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950:
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807:) found themselves drafted into service. In 1703, an act passed limiting the impressment of boys under 18 years of age to those who were not apprenticed. A further act in 1740 raised the maximum age to 55. Although no foreigner could normally be pressed, they lost their protection if they married a British woman or had worked on a British merchant ship for two years. Some governments, including Britain, issued "protections" against impressment that protected men had to carry on their person at all times, but in times of crisis the Admiralty would order a "hot press", which meant that no-one remained exempt.
1585:
1000:) from 1795 to 1815, whereby each county was required to supply a certain number of volunteers, based on its population and the number of its seaports. Unlike impressment, the Quota System often resulted in criminals serving on board ships as counties who failed to meet their quota offered prisoners the option of completing their sentence or volunteering. Apart from the probably lower quality of recruits taken by this means, another downside of the Quota System was the frequent introduction of disease, especially
1463:" tactic, to encourage the men to volunteer lest they be pressed instead. The impressment portion of the 1778 Act applied only to Scotland and the area around London, excluding Wales and the rest of England, to avoid interfering with harvesting. The 1779 Act applied to all of Great Britain, but was initially suspended everywhere except the area around London, and actually applied to all of Great Britain for only six months, until the 1779 act was repealed in May 1780, and army impressment ceased in Britain.
1307:, a new system of fixed-term engagements had given the Royal Navy a sufficient number of volunteer recruits to meet its manpower needs. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century changes in manpower needs and improved conditions of service permitted the Royal Navy to rely on voluntary enlistment to meet its requirements, augmented by the recall of reservists when necessary. This continued to be the case until World War I, when organised conscription was introduced in 1916 for all the military services.
51:
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the food supplied by the Navy was plentiful, regular, and of good quality by the standards of the day. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was not at all unusual for impressed men to view life in the navy, hard though it was, as still preferable to their previous lives on shore, and to volunteer for further service when the opportunity came to leave the ship. For major voyages, shipowners and governments routinely estimated that 50% of the sailors would die due to
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well as smugglers, according to the 1778 law, but excluding from that any men who were voters, or harvest workers. The 1779 law extended impressment also to "incorrigible rogues" who had abandoned their families, and left them as expenses on the parish. Impressed apprentices were released under appeal from their masters, and impressed foreigners were released when requested by their countries' embassies.
1162:, in times of war direct trade between a neutral state and a British colony was forbidden if such trade had not existed in time of peace. American merchants found a way around this policy by "landing" cargoes from Europe in the United States and issuing certificates that duty had been paid. The ship would then sail, with the cargo never having been offloaded or duty actually paid, as now
778:
1216:, the deserters, David Martin, John Strachan, and William Ware, were found to be native-born Americans who had been wrongly impressed. The search also established that another crew member, listed as Jenkin Ratford, was actually a British deserter; however, he could not be found. Admiral Berkeley issued an order to all commanders in the North Atlantic Squadron to search
3239:
969:("prest money") into a man's drink, as by "finding" the shilling in his possession he was deemed to have volunteered, and that this led to some tavern owners putting glass bottoms in their tankards. However, this is a legend; press officers were subject to fines for using trickery and a volunteer had a "cooling-off" period in which to change his mind.
1782:
Wages on merchant ships were higher: 25 to 30 shillings per lunar month – and increased further during wartime (merchant pay rates of 70 shillings per month at London and 35 shillings at
Bristol were offered during the Seven Years' War). But merchant crews could be cheated of their pay in several ways by dishonest ship-owners.
1447:, for the impression of individuals into the British Army. The chief advantages of these acts was in the number of volunteers brought in under the apprehension of impressment. To avoid impressment, some recruits incapacitated themselves by cutting off the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, making it impossible to use a
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encouraged to stay in the Navy after the commission but could leave to seek other employment when the ship was paid off. Impressment relied on the legal power of the King to call men to military service, as well as to recruit volunteers, who were paid a bounty upon joining, unlike pressed men. Seamen were not covered by
942:". Two landsmen were considered by captains to be the equivalent of one able seaman. If a landsman was able to prove his status to the Admiralty he was usually released. Court records do, however, show fights breaking out as people attempted to avoid what was perceived as wrongful impressment, and the London
1379:
c. 64). Section 9 mandated that mariners serving on board privateers and trading ships in any part of
America, and those on shore, are not liable for impressment. Lingering questions remained whether the law applied only to the navy, or to civil authorities as well, and whether it applied only to the
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to the throne, and France was no longer an enemy of Great
Britain. The naval war was over and Britain could now sharply reduce its Royal Navy. It had no need to impress sailors, and never again used that means of forced recruitment, although it did not officially renounce the practice. By the time of
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The great majority of men pressed were taken from merchant ships at sea, especially those homeward bound for
Britain. This was legal as long as the Navy replaced the man they took, and many Naval captains would take the best seamen, replacing them with malcontents and landsmen from their own ship. It
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Merchant seamen ashore from their ships (and usually conspicuous by their clothing, rolling stride, tattoos and generally weathered appearance) were however another matter. Anyone with seafaring experience encountered in the street would first be asked to volunteer for naval service. If the potential
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The
Impress Service, colloquially called the "press-gang", was formed to force sailors to serve on naval vessels. There was no concept of "joining the navy" as a fixed career-path for non-officers at the time, since seamen remained attached to a ship only for the duration of its commission. They were
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During the 18th century, a Royal Navy Able Seaman was paid (after deductions) 22 shillings and 6 pence per month. Pay was reckoned by the 28-day lunar month, so the annual rate of pay was somewhat more than 12 times this. A farm worker of the era might earn around only a quarter to a third of this.
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The last law was passed in 1835, in which the power to impress was reaffirmed. This limited the length of service of a pressed man to five years, and added the provision that a man could not be pressed twice. Although
Britain abandoned the practice of impressment in 1815, impressment remained legal
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crews and fishermen. There is little basis to the widespread impression that civilians without any seafaring background were randomly seized from home, country lane or workplace by press gangs or that the latter were employed inland away from coastal ports; notably
Portsmouth, Plymouth, Harwich and
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Working and living conditions for the average sailor in the Royal Navy in the 18th century were very harsh by modern standards. Naval pay was attractive in the 1750s, but towards the end of the century its value had been steadily eroded by rising prices. Sailors' pay on merchant ships was somewhat
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ships whose crews had been away from their families and
England for a considerable time. In times of an extreme shortage of men, the Navy would "embargo" the coast for a short time; merchantmen had to supply a portion of their crew in exchange for permission to sail. Many merchant ships had hiding
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Outbound merchant ships, officers and apprentices were exempt from impressment. When war broke out, the Navy would deploy frigates and vessels off the coast to intercept inbound merchantmen. Reportedly some merchant captains redirected their ships to Irish ports to offload favoured crewmen, before
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Despite this, there were still many volunteers for naval service. The work for individual sailors was less than on merchant ships, since the naval crew size was determined by the number needed to man guns – around four times more than the number of crew needed to simply sail the ship. Furthermore,
1580:, many members of The Armada society are pressganged from various ships to live on the floating colony. Miéville favours the word "pressganged" and has used it in numerous works of fiction to refer to people compelled to join some organisation or faction against their wills for political purposes.
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Unlike naval impressment, army impressment applied only to "able-bodied idle, and disorderly
Persons, who could not, upon Examination, prove themselves to exercise and industriously follow some lawful Trade or Employment, or to have some Substance sufficient for their Support and Maintenance", as
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Until 19th-century reforms improved conditions, the Royal Navy was additionally known to pay wages up to two years in arrears. The Navy always withheld six months' pay as a standard policy, in order to discourage desertion. Naval wages had been set in 1653, and were not increased until April 1797
527:
Impressment was essentially a Royal Navy practice, reflecting the sheer size of the
British fleet and its substantial manpower demands. While other European navies applied forced recruitment in times of war, this was generally done as an extension of the practice of formal conscription applied by
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led to a prohibition on impressment on shore for much of the Napoleonic Wars. The protest came from a wide swath of the urban community, including elites, rather than just sailors, and had a lasting negative impact on civil–military relations in what became Canada. The local communities did not
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Although there are no records that explain why volunteers were separated into two groups, it is likely these were pressed men who became "volunteers" to get the sign-up bonus, two months' wages in advance and a higher wage. It is known that large numbers did this. Volunteering also protected the
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all competed for a small pool of ordinary and able seamen in wartime, and all three groups were usually short-handed. The recruitment figures presented to Parliament for the years 1755–1757 list 70,566 men, of whom 33,243 were volunteers (47%), 16,953 pressed men (24%), while another 20,370 were
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sailor from creditors, as the law forbade collecting debts accrued before enlistment. A disadvantage was that volunteers who deserted were liable to execution if captured, whereas pressed men were simply returned to service. Other records confirm similar percentages throughout the 18th century.
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During the wars with France (1793 to 1815), the Royal Navy aggressively reclaimed British deserters on board ships of other nations, both by halting and searching merchant ships, and, in many cases, by searching American port cities. Although these impressments violated American law, Jefferson
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in 1803 (see caption at right), resulted in a press gang firing on a crowd, killing four people in the village of Easton on the Isle of Portland, where they were trying to impress the quarrymen. In 1808, Thomas Urquhart was saved from a press gang of three or four men when a London passersby
1146:, and averting a renewed conflict. However, the treaty's neglect to address British impressment of sailors from American ships and ports became a major cause of complaint among those who disapproved of it. While non-British subjects were not impressed, at this point Britain did not recognize
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All three groups also suffered high levels of desertion. In the 18th century, British desertion rates on naval ships averaged 25% annually, with slight difference between volunteers and pressed men. The rate of desertion started high, then fell heavily after a few months on board a ship, and
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were subject to be pressed into the navy. The act establishes administration and regulations for the act, including youth who volunteer for the indenture and certain seamen engaged in the coal trade supplying cities, are exempt from impressment for three years. This act was followed by the
1332:). In 1695, an Act was passed to build a permanent register of 30,000 men for ready call-up by the navy, "without having recourse to the barbarous and unconstitutional practice of pressing". The act also established basic rules and benefits for all types of seamen, including access to
989:, because of the Press, often appointed a master to them whilst the vessels were in port in order to protect the whalers' crews. Otherwise the Press could take the men for naval service. The owners would then appoint an actual master to replace the placeholder masters.
1116:
The individual states did not deny the concept of impressment for their own navies, but were reluctant to grant the right to the Continental Congress. The concept of drafting men into armed service remained contentious, even after adoption of the federal constitution.
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The Royal Navy extended the reach of its press gangs into coastal areas of British North America by the early 19th century. In response, sailors and residents fought back with a range of tactics. They sometimes reacted violently. The riots in St John's in 1794 and
1289:, the impressment and ship seizures caused serious diplomatic tension, and helped to turn American public opinion against Britain. Impressment was widely perceived as humiliating and dishonoring the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and sailors.
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For the next year scores of American ships found violating the Rule of 1756 were condemned in admiralty courts and their crews were impressed with increasing frequency until, in the early summer of 1807, when three deserters from the British frigate
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The main problem with naval recruitment was a shortage of qualified and experienced seamen during wartime; for example, when the Navy had to quickly recruit an extra 20,000 men in the early 18th century, and 40,000 men in the late 18th century.
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For example, the frigate HMS Hermione, with a regular complement of 180 men had 129 desertions between 1793 and 1797. Desertion rates for Dutch and French warships was even higher with annual rates of up to 90% not uncommon. In 1795, the Dutch
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of men into a military force, especially a naval force, via intimidation and physical coercion, conducted by an organized group (hence "gang"). European navies of several nations used impressment by various means. The large size of the British
1315:
The first Act of Parliament legalising this practice was passed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1563 and was known as "An Act touching political considerations for the maintenance of the navy". It was renewed many times until 1631. In the
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Britain fought the war against Napoleon on the high seas, enlarging its Royal Navy from 135 ships in 1793 to 584 in 1812, and expanding personnel from 36,000 seamen in 1793 to 114,000 in 1812. In spring 1814 Napoleon surrendered, the allies
862:, became consistently unpopular with the British public (as well as in the American colonies), and local officials often acted against them, to the point of imprisoning officers from the Impress Service or opposing them by force of arms.
1112:
demanded immediate release of the impressed men and Congress convinced Nicholson to release them all. Nicholson avoided impressment on land and instead stopped two American merchant ships at sea in 1780, to impress men from their crews.
2429:"Wicklow Historical Society Journal 1990 | Pressgangs in Wicklow | 1990 WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL | WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETY | WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETIES | Places | County Wicklow Heritage"
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ignored them so as to remain on good terms with Britain as he was negotiating to obtain Florida from the Spanish. This changed in 1805 when the Royal Navy began seizing American merchantmen violating British law by trading with the
1699:(Lewis Gilbert, 1962): the opening scene depicts a press gang in Spithead, England, during the Napoleonic Wars forcibly recruiting men at night in pubs or in the street. Later, we see them on the deck being "compulsorily enlisted".
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making final landfall in England. In 1740, a merchantman fired on a cruiser that was attempting to impress its crew; threats of similar violence to avoid sailors being pressed were supposedly not uncommon, especially with the
524:. Though the public opposed conscription in general, impressment was repeatedly upheld by the courts, as it was deemed vital to the strength of the navy and, by extension, to the survival of the British realm and influence.
1329:
513:. The Royal Navy impressed many merchant sailors, as well as some sailors from other, mostly European, nations. People liable to impressment were "eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years". Non-
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During the experiment, the British government allowed army impressment under severely restricted circumstances — both acts emphasized volunteering over impressment, and offered strong incentives to volunteers as a
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and the impending hostilities with France, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 110,000. Two acts were passed, the
929:
Patrolling in or near sea ports, the press gang would try to find men aged between 15 and 55 with seafaring or river-boat experience, but this was not essential. Potential crewmen with no experience were called
1380:
current war or to all future wars. Two attorneys-general of Great Britain, one in 1716, and another in 1740, issued opinions that the 1707 Act was no longer in effect, but many American colonists disagreed.
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entered the city and scoured the taverns and other sailors' gathering places. "All kinds of tradesmen and Negroes" were hauled in, nearly eight hundred in all. Four hundred were retained in the service
1665:
wrote "I Hear The Pressgang", describing the tale of a man forcibly enlisted into the Royal Navy who later drowned at sea. The song asks who will look after his wife, child and farm whilst he is gone.
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This tablet commemorates the Admiralty's apology for the murder of two quarrymen (Alexander Andrews and Rick Flann) and one blacksmith (William Lano), during an illegal attempt to impress them on the
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c. 13), which allows impressing able-bodied men into the army and navy who did not have visible means of subsistence; also as a wartime measure the act relaxes English crewing requirements under the
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The Royal Navy also impressed seamen from inbound British merchant ships at sea, though this was done by individual warships, rather than by the Impress Service. Impressment, particularly
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American citizenship and treated anyone born a British subject as still "British"; as a result, the Royal Navy impressed over 9,000 sailors who claimed to be American citizens.
1521:. Charlie Kinraid is forcibly enlisted in the Royal Navy by a press gang and later Sylvia Robson's father is executed for leading a revengeful raid on press-gang collaborators.
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in Dorset on 2 April 1803. A young lady, Mary Way, was also murdered according to a Coroner's inquest. The illegality of the raid was confirmed in the London and local courts.
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However, convicted petty criminals were often given the option of volunteering for naval service as unskilled "quota men" by parish constables and inland courts (see below).
1567:
and impressing a large part of its sailors – the sailors being very reluctant, since conditions in the Royal navy ships were far worse than in those of the civilian Company.
517:
were sometimes impressed as well, though rarely. In addition to the Royal Navy's use of impressment, the British Army also experimented with impressment from 1778 to 1780.
1504:, features a scene in which a press-gang board a merchantman and collar a young sailor below decks. When brought on deck he finds he has been impressed by his own brother.
1372:, to make experienced English seamen more available to serve on ships of war. In 1740, impressment was limited to men between 18 and 45, and it also exempted foreigners.
1351:
c. 6) was passed "for the Encrease of Seamen and better Encouragement of Navigation, and the Protection of the Coal Trade". This act gave parish authorities the power to
1658:, is about a man who becomes "a victim of the press gang", a group of soldiers which brings him from a ship at sea to a town and publicly hangs him for unnamed offenses.
1023:
between 1801 and 1922. The Royal Navy recruited heavily in Ireland during these periods, including using impressment. For example, in 1734, impressment took place in
761:, desertion might mean not only abandoning companions in the ship's company, but also the loss of a large amount of money already earned. If a naval ship had taken a
1387:. c. 30) stating that impressment was forbidden in the West Indies, but it added certain exceptions and made no specific mention of America. This would lead to the
1608:
includes "Victory", relating the plight of a young aristocratic lady whose parents, disapproving of her poor suitor, arrange to have him pressed to service aboard
949:
874:
in 1805, over half the Royal Navy's 120,000 sailors were pressed men. The power of the Impressment Service to conscript was limited by law to seafarers, including
913:
There were occasions when the local populace would band together to oppose the activities of the press where these exceeded legal bounds. One such incident, the
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Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain
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Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain
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was also common for "trusted" volunteers to act as substitutes; they would then desert as soon as the merchant ship docked, and return to their Navy ship.
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Despite doubts over the continuing legality of impressment in continental waters, but for similar reasons, Parliament passed the Sugar Trade Act 1746 (
1104:. Many of Nicholson's crew had deserted to sign on as privateers, for higher pay at less risk. Therefore, Nicholson impressed about thirty citizens of
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commerce between neutral America and the West Indies. The British became aware of the practice during the court case involving the seizure of the
1691:: One night in Portsmouth, England in 1787, a press gang breaks into a local tavern and presses all of the men drinking there into naval service.
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that he eventually passed only ordered all British armed vessels out of American waters and forbade all contact with them if they remained.
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Brunsman, Denver, "The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World" (Univ. of Virginia Press: 2013)
934:". From 1740, landsmen were legally exempt from impressment, but this was on occasion ignored in wartime unless the person seized was an
918:
intervened. Urquhart complained to local officials, identified at least one of the men involved and successfully sued for damages in the
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in 1815, Britain formally ended the practice; later conscription was not limited to the Royal Navy but covered all British armed forces.
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1027:. Impressment was also common during the Napoleonic wars, although poverty in Ireland made sure that volunteers were usually available.
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1633:(1756–1815); Caricaturist, portrays impressment by the visual satire in his engraving "The Liberty of the Subject" (October 15, 1779).
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Mercer, Keith. "North Atlantic Press Gangs: Impressment and Naval-civilian Relations in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, 1749--1815" (
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Fischer, Lewis R.; Nordvik, Helge W. Shipping and Trade, 1750–1950: Essays in International Maritime Economic History 1990, p. 25.
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put war into my hand, I had only to open it and let havoc loose". He ordered the state governors to ready their militias, but the
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reported occasions when press gangs instituted a "hot press" (ignoring protections against impressment) in order to man the navy.
1687:
505:. It was used by the Royal Navy in wartime, beginning in 1664 and during the 18th and early 19th centuries as a means of crewing
160:
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As part of a wider effort to build colonial capability and harass its enemies, Parliament passed the Trade to America Act 1707 (
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passed several acts in 1649 and 1650 concerning the encouragement of officers, mariners and for the impressment of seamen (e.g.
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from during the 18th and 19th centuries. Navy press gangs sparked resistance, riots, and political turmoil in seaports such as
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recruit refused he was often plied with alcohol or simply seized and taken. A commonly held belief is that a trick was used in
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and "failure to allow oneself to be pressed" was punishable by hanging, although the punishment became less severe over time.
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1601:'s first published poem, "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man" (c. 1812, when she was six years old), addressed impressment.
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765:, a deserting seaman would forfeit his share of the prize money. In a report on proposed changes to the RN written by
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in 1794. Unlike most impressed sailors, Quilliam rose rapidly in the Royal Navy and by 1797 had attained the rank of
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In Elizabethan times a statute regulated impressment as a form of recruitment, and with the introduction of the
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1455:. The Recruiting Act of 1779 was repealed on 26 May 1780, and army impressment was permanently discontinued.
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provoked an outcry for war from all parts of the United States and Jefferson later wrote: "The affair of the
1320:, several lists of persons were subject to impressment for service in the fleet. Following the execution of
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began approaching and the commander shouted a warning to which Barron replied "I don't hear what you say".
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Haywood, I (2010). "The Transformation of Caricature: A Reading of Gillray's The Liberty of the Subject".
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Keith Mercer, "Northern Exposure: Resistance to Naval Impressment in British North America, 1775–1815",
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1517:(1863) take place against the background of the practice of impressment during the early phases of the
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and apprentice boys to the sea, from as young as 10, until age 21; it also reaffirmed that rogues and
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Rogers, Nicholas "The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its Opponents in Georgian Britain" (2007)
3276:, basic article on "press gangs" in British ports, charged with impressing sailors into the Navy.
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Selement, George. "Impressment and the American Merchant Marine 1782–1812: an American View."
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until the early 1900s, and the various laws authorising impressment have never been repealed.
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The impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the
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2528:"The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires: The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy"
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1811:(New ed.). Strand and Edinburgh: A. Millar and A. Kincaid & A. Donaldson. pp.
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Steel, Anthony. "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6."
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is depicted, when urgently needing sailors to make up his crew, as stopping a ship of the
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Anthony Steel, "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6."
1158:, condemning the ships and their cargoes as prizes and impressing their crews. Under the
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the following year, and continuing colonial questions, particularly in heavily maritime
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places constructed where their best crew could hide when approached by a Naval vessel.
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Usher, Roland G. Jr. (1951). "Royal Navy Impressment During the American Revolution".
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directly highlights the practice. It was again a cause of tension leading up to the
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102:
3004:
The Urban Crucible, The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution
3119:
Steel, Anthony (1952). "Impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807".
1735:
1714:
1669:
1388:
1243:
then fired two shots across the bow and almost immediately poured a broadside into
1232:
1159:
879:
851:
520:
Impressment was strongly criticised by those who believed it to be contrary to the
485:
170:
132:
42:
2792:
2365:
Usher, Roland G. (1951). "Royal Navy Impressment During the American Revolution".
2286:
1988:
757:
generally became negligible after a year—because Navy pay ran months or years in
3229:
2970:
Enter the Press-Gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-Century British Literature
2534:, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Summer 2012, Vol. 44, No. 2
2227:
1843:
Enter the Press-gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-century British Literature
1757:
1613:
1609:
1396:
1376:
1304:
1286:
1155:
1048:
1019:, between 1534 and 1800. All of Ireland was united to Great Britain to form the
840:
793:
568:
higher during peacetime, and could increase to double naval pay during wartime.
552:
494:
3273:
909:
Grave of Mary Way, shot by press-gangers during anti-impressment demonstrations
17:
2077:
2060:
1802:
1221:
1139:
1101:
1051:. One of the largest impressment operations occurred in the spring of 1757 in
935:
828:
824:
820:
777:
490:
56:
3269:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–347.
3200:
3146:
3090:
Sawtell, Clement Cleveland, "Impressment of American Seamen by the British,"
2876:
2868:
2626:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–347.
2464:
2447:
509:, although legal sanction for the practice can be traced back to the time of
1496:
1481:
1384:
1352:
1163:
1105:
939:
589:
1749:, a companion approach to manning the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars
1081:
impressed men into its service during the American Revolutionary War. The
956:, c. 1800, evokes the effects of impressment on a seaman's family and home.
3238:
2963:
The Myth of the Press Gang: Volunteers, Impressment and the Naval Manpower
1542:
based on it, Billy is impressed to service on a British warship from the
1174:
had never been intended for American markets, so the voyage had not been
769:
in 1803, he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted.
1178:
and could thus be considered continuous. The result was the blockade of
3208:
3166:
3154:
2860:
2744:
The Statutes at Large, from the 15th to the 20th Year of King George II
2403:
The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain
2386:
1121:
1100:. When it was fitted out in 1777, Nicholson received orders to sail to
1024:
1012:
758:
506:
502:
2655:
An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce...
2548:
1448:
1001:
986:
962:
581:
514:
3192:
3138:
2564:'Free Trade and Sailors' Rights': The Rhetoric of the War of 1812",
2378:
1142:
went into effect, addressing many issues left unresolved after the
3254:
2611:
2500:
Elizabeth Cometti, "Impressment during the American Revolution."
1588:
James Gillray (1756–1815) "The Liberty of the Subject" 15 Oct 1779
1583:
1474:
1452:
1120:
There is one documented case of a British seaman impressed by the
948:
922:. He went on to lobby for changes in law and practice, publishing
904:
892:
809:
776:
1108:, an act expressly forbidden by Maryland law. Maryland governor
3064:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815
2949:
The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution
2820:"On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man Alluding to the Press Gang"
2257:. Lancaster Place, London.: Little, Brown Book Group. pp.
1434:
During the American Revolutionary War, after the losses at the
1259:
were killed and eighteen were wounded. The boarding party from
1069:
encourage their young men to volunteer for Royal Navy service.
2899:"The Murder City Devils – Press Gang Lyrics – Genius Lyrics"
3280:
PBS documentary on War of 1812 with chapter on impressment
1220:
if encountered on the high seas. Eight miles southeast of
2205:
Empire of the Deep. The Rise and Fall of the British Navy
2147:
Conditions of service in Britain's maritime organisations
1990:
Black Salt: Seafarers of African Descent on British Ships
1937:
Empire of the Deep. The Rise and Fall of the British Navy
2714:
2712:
2502:
The Walter Clinton Jackson Essays in the Social Sciences
1085:
authorized construction of thirteen frigates, including
572:
after sailors on 80 ships of the Channel Fleet based at
2097:, with a complement of 550 lost 428 to desertion, the
3019:
How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide
2061:"Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships"
1092:
in 1775. The senior captain of the Continental Navy,
1055:, when 3,000 Royal Navy sailors under the command of
2940:: The Politics of Maritime. Death and Impressment,"
2804:
2802:
2115:"Impressment: the Press Gangs and Naval Recruitment"
1255:
fired another two broadsides; three sailors onboard
1035:
The Royal Navy also used impressment extensively in
497:
meant impressment was most commonly associated with
2504:(University of North Carolina Press, 1942), 97-109.
1732:, a token given to someone as a sign of impressment
2513:Fowler, William M., Jr. "The Non-Volunteer Navy".
992:In addition to impressment, Britain also used the
3042:The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy
2984:PhD Dissertation, Dalhousie U, 2008) online free
1263:arrested Martin, Strachan, Ware and Ratford. The
30:"Press gang" redirects here. For other uses, see
2207:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 240.
2014:
2012:
2010:
1939:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 239.
1900:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
1311:English and later British naval impressment laws
2318:BBC History Magazine, Vol.9 no. 8, August 2008.
1431:, impressment into the army was discontinued.
2427:Sites (www.communitysites.co.uk), Community.
1902:. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–137.
1427:was largely manned by impressment. After the
1015:formed a separate but subordinate state, the
454:
8:
2818:Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (30 July 2009).
2579:Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
1647:is a woman whose husband has been impressed.
1235:declined to permit his crew to be mustered.
2280:
2278:
1676:describes the pressing of men into service.
1021:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
27:Forced naval service with or without notice
3066:. W. W. Norton and Company. p. 1000.
2198:
2196:
2194:
2165:
1993:. Liverpool University Press. p. 64.
773:The Impress Service and impressment at sea
461:
447:
38:
2824:Elizabeth Barrett Browning Selected Poems
2602:
2600:
2515:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
2463:
2452:International Journal of Maritime History
2448:"British impressment and its discontents"
2291:. London: J. Richardson. pp. 49–55.
2142:
2140:
2076:
854:. He retired from the Royal Navy in 1815.
3176:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
2491:June 2010, Vol. 91 Issue 2, pp. 199–232.
2367:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1840:Ennis, Daniel James (16 December 2002).
1808:Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects
1190:, which provoked public demonstrations.
1170:. The court ruled that the cargo of the
608:
2568:Spring 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp. 1–23.
2335:
2333:
1794:
1774:
846:, before being promoted to the rank of
597:listed as volunteers separately (29%).
424:
169:
141:
63:
41:
3092:Essex Institute Historical Collections
2977:A Social History of the Navy 1793-1815
2936:Cray, Robert E., "Remembering the USS
2718:
2638:A Social History of the Navy 1793–1815
2109:
2107:
2065:International Review of Social History
1974:
1922:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1866:
1805:(1758). "Of Some Remarkable Customs".
1654:' song "Press Gang", from their album
1534:, first published in 1924, and in the
3094:76#4 (October 1940): pp. 314–44.
2972:(University of Delaware Press, 2002).
2400:Rogers, Nicholas (4 September 2008).
2344:. Naval Institute Press. p. 99.
7:
2446:Rogers, Nicholas (1 February 2018).
831:. He served with distinction at the
605:Average annual recruitment 1736–1783
3185:Organization of American Historians
2251:Adkins, Roy; Adkins Lesley (2006).
1616:, aboard which he is killed at the
563:Royal Navy recruiting and desertion
3312:Conscription in the United Kingdom
2793:"The British Army – Chapter Three"
2254:The War For All The World's Oceans
1925:, p. 63–64, 115–118, 127–128.
823:. Quilliam was impressed into the
25:
3317:Conscription in the United States
1738:, 1747 impressment riot in Boston
1205:enlisted on the American frigate
3237:
3223:
1846:. University of Delaware Press.
1688:Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)
1224:a boat from the British frigate
49:
3131:American Historical Association
1604:John Ashton's 1888 compilation
1128:Conflict with the United States
539:in the years leading up to the
3122:The American Historical Review
2944:(Fall 2005) vol 25 pp 445–74.
2592:Impressment of American Seamen
2566:Journal of the Early Republic,
2327:The Times (London), 8 May 1805
2203:Ben, Wilson (September 2014).
2059:Frykman, Niklas (April 2009).
1935:Ben, Wilson (September 2014).
1828:<--david hume essays.-->
1643:The narrator of the folk song
1231:intercepted her but Commodore
528:most European armies from the
1:
3228:The dictionary definition of
2942:Journal of the Early Republic
1485:(1840) of a boy being pressed
1407:British army impressment laws
1182:by two British frigates, the
965:, surreptitiously dropping a
3163:Cambridge Historical Journal
3044:. W. W. Norton and Company.
2742:, in Danny Pickering (ed.),
2545:Cambridge Historical Journal
73:Alternative civilian service
2489:Canadian Historical Review,
1429:restoration of the monarchy
1096:, was appointed to command
803:in 1597, men of disrepute (
549:Declaration of Independence
32:Press Gang (disambiguation)
3338:
3017:Pappalardo, Bruno (2019).
2849:Eighteenth-Century Studies
2761:"New Model Army (England)"
1960:"Myths of Nelson's Navy".
1725:Impressment in Nova Scotia
1599:Elizabeth Barrett Browning
1565:British East India Company
1303:Britain's next major war,
1300:restored the Bourbon kings
1134:Origins of the War of 1812
1131:
737:American Revolutionary War
731:
712:
690:
671:
649:
630:
592:, the Royal Navy, and the
29:
3302:History of the Royal Navy
3040:Rodger, Nicholas (1986).
2704:The Statutes of the Realm
2688:The Statutes of the Realm
2672:The Statutes of the Realm
2433:countywicklowheritage.org
2416:– via Google Books.
2285:Urquhart, Thomas (1816).
2078:10.1017/S0020859009000030
2019:Price, Catherine (2017).
1856:– via Google Books.
1747:Quota System (Royal Navy)
1347:the Navigation Act 1703 (
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
2590:James Fulton Zimmerman,
2465:10.1177/0843871417745731
2101:, with 350 men lost 340.
1674:Here's the Tender Coming
1251:did not return fire but
3266:Encyclopædia Britannica
2706:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 806
2690:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 275
2674:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 258
2623:Encyclopædia Britannica
3285:2 October 2011 at the
3251:Hannay, David McDowall
2608:Hannay, David McDowall
2517:August 1974 pp. 75–78.
1652:The Murder City Devils
1589:
1486:
1411:Starting in 1645, the
1305:against Russia in 1853
985:The owners of British
957:
910:
902:
855:
788:
545:27 colonial grievances
83:Conscientious objector
3101:59#4 (1973): 409–418.
2968:Ennis, Daniel James.
2342:Life in Nelson's Navy
2340:Pope, Dudley (1996).
2152:31 March 2012 at the
1614:flagship of that name
1606:Modern Street Ballads
1587:
1478:
1037:British North America
1031:British North America
952:
920:Court of King's Bench
908:
896:
813:
780:
142:By historical country
55:1780 caricature of a
3246:at Wikimedia Commons
3165:9#3 (1949): 331–51.
3106:A new age now begins
3099:The Mariner's Mirror
2684:2 & 3 Ann. c. 13
1898:Hill, J. R. (2002).
1742:Military recruitment
1083:Continental Congress
1004:, to healthy ships.
852:Newfoundland Station
522:British constitution
425:By geographical area
396:United Arab Emirates
3307:American Revolution
3274:The Impress Service
3256:"Impressment"
2668:2 & 3 Ann. c. 6
2613:"Impressment"
2547:9#3 (1949): 331-51
2125:on 10 November 2014
2021:"The Age of Scurvy"
1769:Informational notes
1668:The title track of
1645:Lowlands of Holland
1618:Battle of Trafalgar
1445:Recruiting Act 1779
1441:Recruiting Act 1778
1362:Recruiting Act 1703
1280:Embargo Act of 1807
1144:American Revolution
872:Battle of Trafalgar
870:At the time of the
833:Battle of Trafalgar
655:War of Jenkins' Ear
511:Edward I of England
128:Penal military unit
93:Counter-recruitment
88:Conscription crisis
2861:10.1353/ecs.0.0108
2808:Curtis, chapter 3.
2119:Royal Naval Museum
1881:, p. 124–136.
1590:
1561:Horatio Hornblower
1552:A Ship of the Line
1546:, a merchant ship.
1531:Billy Budd, Sailor
1487:
1479:Illustration from
1471:In popular culture
1436:Battle of Saratoga
1334:Greenwich Hospital
1330:22 February 1648/9
1318:Vagabonds Act 1597
1293:End of impressment
1285:As a cause of the
1212:. After searching
1017:Kingdom of Ireland
958:
911:
903:
856:
789:
784:, oil painting by
557:defeat of Napoleon
547:enumerated in the
98:Draft-card burning
78:Civil conscription
3242:Media related to
3086:978-1-8528-5568-0
3051:978-0-39-331469-4
3032:978-1-47-283086-9
3023:Osprey Publishing
2961:Dancy, J. Ross.
2932:978-0-8139-3351-1
2833:978-1-77048-123-7
2773:Curtis, p. 57–60.
2532:Prologue Magazine
2413:978-0-8264-2373-3
2406:. A&C Black.
2298:978-1-169-10310-8
2214:978-0-7538-2920-2
2000:978-1-84631-818-4
1946:978-0-7538-2920-2
1853:978-0-87413-755-2
1753:Roundup (history)
1656:In Name and Blood
1650:Garage punk band
1509:Elizabeth Gaskell
1502:Frederick Marryat
1425:English Civil War
1339:With wars raging
1057:Sir Charles Hardy
954:The Neglected Tar
850:, serving on the
754:
753:
574:Spithead mutinied
541:Revolutionary War
537:Thirteen Colonies
471:
470:
171:By modern country
16:(Redirected from
3329:
3270:
3258:
3241:
3227:
3212:
3158:
3077:
3060:Rodger, Nicholas
3055:
3036:
2988:Miller, Nathan.
2975:Lewis, Michael.
2947:Curtis, Edward,
2914:
2913:
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2909:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2844:
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2634:
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2595:
2588:
2582:
2577:Spencer Tucker,
2575:
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2558:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2526:John P. Deeben,
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2169:
2168:, p. 26-29.
2163:
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2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2111:
2102:
2095:Staaten Generaal
2090:
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2050:
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2040:
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1831:
1830:
1824:Internet Archive
1821:
1819:
1799:
1783:
1779:
1461:carrot and stick
1079:Continental Navy
1073:Continental Navy
899:Isle of Portland
837:first lieutenant
696:Seven Years' War
609:
484:", is a type of
476:, colloquially "
463:
456:
449:
123:National service
118:Military service
64:Related concepts
53:
39:
21:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3292:
3291:
3287:Wayback Machine
3249:
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3193:10.2307/1889363
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2636:Michael Lewis,
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2166:Pappalardo 2019
2164:
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2154:Wayback Machine
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1780:
1776:
1766:
1730:King's shilling
1706:
1663:Richard Digance
1526:Herman Melville
1519:Napoleonic Wars
1514:Sylvia's Lovers
1473:
1417:Oliver Cromwell
1409:
1370:Navigation Acts
1326:Rump Parliament
1313:
1295:
1180:New York Harbor
1136:
1130:
1094:James Nicholson
1075:
1066:Halifax in 1805
1033:
1010:
967:King's shilling
915:Easton Massacre
876:merchant seamen
868:
775:
565:
530:Napoleonic Wars
467:
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346:the Philippines
316:the Netherlands
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28:
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18:Impress service
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3218:External links
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2855:(2): 223–242.
2839:
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2784:
2782:Curtis, p. 64.
2775:
2766:
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2732:
2730:Smith, p. 291.
2723:
2721:, p. 316.
2708:
2692:
2676:
2660:
2658:, pp. 624–625.
2642:
2640:(1960), p. 434
2629:
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1869:, p. 137.
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1696:H.M.S. Defiant
1692:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1659:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1602:
1582:
1581:
1574:'s 2002 novel
1572:China Miéville
1568:
1557:C. S. Forester
1547:
1522:
1507:The events in
1505:
1472:
1469:
1413:New Model Army
1408:
1405:
1366:2 & 3 Ann.
1349:2 & 3 Ann.
1322:King Charles I
1312:
1309:
1294:
1291:
1203:Chesapeake Bay
1132:Main article:
1129:
1126:
1110:Thomas Johnson
1074:
1071:
1032:
1029:
1009:
1006:
867:
864:
782:The Press-gang
774:
771:
767:Admiral Nelson
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
564:
561:
543:. One of the
469:
468:
466:
465:
458:
451:
443:
440:
439:
437:
436:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:United Kingdom
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
228:
223:
220:child soldiers
216:Congo-Kinshasa
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
156:Russian Empire
153:
151:Ottoman Empire
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
113:Levée en masse
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3334:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3234:at Wiktionary
3233:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3114:0-07-059097-4
3111:
3107:
3104:Smith, Page,
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3012:0-674-93058-4
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:0-679-50392-7
2995:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:0-85409-906-9
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:Adam Anderson
2646:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2478:Nash, p. 151.
2475:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:1-55750-516-0
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:0-316-72837-3
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:1-8441-3737-6
2237:
2233:
2232:Battle at Sea
2229:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:1-8441-3737-6
2184:
2180:
2179:Battle at Sea
2177:John Keegan,
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2025:Distillations
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1909:0-19-860527-7
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Draft evasion
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Blood tribute
1708:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:James Gillray
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1544:Rights-of-Man
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:to overthrow
1418:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:In 1795, the
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1077:The American
1072:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:New York City
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
983:
980:
974:
970:
968:
964:
955:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
927:
925:
921:
916:
907:
900:
895:
891:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
863:
861:
853:
849:
845:
844:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
818:John Quilliam
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
801:Vagabonds Act
797:
795:
787:
786:Luke Clennell
783:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
749:
746:
743:
740:
738:
735:
732:
727:
724:
722:
719:
716:
713:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
686:
683:
681:
678:
675:
672:
667:
664:
661:
658:
656:
653:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
634:
631:
610:
607:
606:
602:
598:
595:
594:Merchant Navy
591:
585:
583:
577:
575:
569:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
525:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Great Britain
496:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
464:
459:
457:
452:
450:
445:
444:
442:
441:
435:
432:
431:
429:
428:
423:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:United States
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
172:
168:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
103:Draft evasion
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
62:
58:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3264:
3230:
3180:
3174:
3162:
3126:
3120:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3063:
3041:
3018:
3003:
3002:Nash, Gary,
2990:Sea of Glory
2989:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2920:Bibliography
2906:. Retrieved
2893:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2823:
2813:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2755:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2703:
2700:6 Ann. c. 64
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2621:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2458:(1): 52–73.
2455:
2451:
2441:
2432:
2422:
2402:
2395:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2341:
2323:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2287:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2223:
2204:
2178:
2173:
2161:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2098:
2094:
2071:(1): 67–93.
2068:
2064:
2054:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2028:
2024:
1989:
1987:Ray (2012).
1982:
1970:
1964:. 2000. BBC.
1961:
1955:
1936:
1930:
1918:
1899:
1874:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1822:– via
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1736:Knowles Riot
1715:Conscription
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1670:The Unthanks
1661:Folk singer
1655:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1512:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1465:
1457:
1433:
1410:
1401:
1389:Knowles Riot
1382:
1374:
1338:
1314:
1296:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:James Barron
1227:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:Rule of 1756
1152:
1137:
1119:
1115:
1097:
1088:
1076:
1062:
1034:
1011:
997:
994:Quota System
991:
984:
975:
971:
959:
953:
943:
928:
923:
912:
889:
880:longshoremen
869:
859:
857:
842:
798:
790:
781:
755:
604:
603:
599:
586:
578:
570:
566:
555:. After the
534:
526:
519:
486:conscription
481:
477:
473:
472:
366:South Africa
161:Soviet Union
133:War resister
107:
43:Conscription
36:
3322:War of 1812
3244:Impressment
2719:Rodger 2004
2228:John Keegan
1975:Rodger 1986
1923:Rodger 1986
1879:Rodger 1986
1867:Rodger 1986
1803:Hume, David
1758:Shanghaiing
1610:Lord Nelson
1423:during the
1397:New England
1287:War of 1812
1156:West Indies
1148:naturalised
1049:Quebec City
860:press gangs
794:Magna Carta
618:Royal Navy
553:War of 1812
495:Age of Sail
474:Impressment
381:Switzerland
321:New Zealand
296:South Korea
291:North Korea
108:Impressment
3296:Categories
3187:: 673–88.
3133:: 352–69.
3021:. London:
2938:Chesapeake
2748:Gray's Inn
2156:pp. 39–40.
2031:(2): 12–23
1764:References
1625:Caricature
1559:, Captain
1500:(1840) by
1490:Literature
1415:raised by
1345:in America
1276:Chesapeake
1266:Chesapeake
1257:Chesapeake
1249:Chesapeake
1245:Chesapeake
1222:Cape Henry
1218:Chesapeake
1214:Chesapeake
1209:Chesapeake
1140:Jay Treaty
1102:Martinique
1008:In Ireland
979:East India
936:apprentice
887:Yarmouth.
829:midshipman
825:Royal Navy
733:1775–1783
717:Peacetime
714:1773–1775
692:1756–1763
676:Peacetime
673:1753–1755
651:1739–1748
635:Peacetime
632:1736–1738
621:Privateer
590:Privateers
491:Royal Navy
482:press gang
480:" or the "
341:Mozambique
191:Azerbaijan
57:press gang
3201:0161-391X
3147:1937-5239
2908:19 August
2885:144447875
2877:529159264
2869:0013-2586
2234:, p. 39.
2181:, p. 38.
2129:19 August
2087:145395508
1962:Timewatch
1790:Citations
1528:'s novel
1511:'s novel
1497:Poor Jack
1482:Poor Jack
1421:Charles I
1385:19 Geo. 2
1357:vagabonds
1353:indenture
1341:in Europe
1226:HMS
1207:USS
1201:lying in
1196:HMS
1164:bona fide
1124:in 1810.
1106:Baltimore
1087:USS
1045:St John's
940:gentleman
926:in 1816.
624:Merchant
478:the press
371:Sri Lanka
361:Singapore
306:Lithuania
235:reduction
186:Australia
181:Argentina
3283:Archived
3253:(1911).
3108:, 1976,
3062:(2004).
3006:, 1986,
2992:, 1974,
2951:. 1972,
2750:, p. 472
2746:(1765),
2652:(1787).
2610:(1911).
2304:19 April
2150:Archived
2035:17 April
1704:See also
1577:The Scar
1443:and the
1198:Melampus
1186:and the
1184:Cambrian
1098:Virginia
1089:Virginia
998:The Quod
932:landsmen
805:vagrants
750:116,443
709:115,641
507:warships
3263:(ed.).
3231:impress
3209:1889363
3155:1849880
2979:(1960).
2620:(ed.).
2594:(1925).
2581:(2006).
2387:1889363
2259:109–110
1813:207-208
1270:Leopard
1261:Leopard
1253:Leopard
1241:Leopard
1237:Leopard
1228:Leopard
1188:Leander
1122:US Navy
1041:Halifax
1025:Wicklow
1013:Ireland
987:whalers
963:taverns
884:collier
848:captain
843:Victory
815:Captain
759:arrears
747:44,947
741:67,747
728:69,443
725:50,903
720:18,540
706:37,584
700:74,771
687:58,231
684:40,862
679:17,369
668:76,297
665:30,392
659:43,303
646:50,084
643:35,239
638:14,845
615:Period
503:Ireland
493:in the
434:Ireland
416:Vietnam
411:Ukraine
311:Myanmar
271:Germany
266:Georgia
256:Finland
251:Eritrea
241:Denmark
196:Bermuda
3207:
3199:
3167:online
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