42:
742:
that the Incas would quickly see how the
Purumaucas obeyed. Three or four days after this answer, the Purumaucas and their allies arrived and camped in front of the Incas' camp with 18,000 - 20,000 warriors. The Incas tried diplomacy, offering peace and friendship, claiming they were not going to take their land and property but to give them a way to live as men. The Purumaucas responded saying that they came not to waste time in vain words and reasoning, but to fight until they won or died. The Incas promised battle the next day.
456:
1103:
746:
factions saw that they had lost more than half their number in dead, and the living were almost all wounded. On the fourth day, neither side left their own camp, which had been fortified, as they hoped to defend them if their opponents attacked. The fifth and sixth days were passed in the same manner but by the seventh the
Purumaucas and their allies retired and returned home claiming victory.
396:
2222:
410:
522:
741:
The Incas crossed the Maule River, and keeping their old custom, they sent messengers to require these
Purumaucas to submit to the rule of the Inca or resort to arms. The Purumaucas had determined to die before losing their freedom and responded that the victors would be masters of the defeated and
1142:
connects the
Longitudinal Andean Inca Road to a parallel Inca road in Argentina. The Longitudinal Andean Inca Road allowed to access several mining districts and had plenty of water. On the other hand, its climate is of a large diurnal temperature range and it was not accessible in winter due to
745:
The following day both armies left their camps and fought all day without either gaining an advantage and both suffering many wounded and dead. At night they both retired to their positions. On the second and third day they fought with the same results. At the end of the third day of battle, both
841:. Regardless of these differing claims on the frontier of the Inca Empire, Inca troops appear to have never crossed Bío Bío River. As in the case in the other borders of the Inca Empire, the southern border was composed of multiple zones. First an inner fully incorporated zone with
681:
The traditional view based on the writings of
Garcilaso de la Vega hold that the battle of the Maule halted Inca advance. However, Osvaldo Silva suggest instead that it was the social and political framework of the Mapuche that posed the main difficulty in imposing imperial rule.
991:. There is no Diaguita (Kakan) toponymy known in the valley. Quechua toponymy is related to the valleys incorporation to the Inca Empire in the late 15th and early 16th-century. Some Mapuche toponymy posdates Inca rule, but other is likely to be coeval or precede it.
1150:
The coastal road allowed for a more straight north–south movement. It also enjoyed a less harsh climate than the
Longitudinal Andean Inca Road and was accessible the all year round. This road goes mostly ca. 30 km east of the
1083:. To deal with these problems the Incas adopted two strategies and built two north–south roads from Copiapó Valley to Maipo Valley each of these according to a strategy. One road, the Longitudinal Andean Inca Road (
505:(also called Picunches). Incas appear to have distinguished between a "province of Chile" and a "province of Copayapo" neighboring it to the north. In Aconcagua Valley the Incas settled people from the areas of
722:, refused to submit to the rule of the Inca and called on their allies south of the Maule; the Antalli, Pincu, and Cauqui to join in opposing these invaders. This defiance gave them their distinctive name of
2435:
1017:. Their contact with the Incas gave them a collective awareness distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geo-political units despite their lack of state organization.
762:
or somewhere between
Santiago and Maule River. The traditional view among Chilean historians and historians of the Inca Empire is that Maule River was the frontier. This view was first presented by
2430:
228:
2425:
1533:
Stenberg, R.; Carvajal, N. (1988). "Red vial incaica en los terminos meridionales del imperio: Tramo Valle del Limarí–Valle del Maipo". In
Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.).
1843:
563:
of
Central Chile to the Inca Empire was a gradual process. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that incorporation into the empire was through warfare which caused a severe
972:
from the
Diaguita lands and settled this group near Tarija in southern Bolivia. The Churumatas were instead transferred the other way round, from the vicinities of Tarija to
544:
from 2014 suggest Inca influence in Central Chile begun as early as 1390. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that Central Chile was conquered during the reign of
1331:
666:
Historian Osvaldo Silva disputes the vicinities of Maule River as the location of the battle claiming instead that the battle could have occurred anywhere between
190:
287:
2141:
849:(fortresses) and then an outer zone with Inca pukaras scattered among allied tribes. This outer zone would have been located between Maipo and Maule rivers.
1028:. This is interpreted either as Inca gifts, war spoils from defeated Incas, or adoption of Inca metallurgy. The Incas are credited with the introduction of
1816:
442:
41:
378:
1079:
the main difficulty for the Inca road system was the lack of water, south of Copiapó Valley the main difficulty was the uneven relief with many
2420:
1870:
310:
2201:
474:
162:
1702:
1558:"Vicente de Carvallo y Goyeneche: Descripción Histórico-Geográfica del Reino de Chile - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"
373:
2110:
2090:
2058:
2014:
1761:
254:
606:(32º50' S). This attack from the east would have been done in order to avoid the more direct but inhospitable routes crossing the
2134:
2050:
1647:; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.).
1410:
343:
305:
124:
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historians have made a distinction between the places reached by the Incas and the actual zone incorporated to imperial rule.
435:
264:
913:, and cultural significance for gold for before Inca expansion. Dillehay and Gordon also claim all early Mapuche pottery at
282:
249:
1990:
1405:
823:
1244:
1000 CE caused a southward migratory wave leading to a Pre-Inca Central Andean influence on Mapuche society and language.
909:. The knowledge and use of gold among Mapuches however did not begin with the Incas as Mapuche culture had its own word,
320:
2106:
1352:
368:
259:
905:
territory. Following this thought, the main motive for Inca expansion into Mapuche territory would have been to access
2308:
2127:
1741:
1240:
The Puquina language has also influenced Quechua, hence the confusion. It has been suggested that the collapse of the
1173:
598:
One theory claims Central Chile was conquered by the Inca Empire from the east after Inca troops crossed the Andes at
147:
50:
1178:
459:
1914:
906:
363:
200:
114:
1664:
1662:
Goicovich Videla, Francis (2002). "Asedios a Osvaldo Silva Galdames: Desentrañando los fundamentos del discurso".
2096:
1348:
1024:
and "sort of crowns" were used by Mapuches in the Concepción area at the time of the Spanish arrival as noted by
803:
767:
656:
428:
358:
348:
223:
21:
2386:
779:
167:
1915:
Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change
1287:
2082:
2032:
1283:"¿Existió un grupo llamado Copiapó en el valle homónimo? Reflexiones a partir de los testimonios coloniales"
1703:"Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más"
807:
1756:
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56:
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2006:
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353:
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76:
1705:[Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more].
1102:
610:. José Toribio Medina claimed in 1882 that the Incas entered Central Chile from both north and east.
493:
in Aconcagua Valley was likely the Incas' foremost settlement. The bulk of the people conquered by the
2158:
1025:
885:
815:
699:
675:
634:
157:
2186:
1735:
629:
from Maule River and Itata River there. Yet, the location of the battle is uncertain with historian
1919:
881:
763:
646:
622:
595:. This rebellion would have been brutally repressed by the Incas who gave rebels "great chastise".
838:
754:
The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to be situated between
671:
1910:
1339:
1139:
1092:
1080:
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922:
775:
771:
572:
568:
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205:
152:
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2074:
2054:
2010:
1866:
1837:
1401:
819:
727:
325:
104:
2114:(Description Historical Geography of the Kingdom of Chile), PDF E Libros from Memoria Chilena
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The battle of Maule refers to a battle that took place in connection to Inca expansion into
580:
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The exact date of the conquest of Central Chile by the Inca Empire is not known. A study of
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315:
195:
30:
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1862:
1241:
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1000:
926:
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755:
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81:
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2336:
2316:
2298:
2238:
2211:
2196:
1998:
1376:
Cornejo, A. (2014). Sobre la cronología del inicio de la imposición cuzqueña en Chile.
1216:
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142:
786:. Contrary to this, a frontier at Maipo River was first argued in modern times by
548:
and most early Spanish chronicles point out that conquest occurred in the 1470s.
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2206:
2176:
2150:
1228:
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along the coast. In Osvaldo Silva's reconstruction of the events leading to the
759:
719:
711:
667:
618:
614:
525:
486:
466:
71:
1202:
The name and location of the "province of Copayapo" coincides with the toponym
2331:
2326:
2278:
1913:; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007)
1220:
868:
concludes that Inca troops apparently never crossed Bío Bío River, chronicler
735:
723:
691:
660:
588:
119:
1612:
1587:
1408:[Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia].
901:
and Américo Gordon to have extracted gold south of the Inca frontier in free
2371:
2321:
2283:
2166:
1131:
945:
872:
gives an account of the Incas crossing the river going south all the way to
2221:
1138:
the road descends to around 2,000 m.a.s.l. Several roads that crosses the
2268:
1127:
1021:
1010:
914:
893:
842:
715:
584:
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498:
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917:
is of Inca design. Inca influence is possibly evidenced as far south as
710:, the Inca general Sinchiruca sent 20,000 men down to the valley of the
2366:
2273:
2258:
1485:"¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?"
969:
929:
902:
873:
718:
people, who inhabited this last region south of Maipo Valley up to the
626:
541:
529:
1737:
Onomástica indígena de Chile: Toponimia de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé
888:
area next to Bío Bío River in the early 1530s before returning north.
2399:
2248:
1825:(in Spanish). pp. 1–16. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19
846:
1155:
but it also access the sea at some places. It was the route used by
961:
The Incas influenced the Diaguitas who adopted pottery designs from
837:
claimed instead the Inca frontier lay much more to the south at the
802:
also suggest the Maipo River or a nearby area as boundary including
521:
1126:). From a latitude of 28° S to 38° S it this road runs above 4,000
2394:
2346:
2263:
2253:
2243:
1101:
1029:
962:
734:
meaning "savage enemy". The Spanish later corrupted the name into
533:
520:
470:
454:
477:. The main settlements of the Inca Empire in Chile lay along the
2341:
1144:
1043:. However some words that may appear Quechua loanwords such as
1004:
2123:
2119:
1991:
Departamento de Extensión Cultural del Ministerio de Educación
1701:
Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15).
1406:"Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia"
1059:(salt) are actually more likely much older loanwords from the
462:
hosting one of the southernmost fortresses of the Inca Empire.
2077:; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
1231:
among the Mapuches who largely refused to serve the Spanish.
1114:
The Longitudinal Andean Inca Road runs from the latitude of
1332:"Expansión inca y resistencia indígena en Chile, 1470–1536"
1223:
between Spaniards and Mapuches was the lack a tradition of
473:
was brief, it lasted from the 1470s to the 1530s when the
1110:, a mountain and Inca ceremonial centre in Central Chile.
583:
tells of an anti-Inca rebellion in the Diaguita lands of
1075:
in Chile as well as in the rest of the empire. North of
2436:
16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization
674:
rivers, while he is inclined locate to battle close to
1785:"Churumatas y tomatas, la conexión chilena en Tarija"
965:
and Inca techniques in agriculture and metalworking.
2431:
15th-century establishments in the Inca civilization
2043:
Instalaciones incaicas en el norte y centro de Chile
1810:
1808:
1806:
1582:
1580:
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1264:
1262:
1260:
2385:
2307:
2229:
2157:
1613:"Comentarios reales : 2da VII 20 - Wikisource"
1588:"Comentarios reales : 2da VII 19 - Wikisource"
2112:Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile
2103:, Segunda Parte : Libro VII, Cap. 18, 19, 20.
1757:"Aspectos diacrónicos en la toponimia de Valdivia"
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
968:The Inca Empire appear to have uprooted so-called
1395:
1393:
1391:
983:almost all indigenous toponymy belongs either to
2031:(in Spanish) (6th ed.). Santiago de Chile:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1842:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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1637:
1635:
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1528:
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1518:
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1514:
1512:
884:the Incas may have reached as far south as the
2426:16th century in the Captaincy General of Chile
1013:would have for the first time met people with
690:After securing the regions of northern Chile,
2135:
1444:
1442:
932:. Alternatively these toponyms originated in
559:, various scholars have pointed out that the
436:
8:
1478:
1476:
1474:
2051:Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos
1472:
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1865:, Chile: Ediciones Akhilleus. p. 43.
1322:
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1316:
1314:
443:
429:
15:
2003:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur
1778:
1776:
1423:
1411:Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada
1276:
1274:
1219:claims that a contributing factor to the
1099:. The other one followed coastal plains.
1009:Through their contact with Inca invaders
528:drawing of the confrontation between the
1134:–Chilean border. Around the latitude of
1817:"Toponimia indigena del valle de Elqui"
1256:
1195:
1106:View of an Inca archaeological site at
829:On the other hand, Spanish chroniclers
551:Beginning with 19th-century historians
29:
18:
1894:
1835:
1305:
1091:), went high in the Andes through the
191:Colonization of the Strait of Magellan
1118:north–south mainly along a series of
7:
1783:Patiño, Roberto (January 20, 2019).
921:(latitude 40–41° S) in the form of
853:Farthest point reached by the Incas
1281:Cortés Larravide, Enrique (2016).
14:
1762:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
1721:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028
475:Inca Empire was absorbed by Spain
2220:
1734:Ramírez Sánchez, Carlos (1997).
1537:(in Spanish). pp. 153–1982.
1483:Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1983).
1035:As result of Inca rule in Chile
408:
394:
40:
1985:Ampuero Brito, Gonzalo (1978).
1740:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile:
1651:(in Spanish). pp. 183–196.
1425:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004
944:linked to the Peruvian port of
897:are believed by archaeologists
790:in 1882, being joined later by
686:Account of Garcilaso de la Vega
678:at the mouth of Bío Bío River.
125:Destruction of the Seven Cities
1755:Bernales Lillo, Mario (1984).
655:. The main account is that of
1:
2421:15th century in South America
1089:Camino Inca Longidunal Andino
824:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
766:in 1847 and then followed by
750:Southern border of the Empire
663:of Inca and Spanish descent.
617:are reported to have reached
2116:(History of Chile 1542-1788)
2107:Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche
1742:Universidad Austral de Chile
1665:Revista de Historia Indígena
1039:adopted many loanwords from
1032:buildings in Central Chile.
876:and returning north through
1649:La frontera del estado Inca
1535:La frontera del estado Inca
1174:Pucara del Cerro La Muralla
1081:mountain ranges and valleys
936:from the population of the
460:Cerro Grande de La Compañía
2452:
998:
644:
2218:
2097:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
1547:Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253.
633:conjecturing it close to
2081:(in Spanish)(14th ed.).
2049:(in Spanish). Santiago:
2040:Stehberg, Rubén (1995).
2005:(in Spanish). Santiago:
1857:Téllez, Eduardo (2008).
1404:; Landeo, Pablo (2015).
1351:: 95–115. Archived from
1288:Revista Tiempo Histórico
780:Francisco Antonio Encina
168:War of the Confederation
2083:Editorial Universitaria
2033:Editorial Universitaria
1859:Los Diaguitas: Estudios
1815:Carvajal Lazo, Herman.
1268:Bengoa 2003, pp. 37–38.
1095:where the valleys were
845:protected by a line of
306:Transition to democracy
201:Occupation of Araucanía
1972:Stehberg 1995, p. 190.
1963:Stehberg 1995, p. 200.
1949:Stehberg 1995, p. 195.
1937:Stehberg 1995, p. 187.
1349:University of Tarapacá
1184:The Chilean Inca Trail
1111:
1088:
1073:extensive road network
804:Pedro Mariño de Lobera
768:Miguel Luis Amunátegui
537:
526:Huamán Poma de Ayala's
509:and possibly also the
495:Incas in Central Chile
463:
229:Parliamentary Republic
224:1891 Chilean Civil War
1562:www.memoriachilena.cl
1490:Cuadernos de Historia
1179:Pukara of La Compañía
1105:
938:Valdivian Fort System
808:Hernando de Santillán
798:. Some early Spanish
579:homeland. Chronicler
524:
458:
288:Military dictatorship
255:Presidential Republic
186:Conservative Republic
163:Civil war (1829–1830)
77:Origin of the Mapuche
2029:Prehistoria de Chile
1448:Ampuero 1978, p. 45.
1358:on 23 September 2015
1215:In a similar manner
657:Garcilaso de la Vega
591:concurrent with the
374:Chilean coups d'état
218:Parliamentary period
1911:Pino Quivira, Mario
1885:Bengoa 2003, p. 40.
1708:Estudios Atacameños
1691:Bengoa 2003, p. 39.
1379:Estudios Atacameños
1140:Andean water divide
882:battle of the Maule
859:José Toribio Medina
831:Miguel de Olavarría
812:Gerónimo de Quiroga
788:José Toribio Medina
706:around what is now
647:Battle of the Maule
641:Battle of the Maule
557:José Toribio Medina
344:Agriculture history
260:Radical governments
244:Presidential period
148:War of Independence
2101:Comentarios reales
2075:Villalobos, Sergio
1923:81 (2007): 949–960
1400:Moulian, Rodrígo;
1112:
1071:The Incas used an
1015:state organization
776:Ricardo E. Latcham
772:Diego Barros Arana
569:Transverse Valleys
553:Diego Barros Arana
546:Topa Inca Yupanqui
538:
464:
415:History portal
379:Political scandals
265:Allende and UP era
206:War of the Pacific
2408:
2407:
2192:Invasion of Chile
2079:Historia De Chile
1872:978-956-8762-00-1
1617:es.wikisource.org
1592:es.wikisource.org
1120:geological faults
1026:Jerónimo de Vivar
970:Tomatas copiapoes
940:that served as a
820:Pedro de Valdivia
816:Jerónimo de Vivar
453:
452:
326:Politics of Chile
180:Republican period
115:Captaincy General
2443:
2387:Inca mathematics
2289:Inca agriculture
2224:
2202:Spanish conquest
2182:History of Cusco
2172:Kingdom of Cusco
2144:
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2020:
1994:
1987:Cultura diaguita
1973:
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1964:
1961:
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1935:
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1907:Dillehay, Tom D.
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1245:
1238:
1232:
1227:like the Andean
1213:
1207:
1200:
1157:Diego de Almagro
1061:Puquina language
1041:Imperial Quechua
1037:Mapuche language
1020:Gold and silver
957:Diaguita society
870:Diego de Rosales
864:While historian
835:Diego de Rosales
792:Jaime Eyzaguirre
764:William Prescott
581:Diego de Rosales
501:and part of the
445:
438:
431:
413:
412:
411:
401:Chile portal
399:
398:
397:
359:Maritime history
349:Economic history
316:Mapuche conflict
311:Student protests
283:1973 coup d'état
250:1925 coup d'état
233:1924 coup d'état
196:Liberal Republic
105:Spanish conquest
44:
34:
16:
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2187:Chimor–Inca War
2153:
2148:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2039:
2023:
2017:
1997:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1814:
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1532:
1531:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1482:
1481:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1402:Catrileo, María
1399:
1398:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1242:Tiwanaku Empire
1239:
1235:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1165:
1124:Valeriano Fault
1069:
1007:
1001:Mapuche history
997:
995:Mapuche society
959:
954:
919:Osorno Province
857:Beginning with
855:
752:
688:
649:
643:
602:(32º22' S) and
532:(left) and the
519:
449:
420:
409:
407:
395:
393:
384:
383:
339:
331:
330:
321:Social Outburst
301:
293:
292:
278:
277:Pinochet regime
270:
269:
245:
237:
236:
219:
211:
210:
181:
173:
172:
138:
137:Nation-building
130:
129:
100:
92:
91:
67:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:Inca mythology
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2299:Inca aqueducts
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Inca education
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2212:Neo-Inca State
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:Inca Civil War
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2094:
2072:
2059:
2037:
2021:
2015:
1995:
1989:(in Spanish).
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1951:
1939:
1925:
1899:
1897:, p. 157.
1887:
1878:
1871:
1861:(in Spanish).
1849:
1802:
1772:
1765:(in Spanish).
1747:
1726:
1711:(in Spanish).
1693:
1675:
1668:(in Spanish).
1654:
1629:
1604:
1574:
1549:
1540:
1508:
1493:(in Spanish).
1450:
1438:
1414:(in Spanish).
1387:
1369:
1343:(in Spanish).
1328:Leon, Leonardo
1310:
1308:, p. 156.
1298:
1291:(in Spanish).
1270:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Huaca de Chena
1164:
1161:
1108:Cerro El Plomo
1077:Copiapó Valley
1068:
1065:
996:
993:
958:
955:
953:
950:
934:colonial times
854:
851:
751:
748:
687:
684:
645:Main article:
642:
639:
613:Troops of the
608:Atacama Desert
604:Uspallata Pass
593:Inca Civil War
518:
517:Inca expansion
515:
451:
450:
448:
447:
440:
433:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
404:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
364:Mining history
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
338:Related topics
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
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160:
155:
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145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
110:Colonial Chile
107:
101:
99:Colonial times
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
87:Incas in Chile
84:
82:Early Mapuches
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
57:Years in Chile
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2448:
2437:
2434:
2432:
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2424:
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2401:
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2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:Inca religion
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:956-11-1163-2
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2062:
2060:956-244-035-4
2056:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:Mostny, Grete
2022:
2018:
2016:956-8303-02-2
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:forced labour
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:Pacific Ocean
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:Choapa Valley
1133:
1130:close to the
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:Huasco Valley
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
956:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
852:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:Bío Bío River
836:
832:
827:
825:
822:'s letter to
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:conquistadors
797:
796:Osvaldo Silva
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
747:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
653:Central Chile
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
631:Osvaldo Silva
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
600:Valle Hermoso
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:incorporation
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
512:
511:Lake Titicaca
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
461:
457:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
427:
426:
424:
423:
417:
416:
405:
403:
402:
391:
390:
388:
387:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:Early history
63:
62:
59:
58:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
28:
23:
17:
2377:Willka Raymi
2294:Inca cuisine
2231:Inca society
2191:
2111:
2100:
2078:
2064:. Retrieved
2042:
2028:
2002:
1999:Bengoa, José
1986:
1979:Bibliography
1968:
1918:
1902:
1890:
1881:
1858:
1852:
1827:. Retrieved
1822:Academia.edu
1820:
1793:. Retrieved
1791:(in Spanish)
1788:
1766:
1760:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1645:Dillehay, T.
1621:. Retrieved
1619:(in Spanish)
1616:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1594:(in Spanish)
1591:
1566:. Retrieved
1564:(in Spanish)
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1499:. Retrieved
1494:
1488:
1429:. Retrieved
1415:
1409:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1344:
1338:
1301:
1295:(12): 17–32.
1292:
1286:
1236:
1211:
1198:
1149:
1113:
1093:valley heads
1070:
1067:Road network
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1019:
1008:
981:Elqui Valley
978:
974:Elqui Valley
967:
960:
942:penal colony
925:and Quechua–
910:
899:Tom Dillehay
892:
890:
863:
856:
828:
784:Grete Mostny
753:
744:
740:
731:
704:Maipo Valley
689:
680:
665:
650:
612:
597:
565:depopulation
560:
550:
539:
494:
465:
406:
392:
369:Chilean wars
354:LGBT history
300:Contemporary
158:Patria Nueva
143:Patria Vieja
86:
55:
49:
2362:Urcuchillay
2352:Pacha Kamaq
2337:Manco Cápac
2207:Ransom Room
2177:Inca Empire
2151:Inca Empire
2066:February 5,
1895:Mostny 1983
1795:January 20,
1769:(5): 79–94.
1501:January 10,
1431:January 13,
1362:25 December
1306:Mostny 1983
1217:José Bengoa
1122:(including
1055:(moon) and
1051:(warlock),
874:La Imperial
866:José Bengoa
760:Maipo River
720:Itata River
712:Maule River
619:Maule River
615:Inca Empire
573:Norte Chico
72:Monte Verde
31:History of
2415:Categories
2332:Mama Killa
2327:Coricancha
2279:Warachikuy
1829:2022-05-18
1623:2017-02-04
1598:2017-02-04
1568:2017-02-04
1385:: 101-116.
1252:References
1221:Arauco War
999:See also:
907:gold mines
886:Concepción
736:Promaucaes
732:purum awqa
724:Purumaucas
676:Concepción
661:chronicler
635:Concepción
153:Reconquest
120:Arauco War
2372:Viracocha
2357:Pariacaca
2284:Inca army
2167:Sapa Inca
2027:(1983) .
2007:Catalonia
1920:Antiquity
1159:in 1536.
1132:Argentine
1097:less deep
1022:bracelets
946:El Callao
726:from the
700:Aconcagua
503:Promaucae
499:Diaguitas
479:Aconcagua
467:Inca rule
2001:(2003).
1863:Santiago
1838:cite web
1340:Chungara
1330:(1983).
1163:See also
1145:snowfall
1128:m.a.s.l.
1011:Mapuches
930:toponyms
915:Valdivia
894:yanakuna
843:mitimaes
756:Santiago
716:Picunche
708:Santiago
702:and the
696:Coquimbo
627:Mapuches
623:a battle
621:and had
585:Coquimbo
577:Diaguita
542:ceramics
536:(right).
530:Mapuches
507:Arequipa
491:Quillota
489:rivers.
51:Timeline
22:a series
20:Part of
2367:Vichama
2274:Panakas
2259:Chasqui
2159:History
1789:El País
1672:: 7–28.
1204:Copiapó
1085:Spanish
1047:(sun),
989:Mapuche
985:Quechua
979:Around
923:Quechua
903:Mapuche
878:Tucapel
847:pukaras
728:Quechua
692:Copiapó
672:Bío Bío
589:Copiapó
567:in the
483:Mapocho
2400:Yupana
2249:Amauta
2089:
2057:
2013:
1869:
1497:: 7–25
952:Impact
927:Aymara
730:words
714:. The
575:, the
24:on the
2395:Quipu
2347:Supay
2269:Ñusta
2264:Mitma
2254:Ayllu
2244:Aclla
2047:(PDF)
1418:(2).
1356:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1190:Notes
1057:chadi
1053:cuyen
1049:calcu
1030:adobe
963:Cuzco
911:milla
891:Inca
668:Maipo
625:with
534:Incas
497:were
487:Maipo
471:Chile
33:Chile
2342:Inti
2087:ISBN
2068:2014
2055:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1844:link
1797:2020
1503:2019
1433:2019
1364:2013
1229:mita
1045:antu
1005:Cuel
1003:and
833:and
818:and
794:and
782:and
758:and
670:and
587:and
555:and
485:and
2322:Apu
1717:doi
1420:doi
987:or
571:of
469:in
2417::
2109:,
2099:,
2085:.
2053:.
2009:.
1954:^
1942:^
1928:^
1917:.
1909:;
1840:}}
1836:{{
1819:.
1805:^
1787:.
1775:^
1759:.
1715:.
1713:67
1678:^
1632:^
1615:.
1590:.
1577:^
1560:.
1511:^
1487:.
1453:^
1441:^
1416:53
1390:^
1383:47
1347:.
1345:10
1337:.
1313:^
1285:.
1273:^
1259:^
1147:.
1087::
1063:.
976:.
948:.
826:.
814:,
810:,
806:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
738:.
698:,
694:,
659:a
637:.
513:.
481:,
54:•
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
2093:.
2070:.
2035:.
2019:.
1993:.
1875:.
1846:)
1832:.
1799:.
1767:5
1744:.
1723:.
1719::
1670:6
1626:.
1601:.
1571:.
1505:.
1495:3
1435:.
1422::
1366:.
1293:7
1206:.
444:e
437:t
430:v
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