185:
Joe
Gardiner challenged the disposition of his father's estate, arguing that J'Noel was legally male and therefore that his father's marriage to her was invalid. In legal documents, he described J'Noel as having a mental disorder. In January 2002, he told a
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reversed the district court's decision, ruling that the marriage was valid in part because J'Noel had a functional vagina and the marriage had been sexually consummated, but in March 2001 the Kansas
Supreme Court reversed the appellate court in part and
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The ruling has also been described as "de-sex"ing transgender people, based on the court statement that the "words 'sex,' 'marriage,' 'male,' and 'female' in everyday understanding do not encompass transsexuals."
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ruled unanimously that a transgender woman may be recognized as a woman if she provides some type of medical evidence of a "permanent and irreversible change." The ruling was in favor of Janet Heilig.
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in
September 1998 when Ball was 40 and Gardiner was 85. J'Noel Ball took her husband's surname. Marshall Gardiner died in August of the following year; he left a $ 2.5 million estate but
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ruled that a transgender man had no child custody claim in his divorce because he was not a man and therefore his marriage to a woman was invalid. The ruling was against
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the district court. The Kansas
Supreme Court wrote that "a male-to-female post-operative transsexual does not fit the definition of a female." The
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74:"A post-operative male-to-female transsexual is not a woman within the meaning of the statutes and cannot validly marry another man."
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Strasser, Mark (2003). "Harvesting the Fruits of
Gardiner: On Marriage, Public Policy, and Fundamental Interests".
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667:"GPAC Applauds MD Ruling Upholding Sex Change, Stage Set for Conflict with Recent TX, KS Decisions".
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reporter that J'Noel's gender was an "illusion" and contrary to the "laws of God."
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395:"Double Bind: Why a Woman in Missouri Is a Man in Kansas, and Why It Matters"
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646:"Full Faith and Credit for Status Records: A Reconsideration of Gardiner"
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The district court agreed with the son, ruling that J'Noel was male. The
483:"Kansas Supreme Court rules against transsexual (subscription required)"
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The case concerned the marriage of J'Noel Ball, a finance professor at
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Currah, Paisley; Juang, Richard M.; Minter, Shannon Price (2006).
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42 P.3d 120 (Kan. 2002); 273 Kan. 191 (2002); 2002 Kan. LEXIS 117
40:
In the Matter of the Estate of
Marshall G. Gardiner, Deceased
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Myers, Gordon Brown, Scott; Myers, Scott (June 16, 2008).
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took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
105:, Edward Larson, Timothy Brazil (assigned to participate)
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Oliphant, Robert E.; Steegh, Nancy Ver (March 7, 2007).
281:. Kansas Supreme Court. March 15, 2002. Archived from
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Gender Public
Advocacy Coalition (GPAC) press release
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449:"Suit Over Estate Claims a Widow Is Not a Woman"
334:Examples & Explanations: Family Law, 2nd Ed
230:, the ruling was criticized for violating the
155:precluded the legal validity of the marriage.
522:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 200–.
422:"J'Noel Gardiner (1958 - ) finance professor"
8:
583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
481:Lamoy, Annie; Stacy Downs (March 15, 2002).
553:Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estate
17:
732:United States transgender rights case law
337:. Aspen Publishers Online. pp. 45–.
742:United States conflict of laws case law
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255:Florida Second District Court of Appeal
616:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–.
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727:United States same-sex union case law
7:
487:Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service
143:(Kan. 2002), is a case in which the
519:American Cultural Pluralism And Law
447:Wilgoren, Jodi (January 13, 2002).
279:"85030 -- In re Estate of Gardiner"
147:voided the marriage of a man and a
556:. Cengage Learning. pp. 85–.
204:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
367:"Same-sex marriage, with a twist"
393:Spurgeon, Devon (July 7, 2000).
101:, Bob Abbott, Frederick N. Six,
512:Norgren, Jill (July 30, 2006).
168:Kansas House of Representatives
737:2002 in United States case law
365:Link, David (March 22, 2002).
1:
170:. The marriage took place in
306:George Washington Law Review
426:A Gender Variance Who's Who
222:Because J'Noel was born in
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246:On February 18, 2003, the
236:United States Constitution
248:Maryland Court of Appeals
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757:Jefferson County, Kansas
644:Gebhardt, Shawn (2009).
176:Jefferson County, Kansas
136:In re Estate of Gardiner
49:March 15, 2002
21:In re Estate of Gardiner
400:The Wall Street Journal
195:Kansas Court of Appeals
30:Supreme Court of Kansas
600:, 537 U.S. 825 (2002).
767:2002 in LGBTQ history
752:Kansas state case law
698:Appeals Court Opinion
686:Supreme Court Opinion
650:California Law Review
285:on September 23, 2013
232:full faith and credit
762:Transgender marriage
671:. February 18, 2003.
598:Gardiner v. Gardiner
210:on October 7, 2002.
164:Marshall G. Gardiner
145:Kansas Supreme Court
118:Donald L. Allegrucci
99:Donald L. Allegrucci
703:2008-10-11 at the
691:2013-09-23 at the
613:Transgender Rights
453:The New York Times
493:on March 29, 2015
228:birth certificate
153:same-sex marriage
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149:trans woman
141:42 P.3d 120
115:Decision by
84:Chief judge
716:Categories
265:References
208:certiorari
53:2002-03-15
579:cite book
461:0362-4331
224:Wisconsin
214:Criticism
172:Oskaloosa
61:Citations
701:Archived
689:Archived
656:: 1419–.
200:affirmed
516:(ed.).
466:June 4,
432:June 4,
312:: 179.
206:denied
180:no will
69:Holding
51: (
46:Decided
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318:439524
316:
162:, and
372:Salon
26:Court
631:2012
618:ISBN
585:link
571:2012
558:ISBN
537:2012
524:ISBN
499:2012
468:2019
457:ISSN
434:2019
408:2012
380:2012
352:2012
339:ISBN
314:SSRN
291:2012
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