251:
3651:
3701:
42:
3725:
3689:
3713:
3662:
1068:
142 km/s. True or absolute motion is more difficult to measure than the proper motion, because the true transverse velocity involves the product of the proper motion times the distance. As shown by this formula, true velocity measurements depend on distance measurements, which are difficult in general.
1091:
Stars with large proper motions tend to be nearby; most stars are far enough away that their proper motions are very small, on the order of a few thousandths of an arcsecond per year. It is possible to construct nearly complete samples of high proper motion stars by comparing photographic sky survey
285:
The positive axes of the two components of its usually annually measured or published shift in proper motion are the exaggerated red arrows, note: the right arrows point to the east horizon. One red annotation is subtly shorter as the cosine of a star resting at 0° declination is 1, so such a star's
988:
For most stars seen in the sky, the observed proper motions are small and unremarkable. Such stars are often either faint or are significantly distant, have changes of below 0.01″ per year, and do not appear to move appreciably over many millennia. A few do have significant motions, and are usually
1067:
A proper motion of 1 arcsec per year 1 light-year away corresponds to a relative transverse speed of 1.45 km/s. Barnard's Star's transverse speed is 90 km/s and its radial velocity is 111 km/s (perpendicular (at a right, 90° angle), which gives a true or "space" motion of
1163:
in the M106 group of galaxies was used in 1999 to find an accurate distance to this object. Measurements were made of the radial motion of objects in that galaxy moving directly toward and away from Earth, and assuming this same motion to apply to objects with only a proper motion, the observed
1108:
of these surveys are well understood and quantifiable, studies have confirmed more and inferred approximate quantities of unseen stars – revealing and confirming more by studying them further, regardless of brightness, for instance. Studies of this kind show most of the nearest stars are
120:
is the distance (usually expressed as annual velocity) transverse (tangential or perpendicular) to line of sight from the Sun. The angle is shaded light blue from the Sun to the object's start point and its year later position as if it had no radial
1011:
698:
922:
334:
in the southern sky, look nearly the same now as they did hundreds of years ago. However, precise long-term observations show that such constellations change shape, albeit very slowly, and that each star has an independent
588:
514:
784:
383:(with 0 degrees meaning the motion is north, 90 degrees meaning the motion is east, (left on most sky maps and space telescope images) and so on), and the second is its magnitude, typically expressed in
1093:
282:
An ideal time to measure exactly such a small annual shift is at culmination. The culmination of the star is daily reached when the observer (and Earth) passes as shown by the blue arrows "beneath" the
841:(HIP) have already been converted. Hence, the individual proper motions in right ascension and declination are made equivalent for straightforward calculations of various other stellar motions.
971:
1215:, as in "the city proper") meaning "belonging to" or "own". "Improper motion" would refer to perceived motion that is nothing to do with an object's inherent course, such as due to Earth's
801:, being zero for a hypothetical object fixed at a celestial pole in declination. Thus, a co-efficient is given to negate the misleadingly greater east or west velocity (angular change in
1024:
has the largest proper motion of all stars, moving at 10.3″ yr. Large proper motion usually strongly indicates an object is close to the Sun. This is so for
Barnard's Star, about 6
91:
1127:
Stellar proper motions have been used to infer the presence of a super-massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. This now confirmed to exist black hole is called
1116:
Measurement of the proper motions of a large sample of stars in a distant stellar system, like a globular cluster, can be used to compute the cluster's total mass via the
1824:
Ghez, Andrea M.; et al. (2003). "The First
Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth".
118:
607:
3502:
1701:
805:) in hours of Right Ascension the further it is towards the imaginary infinite poles, above and below the earth's axis of rotation, in the sky. The change
1726:
854:
1454:
520:
1906:
A. Brunthaler; M.J. Reid; H. Falcke; L.J. Greenhill; C. Henkel (2005). "The
Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)".
1968:
449:
709:
1669:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues : Astrometric and Photometric Star Catalogues derived from the ESA Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission"
3534:
2081:
2001:
1890:
1609:
1466:
1437:
1410:
1383:
1356:
1346:
1326:
1151:
M33, the third largest and only ordinary spiral galaxy in the Local Group, located 0.860 ± 0.028 Mpc beyond the Milky Way. The motion of the
1991:
1249:
3509:
2828:
1427:
1156:
322:
Over the course of centuries, stars appear to maintain nearly fixed positions with respect to each other, so that they form the same
1668:
1289:
1228:
3221:
2017:
J. R. Herrnstein; et al. (1999). "A geometric distance to the galaxy NGC4258 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk".
1239:
267:
3135:
3760:
3514:
3151:
2170:
1117:
1878:
371:(as it excludes the component as to the direction of the line of sight) and it bears two quantities or characteristics: its
1705:
3561:
3428:
3679:
2071:
1048:
or powerful binoculars. Of the stars visible to the naked eye (conservatively limiting unaided visual magnitude to 6.0),
3544:
3495:
3470:
2763:
928:
162:
2848:
3485:
3465:
3750:
3549:
3480:
3450:
1279:
3755:
3556:
3433:
3410:
2992:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
1211:
The lesser meaning of "proper" used is arguably dated
English (but neither historic, nor obsolete when used as a
235:
2699:
2573:
2208:
3226:
2895:
3475:
3025:
2935:
2877:
2803:
2374:
2300:
816:
to become a component of the proper motion, is sometimes called the "proper motion in right ascension", and
2250:
3636:
3616:
3388:
3383:
3176:
3125:
2930:
2920:
2593:
2391:
2359:
2233:
1595:
1212:
1061:
1053:
1096:
is one source of such images. In the past, searches for high proper motion objects were undertaken using
387:(symbols: arcsec/yr, as/yr, ″/yr, ″ yr) or milliarcseconds per year (symbols: mas/yr, mas yr).
234:
and its motion from the galactic frame of reference – that is motion in respect to the Sun, and by
3490:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3373:
3161:
2327:
1743:
1244:
1033:
62:
56:
2608:
2138:
1147:
are discussed in detail in Röser. In 2005, the first measurement was made of the proper motion of the
3631:
3529:
3519:
3368:
3336:
3130:
2925:
2910:
2223:
2036:
1925:
1843:
1765:
1561:
1537:"Constraints on the proper motion of the Andromeda galaxy based on the survival of its satellite M33"
1501:
1003:
977:
423:
of proper motion by convention are arrived at as follows. Suppose an object moves from coordinates (α
2470:
123:
In this diagram the radial velocity happens to be one of the Sun and object parting, so is positive.
3745:
3729:
3231:
3091:
3074:
2745:
2647:
838:
598:
1653:
1632:
3717:
3705:
3626:
3587:
3539:
3524:
3438:
3378:
3301:
3211:
3181:
3171:
3115:
3037:
2728:
2364:
2163:
2052:
2026:
1949:
1915:
1859:
1833:
1577:
1551:
1517:
1491:
1400:
1284:
1101:
1041:
231:
2097:
1756:
Lemay, Damien (1992). "Book-Review – Sky
Catalogue 2000.0 – V.1 – Stars to Magnitude 8.0 ED.2".
266:
of all 24 hours of Right
Ascension (the measure of absolute celestial east–west position), the
3577:
3062:
3002:
2975:
2955:
2755:
2539:
2527:
2354:
2334:
2288:
2270:
2238:
2117:
2077:
1997:
1941:
1886:
1806:
1739:
1605:
1599:
1536:
1462:
1433:
1406:
1379:
1352:
1322:
1318:
1269:
1259:
1148:
1121:
1076:
1021:
1014:
413:
250:
166:
143:
1373:
1007:(or cpm.), suggesting they may be gravitationally attached or share similar motion in space.
3693:
3405:
3358:
3308:
3296:
3274:
3269:
3196:
3156:
3103:
2885:
2808:
2783:
2677:
2598:
2322:
2283:
2109:
2044:
1933:
1851:
1796:
1569:
1509:
1505:
1216:
1152:
1097:
1057:
420:
380:
376:
368:
336:
277:
35:
693:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}={\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha }}^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\delta \ ,}
96:
3592:
3395:
3264:
3108:
3079:
3020:
3015:
2890:
2618:
2583:
2517:
2463:
2458:
2403:
2213:
1264:
1104:
can scan digitized images, or comparisons to star catalogs obtained by satellites. As any
797:
accounts for the widening of the lines (hours) of right ascension away from the poles, cos
391:
299:
227:
174:
31:
1675:
390:
Proper motion may alternatively be defined by the angular changes per year in the star's
2040:
1929:
1847:
1769:
1647:
1626:
1565:
1204:
were over half a degree away from the positions charted by the ancient Greek astronomer
3654:
3420:
3259:
3086:
3057:
3032:
2965:
2654:
2522:
2408:
2310:
2200:
2190:
1105:
1029:
372:
361:
315:
147:
135:
2098:"I. Considerations on the change of the latitudes of some of the principal fixt stars"
3739:
3606:
3363:
3331:
3206:
2915:
2738:
2709:
2687:
2305:
2278:
2255:
2156:
2056:
1311:
1189:
384:
360:
at a speed of about 220 km/s at a radius of 8,000 parsecs (26,000 ly) from
323:
2143:
1953:
1863:
1581:
1521:
286:
east or west shift would not need to be multiplied by the cosine of its declination.
3666:
3341:
3291:
3286:
3186:
3069:
3052:
3010:
2970:
2905:
2788:
2733:
2714:
2694:
2672:
2664:
2507:
2500:
2339:
2260:
2243:
1513:
998:
364:
which can be taken as the rate of rotation of the Milky Way itself at this radius.
352:
347:
151:
917:{\displaystyle \mu \sin \theta =\mu _{\alpha }\cos \delta =\mu _{\alpha \ast }\ ,}
3582:
3281:
3254:
3246:
3236:
3216:
3191:
3120:
3042:
2798:
2773:
2768:
2682:
2642:
2603:
2568:
2551:
2546:
2218:
1160:
1144:
1072:
994:
402:
307:
185:
155:
17:
3166:
2863:
2836:
2813:
2793:
2778:
2630:
2534:
2512:
2490:
2485:
2349:
1783:
Akhmetov, V. S.; Fedorov, P. N.; Velichko, A. B.; Shulga, V. M. (2017-07-21).
1702:"Stellar motions: parallax, proper motion, radial velocity and space velocity"
1274:
1205:
1132:
1049:
1025:
993:
Motions can also be in almost seemingly random directions. Two or more stars,
327:
131:
2121:
1810:
583:{\displaystyle \mu _{\delta }={\frac {\delta _{2}-\delta _{1}}{\Delta t}}\ .}
3353:
3201:
2985:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2900:
2853:
2843:
2637:
2613:
2588:
2495:
2446:
2379:
2369:
2344:
2317:
2293:
2228:
1937:
1254:
1201:
1181:
1110:
1080:
1045:
1037:
357:
239:
216:
204:
2113:
1945:
1801:
1784:
1079:
invalidated by moving to a neighbouring constellation – it is now in
509:{\displaystyle \mu _{\alpha }={\frac {\alpha _{2}-\alpha _{1}}{\Delta t}},}
41:
1883:
Reviews in Modern
Astronomy: From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way
779:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}={\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha \ast }}^{2}\ .}
3346:
3047:
2721:
2480:
2453:
2031:
1920:
1838:
1556:
1496:
1197:
1010:
3621:
3096:
2858:
2625:
2578:
2561:
2556:
2475:
1628:
A Treatise on
Practical Astronomy, as Applied to Geodesy and Navigation
170:
51:
units of distance from the Sun, and its light moved in a year by angle
1785:"The PMA Catalogue: 420 million positions and absolute proper motions"
1001:, which are moving in similar directions, exhibit so-called shared or
3611:
3599:
2818:
2704:
1535:
Abraham Loeb; Mark J. Reid; Andreas
Brunthaler; Heino Falcke (2005).
1219:, and minor deviations, nutations well within the 26,000-year cycle.
1193:
1128:
1124:, proper motions can be used to compute the distance to the cluster.
45:
Relation between proper motion and velocity components of an object.
3661:
1855:
1573:
1482:
Y Sofu & V Rubin (2001). "Rotation Curves of Spiral
Galaxies".
1056:
5.20) has the highest proper motion at 5.281″ yr, discounting
837:. For example, the proper motion results in right ascension in the
342:
This motion is caused by the movement of the stars relative to the
276:
In red the diagram adds the components of proper motion across the
2048:
1009:
270:(center of the sun's position then) at the J2000 epoch, is vector
249:
230:
allows calculations of an object's motion from the Solar System's
208:
976:
Motions in equatorial coordinates can be converted to motions in
826:
If the proper motion in right ascension has been converted by cos
2980:
2960:
2179:
331:
220:
212:
139:
2152:
1180:
Proper motion was suspected by early astronomers (according to
3326:
1159:
is predicted in about 4.5 billion years. Proper motion of the
343:
27:
Measure of observed changes in the apparent locations of stars
1100:
to examine the images by eye. More modern techniques such as
1399:
D. Scott Birney; Guillermo Gonzalez; David Oesper (2007).
1345:
D. Scott Birney; Guillermo Gonzalez; David Oesper (2007).
2102:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1667:
Matra Marconi Space, Alenia Spazio (September 15, 2003).
379:. The first is the direction of the proper motion on the
2148:
3677:
931:
857:
712:
610:
523:
452:
99:
65:
254:
The celestial north and south poles are above/below
3570:
3419:
3317:
3245:
3144:
3001:
2876:
2754:
2663:
2390:
2269:
2199:
1758:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
1188:AD 400) but a proof was not provided until 1718 by
1164:proper motion predicts a distance to the galaxy of
1738:Hipparcos: Catalogues: The Millennium Star Atlas:
1310:
966:{\displaystyle \mu \cos \theta =\mu _{\delta }\ .}
965:
916:
778:
692:
582:
508:
350:. The Sun travels in a nearly circular orbit (the
154:, compared to the abstract background of the more
112:
85:
1789:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1453:M Reid; A Brunthaler; Xu Ye; et al. (2008).
1109:intrinsically faint and angularly small, such as
226:Knowledge of the proper motion, distance, and
2164:
55:radian/s. If there has been no distortion by
8:
2073:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
1604:. Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
1484:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1455:"Mapping the Milky Way and the Local Group"
1317:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p.
1017:, showing position every 5 years 1985–2005.
195:). Their combined value is computed as the
2396:
2171:
2157:
2149:
2144:Edmond Halley: Discovery of proper motions
1432:. Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
1405:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1378:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
1351:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
1340:
1338:
1120:. Coupled with measurements of the stars'
1044:of 9.54, it is too faint to see without a
2030:
1919:
1837:
1800:
1555:
1495:
951:
930:
899:
877:
856:
764:
754:
749:
739:
732:
727:
717:
711:
672:
659:
652:
647:
637:
630:
625:
615:
609:
557:
544:
537:
528:
522:
486:
473:
466:
457:
451:
104:
98:
72:
66:
64:
1704:. University of Virginia. Archived from
326:over historical time. As examples, both
161:The components for proper motion in the
40:
3684:
1996:. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
1301:
367:Any proper motion is a two-dimensional
134:measure of the observed changes in the
1459:Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies
1372:Simon F. Green; Mark H. Jones (2004).
1143:Proper motions of the galaxies in the
1064:6.42), proper motion: 7.058″ yr.
793:is the declination. The factor in cos
7:
1457:. In F Combes; Keiichi Wada (eds.).
1375:An Introduction to the Sun and Stars
1309:Theo Koupelis; Karl F. Kuhn (2007).
823:the "proper motion in declination".
2139:Hipparcos: High Proper Motion Stars
1092:images taken many years apart. The
848:is related to these components by:
593:The magnitude of the proper motion
443:. The proper motions are given by:
1649:The Stars: A study of the Universe
1625:Charles Leander Doolittle (1890).
1131:, and has a mass of 4.3 Ă— 10
1075:became the first star to have its
565:
494:
86:{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{t}}{d}}}
25:
1674:. ESA. p. 25. Archived from
1290:Very-long-baseline interferometry
812:, which must be multiplied by cos
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3660:
3650:
3649:
1967:Gough, Evan (12 February 2019).
1229:List of high-proper-motion stars
173:) are given in the direction of
1601:Textbook on Spherical Astronomy
1240:Astronomical coordinate systems
1598:; Robin Michael Green (1977).
1514:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.137
1250:Leonard–Merritt mass estimator
1118:Leonard-Merritt mass estimator
1:
3562:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1740:The Top 20 High Proper Motion
1223:Stars with high proper motion
1157:Andromeda–Milky Way collision
1155:was measured in 2012, and an
412:) with respect to a constant
223:or milliarcseconds per year.
146:in the sky, as seen from the
2108:(355): 736–738. 1719-12-31.
2076:. Birkhäuser. p. 1084.
1881:. In Siegfried Röser (ed.).
1700:Majewski, Steven R. (2006).
1208:roughly 1850 years earlier.
1028:away. After the Sun and the
288:The proper motion vector is
163:equatorial coordinate system
3222:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
1971:. The Astrophysical Journal
1885:. Wiley. pp. 179–194.
1879:"M33 – Distance and Motion"
1877:Andreas Brunthaler (2005).
830:, the result is designated
3777:
3136:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1280:Space velocity (astronomy)
1226:
47:A year ago the object was
29:
3645:
2399:
2186:
1544:The Astrophysical Journal
991:high-proper motion stars.
238:, that in respect to the
236:coordinate transformation
3515:With multiple exoplanets
2070:Otto Neugebauer (1975).
1990:Steven Weinberg (2008).
1426:Horace A. Smith (2004).
1313:In Quest of the Universe
703:technically abbreviated:
330:in the northern sky and
30:Not to be confused with
2301:Asymptotic giant branch
1938:10.1126/science.1108342
1506:2001ARA&A..39..137S
1402:Observational Astronomy
1348:Observational Astronomy
1087:Usefulness in astronomy
3637:Tidal disruption event
3126:Circumstellar envelope
2360:Luminous blue variable
2114:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025
1746:, retrieved 2019-06-27
1646:Simon Newcomb (1904).
1596:William Marshall Smart
1161:NGC 4258 (M106) galaxy
1018:
967:
918:
780:
694:
584:
510:
356:) about the center of
319:
124:
114:
87:
59:or otherwise then ÎĽ =
3761:Concepts in astronomy
3162:Effective temperature
1826:Astrophysical Journal
1744:European Space Agency
1245:Galaxy rotation curve
1013:
968:
919:
781:
695:
585:
511:
253:
115:
113:{\displaystyle v_{t}}
88:
57:gravitational lensing
44:
3632:Planet-hosting stars
3510:With resolved images
3481:Historical brightest
3411:Photometric-standard
3337:Solar radio emission
3131:Eddington luminosity
2911:Triple-alpha process
2849:Thorne–Żytkow object
2224:Young stellar object
1802:10.1093/mnras/stx812
1036:known star. Being a
1004:common proper motion
978:galactic coordinates
929:
855:
710:
608:
521:
450:
97:
63:
3456:Highest temperature
3227:Color–color diagram
3092:Protoplanetary disk
2896:Proton–proton chain
2574:Chemically peculiar
2041:1999Natur.400..539H
1930:2005Sci...307.1440B
1914:(5714): 1440–1443.
1848:2003ApJ...586L.127G
1770:1992JRASC..86..221L
1729:by Steven Majewski.
1652:. Putnam. pp.
1566:2005ApJ...633..894L
1192:, who noticed that
844:The position angle
839:Hipparcos Catalogue
599:Pythagorean theorem
431:) to coordinates (α
385:arcseconds per year
197:total proper motion
3461:Lowest temperature
3212:Photometric system
3182:Absolute magnitude
3116:Circumstellar dust
2729:Stellar black hole
2365:Stellar population
2251:Herbig–Haro object
1285:Stellar kinematics
1102:image differencing
1094:Palomar Sky Survey
1042:apparent magnitude
1032:system, it is the
1019:
999:open star clusters
963:
914:
776:
690:
580:
506:
439:) in a time Δ
320:
232:frame of reference
125:
110:
83:
3751:Stellar astronomy
3675:
3674:
3578:Substellar object
3557:Planetary nebulae
2976:Luminous red nova
2886:Deuterium burning
2872:
2871:
2355:Instability strip
2335:Wolf-Rayet nebula
2289:Horizontal branch
2234:Pre-main-sequence
2083:978-3-540-06995-9
2025:(6744): 539–541.
2003:978-0-19-852682-7
1892:978-3-527-40608-1
1631:. Wiley. p.
1611:978-0-521-29180-4
1468:978-0-387-72767-7
1439:978-0-521-54817-5
1412:978-0-521-85370-5
1385:978-0-521-54622-5
1358:978-0-521-85370-5
1328:978-0-7637-4387-1
1270:Relative velocity
1260:Peculiar velocity
1149:Triangulum Galaxy
1122:radial velocities
1098:blink comparators
1077:Bayer designation
959:
910:
772:
686:
576:
572:
501:
144:celestial objects
81:
16:(Redirected from
3768:
3756:Motion (physics)
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3667:Stars portal
3665:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3309:Planetary system
3232:Strömgren sphere
3104:Asteroseismology
2825:Black hole star
2397:
2323:Planetary nebula
2284:Red-giant branch
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2126:
2125:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2034:
2032:astro-ph/9907013
2014:
2008:
2007:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1969:"Universe Today"
1964:
1958:
1957:
1923:
1921:astro-ph/0503058
1903:
1897:
1896:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1841:
1839:astro-ph/0302299
1832:(2): L127–L131.
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1753:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:on March 3, 2016
1680:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1559:
1557:astro-ph/0506609
1541:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1499:
1497:astro-ph/0010594
1479:
1473:
1472:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1316:
1306:
1217:axial precession
1171:
1169:
1153:Andromeda Galaxy
1140:(solar masses).
1106:selection biases
1058:Groombridge 1830
972:
970:
969:
964:
957:
956:
955:
923:
921:
920:
915:
908:
907:
906:
882:
881:
785:
783:
782:
777:
770:
769:
768:
763:
762:
761:
744:
743:
738:
737:
736:
722:
721:
699:
697:
696:
691:
684:
677:
676:
664:
663:
658:
657:
656:
642:
641:
636:
635:
634:
620:
619:
597:is given by the
589:
587:
586:
581:
574:
573:
571:
563:
562:
561:
549:
548:
538:
533:
532:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
500:
492:
491:
490:
478:
477:
467:
462:
461:
381:celestial sphere
278:celestial sphere
119:
117:
116:
111:
109:
108:
92:
90:
89:
84:
82:
77:
76:
67:
36:stellar parallax
21:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3659:
3641:
3566:
3535:Milky Way novae
3471:Smallest volume
3415:
3396:Radial velocity
3319:
3313:
3265:Common envelope
3241:
3140:
3109:Helioseismology
3080:Bipolar outflow
3021:Microturbulence
3016:Convection zone
2997:
2891:Lithium burning
2878:Nucleosynthesis
2868:
2750:
2659:
2386:
2265:
2214:Molecular cloud
2195:
2182:
2177:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1265:Radial velocity
1236:
1231:
1225:
1178:
1167:
1165:
1138:
1135:
1089:
986:
947:
927:
926:
895:
873:
853:
852:
836:
822:
811:
750:
748:
728:
726:
713:
708:
707:
668:
648:
646:
626:
624:
611:
606:
605:
564:
553:
540:
539:
524:
519:
518:
493:
482:
469:
468:
453:
448:
447:
438:
434:
430:
426:
410:
399:
392:right ascension
300:right ascension
287:
284:
281:
275:
248:
228:radial velocity
194:
183:
175:right ascension
136:apparent places
122:
100:
95:
94:
68:
61:
60:
46:
39:
32:proper velocity
28:
23:
22:
18:Improper motion
15:
12:
11:
5:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Largest volume
3463:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Magnetic field
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3087:Accretion disk
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:Alfvén surface
3060:
3058:Stellar corona
3055:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3033:Radiation zone
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2655:Blue straggler
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:Main sequence
2411:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2392:Classification
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:Protoplanetary
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2133:External links
2131:
2128:
2127:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2009:
2002:
1982:
1959:
1898:
1891:
1869:
1856:10.1086/374804
1816:
1795:(1): 763–773.
1775:
1748:
1731:
1718:
1691:
1659:
1638:
1617:
1610:
1587:
1574:10.1086/491644
1550:(2): 894–898.
1527:
1474:
1467:
1445:
1438:
1429:RR Lyrae Stars
1418:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1364:
1357:
1334:
1327:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:Main article:
1224:
1221:
1177:
1174:
1136:
1133:
1088:
1085:
1030:Alpha Centauri
1022:Barnard's Star
1015:Barnard's Star
985:
982:
974:
973:
962:
954:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
924:
913:
905:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
834:
820:
809:
787:
786:
775:
767:
760:
757:
753:
747:
742:
735:
731:
725:
720:
716:
705:
700:
689:
683:
680:
675:
671:
667:
662:
655:
651:
645:
640:
633:
629:
623:
618:
614:
591:
590:
579:
570:
567:
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
536:
531:
527:
516:
505:
499:
496:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
465:
460:
456:
436:
432:
428:
424:
408:
397:
373:position angle
362:Sagittarius A*
324:constellations
316:position angle
247:
244:
192:
181:
148:center of mass
107:
103:
80:
75:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3681:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Intergalactic
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Galactic year
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Most luminous
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Proper motion
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Constellation
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Solar eclipse
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:Earth-centric
3316:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Alpha process
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:Helium planet
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Parker's star
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Lambda Boötis
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Superluminous
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Main sequence
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Hayashi track
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
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1727:lecture notes
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1708:on 2012-01-25
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156:distant stars
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128:Proper motion
105:
101:
78:
73:
69:
58:
54:
50:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3730:Solar System
3530:White dwarfs
3520:Brown dwarfs
3503:Most distant
3451:Most massive
3429:Proper names
3400:
3389:Photographic
3342:Solar System
3320:observations
3247:Star systems
3070:Stellar wind
3053:Chromosphere
3026:Oscillations
2906:Helium flash
2756:Hypothetical
2734:X-ray binary
2673:Compact star
2508:Bright giant
2261:Henyey track
2239:Herbig Ae/Be
2105:
2104:(in Latin).
2101:
2092:
2072:
2065:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1992:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1962:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1872:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1734:
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1662:
1648:
1641:
1627:
1620:
1600:
1590:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1461:. Springer.
1458:
1448:
1428:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1374:
1367:
1347:
1312:
1304:
1213:postpositive
1210:
1185:
1179:
1170:0.5 Mpc
1142:
1126:
1115:
1090:
1070:
1066:
1020:
1002:
995:double stars
990:
987:
975:
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353:solar circle
351:
348:Solar System
341:
321:
311:
303:
295:
290:
289:
271:
263:
259:
255:
246:Introduction
225:
215:, typically
200:
196:
189:
178:
165:(of a given
160:
152:Solar System
127:
126:
52:
48:
3718:Outer space
3706:Spaceflight
3583:Brown dwarf
3359:Circumpolar
3237:Kraft break
3217:Color index
3192:Metallicity
3152:Designation
3121:Cosmic dust
3043:Photosphere
2809:Dark-energy
2784:Electroweak
2769:Black dwarf
2700:Radio-quiet
2683:White dwarf
2569:White dwarf
2219:Bok globule
1975:12 February
1490:: 137–174.
1145:Local Group
1073:Rho Aquilae
1060:(magnitude
1052:(magnitude
1026:light-years
403:declination
308:declination
186:declination
132:astrometric
3746:Astrometry
3740:Categories
3545:Candidates
3540:Supernovae
3525:Red dwarfs
3384:Extinction
3172:Kinematics
3167:Luminosity
3145:Properties
3038:Atmosphere
2936:Si burning
2926:Ne burning
2864:White hole
2837:Quasi-star
2764:Blue dwarf
2619:Technetium
2535:Hypergiant
2513:Supergiant
1712:2008-12-31
1685:2015-04-08
1296:References
1275:Solar apex
1206:Hipparchus
1111:red dwarfs
1050:61 Cygni A
421:components
358:the galaxy
328:Ursa Major
217:arcseconds
205:dimensions
203:). It has
3694:Astronomy
3476:Brightest
3374:Magnitude
3354:Pole star
3275:Symbiotic
3270:Eclipsing
3202:Starlight
3003:Structure
2993:Supernova
2986:Micronova
2981:Recurrent
2966:Symbiotic
2951:p-process
2946:r-process
2941:s-process
2931:O burning
2921:C burning
2901:CNO cycle
2844:Gravastar
2380:Hypernova
2370:Supernova
2345:Dredge-up
2318:Blue loop
2311:super-AGB
2294:Red clump
2271:Evolution
2229:Protostar
2209:Accretion
2201:Formation
2122:0261-0523
2057:204995005
1993:Cosmology
1811:0035-8711
1255:Milky Way
1202:Aldebaran
1182:Macrobius
1081:Delphinus
1046:telescope
1038:red dwarf
953:δ
949:μ
942:θ
939:
933:μ
904:∗
901:α
897:μ
890:δ
887:
879:α
875:μ
868:θ
865:
859:μ
759:∗
756:α
752:μ
734:δ
730:μ
715:μ
682:δ
679:
666:⋅
654:α
650:μ
632:δ
628:μ
613:μ
566:Δ
555:δ
551:−
542:δ
530:δ
526:μ
495:Δ
484:α
480:−
471:α
459:α
455:μ
377:magnitude
240:Milky Way
184:) and of
142:or other
121:velocity.
3655:Category
3550:Remnants
3446:Extremes
3406:Parallax
3379:Apparent
3369:Asterism
3347:Sunlight
3297:Globular
3282:Multiple
3207:Variable
3197:Rotation
3157:Dynamics
3048:Starspot
2722:Magnetar
2665:Remnants
2481:Subgiant
2454:Subdwarf
2306:post-AGB
1954:28172780
1946:15746420
1864:11388341
1582:17099715
1522:11338838
1234:See also
1198:Arcturus
1137:☉
1071:In 1992
1040:with an
984:Examples
375:and its
169:, often
3680:Portals
3622:Gravity
3571:Related
3491:Nearest
3439:Chinese
3287:Cluster
3260:Contact
3097:Proplyd
2971:Remnant
2859:Blitzar
2833:Hawking
2789:Strange
2739:Burster
2695:Neutron
2648:Extreme
2599:He-weak
2244:T Tauri
2037:Bibcode
1926:Bibcode
1908:Science
1844:Bibcode
1766:Bibcode
1764:: 221.
1562:Bibcode
1502:Bibcode
1176:History
1034:nearest
989:called
171:J2000.0
150:of the
130:is the
3612:Galaxy
3600:Planet
3588:Desert
3496:bright
3434:Arabic
3255:Binary
3075:Bubble
2799:Planck
2774:Exotic
2710:Binary
2705:Pulsar
2643:Helium
2604:Barium
2547:Carbon
2540:Yellow
2528:Yellow
2501:Yellow
2340:PG1159
2120:
2080:
2055:
2019:Nature
2000:
1952:
1944:
1889:
1862:
1809:
1608:
1580:
1520:
1465:
1436:
1409:
1382:
1355:
1325:
1194:Sirius
1129:Sgr A*
958:
909:
789:where
771:
685:
575:
401:) and
369:vector
337:motion
264:origin
262:; the
93:where
3617:Guest
3421:Lists
3302:Super
2956:Fusor
2829:Black
2814:Quark
2794:Preon
2779:Boson
2715:X-ray
2631:Shell
2584:Ap/Bp
2486:Giant
2404:Early
2350:OH/IR
2180:Stars
2053:S2CID
2027:arXiv
1950:S2CID
1916:arXiv
1860:S2CID
1834:arXiv
1679:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1656:–288.
1578:S2CID
1552:arXiv
1540:(PDF)
1518:S2CID
1492:arXiv
414:epoch
283:star.
209:angle
167:epoch
140:stars
3292:Open
3187:Mass
3011:Core
2961:Nova
2854:Iron
2804:Dark
2614:Lead
2594:HgMn
2589:CEMP
2518:Blue
2491:Blue
2409:Late
2191:List
2118:ISSN
2078:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1977:2019
1942:PMID
1887:ISBN
1807:ISSN
1725:See
1698:See
1606:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1200:and
419:The
346:and
332:Crux
221:year
219:per
213:time
211:per
3593:Sub
3327:Sun
2746:SGR
2523:Red
2496:Red
2110:doi
2045:doi
2023:400
1934:doi
1912:307
1852:doi
1830:586
1797:doi
1793:469
1654:287
1633:583
1570:doi
1548:633
1510:doi
1319:369
1166:7.2
997:or
936:cos
884:cos
862:sin
670:cos
435:, δ
427:, δ
344:Sun
294:,
260:CSP
256:CNP
207:of
138:of
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