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A detailed physical examination helps recognize symptoms indicative of an immune disorder. Blood Tests: these tests are instrumental in diagnosing immunodeficiency as they measure: Infection-fighting proteins (immunoglobulins): Essential for robust immune defense, these protein levels are measured to evaluate immune function. Blood cell counts: Deviations in specific blood cells can point to an immune system anomaly. Immune system cells: These assessments are used to measure the levels of various immune cells. Genetic testing involves collecting samples from patients for molecular analysis when there is a suspicion of inborn errors in immunity. Most
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDs) are inherited as single-gene defects. The key genes associated with immunodeficiency diseases include CD40L, CD40, RAG1, RAG2, IL2RG, and ADA. Here is a summary of some methods utilized to identify genetic anomalies: Sanger Sequencing of Single Genes: Sanger sequencing is widely recognized as the benchmark method for accurately identifying individual nucleotide changes, as well as small-scale insertions or deletions in DNA. It is particularly valuable for confirming known familial genetic variations, for validating findings from next-generation sequencing technologies, and in specific scenarios that require sequencing of single genes. An example is its use to confirm mutations in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, which are linked to X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) • Targeted Gene Sequencing Panels (tNGS): This technology is ideal for examining genes in specific pathways or for follow-up experiments (targeted resequencing) from whole genome sequencing (WGS). It is rapid and more cost-effective than WGS, and because it allows for deeper sequencing. • Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): is a commonly used method which captures the majority of coding regions of the genome for sequencing, as these regions contain the majority of disease-causing mutations Useful for identifying mutations in specific genes • Trio or Whole-Family Analyses: In some cases, analyzing the DNA of the patient, parents, and siblings (trio analysis) or the entire family (whole-family analysis) can reveal inheritance patterns and identify causative mutations
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Medical
History and Physical Examination: A physician will inquire about past illnesses and family history of immune disorders to identify inherited conditions.
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Prognosis depends greatly on the nature and severity of the condition. Some deficiencies cause early mortality (before age one), others with or even without treatment are lifelong conditions that cause little mortality or morbidity. Newer stem cell transplant technologies may lead to gene based
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is useful in those who are immunocompromised. In the early 1950s
Immunoglobulin(Ig) was used by doctors to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency through intramuscular injection. Ig replacement therapy are infusions that can be either subcutaneous or intravenously administered, resulting in
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There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation. One
1084:(APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.
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The distinction between primary versus secondary immunodeficiencies is based on, respectively, whether the cause originates in the immune system itself or is, in turn, due to insufficiency of a supporting component of it or an external decreasing factor of it.
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Lee, Ainsley Ryan Yan Bin; Wong, Shi Yin; Chai, Louis Yi Ann; Lee, Soo Chin; Lee, Matilda Xinwei; Muthiah, Mark
Dhinesh; Tay, Sen Hee; Teo, Chong Boon; Tan, Benjamin Kye Jyn; Chan, Yiong Huak; Sundar, Raghav; Soon, Yu Yang (2 March 2022).
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The cause of immunodeficiency varies depending on the nature of the disorder. The cause can be either genetic or acquired by malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions. Only for some genetic causes, the exact genes are known.
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are thought to be responsible. In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in
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treatments of debilitating and fatal genetic immune deficiencies. Prognosis of acquired immune deficiencies depends on avoiding or treating the causative agent or condition (like AIDS).
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is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include
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811:. The characteristics of lacking and/or impaired antibody functions can be related to illnesses such as X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and Common Variable Immune Deficiency
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The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends on the nature of the defect, and may involve antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics and (in some cases)
796:. There are over 95 recognised primary immunodeficiency syndromes; they are generally grouped by the part of the immune system that is malfunctioning, such as
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Various hormonal and metabolic disorders can also result in immune deficiency including anemia, hypothyroidism and hyperglycemia.
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generally refers to both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, while the term
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Zbinden, Delphine; Manuel, Oriol (February 2014). "Influenza vaccination in immunocompromised patients: efficacy and safety".
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from childhood onward. Primary
Immunodeficiency is also known as congenital immunodeficiencies. Many of these disorders are
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288:(including B cell deficiency or dysfunction), with signs or symptoms depending on the cause, but generally include signs of
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1080:(WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. In
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Gleeson, Michael; Nieman, David C; Pedersen, Bente K (January 2004). "Exercise, nutrition and immune function".
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Brigden ML (February 2001). "Detection, education and management of the asplenic or hyposplenic patient".
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300:(lack of all or most antibody production) which results in frequent severe infections and is often fatal.
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1282:"Immunocompromised patients: Review of the most common infections happened in 446 hospitalized patients"
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Meidani, Mohsen; Naeini, Alireza Emami; Rostami, Mojtaba; Sherkat, Roya; Tayeri, Katayoun (March 2014).
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ones. They are also more susceptible to infectious diseases owing to the reduced protection afforded by
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Heavy schedules of training and competition in athletes increases their risk of immune deficiencies.
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are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of
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1963:"Solo VS extended family analysis in consanguineous populations" (Document). BMC Medical Genomics.
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Available treatment falls into two modalities: treating infections and boosting the immune system.
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Many specific diseases directly or indirectly cause immunosuppression. This includes many types of
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336:). Granulocyte deficiencies also include decreased function of individual granulocytes, such as in
1324:"Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Secondary immunodeficiencies, also known as acquired immunodeficiencies, can result from various
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In reality, immunodeficiency often affects multiple components, with notable examples including
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292:(decrease of one or more types of antibodies) with presentations including repeated mild
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higher Ig levels for about three to four weeks, although this varies with each patient.
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1986:"Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients"
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Rosen FS, Cooper MD, Wedgwood RJ (August 1995). "The primary immunodeficiencies".
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Charles A Janeway, Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. (2001).
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generally refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection.
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1765:"Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: lessons from systemic lupus erythematosus"
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Basic
Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System, 3rd Ed. 2011.
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922:), and certain chronic infections. Immunodeficiency is also the hallmark of
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1848:"Overview of Immunodeficiency Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version"
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1035:, an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example.
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Low blood levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in
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If not otherwise specified in boxes, then reference for entries is:
251:. An immunocompromised individual may particularly be vulnerable to
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Smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse also depress immune response.
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1072:; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with
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measure and in patients with an overactive immune system, as in
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1984:
Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L (October 2014).
1695:"Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition"
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A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be
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autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy
959:
927:
263:, in which the immune system scans the body's cells and kills
194:
29:
934:, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.
1600:
1863:"Current genetic diagnostics in inborn errors of immunity"
1060:(CGD) as well. CGD is caused by a decreased production of
1023:(CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g.,
910:, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (
2152:
1211:"Secondary immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection"
375:
Comparison of immunodeficiencies by affected component
236:. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their
1068:. Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with
3378:
1674:. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. May 2020
2034:
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von
Hardenberg, Sandra; Klefenz; Steinemann (2024).
1813:"Primary immunodeficiency - Diagnosis and treatment"
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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220:by some drugs, such as steroids, can either be an
1151:, immune response to harmless non-self proteins
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1693:Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ (2016).
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1215:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
930:(HIV). HIV directly infects a small number of
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2173:
1425:Schwartz RA (2019-10-22). Jyonouchi H (ed.).
8:
1483:Jones J, Bannister BA, Gillespie SH (2006).
1454:Jones J, Bannister BA, Gillespie SH (2006).
259:that could affect anyone. It also decreases
1990:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1763:Grammatikos AP, Tsokos GC (February 2012).
1062:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
1033:Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
306:, often causes secondary disorders such as
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2839:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
2687:Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
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2153:The European Society of Immunodeficiencies
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205:. Immunocompromisation may also be due to
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1006:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
373:
3385:
1410:. University of Toronto. Archived from
1286:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
1201:
780:feature a heightened susceptibility to
388:Main pathogens of resultant infections
146:Immunocompromisation, immune deficiency
3336:Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
3003:Terminal complement pathway deficiency
1485:Infection: Microbiology and Management
1456:Infection: Microbiology and Management
1209:Chinen J, Shearer WT (February 2010).
1746:"Inherited immunodeficiency diseases"
1595:
1593:
843:disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
7:
3359:Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome
988:adding citations to reliable sources
669:Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
346:, where there is no function of the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Lack of or compromised immune system
3008:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
1556:The New England Journal of Medicine
1172:, commonly administered drugs like
1132:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
1045:enlargement of the liver and spleen
369:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
308:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
1166:, age-associated immune deficiency
1145:, immune response to self-proteins
1031:, and autoimmune thyroid disease.
924:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
25:
956:Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
316:, including decreased numbers of
3400:
3388:
3252:Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis
2771:Common variable immunodeficiency
1914:"Pediatric Immunology Volume 12"
1074:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1021:common variable immunodeficiency
964:
837:, particular medications (e.g.,
365:severe combined immunodeficiency
34:
2943:Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
1912:von Hardenberg, Sandra (2024).
1835:. Immune Deficiency Foundation.
1292:(Suppl 1): S71–S73pmc=4078380.
1176:that suppress the immune system
975:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
3013:Complement receptor deficiency
2883:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
2507:Immunoglobulin class switching
2002:10.1002/14651858.CD005590.pub3
1601:"Immune Deficiency Foundation"
1261:. Mayo Clinic. 30 January 2020
1:
3354:Chronic granulomatous disease
3314:Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
3260:Severe congenital neutropenia
3111:Chronic granulomatous disease
2911:
1452:, Chapter 22, Table 22.1 in:
1110:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
1070:midline granulomatous disease
1058:chronic granulomatous disease
579:chronic granulomatous disease
355:is where the function of the
338:chronic granulomatous disease
2148:Immune Deficiency Foundation
1781:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.10.005
1769:Trends in Molecular Medicine
928:human immunodeficiency virus
893:. For medications, the term
815:Secondary immunodeficiencies
2682:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
1638:10.1080/0264041031000140590
1568:10.1056/NEJM199508173330707
1054:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
573:Bone marrow transplantation
3439:
3364:Myeloperoxidase deficiency
3206:Hypereosinophilic syndrome
2336:Polyclonal B cell response
1970:10.1186/s12920-020-00743-8
1626:Journal of Sports Sciences
1259:"Primary immunodeficiency"
1227:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.040
1025:inflammatory bowel disease
818:
769:
181:, is a state in which the
1931:10.3389/fped.2024.1279112
1880:10.3389/fped.2024.1279112
1517:American Family Physician
1180:Human genetic enhancement
1076:and NK/T cell lymphomas.
809:stem cell transplantation
429:Chronic lymphoid leukemia
394:Humoral immune deficiency
286:Humoral immune deficiency
261:cancer immunosurveillance
3331:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
3293:Disorder of phagocytosis
2898:Bare lymphocyte syndrome
2750:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1712:10.1016/j.it.2016.04.003
1668:"Nutrition and Immunity"
1078:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
772:Primary immunodeficiency
766:Primary immunodeficiency
746:Streptococcus pneumoniae
676:Streptococcus pneumoniae
444:Streptococcus pneumoniae
255:, in addition to normal
253:opportunistic infections
242:primary immunodeficiency
2998:Complement 3 deficiency
2983:Complement 4 deficiency
2979:Complement 2 deficiency
1918:Frontiers in Pediatrics
1867:Frontiers in Pediatrics
1340:10.1136/bmj-2021-068632
1221:(2 Suppl 2): S195–203.
847:immunosuppressive drugs
729:Congenital deficiencies
561:Neutrophil granulocytes
526:Intracellular pathogens
367:(which is primary) and
330:neutrophil granulocytes
2450:Tolerance in pregnancy
2192:adaptive immune system
1106:Pneumocystis pneumonia
1041:lymph node enlargement
926:(AIDS), caused by the
690:Neisseria meningitidis
683:Haemophilus influenzae
604:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
472:Cryptosporidium parvum
458:Pneumocystis jirovecii
371:(which is secondary).
314:Granulocyte deficiency
294:respiratory infections
216:In clinical settings,
2973:Hereditary angioedema
2829:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2674:Hypogammaglobulinemia
2485:Somatic hypermutation
2319:Polyclonal antibodies
2314:Monoclonal antibodies
829:agents, for example,
819:Further information:
718:Complement deficiency
577:Dysfunction, such as
451:Hemophilus influenzae
353:Complement deficiency
290:hypogammaglobulinemia
280:By affected component
199:environmental factors
2993:Properdin deficiency
2814:Di George's syndrome
2697:Dysgammaglobulinemia
2502:Junctional diversity
2270:Antigen presentation
1699:Trends in Immunology
1672:The Nutrition Source
984:improve this article
859:environmental toxins
757:Primary or secondary
546:, and intracellular
531:Herpes simplex virus
465:Giardia intestinalis
185:'s ability to fight
179:immunocompromisation
54:improve this article
2497:V(D)J recombination
2480:Affinity maturation
2232:Antigenic variation
1523:(3): 499–506, 508.
1487:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1458:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1064:(NADPH) oxidase by
790:autosomal recessive
508:Cancer chemotherapy
382:Affected components
376:
234:autoimmune diseases
228:surgery as an anti-
187:infectious diseases
3264:Cyclic neutropenia
2845:Hyper IgM syndrome
2755:Hyper-IgE syndrome
2720:Hyper IgM syndrome
2636:disorders causing
2120:External resources
1846:FERNANDEZ, JAMES.
1833:"Laboratory tests"
1752:. Garland Science.
1427:"T-cell Disorders"
1408:"Immunodeficiency"
1385:10.2217/imt.13.171
1143:Autoimmune disease
660:Sickle-cell anemia
589:Enterobacteriaceae
374:
298:agammaglobulinemia
69:"Immunodeficiency"
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2790:T cell deficiency
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2274:professional APCs
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1605:primaryimmune.org
1494:978-1-4051-2665-6
1465:978-1-4051-2665-6
1016:
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1008:
896:immunosuppression
851:organ transplants
827:immunosuppressive
821:Immunosuppression
754:
753:
723:Complement system
548:fungal infections
482:T cell deficiency
398:B cell deficiency
357:complement system
304:T cell deficiency
249:immunocompromised
218:immunosuppression
172:
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132:Medical condition
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16:(Redirected from
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2893:ZAP70 deficiency
2824:Nezelof syndrome
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2638:immunodeficiency
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2490:Clonal selection
2462:Immune privilege
2457:Immunodeficiency
2412:Cross-reactivity
2402:Hypersensitivity
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2134:Immunodeficiency
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1996:(10): CD005590.
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1882:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1414:on 10 July 2013.
1403:
1397:
1396:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1206:
1164:Immunosenescence
1029:thrombocytopenia
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
968:
960:
920:multiple myeloma
901:immunodeficiency
671:, particularly:
424:Multiple myeloma
377:
322:granulocytopenia
226:organ transplant
207:genetic diseases
177:, also known as
175:Immunodeficiency
138:Immunodeficiency
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3340:
3279:
3238:
3222:
3178:
3149:
3131:
3115:
3087:
3062:
3052:
3022:
3017:
2954:
2947:
2935:Lymphocytopenia
2933:
2924:
2902:
2878:
2865:
2854:
2810:hypoparathyroid
2792:
2780:
2759:
2691:
2661:
2640:
2627:
2597:
2592:
2566:
2520:
2466:
2445:Clonal deletion
2373:
2367:
2297:
2198:
2186:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2114:
2047:
2033:
2028:
2027:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1495:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1138:Immune disorder
1128:
1119:
1099:
1090:
1012:
1001:
995:
992:
981:
969:
958:
949:
883:dichlorobenzene
855:glucocorticoids
823:
817:
774:
768:
759:
498:transplantation
419:Primary humoral
326:agranulocytosis
324:or, if absent,
282:
277:
209:/flaws such as
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Immunodeficient
15:
12:
11:
5:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3310:
3308:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3266:
3248:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3192:granulocytosis
3188:
3186:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:MBL deficiency
2985:
2976:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Omenn syndrome
2885:
2869:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2717:
2715:IgM deficiency
2712:
2710:IgG deficiency
2707:
2705:IgA deficiency
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2472:Immunogenetics
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2417:Co-stimulation
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:Immune complex
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Dendritic cell
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:Conformational
2253:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2064:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:Classification
2032:
2031:External links
2029:
2026:
2025:
1976:
1955:
1904:
1853:
1838:
1824:
1804:
1755:
1736:
1705:(6): 386–398.
1685:
1659:
1632:(1): 115–125.
1616:
1589:
1546:
1534:
1500:
1493:
1471:
1464:
1436:
1417:
1398:
1379:(2): 131–139.
1363:
1313:
1272:
1250:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1104:Prevention of
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1014:
1013:
972:
970:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
932:T helper cells
875:petrochemicals
816:
813:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
758:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
742:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
714:
713:
712:
711:
703:
695:
694:
693:
686:
679:
664:
663:
662:
657:
652:
645:
640:
634:
633:
632:
631:
623:
615:
607:
600:
592:
583:
582:
581:
575:
570:
563:
558:
552:
551:
523:
522:
521:
518:Glucocorticoid
515:
510:
505:
500:
489:
484:
478:
477:
476:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
438:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
414:
401:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
361:
360:
350:
341:
311:
301:
281:
278:
276:
273:
222:adverse effect
197:infection and
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3435:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3306:degranulation
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3146:
3145:Monocytopenia
3143:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Histiocytosis
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:euparathyroid
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Clonal anergy
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:Microantibody
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1750:Immunobiology
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:(7): 431–40.
1561:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:Greenberg S.
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:Immunotherapy
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Immune system
1183:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:, autoimmune
1026:
1022:
1010:
1007:
999:
996:November 2016
989:
985:
979:
978:
973:This section
971:
967:
962:
961:
955:
953:
946:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
814:
812:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:rare diseases
773:
765:
763:
756:
748:
747:
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
733:
728:
727:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
696:
692:
691:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
605:
601:
599:
598:
593:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
580:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
538:
537:Mycobacterium
533:
532:
527:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
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110:November 2007
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3239:
3202:Eosinophilia
3197:Neutrophilia
3179:
3163:Granulocytes
3132:
3088:
3060:granulocytes
3054:Diseases of
2964:C1-inhibitor
2962:
2879:
2872:
2835:
2834:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2776:ICF syndrome
2637:
2456:
2407:Inflammation
2392:Alloimmunity
2387:Autoimmunity
2372:Immunity vs.
2324:Autoantibody
2222:Superantigen
2127:
2103:
2092:
2081:
2066:
2051:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1958:
1921:
1917:
1907:
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1827:
1816:
1807:
1775:(2): 101–8.
1772:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1739:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
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1629:
1625:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1520:
1516:
1484:
1474:
1455:
1430:
1420:
1412:the original
1401:
1376:
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1366:
1331:
1327:
1316:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1253:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1120:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1017:
1002:
993:
982:Please help
977:verification
974:
950:
942:
939:
936:
905:
900:
894:
867:heavy metals
839:chemotherapy
831:malnutrition
824:
806:
802:granulocytes
776:A number of
775:
760:
744:
736:
705:
697:
688:
681:
674:
625:
617:
611:Enterococcus
609:
602:
597:Streptococci
595:
587:
568:Chemotherapy
541:
535:
529:
528:, including
470:
463:
456:
449:
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408:plasma cells
396:
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359:is deficient
318:granulocytes
313:
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215:
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116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3269:Eosinopenia
3256:Neutropenia
3101:Monocytosis
3072:macrophages
2836:peripheral:
2530:Lymphocytes
2189:Lymphocytic
1818:Mayo Clinic
1334:: e068632.
1066:neutrophils
1019:example is
891:ethylphenol
798:lymphocytes
650:Splenectomy
627:Aspergillus
556:Neutropenia
385:Main causes
334:neutropenia
320:(called as
143:Other names
3302:Chemotaxis
3211:Basophilia
2969:Angioedema
2955:deficiency
2953:Complement
2930:Leukopenia
2880:autosomal:
2634:complement
2571:Substances
2435:Peripheral
2423:Inaction:
2302:Antibodies
2283:Macrophage
2196:complement
2129:Patient UK
2094:DiseasesDB
1678:8 November
1610:2017-04-17
1196:References
1190:Immunology
1174:prednisone
1039:, rashes,
871:pesticides
865:and other
786:hereditary
782:infections
699:Plasmodium
496:and other
412:antibodies
265:neoplastic
257:infections
201:, such as
164:Medication
157:Immunology
80:newspapers
3274:Basopenia
3068:Monocytes
3056:monocytes
2873:x-linked:
2588:Cytolysin
2578:Cytokines
2425:Tolerance
2374:tolerance
2293:Immunogen
2110:234532001
2105:SNOMED CT
1155:Histamine
1117:Prognosis
1097:Treatment
1088:Diagnosis
738:Neisseria
296:, and/or
230:rejection
203:nutrition
152:Specialty
3417:Category
3407:Medicine
3216:Bandemia
3181:-cytosis
3090:-cytosis
2920:HIV/AIDS
2912:Acquired
2863:combined
2655:Antibody
2630:Lymphoid
2538:Cellular
2382:Immunity
2380:Action:
2363:Paratope
2351:Idiotype
2341:Allotype
2309:Antibody
2263:Mimotope
2227:Allergen
2210:Antigens
2203:Lymphoid
2020:25269391
1950:38659694
1941:11039790
1899:38659694
1890:11039790
1799:22177735
1731:27237815
1654:84378380
1646:14971437
1584:39699189
1529:11272299
1479:Page 435
1450:Page 432
1431:Medscape
1393:24491087
1358:35236664
1308:25002900
1245:20042227
1170:Steroids
1126:See also
1049:perforin
916:lymphoma
912:leukemia
794:X-linked
788:and are
638:Asplenia
543:Listeria
513:Lymphoma
344:Asplenia
332:(termed
269:vaccines
3395:Biology
3381:Portals
2659:humoral
2646:Primary
2583:Opsonin
2562:NK cell
2550:Humoral
2430:Central
2397:Allergy
2346:Isotype
2246:Epitope
2217:Antigen
2088:D007153
2011:6457644
1790:3278563
1722:4889773
1576:7616993
1349:8889026
1299:4078380
1236:6151868
1149:Allergy
879:styrene
863:mercury
741:species
710:species
707:Babesia
702:species
630:species
622:species
619:Candida
614:species
520:therapy
487:T cells
404:B cells
310:(AIDS).
94:scholar
3241:-penia
3134:-penia
2876:X-SCID
2860:Severe
2555:B cell
2543:T cell
2288:B cell
2251:Linear
2239:Hapten
2018:
2008:
1948:
1938:
1897:
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1306:
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1265:13 May
1243:
1233:
1134:(AIDS)
1108:using
1043:, and
947:Causes
908:cancer
889:, and
887:xylene
857:) and
849:after
655:Trauma
643:Spleen
494:Marrow
348:spleen
191:cancer
168:Imuran
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2866:(B+T)
2764:Other
2099:21506
2077:279.3
2062:D84.9
1650:S2CID
1580:S2CID
877:like
861:like
835:aging
594:Oral
275:Types
240:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
3324:LAD2
3319:LAD1
3304:and
3070:and
3058:and
2632:and
2194:and
2083:MeSH
2072:9-CM
2016:PMID
1946:PMID
1895:PMID
1795:PMID
1727:PMID
1680:2020
1642:PMID
1572:PMID
1525:PMID
1489:ISBN
1481:in:
1460:ISBN
1389:PMID
1354:PMID
1304:PMID
1267:2020
1241:PMID
873:and
503:AIDS
434:AIDS
211:SCID
189:and
73:news
2516:HLA
2512:MHC
2068:ICD
2053:ICD
2006:PMC
1998:doi
1965:doi
1936:PMC
1926:doi
1885:PMC
1875:doi
1785:PMC
1777:doi
1717:PMC
1707:doi
1634:doi
1564:doi
1560:333
1381:doi
1344:PMC
1336:doi
1332:376
1328:BMJ
1294:PMC
1231:PMC
1223:doi
1219:125
986:by
800:or
792:or
410:or
195:HIV
56:by
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2132::
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2004:.
1994:10
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1701:.
1697:.
1670:.
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1628:.
1603:.
1592:^
1578:.
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3171:↑
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3080:↑
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