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overall efficiency of a Curtis design is less than that of either the
Parsons or de Laval designs, but it can be satisfactorily operated through a much wider range of speeds, including successful operation at low speeds and at lower pressures, which made it ideal for use in ships' powerplant. In a Curtis arrangement, the entire heat drop in the steam takes place in the initial nozzle row and both the subsequent moving blade rows and stationary blade rows merely change the direction of the steam. Use of a small section of a Curtis arrangement, typically one nozzle section and two or three rows of moving blades, is usually termed a Curtis 'Wheel' and in this form, the Curtis found widespread use at sea as a 'governing stage' on many reaction and impulse turbines and turbine sets. This practice is still commonplace today in marine steam plant.
952:(or pair of 'nested' turbine rotors) offering great efficiency, four times as large heat drop per stage as in the reaction (Parsons) turbine, extremely compact design and the type met particular success in back pressure power plants. However, contrary to other designs, large steam volumes are handled with difficulty and only a combination with axial flow turbines (DUREX) admits the turbine to be built for power greater than ca 50 MW. In marine applications only about 50 turbo-electric units were ordered (of which a considerable number were finally sold to land plants) during 1917–19, and during 1920–22 a few turbo-mechanic not very successful units were sold. Only a few turbo-electric marine plants were still in use in the late 1960s (ss Ragne, ss Regin) while most land plants remain in use 2010.
972:(shrouded) turbine. Many turbine rotor blades have shrouding at the top, which interlocks with that of adjacent blades, to increase damping and thereby reduce blade flutter. In large land-based electricity generation steam turbines, the shrouding is often complemented, especially in the long blades of a low-pressure turbine, with lacing wires. These wires pass through holes drilled in the blades at suitable distances from the blade root and are usually brazed to the blades at the point where they pass through. Lacing wires reduce blade flutter in the central part of the blades. The introduction of lacing wires substantially reduces the instances of blade failure in large or low-pressure turbines.
515:
move towards reaction designs similar to those used in gas turbines. At low pressure the operating fluid medium expands in volume for small reductions in pressure. Under these conditions, blading becomes strictly a reaction type design with the base of the blade solely impulse. The reason is due to the effect of the rotation speed for each blade. As the volume increases, the blade height increases, and the base of the blade spins at a slower speed relative to the tip. This change in speed forces a designer to change from impulse at the base, to a high reaction-style tip.
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576:. The velocity triangles are constructed using these various velocity vectors. Velocity triangles can be constructed at any section through the blading (for example: hub, tip, midsection and so on) but are usually shown at the mean stage radius. Mean performance for the stage can be calculated from the velocity triangles, at this radius, using the Euler equation:
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849:. This number describes the speed of the turbine at its maximum efficiency with respect to the power and flow rate. The specific speed is derived to be independent of turbine size. Given the fluid flow conditions and the desired shaft output speed, the specific speed can be calculated and an appropriate turbine design selected.
1056:. The Rateau employs simple impulse rotors separated by a nozzle diaphragm. The diaphragm is essentially a partition wall in the turbine with a series of tunnels cut into it, funnel shaped with the broad end facing the previous stage and the narrow the next they are also angled to direct the steam jets onto the impulse rotor.
1225:(machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The liquid hydrogen turbopump is slightly larger than an automobile engine (weighing approximately 700 lb) with the turbine producing nearly 70,000
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increasing rotor inlet temperatures and/or, possibly, eliminating air cooling. Ceramic blades are more brittle than their metallic counterparts, and carry a greater risk of catastrophic blade failure. This has tended to limit their use in jet engines and gas turbines to the stator (stationary) blades.
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Velocity compound "Curtis". Curtis combined the de Laval and
Parsons turbine by using a set of fixed nozzles on the first stage or stator and then a rank of fixed and rotating blade rows, as in the Parsons or de Laval, typically up to ten compared with up to a hundred stages of a Parsons design. The
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turbine. Conventional high-pressure turbine blades (and vanes) are made from nickel based alloys and often use intricate internal air-cooling passages to prevent the metal from overheating. In recent years, experimental ceramic blades have been manufactured and tested in gas turbines, with a view to
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turbine. The gas flow in most turbines employed in gas turbine engines remains subsonic throughout the expansion process. In a transonic turbine the gas flow becomes supersonic as it exits the nozzle guide vanes, although the downstream velocities normally become subsonic. Transonic turbines operate
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Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid 19th century. Vector analysis related the fluid flow with turbine shape and rotation. Graphical calculation methods were used at first. Formulae for the basic dimensions of turbine parts are well documented and a highly efficient machine can
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from the moving fluid and impart it to the rotor. Wind turbines also gain some energy from the impulse of the wind, by deflecting it at an angle. Turbines with multiple stages may use either reaction or impulse blading at high pressure. Steam turbines were traditionally more impulse but continue to
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by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (such as
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In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or for land-based electricity generation, a
Parsons-type reaction turbine would require approximately double the number of blade rows as a de Laval-type impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion.
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turbine. Multi-stage turbines have a set of static (meaning stationary) inlet guide vanes that direct the gas flow onto the rotating rotor blades. In a stator-less turbine the gas flow exiting an upstream rotor impinges onto a downstream rotor without an intermediate set of stator vanes (that
944:, some efficiency advantage can be obtained if a downstream turbine rotates in the opposite direction to an upstream unit. However, the complication can be counter-productive. A contra-rotating steam turbine, usually known as the Ljungström turbine, was originally invented by Swedish Engineer
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as the working fluid, to improve the efficiency of fossil-fuelled generating stations. Although a few power plants were built with combined mercury vapour and conventional steam turbines, the toxicity of the metal mercury was quickly
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turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the
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dispenses with many of the simplifying assumptions used to derive classical formulas and computer software facilitates optimization. These tools have led to steady improvements in turbine design over the last forty years.
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Layton, Edwin T. "From Rule of Thumb to
Scientific Engineering: James B. Francis and the Invention of the Francis Turbine," NLA Monograph Series. Stony Brook, NY: Research Foundation of the State University of New York,
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1474:"Rapport sur le mémoire de M. Burdin intitulé: Des turbines hydrauliques ou machines rotatoires à grande vitesse" (Report on the memo of Mr. Burdin titled: Hydraulic turbines or high-speed rotary machines),
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Whilst this makes the
Parsons turbine much longer and heavier, the overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is slightly higher than the equivalent impulse turbine for the same thermal energy conversion.
1024:, a conical water turbine with helical blades emerging partway down from the apex gradually increasing in radial dimension and decreasing in pitch as they spiral towards the base of the cone.
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use this process exclusively. Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor.
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describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are better suited to higher flow velocities or applications where the fluid head (upstream pressure) is low.
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444:(the moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles). Before reaching the turbine, the fluid's
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The specific speed, along with some fundamental formulas can be used to reliably scale an existing design of known performance to a new size with corresponding performance.
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describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse turbines are most efficient for use in cases where the flow is low and the inlet pressure is high.
912:), but most such applications now use reduction gears or an intermediate electrical step, where the turbine is used to generate electricity, which then powers an
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742:
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Munson, Bruce Roy, T. H. Okiishi, and Wade W. Huebsch. "Turbomachines." Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print.
311:, a former student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer
319:(1845–1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying the
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948:(1875–1964) in Stockholm, and in partnership with his brother Birger Ljungström he obtained a patent in 1894. The design is essentially a multi-stage
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in Paris. However, it was not until 1824 that a committee of the Académie (composed of Prony, Dupin, and Girard) reported favorably on Burdin's memo.
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Gas turbines have very high power densities (i.e. the ratio of power to mass, or power to volume) because they run at very high speeds. The
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can be used to calculate the basic performance of a turbine stage. Gas exits the stationary turbine nozzle guide vanes at absolute velocity
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use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently.
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with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the
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connected to the mechanical load. Turbo electric ship machinery was particularly popular in the period immediately before and during
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Ingvar Jung, 1979, The history of the marine turbine, part 1, Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, dep of History of technology
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or bladeless turbine uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine.
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attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
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Schematic of impulse and reaction turbines, where the rotor is the rotating part, and the
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Three types of water turbines: Kaplan (in front), Pelton (middle) and
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turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid.
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Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer
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1268:. Please ensure that only the most relevant links are given, that they are not
562:. The gas is turned by the rotor and exits, relative to the rotor, at velocity
433:. Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy:
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rearrange the pressure/velocity energy levels of the flow) being encountered.
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527:. As with most engineering calculations, simplifying assumptions were made.
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in order to reduce the harmonics and maximize the blade-passing frequency.
389:(1854–1931) for invention of the reaction turbine, and to Swedish engineer
315:(1854–1931) for invention of the reaction turbine, and to Swedish engineer
898:. They were once used to directly drive mechanical devices such as ships'
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are used to drive electrical generators in thermal power plants which use
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686:{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}={\frac {u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}{T}}}
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The word "turbine" was coined in 1822 by the French mining engineer
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The word "turbine" was coined in 1822 by the French mining engineer
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Humming of a small pneumatic turbine used in a German 1940s-vintage
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multi-stage impulse, or "Rateau", after its French inventor,
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1030:, also known as Banki-Michell turbine, or Ossberger turbine.
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The primary numerical classification of a turbine is its
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Modern turbine design carries the calculations further.
569:. However, in absolute terms the rotor exit velocity is
1272:, and that any links are not already in this article.
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1513:. Tyne And Wear County Council Museums. Archived from
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is the turbine entry total (or stagnation) temperature
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are used for refrigeration in industrial processes.
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855:Off-design performance is normally displayed as a
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393:(1845–1913) for invention of the impulse turbine.
1478:, vol. 26, pages 207-217. Prony and Girard (1824)
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248:) is a rotary mechanical device that extracts
27:Device that extracts energy from a fluid flow
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1130:introducing citations to additional sources
802:The turbine pressure ratio is a function of
617:{\displaystyle \Delta h=u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}
1266:may contain an excessive number of entries
722:is the specific enthalpy drop across stage
1287:Learn how and when to remove this message
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334:demonstrated the turbine principle in an
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1120:Relevant discussion may be found on the
766:is the turbine rotor peripheral velocity
1543:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 267.
1490:"Common failures in gas turbine blades"
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1018:, a modified form of the Pelton wheel.
1006:, a type of widely used water turbine.
1012:, a variation of the Francis Turbine.
827:{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}}
409:is the stationary part of the machine
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
1085:of water on an upstream level into
519:be reliably designed for any fluid
1193:A large proportion of the world's
1000:, a type of impulse water turbine.
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425:(velocity head). The fluid may be
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1306:Euler's pump and turbine equation
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452:by accelerating the fluid with a
256:flow and converts it into useful
1476:Annales de chimie et de physique
1461:Annales de chimie et de physique
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1113:relies largely or entirely on a
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1077:which uses the principle of the
551:. The rotor rotates at velocity
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798:is the change in whirl velocity
534:Turbine inlet guide vanes of a
52:needs additional citations for
1208:engines on land, sea and air.
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1502:Adrian Osler (October 1981).
342:mentioned them around 70 BC.
1214:are used on piston engines.
908:, the first turbine-powered
839:Computational fluid dynamics
834:and the turbine efficiency.
791:{\displaystyle \Delta v_{w}}
376:Académie royale des sciences
338:in the first century AD and
1396:Online Etymology Dictionary
1366:Turbine–electric powertrain
345:Early turbine examples are
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1463:, vol. 21, page 183 (1822)
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413:A working fluid contains
1541:A Dictionary of Aviation
1539:Wragg, David W. (1973).
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715:{\displaystyle \Delta h}
32:Turbine (disambiguation)
1427:A Greek–English Lexicon
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859:or characteristic.
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59:Please help
54:verification
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1607:Jet engines
1206:gas turbine
980:centrifugal
925:gas turbine
857:turbine map
370:, meaning "
351:waterwheels
303:, meaning "
160:safety lamp
1596:Categories
1504:"Turbinia"
1361:Turboshaft
1346:Turbodrill
1264:" section
1223:turbopumps
1152:newspapers
970:Ducted fan
956:Statorless
900:propellers
481:draft tube
417:(pressure
244:, meaning
117:March 2024
87:newspapers
1385:"turbine"
1356:Turboprop
1270:red links
1141:"Turbine"
1122:talk page
1067:apparent.
931:Transonic
923:Aircraft
813:Δ
776:Δ
707:Δ
665:Δ
662:⋅
641:Δ
602:Δ
599:⋅
587:Δ
487:and most
347:windmills
340:Vitruvius
336:aeolipile
262:generator
76:"Turbine"
1602:Turbines
1587:Turbines
1524:13 April
1391:"turbid"
1351:Turbofan
1262:see also
1243:See also
1182:May 2018
905:Turbinia
892:fuel oil
536:turbojet
472:Reaction
1430:at the
1166:scholar
1064:mercury
976:Propfan
963:Ceramic
696:where:
627:Hence:
508:airfoil
506:use an
437:Impulse
327:History
252:from a
167:turbine
101:scholar
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1260:This "
1229:(52.2
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476:torque
454:nozzle
421:) and
407:stator
372:vortex
305:vortex
282:, and
270:blades
250:energy
246:vortex
103:
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1576:1992.
1518:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1412:τύρβη
1372:Notes
1221:used
1173:JSTOR
1159:books
1073:is a
1062:used
870:Types
368:tyrbē
363:τύρβη
301:tyrbē
296:τύρβη
284:water
280:steam
254:fluid
242:turbo
239:Latin
237:, or
235:tyrbē
230:τύρβη
108:JSTOR
94:books
1545:ISBN
1526:2011
1145:news
1094:Uses
888:coal
512:lift
460:and
419:head
349:and
258:work
80:news
1233:).
1128:by
894:or
429:or
276:Gas
211:ɜːr
198:or
182:ɜːr
63:by
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1231:MW
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