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On the one hand, the hierarchy implies that no language distinguishes a trial unless having a dual, and no language has dual without a plural. On the other hand, the hierarchy provides implications for the morphological marking: if the plural is coded with a certain number of morphemes, then the dual
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It can be reformulated in the following way: If a language has property D, then it also has properties A, B, and C; if a language has a property C, then it also has properties A and B, etc. In other words, the implicational hierarchy defines the possible combinations of properties A, B, C, and D as
223:(3) is an example of an implicational hierarchy concerning the distribution of nasal phonemes across languages, which concerns dental/alveolar, bilabial, and palatal voiced nasals, respectively:
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Implicational hierarchies are a useful tool in capturing linguistic generalizations pertaining the different components of the language. They are found in all subfields of grammar.
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This hierarchy defines the following possible combinations of dental/alveolar, bilabial, and palatal voiced nasals in the phoneme inventory of a language:
382:) the transitive verb agrees not with a subject, or the object, but with the syntactic argument which is higher on the person hierarchy.
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Implicational hierarchies also play a role in syntactic phenomena. For instance, in some languages (e.g.
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marking provides an example of implicational hierarchies in morphology.
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In other words, the hierarchy implies that there are no languages with
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Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology.
97:. A set of chained universals is schematically shown as in (1):
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Introduction to typology: The unity and diversity of language.
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Number: singular < plural < dual < trial / paucal
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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74:Learn how and when to remove this message
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387:Person: first < second < third
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107:listed in matrix (2):
102:A < B < C < D
419:Whaley, L.J. (1997).
437:Linguistic typology
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405:Comrie, B. (1989).
412:Croft, W. (1990).
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91:linguistics
56:introducing
392:See also:
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95:universals
219:Phonology
64:July 2023
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