:
2140:on 2016-04-23
2136:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1879:9789400719422
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1762:on 2015-12-18
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:Highly toxic
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:Highly toxic
1460:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1442:Neonicotinoid
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:Highly Toxic
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1413:Neonicotinoid
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:Highly Toxic
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1384:Neonicotinoid
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:Highly toxic
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:Highly toxic
1303:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:Highly toxic
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:Highly toxic
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:Highly toxic
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:, which is a
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:Highly toxic
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:Highly toxic
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:Highly toxic
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:Highly toxic
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:Highly toxic
1063:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:Highly toxic
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:Highly toxic
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:Metasystox-R
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
995:Highly toxic
994:
991:
989:
987:
984:
982:
980:
977:
976:
973:Highly toxic
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:Highly toxic
949:
946:
944:
942:
939:
936:
934:
933:Monocrotophos
931:
930:
927:highly toxic
926:
924:
922:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:Highly toxic
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
864:Highly toxic
863:
860:
858:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
841:Highly toxic
840:
837:
835:
833:
830:
827:
825:
824:Methamidophos
822:
821:
818:Highly toxic
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:Highly toxic
793:
791:
788:
785:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
768:Highly toxic
767:
765:
763:
761:
758:
755:
753:
752:Fensulfothion
750:
749:
746:Highly toxic
745:
743:
741:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:Highly toxic
723:
720:
718:
716:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:Highly toxic
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:Highly toxic
676:
674:
672:
670:
667:
665:DDVP, Vapona
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:highly toxic
654:
651:
649:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:Highly toxic
631:
628:
626:
624:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
600:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:Highly toxic
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:Highly toxic
520:
517:
514:
512:
510:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:Highly toxic
494:
491:
490:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:Highly toxic
440:
437:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
413:
411:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:Highly toxic
393:
391:
389:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
372:Highly toxic
371:
369:
367:
365:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:Highly toxic
349:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:Highly toxic
322:
319:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:Highly toxic
293:
289:
287:
283:
281:
278:
276:
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
238:Bee toxicity
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:Common name (
218:
217:
214:
208:
204:Granulars (G)
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
186:
180:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
164:
158:
156:
154:
149:
141:
139:
132:
130:
128:
117:
112:
107:
104:
101:
98:
94:
93:
92:
90:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
59:mole crickets
56:
50:
48:
43:
38:
36:
32:
19:
4757:
4750:
4736:Bee toxicity
4735:
4676:Pest control
4581:Molluscicide
4554:Biopesticide
4549:Bioherbicide
4474:. Retrieved
4412:. Retrieved
4408:the original
4400:
4384:. Retrieved
4358:. Retrieved
4354:the original
4333:. Retrieved
4312:. Retrieved
4305:the original
4285:. Retrieved
4268:. Retrieved
4264:the original
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4212:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4183:The Guardian
4182:
4172:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4110:
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4060:. Retrieved
4052:ec.europa.eu
4051:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
3999:. Retrieved
3979:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3914:
3911:"Heptachlor"
3905:
3894:. Retrieved
3874:
3863:. Retrieved
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3822:
3813:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3767:the original
3754:
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3708:
3705:"Endosulfan"
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3662:
3661:for Scourge'
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3623:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3590:
3587:"Resmethrin"
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3560:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3530:
3521:
3509:. Retrieved
3500:
3497:"Permethrin"
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3471:
3468:"Bifenthrin"
3462:
3435:. Retrieved
3426:
3417:
3392:. Retrieved
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3237:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3207:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3177:
3168:
3156:. Retrieved
3147:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3117:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3055:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3025:
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2970:
2967:"Dimethoate"
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2940:
2937:"Dichlorvos"
2931:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2877:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2817:
2808:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2769:
2760:
2749:. Retrieved
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2713:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2680:
2668:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:the original
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2588:. Retrieved
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2523:
2520:"Carbofuran"
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2430:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2311:
2307:
2297:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2121:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2057:Sanford 1993
2052:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2007:The Guardian
2006:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1969:The Guardian
1968:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1930:
1927:EFSA Journal
1926:
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1872:. Springer.
1868:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1840:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1637:imidacloprid
1633:clothianidin
1629:thiamethoxam
1619:
1481:
1452:
1451:since 1999.
1448:
1434:Imidacloprid
1419:
1405:Thiamethoxam
1390:
1376:Clothianidin
1361:
1354:
1345:Chlorinated
1317:Chlorinated
1310:Methoxychlor
1223:Cypermethrin
1174:
1152:3 – 6 hours
1070:Phosphamidon
1013:<2 hours
877:, Penncap-M
847:Methidathion
778:Dyfonate EC
730:Fenitrothion
619:Spectracide
603:
593:Meta-systox
578:<2 hours
553:, which are
547:varroa mites
516:Banned in US
515:
501:Chlorpyrifos
492:since 2006.
486:
314:7 – 14 days
285:
274:
212:
184:
162:
151:
136:
121:
83:
63:
51:
39:
29:
4840:Bee ecology
4791:New Zealand
4696:Degradation
4691:Formulation
4681:Application
4596:Rodenticide
4576:Insecticide
4539:Bactericide
3308:January 26,
3204:"Mevinphos"
3174:"Parathion"
3128:January 26,
1726:Pollination
1648:pollination
1503:Sulfoximine
1496:Sulfoxaflor
1263:Fenvalerate
1199:1 – 2 days
1137:Trichlorfon
638:Dicrotophos
378:Mexacarbate
4845:Beekeeping
4834:Categories
4774:By country
4731:Resurgence
4726:Resistance
4636:Fumigation
4586:Nematicide
4517:Pesticides
4360:2005-01-29
4062:2022-04-01
3896:2005-02-18
3880:"dieldrin"
3865:2005-02-18
3776:2013-05-18
3745:2011-02-20
3663:Formula II
3482:2018-09-25
3394:2024-07-12
2997:"Fenthion"
2844:"Diazinon"
2751:2008-08-11
2659:2005-02-18
2649:"acephate"
2619:"Propoxur"
2590:2005-02-04
2550:"Methomyl"
2487:"Carbaryl"
2452:2024-07-12
2354:2024-07-12
2144:2016-05-04
2020:2023-06-23
1987:2023-06-23
1949:2024-07-12
1908:2023-06-23
1809:2262/95794
1792:. 109873.
1766:2011-02-20
1742:References
1721:Pesticides
1600:Heptachlor
1482:Banned in
1453:Banned in
1420:Banned in
1391:Banned in
1362:Banned in
1355:Banned in
1347:cyclodiene
1338:Endosulfan
1319:cyclodiene
1295:Pyrethroid
1287:Resmethrin
1271:Pyrethroid
1231:Pyrethroid
1195:Pyrethroid
1187:Permethrin
1169:Pyrethroid
1161:Bifenthrin
1104:Fungicide
1092:Pyrazophos
1028:Thimet EC
851:Supracide
734:Sumithion
683:Dimethoate
661:Dichlorvos
545:to combat
531:Checkmite
487:Banned in
400:Pirimicarb
356:Methiocarb
300:Carbofuran
209:Pesticides
42:pesticides
31:Pesticides
4711:Poisoning
4601:Slimicide
4591:Piscicide
4569:Defoliant
4564:Herbicide
4559:Fungicide
4534:Acaricide
4525:Pesticide
3799:: 56–60.
3354:"Phosmet"
3324:"Phorate"
3052:"Fonofos"
2795:coumaphos
2404:1932-6203
2328:2471-5638
2271:1573-3017
2105:0013-936X
2015:0261-3077
1977:0261-3077
1818:0013-9351
1567:herbicide
1535:Petroleum
1521:Acaricide
1360:(2007?),
1252:ant chalk
1244:cockroach
1074:Dimecron
979:Omethoate
968:16 hours
915:Phosdrin
911:Mevinphos
885:5–8 days
875:Parathion
800:Malathion
555:parasites
527:Coumaphos
483:2.5 days
432:Carbamate
408:Carbamate
386:Carbamate
364:Carbamate
340:Carbamate
336:, Nudrin
310:Carbamate
280:Carbamate
254:Carbamate
235:Comments
189:Dusts (D)
47:queen bee
4716:Research
4476:July 24,
4470:Archived
4453:Archived
4438:Archived
4426:Archived
4377:Archived
4329:Archived
4223:July 20,
4217:Archived
4193:27 April
4187:Archived
4121:29 April
4115:Archived
4091:July 20,
4085:Archived
4056:Archived
4032:July 24,
4026:Archived
3992:Archived
3971:12613550
3925:July 24,
3919:Archived
3915:Extoxnet
3887:Archived
3856:Archived
3849:"Aldrin"
3833:July 24,
3827:Archived
3823:Extoxnet
3719:July 24,
3713:Archived
3709:Extoxnet
3689:July 24,
3683:Archived
3679:Extoxnet
3655:Archived
3637:July 24,
3628:Archived
3601:July 24,
3595:Archived
3591:Extoxnet
3571:July 24,
3565:Archived
3561:Extoxnet
3541:July 24,
3535:Archived
3531:Extoxnet
3511:July 24,
3505:Archived
3501:Extoxnet
3476:Archived
3437:July 24,
3431:Archived
3403:cite web
3388:Archived
3368:July 24,
3362:Archived
3358:Extoxnet
3338:July 24,
3332:Archived
3328:Extoxnet
3302:Archived
3298:Extoxnet
3278:July 24,
3272:Archived
3268:Extoxnet
3248:July 24,
3242:Archived
3238:Extoxnet
3218:July 24,
3212:Archived
3208:Extoxnet
3188:July 24,
3182:Archived
3178:Extoxnet
3158:July 24,
3152:Archived
3148:Extoxnet
3122:Archived
3118:Extoxnet
3089:Archived
3066:July 24,
3060:Archived
3056:Extoxnet
3036:July 24,
3030:Archived
3026:Extoxnet
3006:July 24,
3001:Extoxnet
2981:July 24,
2975:Archived
2971:Extoxnet
2951:July 24,
2945:Archived
2941:Extoxnet
2915:: 97–9.
2888:July 24,
2882:Archived
2878:Extoxnet
2858:July 24,
2852:Archived
2848:Extoxnet
2828:July 24,
2822:Archived
2818:Extoxnet
2798:Archived
2780:July 24,
2774:Archived
2770:Extoxnet
2745:Archived
2724:July 24,
2718:Archived
2714:Extoxnet
2694:July 24,
2685:Archived
2683:. 2011.
2633:July 24,
2627:Archived
2623:Extoxnet
2599:cite web
2584:Archived
2564:July 24,
2558:Archived
2554:Extoxnet
2534:July 24,
2528:Archived
2524:Extoxnet
2501:July 24,
2495:Archived
2491:Extoxnet
2470:Archived
2443:Archived
2422:21373182
2374:PLOS ONE
2348:Archived
2336:29356442
2289:25011924
2232:16842032
2197:29124633
2113:29481746
2037:Archived
1981:Archived
1943:Archived
1902:Archived
1851:July 24,
1845:Archived
1696:Fipronil
1675:See also
1594:Dieldrin
1467:Fipronil
1351:8 hours
1342:Thiodan
1323:2 hours
1208:parasite
1036:5 hours
937:Azodrin
786:3 hours
756:Dasanit
707:Fenthion
615:Diazinon
451:Orthene
447:Acephate
422:Propoxur
382:Zectran
360:Mesurol
344:2 hours
329:Methomyl
269:Carbaryl
244:Aldicarb
4721:Residue
4544:Biocide
4414:23 July
4386:23 July
4335:23 July
4314:23 July
4287:23 July
4270:23 July
4150:Bibcode
4111:Reuters
4001:23 July
3963:1833509
3819:"2,4-D"
3264:"Naled"
3098:12 July
2413:3044129
2382:Bibcode
2280:4165879
2188:7921077
2083:Bibcode
1605:Lindane
1560:dicamba
1514:Dicofol
1409:Actara
1380:Poncho
1367:(2009)
1212:beehive
1210:of the
1096:Afugan
1051:Imidan
1047:Phosmet
1024:Phorate
960:Dibrom
774:Fonofos
695:3 days
642:Bidrin
570:Systox
566:Demeton
543:beehive
459:3 days
334:Lannate
305:Furadan
273:Sevin,
4781:Canada
4701:Misuse
4213:US EPA
4142:Nature
4081:US EPA
3969:
3961:
2420:
2410:
2402:
2344:315073
2342:
2334:
2326:
2287:
2277:
2269:
2230:
2195:
2185:
2111:
2103:
2013:
1975:
1876:
1816:
1635:, and
1588:Aldrin
1275:1 day
427:Baygon
4686:Drift
4527:types
4380:(PDF)
4373:(PDF)
4308:(PDF)
4301:(PDF)
3995:(PDF)
3988:(PDF)
3967:S2CID
3890:(PDF)
3883:(PDF)
3859:(PDF)
3852:(PDF)
3770:(PDF)
3763:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
3620:(PDF)
3092:(PDF)
3085:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2439:(PDF)
2340:S2CID
2138:(PDF)
2131:(PDF)
1554:2,4-D
1537:oils
956:Naled
249:Temik
99:/bee)
55:grubs
4478:2021
4416:2021
4388:2021
4337:2021
4316:2021
4289:2021
4272:2021
4225:2021
4195:2018
4123:2018
4093:2021
4034:2021
4003:2021
3959:PMID
3927:2021
3835:2021
3721:2021
3691:2021
3652:MSDS
3639:2021
3603:2021
3573:2021
3543:2021
3513:2021
3439:2021
3409:link
3370:2021
3340:2021
3310:2022
3280:2021
3250:2021
3220:2021
3190:2021
3160:2021
3130:2022
3100:2024
3068:2021
3038:2021
3008:2021
2983:2021
2953:2021
2890:2021
2860:2021
2830:2021
2782:2021
2726:2021
2696:2021
2635:2021
2605:link
2566:2021
2536:2021
2503:2021
2418:PMID
2400:ISSN
2332:PMID
2324:ISSN
2285:PMID
2267:ISSN
2228:PMID
2193:PMID
2109:PMID
2101:ISSN
2011:ISSN
1973:ISSN
1874:ISBN
1853:2021
1814:ISSN
1250:and
1248:Raid
1242:and
895:and
890:UNEP
549:and
35:bees
4158:doi
4146:555
4022:WSJ
3951:doi
3801:doi
3797:102
2917:doi
2408:PMC
2390:doi
2316:doi
2312:327
2275:PMC
2259:doi
2220:doi
2183:PMC
2173:doi
2091:doi
1935:doi
1804:hdl
1794:doi
1790:189
1609:BHC
1240:ant
897:WHO
221:ISO
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