817:
are compulsorily covered by sickness insurance, unlike the self-employed, whose sickness insurance is voluntary (and there is no penalisation for opting out of the insurance). It is calculated through a series of reductions of an assessment base. Employees' sickness insurance provides 4 types of sickness benefits: benefits for caring for a family member, pregnancy and maternity allowance, maternity allowance. It is standard to go on paid maternity leave in the Czech
Republic, which ordinarily lasts 28 weeks. This period is prolonged to 37 weeks in the case of twins. Furthermore, there are special circumstances, such as the birth of a disabled child, when this period is extended even more. The beginning of maternity leave is usually 6 weeks before expected due date, and after maternity leave, it is possible to request further parental leave, which is optional and can be performed by either parent, regardless of gender. Parental leave lasts up to four years, depending on individual preferences.
1443:
or not working can also apply to be protected under SSS programme. SSS provide benefits for unemployment, death, funeral, maternity leave, disabilities and many more. Members of SSS who experienced accident or death due to work activity, can also claim for double compensation under the
Employees' Compensation (EC) programme. SSS also allows its members to apply for salary loans, based on their monthly salary and calamity loan, if their place is declared as "state of calamity" by the government. SSS also have two voluntary saving programs, PESO Fund and Flexi Fund to help prepare their members with a stable income for retirement. Government servants are protected under the Government Service Insurance System or GSIS. Just like SSS, GSIS also provide their members with retirement benefits, life insurance and employee compensation.
821:
pension insurance is mandatory for economically active individuals. For those on various forms of benefits, or currently registered as a care provider, this insurance is provided by the state. The basic pension insurance provides, in time old-age pension (includes regular, proportional, early and other variants of old-age pension), disability benefits, widower's and orphan's pension. Pension insurance is applied for at the
District Social Security Administration in the applicant's place of permanent residence. They can apply in person or by proxy, on the basis of a notarized power of attorney. The amount of the pension consists of two component – the basic acreage and the percentage acreage.
859:
and self-sufficiency. The
Estonian welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. The Estonian welfare state is funded through a mix of taxation and public spending, and it relies on a strong social security system to provide support to citizens in need. However, compared to other welfare states, it has relatively low levels of social spending and may rely more on private sector solutions to address social welfare issues.
62:
1937:
criteria, may to some extent over-privilege Sweden (and other Nordic countries) in terms of, for instance, gender and racial equality. For example, they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well-being incorporating issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship (Pringle 2011), then some major forms of men's domination and/or white privilege can be seen to still stubbornly persist in the Nordic countries, e.g. business, violence to women, sexual violence to children, the military, academia and religion (Hearn and
Pringle 2006; Hearn et al. 2018; Pringle 2016).
868:
1616:. One of the most particular features of the Mediterranean model is the large role of the family, which combines with the market and the state in the provision of welfare. Thus, the state assumes that the family covers certain services (such as childcare or care for the elderly), which in other models would be covered by the state. As for the labor market, it is characterized by high employment protection, the persistence of gender biases and a lower dispersion of workers' wages due to the importance of trade unions in negotiations.
2098:
2193:
239:
1612:, countries in the Mediterranean region where social protection arrived late, in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. It is a model that mixes elements of the liberal (or Anglo-Saxon) and continental (or Bismarckian) welfare state. It is characterized as the welfare model with the lowest spending, with little investment in social assistance, a more fragmented social security system, and high spending on pensions, making pension benefits greater than
894:
financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. The
Finnish welfare state relies on a strong social security system to provide support to citizens in need. It also places a strong emphasis on promoting social cohesion and reducing income inequality, and it has a relatively high level of social spending compared to other countries.
1796:
1544:
1477:
2114:
1662:, social welfare policies to prevent and end poverty, free education, social security policies, security and justice policies or access to housing. Free public health care policies are aimed at improving people's living conditions and provide the medical and pharmaceutical services necessary to protect and restore the health of the insured. Health care is one of the benefits universally recognized for all citizens.
522:
310:
and provide relief to the urban and rural poor.” This system, however, was weakened after imperialism entered China following the 1840 Opium War and the
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), which resulted in a crisis in the Qing Dynasty. Following the foundation of the Republic in 1912 and the following years of civil wars and warlordism, “the state granary system became almost non-existent.”
1226:, and capabilities approaches into poverty alleviation. They focus on income transfers and service provisions while aiming to alleviate both long- and short-term poverty through, among other things, education, health, security, and housing. Unlike previous programs that targeted the working class, new programs have successfully focused on locating and targeting the very poorest.
844:
are not provided by the state directly, but administered by municipalities, regions or private providers through outsourcing. This sometimes gives a source of tension between the state and municipalities, as there is not always consistency between the promises of welfare provided by the state (i.e. parliament) and local perception of what it would cost to fulfill these promises.
1400:
tax legislation that made it difficult for wealthy sheep farmers to hold onto their large land holdings. This and the invention of refrigeration led to a farming revolution where many sheep farms were broken up and sold to become smaller dairy farms. This enabled thousands of new farmers to buy land and develop a new and vigorous industry that has become the backbone of
825:
a distinction between disability pension for individuals with first, second and third degree disability. The amount of the pension depends on the rate of decline of the person's ability to work, with the categories being divided between the first degree (a decrease of 35–49%), the second degree (a decrease of 50–69%), and the third degree (a decrease of 70% and above).
829:
has received an old-age or disability pension or has fulfilled the statutory condition on the required insurance period at the date of death. The amount of the assessment is 10% of the average wage and the amount of the percentage assessment is 50% of the percentage of the old-age or disability pension to which the deceased was entitled at the time of their death.
777:, most social services were provided by religious charities and other private groups. Changing government policy between the 1930s and 1960s saw the emergence of a welfare state, similar to many Western European countries. Most programs from that era are still in use, although many were scaled back during the 1990s as government priorities shifted towards reducing
1836:
805:), public policy related to unemployment and low income benefits, which are financed through the government budget, and health insurance, which is financed through an array of insurance companies. Therefore, the social welfare program is usually separated into three categories: health insurance, social insurance and social benefits support.
1424:
Norwegian welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families.
2283:
The welfare-to-work intervention programme is unlikely to have any impacts on the mental and physical health of lone parents and children. Even when the employment and income rates were higher in this group of people, the poverty rate was high which could lead to persistently high rates of depression
1699:
or retirement (if they have not contributed enough to qualify for a contributory pension). This public pension model is often supported by a private dimension formed by pension plans to which workers contribute a percentage of their salary during their working life, to receive a larger pension during
1457:
The Polish welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for
1442:
In
Philippines, social welfare is divided into two. The first one is called Social Security System (SSS) and the other one is called Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). Social Security System or SSS is a social insurance program for workers in private sector. Individuals who are self-employed
927:
is a strong value of the French Social
Protection system. The first article of the French Code of Social Security describes the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is commonly comprehended in relations of similar work, shared responsibility and common risks. Existing solidarities in France caused the
858:
Estonia does have a welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens. The
Estonian welfare state is a liberal welfare state, which means that it provides a minimal safety net for citizens in need and places a greater emphasis on individual responsibility
843:
Danish welfare is handled by the state through a series of policies (and the like) that seeks to provide welfare services to citizens, hence the term welfare state. This refers not only to social benefits, but also tax-funded education, public child care, medical care, etc. A number of these services
824:
Another form of pension is the disability pension. This is provided to individuals that are unable to participate in the workforce to the same degree as their able-bodied counterparts, due to their disability contributing to the decline of their ability to work (be it partially or entirely). There is
309:
began to partner with the church to provide welfare and education to the lower classes. In the 18th Century, according to one study, the Qing Dynasty had “the most elaborate relief system in world history, based on state and local granaries that were used in times of shortage to stabilize food prices
2258:
billion to charity in 2014. This is rewarded by the United States government through tax credits for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries. Since these per capita charity sums are much higher than in all other countries, this means that private people and companies
1936:
Viewing Swedish welfare more broadly, it emerges as highly rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well-being (e.g. World Economic Forum 2020). However, some Nordic-based welfare and gender researchers have argued that such assessments, based on conventional welfare/well-being
893:
welfare state is based on the principles of social equality and the belief that all citizens should have access to the same basic rights and opportunities. It provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides
828:
Furthermore, there is a so-called widow's / widower's pension. Provided to widowed individuals from the Czech pension system, its aim is to compensate households for losing income that they would in this situation be lacking. The widowed individual is entitled to a pension from a deceased person who
1646:
Social policies in Spain constitute a set of legislation, decisions and activities that seek to promote the welfare of all Spaniards and improve their quality of life, facilitating access to society's goods and resources to cover their basic needs and respond to complex situations that citizens may
1638:
and with the arrival of democracy, it would be when the existence of public needs not covered by the State became evident, and when education, health and social services were universalized. This advance of the welfare state was also marked by the economic crisis, which led to a deterioration of the
719:
by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941 (superseding the 1927 New South Wales scheme); a widows' pension in 1942 (superseding the New South Wales 1926 scheme); a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and
1399:
New Zealand is often regarded as having one of the first comprehensive welfare systems in the world. During the 1890s, a Liberal government adopted many social programmes to help the poor who had suffered from a long economic depression in the 1880s. One of the most far reaching was the passing of
1190:
social protection programs. Social protection embraces three major areas: social insurance, financed by workers and employers; social assistance to the population's poorest, financed by the state; and labor market regulations to protect worker rights. Although diverse, recent Latin American social
820:
Pension insurance is part of social insurance, in addition to sickness insurance and serves as a contribution to the state employment policy. It is a premium for old age retirement, disability retirement or benefits in the event of the death of the primary provider in a household. Participation in
816:
The sickness insurance system is intended for gainfully employed individuals who, in cases of short-term social events, are provided with health insurance benefits. These are provided through financial benefits. Sickness insurance participants are employees and self-employed individuals. Employees
812:
insurance that provides citizens for a future unforeseen social event, such as unemployment or disability that would prevent an individual from working, but also planned retirement. Social insurance is therefore compulsory for all self-employed individuals, employees and employers operating in the
5357:
A Treatise on the Poor Law of England Being a Review of the Origin, and Various Alterations that Have Been Made in the Law of Settlements and Removals; and the Proposed Schemes Relating to National, Union, and Other Extended Areas for Raising Poor Rates, by Equalised Assessments, Or Otherwise By
1423:
Norway has a strong welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens. The Norwegian welfare state is based on the principles of social democracy, which means that it has a strong focus on reducing income inequality and promoting social cohesion. The
1408:
in the 1880s and women. Pensions for the elderly, the poor and war casualties followed, with State-run schools, hospitals and subsidized medical and dental care. By 1960, New Zealand was able to afford one of the best-developed and most comprehensive welfare systems in the world, supported by a
289:
government (960 CE) supported multiple programs which could be classified as social welfare, including the state hospitals, low-interest loans for peasants, state orphanages, free pharmacies for the poor, filled state granaries, fire stations and libraries in the large cities, retirement homes,
1694:
covers people who suffer the death of their spouse. Contributory pensions are transfers from the state that depend on the worker's previous contribution and vary according to the number of years worked and the worker's contribution. Non-contributory pensions, on the other hand, have a welfare
1172:
Social welfare, assistance for the ill or otherwise disabled and for the old, has long been provided in Japan by both the government and private companies. Beginning in the 1920s, the government enacted a series of welfare programs, based mainly on European models, to provide medical care and
619:
benefits, financial assistance provided for those who are unable to cover basic needs, such as food, clothing and housing, due to poverty or lack of income because of unemployment, sickness, disability, or caring for children. While assistance is often in the form of financial payments, those
738:
in the European tradition; however, it is not referred to as "welfare", but rather as "social programs". In Canada, "welfare" usually refers specifically to direct payments to poor individuals (as in the American usage) and not to healthcare and education spending (as in the European usage).
1588:
model based on three pillars: education, health, and pensions. As in most European countries, in Spain the Welfare State is a great achievement for its society since the State guarantees protection to all people who may find themselves in a situation of economic difficulty or any other. The
982:, beginning at €192 per month for the first and second child, €198 for the third and €223 for each child thereafter, until they attain 25 years or receive their first professional qualification), and basic provisions for those unable to work or anyone with an income below the poverty line.
698:
Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves. The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the
620:
eligible for social welfare can usually access health and educational services free of charge. The amount of support is enough to cover basic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of an applicant's social and financial situation. See also
813:
Czech Republic and gets deducted from a salary in a similar manner to taxes. This insurance serves to finance unemployment support, disability benefits and covers a part of an employer's salary in cases of long-term illness that obstructs them from participating in the workforce.
801:, as is the tradition in Europe. Their goal is primarily preventing, but also mitigating social situations individuals may find themselves in through their lives. The social welfare is provided through social (including pension) insurance, sick insurance (not to be confused with
2221:(TANF). It encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals, and imposes a five-year lifetime limit on cash assistance. In FY 2010, 31.8% of TANF families were White, 31.9% were African-American, and 30.0% were Hispanic.
2184:
and urban riots from the mid 1960s. Welfare had by then shifted from being a white issue to being a black issue and during this time frame the war on poverty had already begun. Subsequently, news media portrayed stereotypes of black people as lazy and undeserving and as
1214:
led to a growing informal sector and a rapid increase in poverty and inequality. Latin American countries did not have the institutions and funds to properly handle such a crisis, both due to the structure of the social security system, and to the previously implemented
969:
stated "We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare." Today, the social protection of all its citizens is considered a central pillar of German national policy. 27.6 percent of Germany's GDP is channeled into an all-embracing system of health, pension,
1458:
low-income families. It has undergone significant changes in recent years, including the implementation of structural reforms and the introduction of market-oriented policies, which have had an impact on the level and quality of social services provided.
2167:
AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the
627:
Non-contributory benefits. Several countries have special schemes, administered with no requirement for contributions and no means test, for people in certain categories of need, such as veterans of armed forces, people with disabilities, and very old
313:
Throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire, various social welfare services and institutions were established. Provision was also made for the State to provide food and clothing for children that parents were unable to bring up due to indigence.
1777:, but it also has a polarizing character in society. The low state investment in public education has led to an increase in the number of private and charter schools that have greater resources and create inequality in basic compulsory education.
706:
In 1900, the states of New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the Australian labor Commonwealth government led by
2179:
Until early in the year 1965, the news media conveyed the idea that only white people lived in poverty, but then black people were presented more often than white people in this plight. Some of the influences on this shift may have been the
2212:
changed the structure of Welfare payments and added new criteria to states that received Welfare funding. After reforms that President Clinton said would "end Welfare as we know it", amounts from the federal government were given out in a
2259:
have a strong say in how social assistance is carried out. This means that public funds in the form of unpaid taxes are distributed according to less professional, less objective, and less unbiased criteria than in all other countries.
2497:
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the
1132:. Social security schemes include pensions for the elderly and the disabled, unemployment benefits, and income support for low income households. All residents of Israel must pay insurance contributions to qualify for welfare.
1229:
The impacts of social assistance programs vary between countries, and many programs have yet to be fully evaluated. According to Barrientos and Santibanez, the programs have been more successful in increasing investment in
1670:
from the age of 6 to 16. After that, citizens can also have free access to high school and vocational training. University studies, although not free, are also financed by the Spanish State. The educational model has a
2253:
The United States has also typically relied on charitable giving through non-profit agencies and fundraising instead of direct monetary assistance from the government itself. According to Giving USA, Americans gave $
2078:
claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0.09 percentage point rise in food bank use. The austerity programme has faced opposition from disability rights groups for disproportionately affecting disabled people. The
4355:"Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social – Portal Estadístico del SNS – Gasto sanitario público: millones de euros, porcentaje sobre el PIB y euros por habitante según los países de Unión Europea (UE-28)"
2517:
and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
2232:
rose to 15.1% (46.2 million) in 2010, up from 14.3% (approximately 43.6 million) in 2009 and to its highest level since 1993. In 2008, 13.2% (39.8 million) Americans lived in relative poverty.
1665:
Education is another of the pillars of Spanish welfare. Educational policies are focused on guaranteeing access to the entire population, without any kind of discrimination, to free and compulsory general
985:
Since 2005, reception of full unemployment pay (60–67% of the previous net salary) has been restricted to 12 months in general and 18 months for those over 55. This is now followed by (usually much lower)
1234:
than in bringing households above the poverty line. Challenges still exist, including the extreme inequality levels and the mass scale of poverty; locating a financial basis for programs; and deciding on
711:
introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced in 1912.
4426:
Pringle K (2011). "Comparative Studies of Well-Being in Terms of Gender, Ethnicity and the Concept of Bodily Citizenship: Turning Esping-Andersen on His Head?". In Oleksy E, Hearn J, Golańska D (eds.).
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1925:), and 30% of a tax category called employer fees on salaries (which is 33% on a netted income). Since January 2001, the 18.5% is divided in two parts: 16% goes to current payments, and 2.5% goes into
3463:
5079:
1072:
1906:
on all levels of government as well as private organizations. It can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries; social welfare, falling under the responsibility of
1001:
As of 2022, under ALG II, single adults receive up to €449 per month plus the cost of 'adequate' housing. ALG II can also be paid partially to employed persons to supplement a low work income.
2083:
is an austerity measure that has attracted particular criticism, with activists arguing that two-thirds of council houses affected by the policy are occupied with a person with a disability.
2070:... is the cuts in welfare benefits." The government's austerity programme, which involves reduction in government policy, has been linked to a rise in food banks. A study published in the
4306:
1247:
The economic crisis of the 1980s led to a shift in social policies, as understandings of poverty and social programs evolved (24). New, mostly short-term programs emerged. These include:
1354:. Transfer cash directly to households, most often through the women of the household, if certain conditions are met (e.g. children's school attendance or doctor visits) (10). Providing
3176:
1715:
are strongly developed. Spain lags behind EU values in social protection spending measured both as a percentage of GDP and in absolute terms and in the proportion of adults working in
1050:
play roles in developing and implementing social security policies. Additional welfare measure systems are also uniquely operated by various state governments. The government uses the
2053:
2851:
1647:
face. These policies are governed by the principles of equality and equity. The social policies of the Spanish State, like those of most countries in the world, are in line with the
1517:
Sri Lanka has a long history of social programmes dating back to its ancient times, deep-rooted in the island's Buddhist culture. Modern social welfare legislation dates back to the
1921:
Government pension payments are financed through an 18.5% pension tax on all taxed incomes in the country, which comes partly from a tax category called a public pension fee (7% on
238:
502:
argues that the traditional payroll-based model of many kinds of social insurance are "increasingly challenged by working arrangements outside standard employment contracts".
2217:
per state based on population. Each state must meet certain criteria to ensure recipients are being encouraged to work themselves out of Welfare. The new program is called
634:
Universal or categorical benefits, also known as demogrants. These are non-contributory benefits given for whole sections of the population without a means test, such as
5969:
5940:
5384:
5242:
5232:
5223:
2242:, Peter Ferrara stated that, "The best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested Welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is nearly $ 700
1727:
is polarized, which means that the higher income groups use private services (especially in health and education), while the lower income groups use public services.
1534:
1194:
The 1980s, had a significant effect on social protection policies. Prior to the 1980s, most Latin American countries focused on social insurance policies involving
5174:
Sheldon Danziger, Robert Haveman, and Robert Plotnick (1981). "How Income Transfer Programs Affect Work, Savings, and the Income Distribution: A Critical Review",
3520:
2299:
and unnecessary, and research in different contexts shows enforcing conditionalities can result in additional burdens for recipients and social service providers.
170:, the state assumes responsibility for the health, education, infrastructure and welfare of society, providing a range of social services such as those described.
4194:
2176:
were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression.
1907:
1125:
381:
system was frequently inefficient and corrupt; Islamic jurists often instructed Muslims to distribute money to the needy directly instead to maximize its impact.
3419:
3848:
2049:
1675:
character and the competences, functions, services, and resources in the field of education have been transferred from the central government to the different
1623:
ratified on December 29, 1978. It relies especially on Article 27 on education, Article 41 on the social security system and Article 50 on the pension system.
1619:
The Spanish social welfare program can be separated into three categories or fundamental pillars: education, health, and pension system, as established in the
661:
In developing countries, formal social security arrangements are often absent for the vast majority of the working population, in part due to reliance on the
5944:
3890:
2702:
2391:
5356:
3960:
1911:
1158:
systems. In 1978, a universalistic welfare model was introduced in Italy, offering a number of universal and free services such as a National Health Fund.
4044:
3155:"Benthall, Jonathan & Bellion-Jourdan, J. The Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World, second ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p. 17"
2787:"Benthall, Jonathan & Bellion-Jourdan, J. The Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World, second ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p. 17"
2136:, or it can be used to refer to all means-tested programs that help individuals or families meet basic needs, including, for example, health care through
6056:
5525:
3455:
2386:
2145:
1530:
3862:
613:, state-sponsored programs based partly on individual contributions towards benefits such as healthcare, unemployment payments, and old-age pensions.
452:
It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries.
204:(1944–1951). In the countries of western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, social welfare is mainly provided by the government out of the national
5664:
5499:
5213:
2246:
billion, up a third since 2008, according to the Heritage Foundation. Counting state spending, total Welfare spending for 2010 reached nearly $ 900
2479:
2250:
billion, up nearly one-fourth since 2008 (24.3%)." California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.
2218:
2130:
2126:
217:
4518:
4086:
2901:
Commentaries on the Liberty of the Subject and the Laws of England Relating to the Security of the Person Volume 2 By James Paterson, 1877 P.9-10
1902:
Social welfare in Sweden is made up of several organizations and systems dealing with welfare. It is mostly funded by taxes, and executed by the
4330:
3546:
5856:
5552:
5269:
5063:
4233:
3212:
3138:
3103:
3076:
3049:
2991:
2731:
2686:
2659:
1786:
305:...". Ancient Greek city-states provided free medical services for the poor and slaves. From the 14th century onward, the governments of the
221:
2334:
the proximity and concentration of the beneficiaries (this affects the ease by which beneficiaries can organize to protect a social program)
5577:
4492:
2499:
2467:
2366:
2092:
1433:
491:. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories; Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal.
37:"Social security", "Social welfare", and "Social programs" redirect here. For specific systems named "Social Security" and other uses, see
665:. Additionally, the state's capacity to reach people may be limited because of its limited infrastructure and resources. In this context,
4132:
3494:
3255:
1946:
1437:
1378:. Recent programs have been more successful than past ones in targeting the poorest. Previous programs often targeted the working class.
971:
434:
5997:
5936:
4666:
1154:
variant. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, increases in public spending and a major focus on universality brought it on the same path as
196:
in 1889. In the early 20th century, the United Kingdom introduced social security around 1913, and adopted the welfare state with the
5292:
5203:
5166:
4255:
3436:
Mendoza, Roger Lee (1990). The political economy of population control and retirement security in China, India and the Philippines.
3237:
2946:
2421:
1875:
1032:
569:
543:
101:
4065:
2900:
2189:. These shifts in media presentation did not necessarily reflect a decrease in the percentage of the population living in poverty.
4766:
494:
A report published by the ILO in 2014 estimated only 27% of the world population has access to comprehensive social security. The
6089:
5911:
4541:
1467:
1024:
590:, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but welfare is commonly provided to individuals who are
38:
61:
6038:
5955:
5370:
4868:
2580:
2483:
2157:
1915:
1746:
average stood at €2,244 per capita. It is even more worrying when the spending figure is separated between what is invested in
1735:
1676:
639:
457:
4009:
6060:
5844:
5838:
1926:
1593:
implemented by the Spanish State, as in the rest of Europe, are a set of measures and tools aimed at protecting and ensuring
643:
547:
3822:
2268:
1594:
915:
3915:
3576:
5962:
5799:
5768:
5377:
4893:
3785:
3285:
2169:
1930:
1648:
919:
670:
4737:
2302:
A 2008 study by welfare economist and Brown University Professor Allan M. Feldman suggests that welfare can achieve both
388:) is a matter of religious obligation rather than benevolence. Contemporary charity is regarded as a continuation of the
5695:
4799:
2229:
2141:
2034:
693:
4962:
4281:
3274:
2748:
2045:
867:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5229:
4914:"Welfare-to-work Interventions and Their Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Lone Parents and Their Children"
4841:
2292:
2225:
1972:
907:
197:
4616:
3334:
2478:
refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people. In the United States, it often refers to the
2328:
the size of the social program benefits (larger benefits incentivize greater mobilization to defend a social program)
1853:
1846:
532:
357:, as a codified universal social security tax. Traditionally estimated at 2.5% of an individual's assets, government
5317:
Grass roots private welfare: winning essays of the 1956 national competition of the Foundation for voluntary Welfare
4476:
Pringle K (2016). "Doing (Oppressive) Gender via Men's Relations with Children". In Hayren A, Henriksson HW (eds.).
2815:
399:, as well as Biblical practices, such as permitting the poor to glean the corners of a field and harvest during the
270:
or grain dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food every month. Social welfare was enlarged by the Emperor
6099:
6033:
6017:
5978:
5872:
5861:
5710:
5690:
5572:
3678:
3375:
1173:
financial support. During the postwar period, a comprehensive system of social security was gradually established.
1043:
966:
774:
762:
billion in 2006. Only social programs that direct funds to individuals are included in that cost; programs such as
193:
551:
536:
6084:
5439:
3971:
3026:
3015:
2471:
2288:
1893:
1349:
1047:
782:
729:
291:
4405:
2723:
Between Soft and Hard Law: The Impact of International Social Security Standards on National Social Security Law
1054:
system to distribute welfare measures in India. Some of the social programmes undertaken by the government are:
673:
and local community-based programs, to alleviate poverty and provide security against things like unemployment.
6094:
5789:
5716:
5700:
4461:
Hearn Jeff; Pringle Keith; Balkmar Dag (2018). "Men, Masculinities and Social Policy". In Shaver Sheila (ed.).
3401:
3302:
2161:
1763:
1579:
1518:
1010:
499:
465:
213:
31:
5040:
Feldman, Allan M. (31 March 2017). Vernengo, Matias; Perez Caldentey, Esteban; Rosser, Barkley J. Jr. (eds.).
3654:
2075:
2002:
1401:
422:, the function of welfare payments in Europe was achieved through private giving or charity, through numerous
133:
4354:
2113:
1384:. Programs have attempted to address many dimensions of poverty at once. Chile Solidario is the best example.
6104:
5895:
5832:
2545:
2303:
2080:
1751:
42:
4912:
Gibson M, Thomson H, Banas K, Lutje V, McKee MJ, Martin SP, Fenton C, Bambra C, Bond L (26 February 2018).
3995:
2920:
1634:, when it began to develop through the Social Security Law of 1963. Later, after the death of the dictator
978:, compared to 16.2 percent in the US. In addition, there are tax-financed services such as child benefits (
5748:
5504:
5333:
42.4 (2023): 305-316. on welfare for soldiers and their families; also impact of warfare on welfare state
3939:
3524:
2337:
the duration of the benefits (longer benefits incentivize greater mobilization to defend a social program)
1394:
1223:
975:
911:
700:
442:
5358:
James Dunstan 1850 (Contains information on social welfare provisions for the poor in ancient societies)
2272:
2181:
2153:
2102:
1897:
1620:
1613:
1216:
1141:
1020:
947:
419:
354:
298:
125:
5329:
Huddie, Paul, and Amy Carney. "Military welfare history: what is it and why should it be considered?."
4526:
3154:
2786:
2097:
1651:, and, as the rest of the European Welfare States, also depend on the guidelines of a higher body, the
631:
Discretionary benefits. Some schemes are based on the decision of an official, such as a social worker.
3554:
2340:
the manner in which a program is administered (whether the program is inclusive and follow principles)
2331:
the visibility and traceability of the benefits (whether recipients know where the benefits come from)
460:
of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes. In Great Britain the
5557:
5494:
5469:
5444:
5393:
5253:
5020:
1996:
1755:
1731:
1659:
1512:
1203:
1091:(US$ 260 billion), which was 8.3% of gross domestic product (GDP). In 2020, the expenditure was
1016:
326:
155:
113:
5334:
3041:
Mutual Insurance 1550–2015: From Guild Welfare and Friendly Societies to Contemporary Micro-Insurers
1042:'s social programmes and welfare expenditures are a substantial portion of the official budget, and
5917:
5866:
5826:
5794:
5773:
5562:
5434:
2645:
2376:
2192:
2106:
1720:
1640:
1039:
751:
747:
306:
163:
137:
129:
1730:
The Spanish state's low investment in public spending affects the quality of its services. As for
5805:
5609:
5479:
5454:
5002:
4582:
3357:
3306:
2510:
2356:
2321:
According to a 2012 review study, whether a welfare program generates public support depends on:
2310:
in the market, although different points of Pareto efficiency are more fair to some than others.
2008:
1121:
1117:
1067:
937:
884:
473:
469:
461:
431:
182:
4816:
4800:
Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients – Fiscal Year 2010
3916:"COVID-19: West Bengal Announces Rs 10 Lakh Health Insurance For Frontline Workers, Journalists"
1691:
1687:
278:. Other provisions for the poor were introduced during the history of Ancient Rome, such as the
4045:"Number of days of entitlement to payment per month – Period of entitlement | ביטוח לאומי"
2970:
The New Public Health By Theodore H. Tulchinsky, Elena A. Varavikova, Matan J. Cohen. 2023, P.4
2513:
adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing,
1933:
for future pension costs, are roughly five times annual government pension expenses (725/150).
100:
programs which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most disability benefits). The
5850:
5721:
5659:
5644:
5634:
5265:
5199:
5162:
5135:
5059:
4994:
4943:
4898:
4662:
4574:
3233:
3208:
3202:
3134:
3128:
3109:
3099:
3072:
3045:
2987:
2942:
2933:
2877:"The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS"
2876:
2727:
2682:
2655:
2649:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2361:
2307:
2173:
2038:
2026:
1889:
1452:
1155:
1111:
958:
954:
903:
763:
755:
743:
669:
is often referred to instead of social security, encompassing a broader set of means, such as
656:
453:
330:
275:
53:
3252:
3093:
3066:
3039:
2721:
1404:
to this day. This liberal tradition flourished with increased enfranchisement for indigenous
6079:
5705:
5484:
5249:
5191:
5125:
5087:
5049:
5025:
4984:
4974:
4933:
4925:
4812:
4564:
4556:
3349:
2938:
2676:
2606:
2514:
2401:
2149:
1672:
1635:
1359:
1167:
802:
767:
662:
635:
610:
484:
411:
407:
189:
89:
66:
4030:
2121:
In the United States, depending on the context, the term "welfare" can be used to refer to
1084:
As of 2023, the government's expenditure on social programme and welfare was approximately
487:, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland which employ a system known as the
5992:
5763:
5654:
5624:
5257:
5130:
5113:
3486:
3259:
2540:
2058:
1990:
1966:
1766:
of the Welfare State and have made the private sector acquire great importance in Spanish
1667:
1631:
1199:
427:
105:
46:
4682:
3630:
2624:
1405:
4854:
3782:
Origins of the French welfare state: The struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947
5758:
5674:
5639:
5629:
5619:
5464:
5238:
4963:"Financialization and Welfare Surveillance: Regulating the Poor in Technological Times"
4938:
4913:
4774:
4712:
4195:
New Forms of Social, Assistance and the Evolution of Social Protection in Latin America
2436:
2431:
2381:
2371:
1984:
1978:
1857:
1743:
1739:
1716:
1708:
1652:
1355:
1207:
1187:
1102:
20 trillion or US$ 240 billion in 2023), accounting for 7.7% of GDP.
872:
794:
621:
477:
318:
201:
159:
117:
4590:
2561:
1795:
1543:
1476:
1418:
838:
80:
is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet
6073:
5753:
5604:
5509:
5489:
5429:
5362:
5195:
5091:
5054:
5041:
5006:
4448:
European Perspectives on Men and Masculinities: National and Transnational Approaches
3797:
3727:
3547:"National Standards and Social Programs: What the Federal Government Can Do (BP379e)"
3361:
2503:
2411:
2278:
2186:
1960:
1903:
1774:
1724:
1712:
1704:
1627:
1601:
1590:
1585:
1273:
1236:
1231:
1195:
1151:
1028:
995:
951:
941:
853:
798:
735:
716:
708:
682:
511:
437:, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor.
423:
233:
167:
109:
4586:
2584:
2033:, it was eventually abolished and replaced with a modern system by laws such as the
5669:
5614:
5567:
4929:
2441:
2351:
1929:, which were introduced in 2001. Money saved and invested in government funds, and
1922:
1770:, becoming more similar to the healthcare systems in Latin America than in Europe.
1759:
1723:
in general, compared to the rest of the world, is very high. Moreover, the Spanish
1211:
1129:
962:
890:
616:
591:
488:
286:
266:
257:
92:
programs which provide support only to those who have previously contributed (e.g.
5449:
3006:
Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union By Felix Wemheuer, 2014, P.30
2837:
876:
5346:
2981:
1734:, almost all healthcare competencies have been transferred from the State to the
188:, as early examples of universal government welfare. The first welfare state was
17:
5424:
4478:
Critical Perspectives on Masculinities and Relationalities: In Relation to What?
3584:
3275:
World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work. Chapter 6
2296:
2133:
2063:
2014:
1852:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
1767:
1747:
1363:
1147:
521:
438:
205:
81:
2678:
Social Security And Welfare: Concepts And Comparisons: Concepts and Comparisons
1707:
is considered to be very scarce and less developed, especially compared to the
483:
Modern welfare states include Germany, France, the Netherlands, as well as the
5474:
5459:
5419:
4140:
3376:"More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection"
3113:
2122:
2029:
which date back to 1536. After various reforms to the program, which involved
1696:
924:
595:
495:
392:
174:
144:
121:
5351:
5139:
4998:
4107:
3353:
606:. Programs may have a variety of conditions for a person to receive welfare:
143:
More broadly, welfare may also encompass efforts to provide a basic level of
5649:
4979:
4432:
4163:
2214:
2030:
1251:
583:
446:
334:
4947:
4578:
4569:
4493:"Public spending by UK government department 2011–12: an interactive guide"
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
1758:, such as long waiting lists, even for life-threatening operations, scarce
1686:. The Spanish pension system includes a wide variety of pensions including
1366:), or in paying for the transportation costs of getting to a health clinic.
3769:
A Divided Path: The German Influence on Social Reform in France After 1870
3751:
715:
During the Second World War, Australia under a labor government created a
325:
until the abolition of the guild system in the early 19th century. In the
5947:
4197:". Journal of Latin American Studies. Cambridge University Press 41, 1–26
2807:
2446:
2196:
A chart showing the overall decline of average monthly welfare benefits (
2137:
1754:. This ends up causing a great lack of resources and deficiencies in the
1609:
1303:
1285:
1146:
The Italian welfare state's foundations were laid along the lines of the
950:. Due to the pressure of the workers' movement in the late 19th century,
415:
385:
337:
could take control of the collection and distribution of public welfare.
295:
279:
261:
70:
3682:
2025:
The United Kingdom has a long history of welfare, notably including the
1031:
to all citizens. The welfare system was fragmented until the passing of
5397:
4989:
3703:
3420:"Track 2: Social Security and Social Protection: Developing Discourses"
2958:
1683:
1604:
model is found not only in Spain, but also in countries such as Italy,
1597:, especially in the field of education, health, and economic security.
1372:. The household has been the focal point of social assistance programs.
1294:
1261:
1051:
809:
603:
599:
587:
374:
370:
362:
148:
93:
4767:"Stimulus Bill Abolishes Welfare Reform and Adds New Welfare Spending"
4639:
In the Shadow Of the Poorhouse: A Social History Of Welfare In America
4560:
3798:"Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth"
3177:"The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving"
2776:
Third Edition (1999), Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley Eds., p. 919.
2238:
2074:
in 2015 found that each one percentage point increase in the rate of
1605:
1323:
400:
341:
301:
operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor
271:
4378:
4683:"Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 2008"
3230:
Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia
2756:. Netherlands Institute for Social Research, SCP. pp. 111–126.
2325:
whether the program is universal or targeted towards certain groups
720:
special benefits in 1945 (superseding the Queensland 1923 scheme).
5188:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
5159:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
2750:
Rules of Relief: Institutions of Social Security, and Their Impact
2191:
2096:
1362:
for the parents in, for example, sending children to school (lost
866:
396:
389:
349:
322:
237:
60:
5262:
Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935–1996
4657:
Soss, Joe; Fording, Richard C. (2003). Schram, Sanford F. (ed.).
4331:"España sigue por debajo de la media de la UE en gasto sanitario"
3655:"Mateřská a rodičovská dovolená dle zákoníku | Zákony.centrum.cz"
3335:"Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures?"
2961:", the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain.
2313:
Some opponents of welfare argue that it affects work incentives.
1742:, in 2020 it was around 8% of GDP or €1907 per capita, while the
4894:
California lawmakers again waging political warfare over welfare
4207:
3321:
The global economy, national states and the regulation of labour
2201:
2197:
1332:
946:
The welfare state has a long tradition in Germany dating to the
778:
582:
Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments,
344:
290:
public clinics, and paupers' graveyards. According to economist
243:
185:
88:
may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to
5951:
5366:
3728:"Vdovský/vdovecký důchod – Česká správa sociálního zabezpečení"
3606:
3333:
Ferragina, Emanuele; Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin (30 October 2011).
2210:
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
361:
funds were distributed to various groups of Muslims, including
4961:
Bielefeld, Shelley; Harb, Jenna; Henne, Kathryn (2021-09-21).
3289:
2607:"Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities"
1829:
1790:
1682:
Finally, the third pillar of the Spanish welfare state is the
1538:
1471:
515:
209:
4429:
The Limits of Gendered Citizenship: Contexts and Complexities
4087:"Conditions of eligibility – Unemployment | ביטוח לאומי"
3849:"Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill"
3068:
Charity and Mutual Aid in Europe and North America Since 1800
1773:
Education is another of the pillars that support the Spanish
746:
covers a broad spectrum of programs, and because Canada is a
4542:"Austerity, sanctions, and the rise of food banks in the UK"
2112:
1690:, contributory pensions, and non-contributory pensions. The
1124:($ 22.8 billion) in 2014. They are administered by the
4282:"¿Cuáles son las políticas sociales más comunes en España?"
3891:"Welfare schemes, well-oiled PDS helping Tamil Nadu's poor"
3756:
Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness : an A-to-Z Guide
2934:
Economics as religión: from Samuelson to Chicago and beyond
2911:
Human Rights in Ancient Rome By Richard Bauman, 2012, P.109
1643:
to offer greater protection to the retired and unemployed.
1358:
or healthcare is often not sufficient, because there is an
1222:
New Welfare programs have integrated the multidimensional,
5274:
Samuel Lézé, "Welfare", in : Andrew Scull, J. (ed.),
5186:
Haveman, R.H (2001), "Poverty: Measurement and Analysis",
1219:
policies (SAPs) that had decreased the size of the state.
4802:". United States Department of Health and Human Services.
4661:(. ed.). Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan Press.
3961:"Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development"
3870:
Government of India | Ministry of Labour & Employment
3016:
Pauperism and Poor Laws by Robert Pashley, 1852,P.135-136
703:
during this period led to a movement for welfare reform.
3704:"Invalidní důchod – Česká správa sociálního zabezpečení"
3631:"Obecné informace – Česká správa sociálního zabezpečení"
274:. Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including
2625:"Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference?"
1806:
1554:
1487:
1191:
policy has tended to concentrate on social assistance.
384:
Likewise, in Jewish tradition, charity (represented by
2295:. Conditionalities are sometimes criticized as being
5157:
Blank, R.M (2001), "Welfare Programs, Economics of",
4108:"European Welfare States – Information and Resources"
3456:"History of Pensions and Other Benefits in Australia"
3027:
Pauperism and Poor Laws by Robert Pashley, 1852,P.137
1738:. Public health spending is below the average of the
1584:
Welfare in Spain is characterized by a Mediterranean
73:, which provides assistance to families with children
4617:"'Bedroom tax' puts added burden on disabled people"
4256:"Los cuatro modelos de Estado de Bienestar europeos"
3514:
3512:
3201:
M.A. Mohamed Salih (2004). Alexander De Waal (ed.).
2640:
2638:
6026:
5985:
5930:
5904:
5888:
5881:
5819:
5782:
5741:
5734:
5683:
5597:
5590:
5545:
5538:
5518:
5412:
5405:
4817:"From Welfare Shift in '96, a Reminder for Clinton"
3127:James B. Collins; Karen L. Taylor (15 April 2008).
2703:"International Labour Standards on Social security"
1343:
Major aspects of current social assistance programs
1128:, and by Israel's national social security agency,
4842:Revised govt formula shows new poverty high: 49.1M
1639:labor market and highlighted the need to increase
3996:"Social welfare spending in Israel – Taub Center"
2654:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130.
317:In later Protestant European nations such as the
4713:"Welfare Aid Isn't Growing as Economy Drops Off"
4491:Rogers, Simon; Blight, Garry (4 December 2012).
4193:Barrientos, A. and Claudio Santibanez. (2009). "
3940:"Social Infrastructure and Employment: Big Tent"
2983:The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria
2726:. Kluwer Law International B.V. pp. 32–41.
1658:Among these policies are those oriented towards
430:. Early welfare programs in Europe included the
212:(NGOs), and charities (social and religious). A
5352:OECD Social Expenditure database (SOCX) Website
4706:
4704:
3130:Early Modern Europe: Issues and Interpretations
2651:International Human Rights Law: An Introduction
1762:, etc. These deficiencies have accentuated the
1679:in both university and non-university matters.
1535:Department of Social Development (South Africa)
1239:or on the long-term establishment of programs.
994:, which is independent of previous employment (
638:or the public pension in New Zealand (known as
441:was substantially modified by the 19th-century
406:There is relatively little statistical data on
4066:"Income Support – Benefits | ביטוח לאומי"
3207:. Indiana University Press. pp. 148–149.
3204:Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa
2228:data released 13 September 2011, the nation's
1914:and labor market, under the responsibility of
1630:date back to the last decade of dictatorship,
1186:The 1980s marked a change in the structure of
1126:Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services
194:Bismarck government introduced social security
45:. For a broader sense of social programs, see
30:"Welfare" redirects here. For other uses, see
5963:
5378:
5289:, New York University Press, New York (1962)
3065:Bernard Harris; Paul Bridgen (6 April 2012).
2506:and the free development of his personality.
2172:primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal,
1910:; education, under the responsibility of the
1064:Statutory insurances for health and accidents
1035:, which standardised most of the programmes.
1023:, reflect that India is a welfare state. The
8:
4761:
4759:
3679:"Sociální Poradce: Důchodové pojištění – DP"
3095:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
2774:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
2392:List of countries by social welfare spending
365:and those in severe debt. The collection of
246:to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs
41:. For the model of societal well-being, see
5319:, New York University Press, New York 1957.
3450:
3448:
3446:
2284:whether they were in the programme or not.
2204:) per recipient 1962–2006 (in 2006 dollars)
1206:. The economic crisis of the 1980s and the
550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
476:system in 1911, a system later expanded by
5970:
5956:
5948:
5885:
5738:
5594:
5542:
5409:
5385:
5371:
5363:
4519:"Britain has gone climbing without a rope"
3098:. Princeton University Press. p. 26.
3038:Marco H. D. Van Leeuwen (31 August 2016).
2583:. Canadian Social Research. Archived from
2562:"How US welfare compares around the globe"
2387:List of countries by Social Progress Index
5222:"social insurance" by Stefania Albanesi.
5129:
5053:
4988:
4978:
4937:
4869:"America's Ever Expanding Welfare Empire"
4568:
4133:"The Evolution of Social Policy in Japan"
3968:Government of India | Ministry of Finance
3947:Government of India | Ministry of Finance
3577:"Government transfer payments to persons"
3462:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1988.
3044:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 70–71.
2681:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 4.
2066:commented that the "big shift from Labour
1952:UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12
1876:Learn how and when to remove this message
1531:Social welfare programmes in South Africa
928:expansion of health and social security.
570:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:is asserted in Articles 22 and 25 of the
173:Some historians view systems of codified
5665:Social determinants of health in poverty
5500:Social determinants of health in poverty
5228:"social insurance and public policy" by
5214:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
5046:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4794:
4792:
4234:"The Welfare State in Spain (1978–2013)"
4208:"Home – Chronic Poverty Research Centre"
754:. Canada has a wide range of government
52:For broader coverage of this topic, see
6027:National (subject specific deprivation)
5941:Measurements and definitions of poverty
5264:. (New York: Routledge, 2009). 241 pp.
5112:Campbell, Andrea Louise (11 May 2012).
4918:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4659:Race and the politics of welfare reform
4465:. Oxford: Edward Elgar. pp. 55–73.
4189:
4187:
4010:"Old Age – Benefits | ביטוח לאומי"
2532:
2486:is a specific social insurance program.
2480:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
2459:
2219:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
2131:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
2127:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1711:average, where social policies and the
1061:Financial inclusion of all individuals.
957:introduced the first rudimentary state
181:policy of the seventh century (634 CE)
110:support for the maintenance of children
5857:Scottish index of multiple deprivation
4463:"Handbook of Gender and Social Policy"
3133:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 224.
2818:from the original on 28 September 2019
2129:(AFDC) program and its successor, the
1352:(CCT) combined with service provisions
333:, the city governments in cities like
5553:Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
5211:Steven N. Durlauf et al., ed. (2008)
5131:10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202
4738:"Ending Welfare Reform as We Knew It"
4652:
4650:
4648:
4379:"Regeringskansliet med departementen"
4232:Gutiérrez Martínez, Ana (June 2014).
3527:from the original on 23 December 2014
3466:from the original on 23 December 2014
3270:
3268:
2839:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2560:Brown, Taylor Kate (26 August 2016).
1908:Ministry of Health and Social Affairs
1787:Social programs in sub-Saharan Africa
602:, those with dependent children, and
222:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
5578:Social determinants of mental health
5347:International Social Security Review
5276:Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness
3310:(magazine). Retrieved: 11 June 2016.
2500:economic, social and cultural rights
2367:Economic, social and cultural rights
2093:Social programs in the United States
2044:In more recent times, comparing the
1750:as such and what is invested in the
1434:Social Security System (Philippines)
548:adding citations to reliable sources
104:defines social security as covering
5998:Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)
5945:Social responsibility organizations
3497:from the original on 15 August 2012
1947:Welfare state in the United Kingdom
1438:Government Service Insurance System
1409:well-developed and stable economy.
1058:Direct cash transfers for the poor.
758:to individuals, which totaled $ 145
6057:Information graphics about poverty
5118:Annual Review of Political Science
4773:. 11 February 2009. Archived from
4711:Deparle, Jason (2 February 2009).
4446:Hearn Jeff; Pringle Keith (2006).
3863:"Social Security Policy for India"
2675:Walker, Robert (1 November 2004).
2146:food and nutrition programs (SNAP)
1912:Ministry of Education and Research
25:
5285:Alfred de Grazia, with Ted Gurr:
3583:. 4 November 2008. Archived from
3301:Shorto, Russell (29 April 2009).
3092:Hajo Holborn (21 December 1982).
2720:Frans Pennings (1 January 2006).
2707:International Labour Organization
2422:Four Pillars (Geneva Association)
1033:The Code on Social Security, 2020
445:, which introduced the system of
102:International Labour Organization
5912:Gender-related Development Index
5092:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2
5055:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2
4867:Ferrara, Peter (22 April 2011).
4450:. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmilla.
3319:Paul K. Edwards and Tony Elger,
2986:. Clarendon Press. p. 447.
1834:
1794:
1649:UN Sustainable Development Goals
1542:
1475:
1468:Social security system in Russia
1077:Various subsidies & benefits
1025:National Food Security Act, 2013
520:
4844:". Yahoo! News. 7 November 2011
4517:Martin Wolf (28 October 2011).
3851:. Times of India. 13 June 2013.
3519:Yeend, Peter (September 2000).
2372:Financing and benefit structure
2287:Income transfers can be either
1695:character and cover people for
1258:, Asignación Universal por Hijo
1150:-conservative model, or of its
773:Generally speaking, before the
683:Welfare state § By country
321:, welfare was managed by local
5986:National (general deprivation)
5845:Physical Quality of Life Index
5839:Multidimensional Poverty Index
5196:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02276-2
5176:Journal of Economic Literature
4930:10.1002/14651858.CD009820.pub3
4855:Poverty rate hits 15-year high
4615:Ryan, Frances (16 July 2013).
3827:Tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de
2125:cash benefits, especially the
1927:individual retirement accounts
1677:Spanish autonomous communities
1626:The beginnings of the Spanish
1080:Pensions & provident funds
1019:, enshrined in part IV of the
808:Social insurance is a type of
644:Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend
218:an adequate standard of living
1:
5873:Progress out of Poverty Index
5800:Disability-adjusted life year
5769:Social determinants of health
4857:". Reuters. 17 September 2010
4406:"Mind the 100 Year Gap, 2020"
4404:World Economic Forum (2019).
4280:Promedio, Pepe (2022-01-20).
3889:Ashok, Sowmiya (2020-04-04).
2959:Chapter1: Charity and Welfare
2931:Robert Henry Nelson (2001). "
2170:Works Progress Administration
1017:Directive Principles of India
942:Hartz_concept § Hartz_IV
247:
27:Means-oriented social benefit
5696:Homeless Vulnerability Index
5114:"Policy Makes Mass Politics"
4031:"General Disability Pension"
3681:. 2012-06-06. Archived from
3402:"Types of social protection"
2980:Philip Jones (22 May 1997).
2648:; Connie de la Vega (2007).
2509:Everyone has the right to a
2279:Welfare state § Effects
2142:Supplemental Security Income
2035:National Assistance Act 1948
988:Arbeitslosengeld II (ALG II)
873:Social Insurance Institution
694:Social security in Australia
426:and activities of different
234:Welfare state § History
210:non-government organizations
208:, and to a lesser extent by
106:support for those in old age
6039:Department of Environment's
5293:Review by Barrett Lyons in
4480:. Springer. pp. 23–34.
3914:Ravi, Reethu (2020-05-04).
3754:", in: Andrew Scull (ed.),
3523:. Parliament of Australia.
2269:Welfare's effect on poverty
1973:Disability Living Allowance
1198:workers, assuming that the
916:Revenu de solidarité active
908:Social protection in France
797:is outlined in a series of
198:National Insurance Act 1946
166:, and public housing. In a
65:A family support centre in
6121:
6034:Underprivileged area score
5862:Townsend deprivation index
5711:Genuine progress indicator
5691:Below Poverty Line (India)
4967:Surveillance & Society
3438:Philippine Economic Review
2276:
2266:
2090:
1944:
1887:
1784:
1577:
1528:
1510:
1465:
1450:
1431:
1416:
1392:
1165:
1139:
1109:
1073:Rural employment guarantee
1008:
967:National Socialist Program
935:
920:Revenu minimum d'insertion
901:
882:
851:
836:
727:
691:
680:
671:labour market intervention
654:
640:New Zealand Superannuation
512:Welfare state § Forms
509:
231:
84:such as food and shelter.
51:
36:
29:
6053:
6013:Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)
6008:Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)
6003:Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)
5937:Income inequality metrics
5573:Poverty and mental health
5440:Environmental degradation
4637:Katz, Michael B. (1988).
4540:Loopstra, Rachel (2015).
3460:Year Book Australia, 1988
3232:. Brill. pp. 45–55.
3071:. Routledge. p. 90.
2808:"Social Security History"
1894:Social security in Sweden
1756:Spanish healthcare system
1350:Conditional cash transfer
1299:Bono de Desarrollo Humano
730:Social programs in Canada
5790:India State Hunger Index
5717:Legatum Prosperity Index
5701:Misery index (economics)
5190:, pp. 11917–11924,
5161:, pp. 16426–16432,
4641:. New York: Basic Books.
4286:El blog de Pepe Promedio
4241:Universidad de Cantabria
4068:. Btl.gov.il. 2014-01-01
3784:. (Cambridge UP, 2002).
3758:, Sage, 2014, pp. 316–17
3491:The Dictionary of Sydney
3485:Garton, Stephen (2008).
3354:10.1332/030557311X603592
3253:The Poor Laws of England
2541:"Social welfare program"
1580:Social security in Spain
1519:Donoughmore Constitution
1290:Solidaridad por Colombia
1011:Social Programs in India
594:, those with illness or
500:World Development Report
466:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
214:right to social security
32:Welfare (disambiguation)
6090:Government aid programs
5896:Feminization of poverty
5833:Human Development Index
4980:10.24908/ss.v19i3.14244
3228:Fauzia, Amelia (2013).
2546:Encyclopedia Britannica
2304:competitive equilibrium
2072:British Medical Journal
2046:Cameron–Clegg coalition
1752:pharmaceutical industry
959:social insurance scheme
377:caliphates, though the
192:(1871–1918), where the
43:Social welfare function
5979:Indices of Deprivation
5749:Disability and poverty
5505:Violence against women
5315:Alfred de Grazia, ed.
5048:(2nd ed.): 1–14.
4307:"Estado del Bienestar"
3258:5 January 2010 at the
2747:J. C. Vrooman (2009).
2519:
2502:indispensable for his
2205:
2154:unemployment insurance
2148:. It can also include
2118:
2110:
1916:Ministry of Employment
1803:This section is empty.
1736:Autonomous Communities
1551:This section is empty.
1484:This section is empty.
1395:Welfare in New Zealand
1256:Jefes y Jefas de Hogar
1224:social risk management
1120:spend 86 billion
976:unemployment insurance
912:French Fifth Risk Plan
880:
770:are additional costs.
750:, many are run by the
443:Poor Law Amendment Act
347:implemented a form of
253:
74:
5568:psychological poverty
5526:Social Progress Index
4335:www.elsaltodiario.com
3342:Policy & Politics
2814:. 28 September 2019.
2495:
2273:Criticisms of welfare
2195:
2182:civil rights movement
2174:anti-poverty programs
2116:
2100:
2076:Jobseeker's Allowance
2003:Jobseeker's Allowance
1614:unemployment benefits
1402:New Zealand's economy
1217:structural adjustment
1202:would disappear with
1142:Italian welfare state
948:Industrial Revolution
870:
681:Further information:
420:Industrial Revolution
418:period and until the
369:increased during the
355:Five Pillars of Islam
299:Roman Catholic Church
241:
134:support for sufferers
64:
6061:Poverty-related maps
6055:Commons categories:
5774:Poverty and violence
5558:Learned helplessness
5495:Social vulnerability
5470:Relative deprivation
5445:Environmental racism
5254:Jennifer Mittelstadt
3998:. 27 September 2016.
3487:"Health and welfare"
1997:Attendance Allowance
1621:Spanish Constitution
1513:Welfare in Sri Lanka
1328:Red de Oportunidades
1204:economic development
974:, longterm care and
544:improve this section
340:The seventh century
327:free imperial cities
260:, the first emperor
5918:Gender Parity Index
5867:Living Planet Index
5827:Human Poverty Index
5795:Global Hunger Index
5563:Psychological abuse
5435:Diseases of poverty
5237:"Welfare state" by
5042:"Welfare Economics"
4771:Heritage Foundation
4742:The National Review
4529:on 1 November 2010.
4523:The Financial Times
4435:. pp. 137–156.
3829:. 15 September 2015
3611:www.statnisprava.cz
3175:Benthal, Jonathan.
2646:David S. Weissbrodt
2377:Human Poverty Index
2236:In a 2011 op-ed in
2144:(SSI) benefits and
2107:Social Security Act
1898:sv:Försörjningsstöd
1040:Government of India
1021:Indian Constitution
403:(Sabbatical year).
363:impoverished people
307:Italian city-states
292:Robert Henry Nelson
164:vocational training
138:occupational injury
130:disability benefits
5806:Global Peace Index
5610:Culture of poverty
5480:Social deprivation
5455:Governance failure
5084:weblogin.umich.edu
5021:"Allan M. Feldman"
4821:The New York Times
4744:. 12 February 2009
4717:The New York Times
4359:www.sanidad.gob.es
4260:BBVA Mi jubilación
4212:Chronicpoverty.org
3920:The Logical Indian
3587:on 4 November 2008
3307:The New York Times
2511:standard of living
2357:Contingencies fund
2226:U.S. Census Bureau
2206:
2119:
2117:Welfare in America
2111:
2050:austerity measures
2039:11 & 12 Geo. 6
2009:Incapacity Benefit
1781:Sub-Saharan Africa
1700:their retirement.
1600:The Mediterranean
1376:Target the poorest
1316:(earlier known as
1118:Israeli government
1027:aims to guarantee
938:Welfare in Germany
885:Welfare in Finland
881:
793:Social welfare in
474:National Insurance
470:David Lloyd George
254:
162:, infrastructure,
75:
6100:Welfare economics
6067:
6066:
6047:
6046:
5926:
5925:
5851:Laeken indicators
5815:
5814:
5730:
5729:
5722:Poverty gap index
5660:Secondary poverty
5645:Poverty threshold
5635:Human trafficking
5586:
5585:
5534:
5533:
5331:War & Society
5278:, Sage, 2014, pp.
5270:978-0-415-98979-4
5065:978-1-349-95121-5
4899:Los Angeles Times
4815:(11 April 2008).
4813:Goodman, Peter S.
4561:10.1136/bmj.h1775
3659:zakony.centrum.cz
3607:"statnisprava.cz"
3557:on 5 January 2016
3440:, 31(2): 174–191.
3424:www.ilera2015.com
3408:. 9 October 2019.
3214:978-0-253-34403-8
3140:978-1-4051-5207-5
3105:978-0-691-00795-3
3078:978-1-134-21508-9
3051:978-1-137-53110-0
2993:978-0-19-159030-6
2733:978-90-411-2491-3
2688:978-0-335-20934-7
2661:978-0-8122-4032-0
2468:the United States
2427:Welfare economics
2417:Social safety net
2407:Social liberalism
2397:Poverty reduction
2362:Corporate welfare
2308:Pareto efficiency
2224:According to the
2152:programs such as
2109:, 14 August 1935.
2027:English Poor laws
1890:Welfare in Sweden
1886:
1885:
1878:
1823:
1822:
1595:basic human needs
1571:
1570:
1504:
1503:
1453:Welfare in Poland
1272:Bolsa Escola and
1156:social-democratic
1112:Welfare in Israel
1068:Free school meals
1048:local governments
955:Otto von Bismarck
904:Poverty in France
871:An office of the
854:et:Sotsiaaltoetus
756:transfer payments
744:social safety net
667:social protection
657:Social protection
651:Social protection
636:family allowances
580:
579:
572:
454:Otto von Bismarck
408:transfer payments
331:Holy Roman Empire
276:Pliny the Younger
202:Attlee government
114:medical treatment
98:social assistance
96:), as opposed to
82:basic human needs
54:Poverty reduction
18:Income supplement
16:(Redirected from
6112:
6085:Public economics
5972:
5965:
5958:
5949:
5886:
5820:Complex measures
5739:
5706:Gini coefficient
5595:
5543:
5485:Social exclusion
5410:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5287:American Welfare
5281:
5250:Premilla Nadasen
5208:
5181:
5171:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5057:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5026:Brown University
5017:
5011:
5010:
4992:
4982:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4909:
4903:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4809:
4803:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4763:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4654:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4589:. Archived from
4572:
4546:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4525:. Archived from
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4238:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4137:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3970:. Archived from
3965:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3794:
3788:
3780:Paul V. Dutton,
3778:
3772:
3767:Allan Mitchell,
3765:
3759:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3553:. Archived from
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3521:"Welfare Review"
3516:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3452:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2939:Penn State Press
2929:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2848:
2842:
2836:United Nations,
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2520:
2493:
2487:
2464:
2402:Social democracy
2257:
2249:
2245:
2150:social insurance
2069:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1818:
1815:
1805:You can help by
1798:
1791:
1688:widow's pensions
1636:Francisco Franco
1566:
1563:
1553:You can help by
1546:
1539:
1499:
1496:
1486:You can help by
1479:
1472:
1382:Multidimensional
1360:opportunity cost
1168:Welfare in Japan
1101:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
803:health insurance
775:Great Depression
768:public education
761:
663:informal economy
642:). See also the
611:Social insurance
575:
568:
564:
561:
555:
524:
516:
485:Nordic countries
435:Poor Law of 1601
428:religious orders
412:High Middle Ages
304:
252:
249:
190:Imperial Germany
90:social insurance
78:Welfare spending
67:Saint Peter Port
21:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6095:Social security
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6022:
5981:
5976:
5922:
5900:
5877:
5811:
5778:
5764:Sex trafficking
5754:Food insecurity
5726:
5679:
5655:Precarious work
5625:Extreme poverty
5582:
5530:
5514:
5401:
5391:
5343:
5326:
5324:Further reading
5306:
5302:
5298:
5279:
5258:Marisa Chappell
5230:Jonathan Gruber
5206:
5185:
5179:
5169:
5156:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5019:
5018:
5014:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4924:(2): CD009820.
4911:
4910:
4906:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4865:
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4852:
4848:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4777:on 1 March 2009
4765:
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4721:
4719:
4710:
4709:
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4692:
4690:
4689:. 19 April 2015
4681:
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4609:
4599:
4597:
4596:on 26 June 2015
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3899:
3897:
3895:Hindustan Times
3888:
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3327:
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3314:
3300:
3296:
3286:Liberal Reforms
3284:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3260:Wayback Machine
3251:
3247:
3240:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3184:ISIM Newsletter
3179:
3174:
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2994:
2979:
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2974:
2969:
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2921:Sung (907–1279)
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2870:
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2812:Social Security
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2590:
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2579:Gilles Séguin.
2578:
2577:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2494:
2490:
2484:Social Security
2482:program, while
2465:
2461:
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2451:
2347:
2319:
2281:
2275:
2267:Main articles:
2265:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2158:Social Security
2095:
2089:
2067:
2059:Financial Times
2023:
1967:Housing Benefit
1949:
1943:
1900:
1888:Main articles:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1845:has an unclear
1839:
1835:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1789:
1783:
1721:public spending
1692:widow's pension
1668:basic education
1641:public spending
1632:Francoist Spain
1591:social policies
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1537:
1529:Main articles:
1527:
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1432:Main articles:
1430:
1421:
1419:no:Kontanthjælp
1415:
1397:
1391:
1345:
1281:Chile Solidario
1245:
1237:exit strategies
1200:informal sector
1184:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1144:
1138:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1098:(equivalent to
1096:17.1 lakh crore
1093:
1092:
1089:21.3 lakh crore
1086:
1085:
1013:
1007:
944:
936:Main articles:
934:
922:
902:Main articles:
900:
887:
865:
856:
850:
841:
839:da:Kontanthjælp
835:
799:social policies
791:
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732:
726:
696:
690:
685:
679:
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576:
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559:
556:
541:
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472:introduced the
424:confraternities
302:
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236:
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183:Rashidun caliph
152:social services
86:Social security
57:
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47:Social services
39:Social Security
35:
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5759:Physical abuse
5756:
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5675:Water scarcity
5672:
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5652:
5647:
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5640:Income deficit
5637:
5632:
5630:Housing stress
5627:
5622:
5620:Energy poverty
5617:
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5607:
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5599:
5592:
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5465:Mental illness
5462:
5457:
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5407:
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5375:
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5342:
5341:External links
5339:
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5313:
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5283:
5272:
5246:
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5239:Assar Lindbeck
5235:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5217:, 2nd Edition:
5209:
5204:
5183:
5172:
5167:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5124:(1): 333–351.
5104:
5080:"U-M Weblogin"
5071:
5064:
5032:
5012:
4973:(3): 299–316.
4953:
4904:
4902:. 24 June 2012
4885:
4859:
4846:
4833:
4804:
4788:
4755:
4729:
4700:
4674:
4668:978-0472068319
4667:
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3987:
3952:
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3881:
3854:
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3789:
3773:
3760:
3750:Samuel Lézé, "
3743:
3719:
3695:
3685:on 6 June 2012
3670:
3646:
3622:
3598:
3581:Web.rchive.org
3568:
3538:
3508:
3477:
3442:
3429:
3411:
3393:
3367:
3348:(4): 583–611.
3325:
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2437:Welfare rights
2434:
2432:Welfare reform
2429:
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2404:
2399:
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2384:
2382:Human security
2379:
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2187:welfare queens
2091:Main article:
2088:
2085:
2054:the Opposition
2022:
2021:
2020:Other (10.03%)
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1985:Income Support
1982:
1979:Pension Credit
1976:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1945:Main article:
1942:
1941:United Kingdom
1939:
1884:
1883:
1847:citation style
1842:
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1833:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1801:
1799:
1785:Main article:
1782:
1779:
1744:European Union
1740:European Union
1717:state services
1709:European Union
1703:In Spain, the
1684:pension system
1653:European Union
1578:Main article:
1575:
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1511:Main article:
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1463:
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1417:Main article:
1414:
1411:
1393:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1356:free schooling
1344:
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1339:
1330:
1321:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1244:
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1208:liberalization
1188:Latin American
1183:
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1178:
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1166:Main article:
1163:
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1137:
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1110:Main article:
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883:Main article:
864:
861:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
837:Main article:
834:
831:
795:Czech Republic
790:
789:Czech Republic
787:
728:Main article:
725:
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692:Main article:
689:
686:
678:
675:
655:Main article:
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632:
629:
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622:Income Support
614:
578:
577:
528:
526:
519:
507:
504:
478:Clement Attlee
464:government of
319:Dutch Republic
229:
226:
26:
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6117:
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5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Asset poverty
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
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5589:
5579:
5576:
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5569:
5566:
5564:
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5551:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5539:Psychological
5537:
5527:
5524:
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5517:
5511:
5510:Vulnerability
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Social stigma
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Disadvantaged
5428:
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5411:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5388:
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5323:
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5310:
5296:
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5284:
5277:
5273:
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5267:
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5251:
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5236:
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5231:
5227:
5225:
5221:
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5210:
5207:
5205:9780080430768
5201:
5197:
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5177:
5173:
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5168:9780080430768
5164:
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4860:
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4684:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4618:
4611:
4608:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4570:10044/1/57549
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4498:
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4487:
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4479:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4419:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4384:
4383:Regeringen.se
4380:
4374:
4371:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4261:
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4250:
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4235:
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4225:
4213:
4209:
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4190:
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4172:
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4159:
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4128:
4125:
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4109:
4103:
4100:
4088:
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4079:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3977:on 2020-11-13
3973:
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3921:
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3910:
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3608:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3582:
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3572:
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3513:
3509:
3496:
3492:
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3478:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3382:. 3 June 2014
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3323:(1999) p. 111
3322:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3239:9789004233973
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:0-271-02095-4
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2587:on 4 May 2012
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Social policy
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2297:paternalistic
2294:
2293:unconditional
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2208:In 1996, the
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2087:United States
2086:
2084:
2082:
2081:"bedroom tax"
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:State pension
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:public sector
1899:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1869:
1866:December 2021
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:This section
1841:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1775:Welfare state
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1725:welfare state
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:welfare state
1710:
1706:
1705:welfare state
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:decentralized
1669:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:Welfare state
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Welfare state
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1586:Welfare state
1581:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:Oportunidades
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:Red Solidaria
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1274:Bolsa Familia
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:1980s impacts
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:human capital
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:formal sector
1192:
1189:
1181:
1177:Latin America
1176:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:Mediterranean
1149:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:right to food
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:
952:Reichskanzler
949:
943:
939:
931:
929:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
895:
892:
886:
878:
874:
869:
862:
860:
855:
847:
845:
840:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:The Canadian
740:
737:
736:welfare state
734:Canada has a
731:
723:
721:
718:
717:welfare state
713:
710:
709:Andrew Fisher
704:
702:
701:Labor parties
695:
687:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
658:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
574:
571:
563:
553:
549:
545:
539:
538:
534:
529:This section
527:
523:
518:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:, one of the
352:
351:
346:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
308:
300:
297:
293:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
264:provided the
263:
259:
245:
242:Distributing
240:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:, during the
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
168:welfare state
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5935:Categories:
5670:Survival sex
5615:Debt bondage
5330:
5316:
5294:
5286:
5275:
5261:
5212:
5187:
5175:
5158:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5083:
5074:
5045:
5035:
5024:
5015:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:
4862:
4849:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4820:
4807:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:the original
4770:
4746:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4716:
4691:. Retrieved
4687:Aspe.hhs.gov
4686:
4677:
4658:
4638:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4591:the original
4552:
4548:
4535:
4527:the original
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4497:The Guardian
4496:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4447:
4441:
4428:
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4385:(in Swedish)
4382:
4373:
4362:. Retrieved
4358:
4349:
4338:. Retrieved
4334:
4325:
4314:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4290:. Retrieved
4288:(in Spanish)
4285:
4275:
4264:. Retrieved
4262:(in Spanish)
4259:
4249:
4240:
4227:
4215:. Retrieved
4211:
4202:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4139:
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4111:
4102:
4091:. Retrieved
4089:. Btl.gov.il
4081:
4070:. Retrieved
4060:
4049:. Retrieved
4047:. Btl.gov.il
4039:
4025:
4014:. Retrieved
4012:. Btl.gov.il
4004:
3990:
3979:. Retrieved
3972:the original
3967:
3955:
3946:
3934:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3869:
3857:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3826:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3746:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:
3722:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3687:. Retrieved
3683:the original
3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3658:
3649:
3638:. Retrieved
3634:
3625:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:the original
3580:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:the original
3551:2.parl.gc.ca
3550:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3499:. Retrieved
3490:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3459:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3345:
3341:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3303:Going Dutch.
3297:
3281:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3149:
3129:
3122:
3094:
3087:
3067:
3060:
3040:
3033:
3022:
3011:
3002:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2953:
2932:
2927:
2916:
2907:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2822:28 September
2820:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2781:
2773:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2650:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:the original
2574:
2565:
2555:
2544:
2535:
2496:
2491:
2475:
2462:
2442:Welfare trap
2352:Basic income
2320:
2312:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2252:
2237:
2235:
2230:poverty rate
2223:
2207:
2178:
2166:
2134:block grants
2123:means-tested
2120:
2071:
2062:commentator
2057:
2043:
2024:
2017:Benefit (3%)
1991:Rent rebates
1935:
1923:gross income
1920:
1901:
1872:
1863:
1844:
1811:
1807:adding to it
1802:
1772:
1764:polarization
1760:primary care
1729:
1719:. However,
1702:
1681:
1664:
1657:
1645:
1625:
1618:
1599:
1583:
1559:
1555:adding to it
1550:
1525:South Africa
1516:
1492:
1488:adding to it
1483:
1456:
1441:
1422:
1398:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1348:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1228:
1221:
1212:labor market
1193:
1185:
1171:
1145:
1130:Bituah Leumi
1115:
1083:
1037:
1014:
1000:
991:
987:
984:
979:
963:Adolf Hitler
945:
923:
891:Nordic model
889:The Finnish
888:
857:
842:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
792:
772:
741:
733:
714:
705:
697:
666:
660:
617:Means-tested
581:
566:
557:
542:Please help
530:
493:
489:Nordic model
482:
451:
405:
383:
378:
366:
358:
348:
339:
316:
312:
287:Song dynasty
284:
267:Cura Annonae
265:
258:Roman Empire
255:
206:tax revenues
178:
172:
151:
142:
126:unemployment
97:
85:
77:
76:
58:
5425:Child abuse
5394:Deprivation
5295:Social Work
4990:1885/289312
4826:12 February
4781:12 February
4748:12 February
4722:12 February
4389:26 February
3732:www.cssz.cz
3708:www.cssz.cz
3635:www.cssz.cz
3531:23 December
3501:23 December
3470:23 December
2629:www.get.com
2591:10 February
2289:conditional
2064:Martin Wolf
2015:Council Tax
1428:Philippines
1389:New Zealand
1364:labor power
1148:corporatist
992:Sozialhilfe
439:This system
410:before the
251: 1710
177:, like the
6074:Categories
5475:Self-image
5460:Hikikomori
5420:Acting out
5400:indicators
5178:19(3), pp.
5097:8 December
4693:8 November
4411:19 January
4364:2023-04-07
4340:2023-04-07
4316:2023-04-07
4311:www.ub.edu
4292:2023-04-07
4266:2023-04-07
4217:8 November
4176:8 November
4171:Jcer.or.jp
4148:8 November
4141:World Bank
4117:8 November
4093:2018-06-16
4072:2018-06-16
4051:2018-06-16
4016:2018-06-16
3981:2023-04-17
3925:2020-09-02
3900:2020-09-02
3875:2023-04-17
3833:8 November
3807:8 November
3737:2022-04-22
3713:2022-04-22
3689:2022-04-21
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