326:. The citizens of some German states comprised also autochthonous or immigrant ethnic minorities of other than German ethnicity, which is why citizens of the German Empire always also comprised people of other ethnicity than the German (e.g. Danish, French, Frisian, Polish, Romani, Sorbian etc.). German citizenship is passed on from parent to child (
179:(of German descent, as to citizenship or ethnicity), and related ones is that the usage of the words often depends on context, i.e. who uses them where and when. There are, in that sense, no general legal or "right" definitions, although during the 20th century, all terms acquired legal — yet also changing — definitions.
306:
in the late 19th century, for instance, resented the claims of the Baltic
Germans to be German — for the Germans from the Reich, to be German meant to be a German citizen, while for the Baltic Germans, it meant cultural-historical belonging.
46:
322:) of 1913 finally established the citizenship of the German Reich, whereas earlier political rights (including the claim to receive identity papers and passports) derived from one's citizenship of one of the
785:
768:
992:
336:) whatever their ethnicity is. With naturalisation of aliens as German citizens, however, their eventual German ethnicity formed or still forms an advantage under certain circumstances (see
290:, as opposed to someone living abroad (and usually without a German passport). Part of the identity of ethnic German minorities living abroad — a classic example are the
1484:
1044:
1162:
499:
472:
1400:
956:
1405:
1006:
965:
254:
leadership, the concept of the German people first acquired a legal-political meaning, which they have retained until now. However, the
428:
citizens from people entitled to German citizenship, but as a matter of fact unwilling or unable to exercise it, such as citizens of
1127:
675:
533:
204:
1370:
374:
129:(however, usually meaning German citizens living abroad), or a more specific term denoting the area of settlement, such as
1195:
976:
615:
207:
of the
Napoleonic Wars, the concept certainly existed. If anything, it was more seen as a cultural concept. The idea of a
323:
240:
1375:
1152:
833:
182:
The reason for the differentiation is that there has been a historical shift in the meaning of what belonging to a
464:
Forging
Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944
1431:
1075:
1024:
632:
971:
39:
1276:
838:
218:
1505:
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311:
247:
226:
73:
1208:
1426:
1264:
906:
901:
881:
526:
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272:(language area). For someone who considered themselves German but living abroad, e.g., in multi-ethnic
1225:
1310:
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1385:
1365:
1343:
1247:
1157:
1142:
1132:
1115:
1070:
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1034:
938:
891:
876:
810:
778:
751:
746:
656:
519:
123:
69:
1203:
1100:
1090:
1051:
723:
637:
620:
593:
273:
259:
173:
843:
828:
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668:
362:
291:
232:
130:
1499:
1298:
1181:
773:
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581:
330:
255:
134:
113:
1147:
649:
429:
395:
391:
350:
77:
489:
462:
294: — was to define themselves as German, using the pre-1871 concept. However,
1477:
925:
17:
1281:
1218:
642:
340:
266:
200:
194:
1039:
572:
381:
1303:
1293:
422:
236:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1325:
1315:
542:
251:
187:
239:(in different forms), and already sometimes German origin, descent or
68:), is an archaic term for those ethnic Germans who resided within the
1441:
1436:
1213:
1120:
373:, i.e. German citizens "of German or congeneric blood". As a result,
183:
1257:
92:
59:
1453:
1320:
511:
98:, which was the official name of Germany between 1871 and 1949.
72:
that was founded in 1871. In contemporary usage, it referred to
515:
418:(i.e., Federal citizens) were colloquially used to distinguish
203: — was not too meaningful, although at least since the
262:, did not encompass more than two thirds of the German
109:
is, then, depending on context and historical period,
1468:
1414:
1336:
1194:
1005:
985:
949:
869:
821:
684:
608:
601:
592:
549:
284:meant any German who was a citizen of the German
488:Liebscher, G.; Dailey-O'Cain, J. (2013-11-08).
1179:
527:
8:
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579:
563:
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434:
410:
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121:
111:
103:
89:
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57:
28:
1485:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
420:
387:" officially became second-class citizens.
328:
192:
605:
598:
534:
520:
512:
491:Language, Space and Identity in Migration
394:and the establishment of the West German
467:. Oxford University Press. p. 187.
186:means. Until the early 19th century, a
1065:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1059:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
453:
190:such as "German" — apart from the
318:Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz
76:, the word signifying people from the
38:
7:
215:, as advocated by philosophers like
258:as a "Lesser German" answer to the
25:
365:established the legal status of
461:Mezger, Caroline (2020-02-27).
153:The key problem with the terms
494:. Springer. pp. 235–236.
1:
440:) and East Berlin, or of the
398:in 1949, the analogous terms
310:It was however not until the
231:(1762–1814), includes German
408:(i.e., Federal Germans) and
87:, i.e., Imperial Germany or
966:Alsatians and Lotharingians
396:Federal Republic of Germany
324:States of the German Empire
1527:
40:[ˈʁaɪ̯çsˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃə]
986:Multinational dimension
219:Johann Gottfried Herder
51:, literally translated
1476:
1180:
907:Bosnia and Herzegovina
648:
580:
564:
557:
435:
421:
411:
401:
380:
368:
356:
339:
329:
317:
312:German nationality law
297:
286:
279:
265:
248:unification of Germany
227:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
225:
217:
210:
193:
172:
164:
156:
140:
122:
112:
104:
90:
81:
58:
29:
361:of 1935, part of the
302:visiting the Russian
1406:United Arab Emirates
714:Transylvanian Saxons
101:The opposite of the
993:Central and Eastern
897:Italy (South Tyrol)
304:Baltic governorates
1138:Pennsylvania Dutch
357:Reichsbürgergesetz
243:in a vague sense.
1493:
1492:
1464:
1463:
1001:
1000:
801:Russian Mennonite
501:978-1-137-31643-1
474:978-0-19-259047-3
442:Saar Protectorate
16:(Redirected from
1518:
1481:
1432:Papua New Guinea
1270:Kapitaï and Koba
1236:Kapitaï and Koba
1185:
1063:Los Lagos Region
1045:British Columbia
653:
606:
599:
585:
569:
560:
536:
529:
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479:
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426:
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289:
282:
270:
230:
223:(1744–1803) and
222:
213:
198:
177:
167:
159:
143:
127:
124:Auslandsdeutsche
117:
107:
96:
84:
67:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
48:
42:
37:
32:
21:
1526:
1525:
1521:
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1517:
1516:
1515:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1460:
1410:
1332:
1190:
1057:Los Ríos Region
997:
981:
945:
870:Southern Europe
865:
839:North Schleswig
822:Northern Europe
817:
680:
621:Sudeten Germans
588:
545:
540:
510:
509:
502:
487:
486:
482:
475:
460:
459:
455:
450:
274:Austria-Hungary
260:German Question
205:German Campaign
151:
74:German citizens
65:
56:Germans of the
55:
52:
45:
44:
43:
35:
23:
22:
18:Imperial German
15:
12:
11:
5:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:German Samoans
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
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1368:
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1362:
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1356:
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1334:
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1331:
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1318:
1308:
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1272:
1262:
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1238:
1228:
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1221:
1216:
1206:
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1198:
1192:
1191:
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1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
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1155:
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1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
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1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
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1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
977:United Kingdom
974:
969:
959:
953:
951:
950:Western Europe
947:
946:
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942:
941:
931:
930:
929:
919:
914:
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899:
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889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
867:
866:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
844:Potato Germans
841:
831:
825:
823:
819:
818:
816:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
783:
782:
781:
779:North Caucasus
776:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
721:
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706:
705:
704:
694:
688:
686:
685:Eastern Europe
682:
681:
679:
678:
673:
672:
671:
661:
660:
659:
654:
645:
640:
630:
625:
624:
623:
616:Czech Republic
612:
610:
609:Central Europe
603:
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:
577:
576:
575:
566:Reichsdeutsche
561:
558:Bundesdeutsche
553:
551:
547:
546:
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
508:
507:
500:
480:
473:
452:
451:
449:
446:
403:Bundesdeutsche
363:Nuremberg Laws
298:Reichsdeutsche
292:Baltic Germans
246:With the 1871
233:first language
174:deutschstämmig
150:
147:
131:Baltic Germans
105:Reichsdeutsche
30:Reichsdeutsche
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:German people
1504:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1483:
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1474:
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1471:
1467:
1455:
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1327:
1324:
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1319:
1317:
1314:
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1312:
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1302:
1300:
1299:Dar es Salaam
1297:
1295:
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1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1182:Colonia Tovar
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
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1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
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1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:United States
1131:
1129:
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1122:
1119:
1118:
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1102:
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1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
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923:
920:
918:
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913:
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905:
904:
903:
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895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
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875:
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868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
830:
829:Baltic states
827:
826:
824:
820:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
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792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
780:
777:
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772:
771:
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763:
760:
758:
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753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
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737:
733:
729:
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712:
711:
710:
707:
703:
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677:
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670:
667:
666:
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662:
658:
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652:
651:
646:
644:
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639:
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635:
634:
631:
629:
626:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
613:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
584:
583:
582:Volksdeutsche
578:
574:
571:
570:
568:
567:
562:
559:
555:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:German people
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
517:
514:
503:
497:
493:
492:
484:
481:
476:
470:
466:
465:
457:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
437:
431:
427:
425:
424:
417:
415:
414:
407:
405:
404:
397:
393:
388:
386:
384:
383:
376:
372:
370:
364:
360:
358:
352:
347:
345:
343:
342:
335:
333:
332:
331:jus sanguinis
325:
321:
319:
313:
308:
305:
301:
299:
293:
288:
283:
281:
280:reichsdeutsch
275:
271:
269:
268:
261:
257:
256:German Empire
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
228:
221:
220:
214:
212:
206:
202:
199:
197:
196:
189:
185:
180:
178:
176:
175:
168:
166:
160:
158:
157:reichsdeutsch
148:
146:
144:
142:
141:Wolgadeutsche
136:
135:Volga Germans
132:
128:
126:
125:
118:
116:
115:
114:Volksdeutsche
108:
106:
99:
97:
95:
94:
86:
85:
83:
75:
71:
62:
61:
47:
41:
33:
31:
19:
1277:South Africa
650:Walddeutsche
565:
490:
483:
463:
456:
433:
430:East Germany
419:
413:Bundesbürger
409:
399:
392:World War II
389:
378:
369:Reichsbürger
366:
354:
351:Nazi Germany
348:
337:
327:
315:
309:
295:
277:
263:
245:
211:Kulturnation
208:
191:
181:
170:
165:volksdeutsch
162:
154:
152:
138:
120:
110:
102:
100:
88:
79:
70:German state
27:
26:
1478:Ostsiedlung
1427:New Zealand
1401:Philippines
1243:Ivory Coast
1128:Puerto Rico
1081:El Salvador
972:Netherlands
926:Gottscheers
726:(including
676:Switzerland
1500:Categories
1391:Kyrgyzstan
1381:Kazakhstan
1282:Afrikaners
1076:Costa Rica
1040:Hutterites
902:Yugoslavia
882:Azerbaijan
791:Bessarabia
550:Historical
448:References
436:DDR-Bürger
382:Mischlinge
341:Aussiedler
267:Sprachraum
201:vernacular
195:theodiscus
91:Deutsches
1511:Ethnonyms
1422:Australia
1175:Venezuela
1158:Palatines
1106:Nicaragua
1086:Guatemala
1015:Argentina
796:Black Sea
742:Satu Mare
702:Black Sea
573:Palatines
1469:See also
1396:Pakistan
1304:Zanzibar
1294:Bagamoyo
1289:Tanzania
1209:Cameroon
1143:Nebraska
1111:Paraguay
1071:Colombia
1007:Americas
939:Bosporus
922:Slovenia
887:Bulgaria
747:Bukovina
732:Highland
719:Landlers
664:Slovakia
594:Diaspora
423:de facto
252:Prussian
237:religion
1415:Oceania
1359:Tianjin
1354:Qingdao
1349:Beijing
1316:Baguida
1265:Senegal
1253:Nigeria
1248:Namibia
1219:Yaoundé
1170:Uruguay
1163:by city
1096:Jamaica
1025:Bolivia
957:Belgium
912:Croatia
892:Georgia
877:Armenia
856:Finland
834:Denmark
811:Galicia
786:Ukraine
752:Dobruja
709:Romania
697:Moldova
692:Belarus
657:Galicia
643:Olęders
638:Vistula
628:Hungary
188:demonym
78:German
36:German:
1442:Rabaul
1437:Kokopo
1371:Israel
1231:Guinea
1214:Douala
1204:Angola
1196:Africa
1121:Pozuzo
1101:Mexico
1035:Canada
1030:Brazil
1020:Belize
962:France
934:Turkey
917:Serbia
861:Sweden
851:Norway
806:Crimea
769:Russia
762:Zipser
736:Walser
734:, and
724:Danube
669:Zipser
633:Poland
602:Europe
498:
471:
390:After
353:, the
250:under
184:nation
1386:Korea
1376:Japan
1366:India
1344:China
1258:Lagos
1226:Ghana
1153:Omaha
1148:Texas
1091:Haiti
1052:Chile
774:Volga
757:Regat
728:Banat
377:and "
287:Reich
93:Reich
82:Reich
60:Reich
1454:Apia
1337:Asia
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