Arauco War - Knowledge (XXG)

2007:, who a couple of years before had expelled the Incas from Mapuche territory and dominated the northern lands of the Wallmapu. The Spanish and Mapuche hosts face each other in the Battle of Mapocho where Pedro de Valdivia is victorious. Michimalonco decides to make a tactical retreat to gather more contingent and expel the Spanish invaders with a surprise attack, but the Spanish find out about this accumulation of forces and decide to go where the Mapuche forces were accumulating for a surprise attack and the Battle of Chillox takes place where Michimalonco is defeated again. 3676:

included a ban on Mapuche to carry weapons unless they were given permission by the Spanish. In 1608 Spain decided to repeal its ban on the slavery of indigenous people that was in effect from 1598 since the last rebellion and the Destruction of the Seven Cities. This repeal only applied to Mapuche who rebelled and was supported by the church under their rules at the time. However, this only made Mapuche slavery legal as it had already been happening, and now they began to be bought and sold among the Spanish.

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to continue for a much longer time. On the other side the Mapuche had used up local sources of food and were finding it difficult to maintain their large force. With the harvest season coming and with the news of their defeat in the Battle of Angol, they were nervous that their families might starve or their undefended homes might be attacked from Angol or Santiago. They raised their siege on April 1, and dispersed to their homes for the winter.

377: 336: 200: 3689: 5275: 5707: 3429: 3079: 2758: 2285: 1982: 1857: 2044: 473: 464: 455: 446: 437: 428: 419: 410: 401: 392: 383: 368: 351: 342: 327: 159: 2490:, Villagra reorganized his forces, and that same year of 1554, he departed again for Arauco and reinforced the strongholds of Imperial and Valdivia, which allowed the garrisons and their Indian friends to make many raids on the surrounding Mapuche settlements, burning houses and fields and killing all they found. Resulting devastation produced a 1843:, which was unacceptable in the Catholic faith. This insistence on polygamy has been explained as Mapuche chiefs valuing it as a way to establish more alliances through marriage than monogamous marriage allows. Polygamy may also have been valued as important population strategy in war times when the Mapuche male population was unstable. 2435:. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel. Valdivia, with a reduced force, mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded and his army was massacred by the Mapuches in the 2538:. With the ravages of the recent epidemic and the needs of the campaign against the Spanish still occupying cities within Mapuche territory still going on, he was not able to draw many troops from the main Mapuche army for his campaign to the north. He had to rely on recruiting warriors among the people north of the 1802:, the Mapuches largely refused to serve the Spanish, setting the stage for the conflict. It has been conjectured that gold mining was already occurring in Mapuche lands south of the Inca Empire prior to the Spanish arrival and that this would have allowed the Spanish to rapidly identify places with gold. 3597:

as replacement for the deceased Loyola. He was an experienced military man with great prudence but with little aptitude for the crisis that he was called upon to face. This governor discovered the terrible state of the colony and asked urgently for reinforcements. Meanwhile, he tried to support those

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in 1585. Nangoniel returned to invest Arauco again, his cavalry (operating with the army for the first time) prevented the Spaniards from supplying the fort and they were forced to evacuate it. He next moved against the Santísima Trinidad but clashed with a division of Spanish troops under Francisco

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at the mouth of the Bay of Concepción. He ordered a party to land at Penco and reconstruct the fort of Concepción. A Mapuche army attempted to raze the fort but were defeated by artillery and gunfire. After his cavalry and horses arrived overland from Santiago, Mendoza began his advance to the south

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pursued by Lautaro's army. Only 38 Spaniards managed to escape by sea from this second destruction of the city. Following this victory in 1556, the Promauces sent a message to the Mapuche of Arauco promising food to support their army and warriors to join it in a war against the Spanish in Santiago.

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Despite this new victory, Lautaro was again unable to pursue the opportunity due to the celebrations and beliefs of his people. By the time he arrived at Concepción, it was already abandoned. After burning it, he could not continue the offensive with his remaining forces, and the campaign came to an

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The Mapuche uprising in 1655 was a series of uprisings by the Mapuche people against the Spanish in which the Mapuche people target forts in the Spanish controlled area in what is present day Galletué Lake. The uprising was in large part due to retaliation to the parliament of Boroa from 1651 which

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in February 1564. The Mapuche entered the city, sacking and burning it, crowding all its population within the walls of its fortress with its garrison under Pedro de Villagra. The siege lasted around two months until at the end of March two ships arrived and brought food that would permit the siege

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The Mapuches reconstructed the pucará near Los Infantes in January 1563, but Pedro de Villagra was sent again to destroy it. Once again the Mapuche rebuilt it, but this time with sections readily accessible to the cavalry. Despite suspicions of veteran Spaniards they attacked the location, and many

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to Arauco from May 20 to June 30, 1562. At the end of 1562, the Mapuches under a leader named Meuco, had fortified a pucará in the province of Mareguano, three leagues from the city of Los Infantes. Arias Pardo Maldonado destroyed the pucará but he did not gain a complete victory, since most of the

2720:, son of Cuyomanque, an important cacique in the Arauco region. Through his help and that of the grateful father, he was able to contact and bring most of the leaders of Arauco and Tucapel to submit to Spanish rule following the reconstruction of the fort in Arauco. Mendoza also founded the city of 2018:

valley and begin organizing the nascent colony. After a few months of settlement, Pedro de Valdivia gathers forces and goes directly to attack the fortress of Michimalonco in Paidahuén, leading to the battle of Paidahuén where the Mapuches are completely defeated and Michimalonco is taken prisoner.

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in a few days with some of his men and arrested him in Santiago when he arrived. Villagra then tried to reorganize the surviving disheartened troops of Vaca and Zurita in Santiago and take them south in October 1564. But he was delayed much longer, spending heavily from the impoverished provincial

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with the killing of the hated encomendero and corregidor of Cañete Pedro de Avendaño and two other Spaniards in July 1561 in the valley of Puren. Spanish punitive expeditions from Angol and La Imperial drove the insurgents into the refuge of the Lumaco marshes. However, the news of the killing was

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was designated the interim governor of Chile in 1557, and immediately sailed south from Peru, this time with a much stronger force than before: 600 soldiers, 6 pieces of artillery, and 1,000 horses. He landed in La Serena and had the rival contenders for the governorship, Francisco de Villagra and

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advanced southward to aid the remaining cities against the Mapuche army led by Caupolicán. Informed by his allies that the city of Santiago was now relatively unprotected, Lautaro evaded Villagra, letting him pass to the south while he marched again toward Santiago with a new army including allies

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at the foot of a wooded hill. However, its location was betrayed to Francisco de Villagra by local Indians previously abused by Lautaro. Villagra sent word to Juan Godíñez near Santiago to meet him as he hurried north. The Spanish forces met without Lautaro being alerted and made a surprise night

2205:. The night attack was defeated in a furious battle, the Spaniards suffered one killed and many wounds to men and especially their mounts. After a day treating their wounds they continued towards their rendezvous at the Bay of Concepción. There Valdivia began building a fort at what is now Penco. 2731:

relieved García Hurtado de Mendoza, replacing him as governor with the victor over Lautaro, Francisco de Villagra. Mendoza left Chile with the belief that he had overcome the Mapuche. He was one of the few governors who obtained a certain degree of success in the War. This success was due to the

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ordered Villagra to reconstruct Concepción, which was accomplished by Capitan Alvarado and 75 colonists. When he learned that it was being rebuilt, Lautaro again attacked Concepción with 4,000 warriors. Alvarado attempted to defeat Lautaro's army outside the city, but failed and fled to the city

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Despite his early successful campaign when he captured Alonso Diaz in 1584, he wanted to extend the conquest of Chile by building a series of forts which would protect each other, the cities, and their surrounding lands. They were also to hem in the Moluche and become the secure bases of future

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hurriedly reorganized their forces, reinforcing fort Imperial for its defence and abandoning Confines and Arauco in order to strengthen Concepción. However, Araucanian tradition dictated a lengthy victory celebration, which kept Lautaro from exploiting the weakness of the Spanish position as he

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Guzmán, Carmen Luz (2013). "Las cautivas de las Siete Ciudades: El cautiverio de mujeres hispanocriollas durante la Guerra de Arauco, en la perspectiva de cuatro cronistas (s. XVII)" [The captives of the Seven Cities: The captivity of hispanic-creole women during the Arauco's War, from the

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At Los Infantes the Mapuche blockade grew tighter as they moved closer and closer to the city, protected in their well-sited pucarás. Its commander, Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado, judged them too well-defended to attack until they started to build their third pucara close to the city. Then in the

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and there gather their strength and train a new generation of warriors for a future revolt. The Mapuche had learned to work iron, use Spanish weapons (including firearms and cannon), ride horses captured from their conquerors, and learned better strategies and tactics. The defeats inflicted by

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was proclaimed Toqui in his place the same day and began operations against Angol, breaking into the city, however he was repulsed by a counterattack. He followed this with a siege of Purén the following year. He drove off a relief force with his cavalry and offered the garrison terms but was

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arrived in Chile in 1583 and had to judge accusations against his predecessor, who had become extremely unpopular for the Tasa de Gamboa which had prohibited the payment of taxes by the Indians in the form of labor. Sotomayor later absolved Gamboa entirely but abolished the Tasa de Gamboa and

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fell into well-disguised pits. There the governor's son, Pedro de Villagra "el Mozo", and forty two other Spaniards died. This disastrous military defeat forced governor Francisco de Villagra to order the city of Cañete to be abandoned. News of the abandonment of Cañete spread the revolt.

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as they explored the region, killing many with little loss to themselves. After spending over a week in the area and encountering increasing opposition, the Spanish marched toward the sea through the valleys of the Laja and Bío-Bío rivers, towards the coast at Penco. On the banks of the

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In 1564, Pedro de Villagra took measures to protect all the towns and forts he still held and gathered a field army in Concepción drawn from all these posts. He knew that one of the Mapuche objectives was to surround Concepcion and preparations were made to support a long

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gold pans, previously exploited by the Incas, but which since the expulsion of the Incas belonged to Michimalonco. With this, Michimalonco and his imprisoned men are released and Michimalonco allocates part of its vassals to the exploitation of the gold by the Spanish.

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marched over the rain soaked mountains and flooded rivers to Angol. The Mapuche destroyed the fort shortly after the garrison left and harassed their march. Regarding the abandonment of Arauco as a victory, it inspired the Mapuche north of the Bío-Bío River to revolt.

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Because he believed he had too few men to hold all the posts in Mapuche territory and still have a field army, the new governor Pedro de Villagra ordered the abandonment of Arauco in July 1563, taking off its artillery and noncombatants by sea while the garrison under

2582:. Captain Gudiñez returned victorious from this pursuit and put great fear into the Promaucaes by punishing them with destruction of their herds, fields, and houses and by cutting off some heads, as a lesson not to call upon the Mapuche army or give aid to them. 2082:

allies. After some victories against the Spanish advances, Pedro de Valdivia was forced to command his army himself and go to sustain the battle of Limarí, where the Mapuche-Diaguita hosts were defeated and Pedro de Valdivia sent Juan Bohón to found the City of

4773:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. IX (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. p. 483. 2549:

But when he entered the places subject to Santiago, he began taking reprisals against the Promaucaes who refused to join him, doing great damage and depopulating the land. The refugees fled to the city for aid and protection. In October 1556 he reached the

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Villagra rapidly took it and destroyed the Mapuche army holding it. Soon afterward Villagra ambushed Loble as he was bringing reinforcements, and unaware of the defeat he was surprised, defeated, and captured. Subsequently, Villagra established fort

4759:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. VIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 4787:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. X (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 2594:, after a dispute over his actions with an allied leader named Chillan who accused Lautaro of acting like the Spaniards. He moved his remaining army over a league up river and again established a fortified camp on the Mataquito River amid a 2993:

who were observing the frontier with the Mapuche after the Mapuche had blocked their prior attempt to reinforce Concepción. During the seven months Villagra was in Santiago, the Mapuche north of the Bío-Bío had built a strong pucara on the

4801:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. II (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta del Ferrocarril. 5032:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 2976:

After the siege was raised, Villagra became aware of an effort to replace him as governor by Martin Ruiz de Gamboa, son-in-law of Rodrigo de Quiroga. Villagra tried to arrest Gamboa who fled overland to Santiago, but Villagra sailed to

5015:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 2902:

contracted from drinking contaminated water. Finally they chose to retire and to raise the siege. Shortly afterward, Francisco de Villagra died in Concepcion on June 22, 1563, leaving his cousin Pedro de Villagra as interim governor.

4916:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XV (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Ercilla. 2590:

under Panigualgo. However Lautaro's mistreatment of the intimidated local Indians to extract provisions had created dissension among his allies. His allies separated from him after the army reached the Mataquito River at

3391:. Guanoalca directed his army against the new Spanish fort, but finding it too strongly held, diverted his attacks against Espíritu Santo and the fort of Santísima Trinidad on the opposite shore of the Bio Bio River. 3542:

directly by Philip II, who thought him the most likely candidate to finish the Arauco War. Loyola insisted in penetrating Mapuche territory with an army of soldiers coming directly from Panama. He established fort

2428:, because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; his experiences with the Spanish gave him insight into the best methods for fighting the conquistadores. He created the first Mapuche cavalry corps. 2695:

After the death of Caupolicán, García Hurtado de Mendoza thought that they had subjugated the Mapuche. On the contrary, the manner of the death of Caupolicán inspired the Mapuches to continue the struggle with a

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Over the next few years, the Mapuche were able to destroy or force the abandonment of many cities and minor settlements including all the seven Spanish cities in Mapuche territory south of the Bio Bio River:

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with the conquest by Pedro de Valdivia of three forts that Michimalonco maintained in the Andean mountain range of the Aconcagua River, which causes the withdrawal of Michimalonco's forces towards the north.

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and Mapocho valleys to send their contingents and join Michimalonco, so that, just as he did with the Incas, he expels the Spanish from the Wallmapu. This action managed to gather around 16,000 warriors.

872: 2413:. The Araucanians didn't offer any resistance to the conquistadors in their fort-building. In October 1553, the Quilacoya gold mine was opened and large numbers of Mapuche were forced to work in it. 5860: 2059:, with only a handful of Spaniards barely surviving. Then Michimalonco applied the “empty war” which consisted of not giving the Spaniards any type of food or supplies so that they could go back to 2732:

large numbers of experienced soldiers, equipment, and arms that he brought which were not available to the previous conquerors and because the Mapuche did not have a strategist to equal Lautaro.

3343:, to single combat to decide the fate of the fortress. The two leaders fought on horseback with lances, and Cadeguala fell, killed by his opponent. His army raised the siege, but after electing 2570:

over several days but were not able to take it and were forced away by flooding. However, with unfavourable losses and more Spaniards coming to Villagra's support, Lautaro retreated towards the

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After a large number of confrontations between the hosts of Valdivia and those of Michimalonco, at the end of 1543 the Spanish managed to finish controlling the valleys of Cachapoal, Maipo and

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After a time of exploitation of the gold, Trangolonco, Michimalonco's brother, revolted and defeat the Spaniards in Marga Marga and destroyed the Spanish settlement, then defeat the Spanish in

2149:. Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed in such hostile territory with so limited a force, Valdivia elected to return to Santiago after finding a site for a new city at what is now 943: 2887:

When Francisco de Villagra heard the news of his son's death he became ill and left for Concepcion leaving his cousin, Pedro de Villagra, in charge of the campaign. The Mapuches, now under

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as the new toqui. With most of the nations' warriors dead or wounded and the population decimated by the effects of war, starvation, and disease, he decided to retreat into the marshes of

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them, but were unable to take them. Again Petegüelen offered peace to the Spaniards and Villagra accepted, but this peace was deceptive since the Mapuches needed to harvest their fields.

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and burned a ship under construction that was in the Bay, only a Spaniard and a slave escaped from the place. Trangolonco addresses as ambassador to all the indigenous chiefs of the

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places that were possible to defend. Nevertheless, things were soon out of his control despite everything done to stabilize the situation, and he sickened and asked for his relief.

2945:. Both defeats cut off the city and garrison of Concepción from outside aid by land. The defeated survivors had to retreat to Santiago and were in no condition to break through the 2626: 2615: 2078:

valley to cut off land communications between Chile and Peru for the Spanish. Michimalonco becomes strong in this sector with its Mapuche contingent added to the contingent of its

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pursued to the Maule River, cutting down stragglers and one of Lautaro's detachments was cut to pieces. Lautaro's army gave them the slip, but was forced to fall back beyond the

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On February 23, Pastene's fleet anchored in the bay, brought supplies and reinforcements, and provided materials to finish the fort. On March 1 Valdivia founded here the city of

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between the Spanish domains and the land of the independent Mapuche. From the 17th to the late 18th century a series of parliaments were held between royal governors and Mapuche

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arrested and sent to Peru and put his own men in control of the province. Sending his cavalry by land he sailed south in winter and landed in early June 1557 on the island of

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did not die at the hands of Mapuches. When the number of missing or dead reached 400 yanaconas and 10 Spaniards, the governor was convinced that he had been mistaken. In

2216:. This force was broken and routed despite the small size of the Spanish forces. Despite the resulting submission of the local tribes, Valdivia sent an emissary to the 563: 1554: 1794:(slave) labor from the densely populated nearby valleys. To serve the Spanish in gold mining was a deadly activity that killed many Mapuches. Lacking a tradition of 858: 5876: 2239:

that Pastene had discovered earlier, Valdivia left with two hundred soldiers in the direction of Fort Imperial. Once he had passed it on his way south, he ordered

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among the hostile Mapuche around those cities. Meanwhile, in the north during 1554, news of the victories of Lautauro led to uprisings by the previously subdued

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The Mapuches pretended peace, but secretly continued to prepare for a new revolt. Soon after the defeat at Quiapo, the surviving leaders gathered and elected

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In 1550, a new expedition was launched, consisting of a naval force under Pastene, and a land force of two hundred Spaniards mounted and foot and a number of

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In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which, because of the growth of Spanish forces in their territory, they resolved to make war. They chose as their "

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Mapuches escaped. Elsewhere the corregidor of Cañete Juan Lazarte was killed at the gates of Cañete trying to recapture mounts stolen by thirty mapuches.

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arrived from Lima in 1568 and recruited 100 new soldiers and gathered food in Santiago province and marched south to join the army near the mouth of the

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Crónica del Reino de Chile, escrita por el capitán Pedro Mariño de Lobera... reducido a nuevo método y estilo por el Padre Bartolomé de Escobar (1593)

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sought to diminish hostilities and end the war altogether by converting Mapuches to the Christian faith. They temporarily succeeded in enforcing the

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march over the hills of Caune, to the hill overlooking Lautaro's camp, on the shore of the Mataquito River. On April 29, at dawn Villagra began the

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treasury and contributions exacted from the cities of Chile with difficulty. He slowly refitted and enlarged his army over the winter and spring.

1422: 2674:. Attempting to throw off the Spanish occupation, Caupolicán attacked the fort of Cañete expecting the gates to be opened by the treachery of a 2603:

with a surprise attack on the camp in which they killed Lautaro and obtained a decisive victory, destroying his army and dispersing his allies.

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With the goal of securing the lines of communication with the southern forts, Valdivia launched a third expedition which established forts at

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Zavala C., José Manuel (2014). "The Spanish-Araucanian World of the Purén and Lumaco Valley in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In

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Meanwhile, the caciques Millalelmu and Loble with 20,000 warriors from the area between the Itata and Bío-Bío rivers, settled down to the

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spread by the Mapuches and it initiated a new general rising greater than the previous ones. With Villagra's arrival also came its first

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with only the forces at his disposal. After reinforcement at Concepción in 1551, he organized another expedition to establish the fort

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as a base of operations against Santiago. Lautaro ambushed a first probe by a small Spanish force from Santiago. A larger force under

1571: 933: 3773:(in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Histórico-Culturales, Facultad de Filosofía y Educación, Universidad de Chile. p. 95. 2232:. He then returned to Concepción to prepare another expedition and await the reinforcements the Viceroy had promised to send by sea. 1954: 1477: 6432: 5224: 4714: 3747: 3512: 3162: 2898:

In April 1563, the Mapuche reestablished the siege of Arauco. This lasted 42 days with the Mapuches losing 500 warriors mostly from

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Hostilities resumed with the arrival of Francisco de Villagra to replace Mendoza. It began during the brief interim governorship of

2841: 2368: 2212:. On March 3 of that year, the fort was completed and was attacked nine days later by the largest force of Mapuches yet seen in the 1940: 1549: 1274: 1148: 1279: 938: 916: 3054: 2990: 1153: 998: 963: 5599: 4504: 4449: 4403: 4363: 3656:. The insurrection was a reaction against enslavement of the indigenous and caused an exodus of Spanish from areas south of the 6503: 6140: 6012: 5992: 5903: 5884: 5756: 5645: 3963: 3582: 3559:. Later, on 21 December 1598, Oñez de Loyola became the second governor of Chile to die in war with the Mapuches, surprised by 3274:, with new provisions to humanize the old system, in an attempt to avoid the excesses of the encomenderos against the Indians. 2744:

Mendoza had made the Mapuche a united people and one committed to renewing the war against the Spanish to secure independence.

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auxiliaries under Valdivia. They planned to reunite on the shores of the Bay of Concepción. The expedition advanced beyond the

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desired. It was only in February 1554 that he succeeded in putting together an army of 8,000 men, just in time to confront a

2439:. This was Pedro de Valdivia's last battle; he was captured and later killed in captivity when he refused to concede defeat. 2306: 2130:, which was later named in honor of the commander. Encountering severe storms further south, he then returned to Valparaiso. 1878: 1696:. The conflict began at first as a reaction to the Spanish conquerors attempting to establish cities and force Mapuches into 1559: 1539: 1068: 901: 5134: 4921: 4468: 4135: 2221: 1689: 1452: 1108: 1028: 953: 79: 4953: 6568: 6563: 6174: 5987: 5836: 5511: 5257: 3206: 2658:

Caupolicán led the Mapuche unsuccessfully resisting the advance of Hurtado de Mendoza by attacking him from ambush in the

2190:, they camped for two days between the river and a lake, where they were attacked on the second night by a large force of 1504: 1467: 1462: 1313: 1303: 1289: 1284: 1245: 1008: 822: 794: 3493: 3143: 2822: 2349: 1921: 6573: 6179: 6135: 5982: 5933: 5788: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5491: 5088: 4778: 4764: 4750: 4650: 4223:, Capítulo XX, says deaths were somewhat less around Valdivia because the Mapuche took refuge in the mountains. Lobera, 4055: 3645: 3307: 1821:

would have explained that he preferred to "die warring, than in a bad peace". Analysing the situation in the 1650s, the

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who attempted a siege of the fort at Arauco that failed, leading to his abdication of his office in favour of his son

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Map of the Araucanía from the 18th century, showing a large part of the territory in which the Arauco War was fought.

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to make agreements with the Mapuche in so called parliaments. This allowed the growth of commerce and increased the

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The Disaster of Curalaba became the beginning of a general uprising that resulted in a six-year struggle called the

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was established. After garrisoning these new places, Valdivia returned to his base at Concepción in 1552 where rich

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around Concepción. On the other hand, encouraged by these victories in the north, Illangulién resolved to destroy

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After his victories in the south and the messages promising support from the north, Lautaro planned an assault on

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to drive inland and establish a fort, with the goal of securing his eastern flank. To this end, Alderente reached

1900: 1867: 1178: 1143: 695: 680: 6340: 5928: 5913: 4972: 4792: 4500: 4445: 4399: 4359: 4143: 2709: 1616: 1586: 1410: 1220: 1198: 1183: 1173: 1168: 1073: 993: 973: 296: 832: 6553: 6467: 6157: 6017: 6007: 5675: 5619: 5584: 5579: 3725: 3720: 3639: 3239: 3181: 3058: 1783: 1643: 1509: 1432: 1380: 1269: 1158: 1098: 1063: 1048: 827: 817: 799: 772: 4949: 4907: 4021: 3299: 3250: 3042: 3018: 2985:

Villagra left the city in mid-January 1565, with 110 Spaniards and gathered 800 Indian auxiliaries from their

720: 675: 670: 605: 3286:

securing communications between Santiago and Concepcion. In 1585 he ordered the construction of forts around

2662:. After further fighting near the site of the ruined fortress of Tucapel, Mendoza built the fort and city of 640: 6306: 6032: 5972: 5685: 3479: 3279: 3129: 2888: 2808: 2335: 2240: 2067: 2056: 1907: 1611: 1427: 1353: 1103: 787: 762: 710: 386: 804: 660: 40: 6427: 6169: 6037: 5609: 5594: 5544: 4986: 3291: 2995: 2969: 2705: 2476: 2447: 2229: 1395: 1308: 1259: 1215: 978: 782: 730: 690: 615: 318: 4925: 745: 700: 655: 6357: 6278: 6147: 5951: 5844: 5729: 5690: 5660: 5539: 5506: 5217: 4782: 4768: 4754: 4732: 3888: 3836: 3061:

to take over the civil and military government of Chile, with the title of governor and he arrived from

2946: 2892: 2586: 2472: 2256: 2107: 2063:. The Spanish barely resisted and there were a series of skirmishes between Spanish and Mapuche forces. 1621: 1375: 777: 307: 211: 5020: 5003: 3590: 3544: 3461: 3111: 2930: 2790: 2317: 1889: 735: 4689: 3347:

as toqui returned to successfully drive the poorly supplied Spanish from Purén and burned it in 1586.

6578: 6372: 6273: 6268: 6195: 6164: 6152: 5918: 5521: 5399: 5264: 5152: 4306: 4261: 4181: 4127: 3564: 3271: 3216: 2938: 2685: 2659: 2644: 2154: 2123: 2119: 2048: 1767: 1626: 1576: 1113: 757: 740: 650: 645: 2381: 6538: 6477: 6367: 6200: 6112: 6097: 5793: 5655: 5564: 5549: 5252: 3266: 2640: 2600: 2468: 2386: 2142: 1826: 1763: 1713: 1591: 1365: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1188: 983: 921: 635: 590: 244: 5186: 2220:, asking for additional forces; he knew that it would not be possible to complete the conquest of 2178: 2146: 1779: 6447: 6399: 6377: 6362: 6326: 6130: 6107: 6087: 6022: 5960: 5804: 5354: 5247: 4700: 4536: 3985: 3966:[The Mapuche of Concepción and the Inca Frontier: Review of Early Sources and New Data]. 3823:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios Históricos de la Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins 3615: 3603: 3556: 3552: 3234: 3022: 2860: 2728: 2202: 2174: 2111: 1751: 1740: 1732: 1663: 1264: 1240: 1225: 715: 595: 512: 233: 4215:

According to Vivar, Cap. CXXVI, up to two-thirds of the populations died between the famine and

2717: 2575: 2251:

there. Meanwhile, Valdivia's column advanced southwards and joined the reinforcements sent from

5162: 4556:

Chile: Its History and Development, Natural Features, Products, Commerce and Present Conditions

4316: 4271: 4191: 2133:

Valdivia himself set out in 1546, with sixty horsemen plus guides and porters, and crossed the

6457: 6394: 6293: 6227: 6219: 6066: 5908: 5812: 5554: 5349: 5334: 5144: 5120: 4857: 4836: 4736: 4710: 4631: 4604: 4577: 4228: 4112: 3926: 3784: 3649: 3619: 3413: 3380:

on April 9, 1587, he was defeated by the Spanish, losing 10 men and continued up the coast of

3201: 2942: 2681: 2611: 2567: 2563: 2436: 2248: 2187: 1992: 1985: 1970: 1728: 1606: 1601: 1514: 1128: 1083: 705: 630: 610: 194: 6496: 6419: 6321: 6256: 6027: 6002: 5977: 5852: 5764: 5711: 5624: 5475: 5445: 5430: 5364: 5359: 5329: 5324: 5210: 5074: 5060: 5046: 5024: 5007: 4990: 4422: 4379: 3975: 3964:"Los mapuche de Concepción y la frontera inca: revisión de fuentes tempranas y nuevos datos" 3876: 3766: 3373: 3355: 3350: 3038: 3030: 3005: 2716:. After the battle, Hurtado de Mendoza had most of the captured Mapuche executed, but saved 2713: 2663: 2452: 2084: 2010:

The resounding victory leaves Pedro de Valdivia confident, who decides to found the city of

1958: 1840: 1814: 1123: 911: 665: 532: 358: 285: 259: 170: 5379: 3802: 6442: 6437: 6311: 6288: 5589: 5531: 5374: 5124: 4519:

Marmolejo, Historia..., Capítulo XLV, located just two leagues south of the city. Lobera,

4050: 3849: 3607: 3539: 2958: 2933:

in the Itata River valley who were coming with reinforcements from Santiago. In addition,

2652: 2551: 2535: 2511: 2503: 2487: 2425: 2268: 2260: 2244: 2217: 2213: 2127: 2032: 1631: 1417: 1230: 1193: 685: 600: 354: 4292: 3244: 3017:

Shortly after the end of the campaign Pedro de Villagra was replaced at the order of the

2075: 4045: 3486: 3136: 2815: 2342: 1914: 6512: 6472: 6452: 6409: 6352: 5820: 5455: 5319: 4724: 4543:, Tomo Segundo, Parte Tercera La Colonia desde 1561 hasta 1610, Capitulo Segundo Sec. 4 4227:, Capítulo LI, says the famine lasted from 1554 into 1555 and some Indians resorted to 3742: 3535: 3303: 3255: 3185: 2986: 2736: 2518: 1962: 1829:

was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuches.

1787: 1596: 882: 524: 505: 376: 335: 313: 302: 291: 280: 269: 250: 239: 228: 217: 206: 199: 189: 141: 133: 128: 16:

Conflict between Spanish settlers of Chile and indigenous peoples (16th–17th centuries)

3688: 6532: 5138: 4284: 4024:(1993). "Jesuitas, Franciscanos y Capuchinos italianos en la Araucanía (1600–1900)". 3989: 3627: 3623: 3586: 3555:

in May 1594. The fort was elevated to the rank of city in 1595 giving it the name of

3381: 3360: 3311: 3222: 3046: 3034: 2978: 2697: 2671: 2667: 2635: 2539: 2421: 2410: 2115: 2015: 1836: 1795: 1705: 1648: 1400: 1348: 1163: 767: 449: 371: 5274: 4851: 4627:

Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective

6517: 6298: 6237: 6232: 6122: 4981:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 227–562. 4231:. Marmolejo says that in spring there was an "pestilencia" that the Mapuche called 3959: 3918: 3295: 2989:

as he marched south to the Maule River. There he linked up with 30 Spaniards under

2004: 1999:

Pedro de Valdivia conducted a nine-year campaign to secure central Chile (northern

1996: 496: 330: 174: 4958:(in Spanish) (Universidad de Chile ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. 4930:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 75–224. 3388: 2648: 2003:). Recently arrived Pedro de Valdivia in central Chile is confronted by the toqui 1778:

Initially, the key area of conflict that the Spanish attempted to secure south of

476: 431: 5083:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5078: 5064: 5050: 4939: 4911: 4897: 4883: 4869: 4796: 4704: 4684: 4625: 4598: 4571: 4554: 4426: 4383: 3025:

as the temporary governor in 1565. Quiroga launched a new campaign, organized by

2647:, but again were defeated after hard fighting, and as a result their fortress at 5797: 5516: 5465: 5394: 5129:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 1–74. 5069:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 4893: 4879: 4865: 4817:"An overview of the Mapuche and Aztec military response to the Spanish Conquest" 3657: 3428: 3407: 3395: 3196: 3078: 3009:

in the region and was able to suppress the Mapuche revolt north of the Bio-Bio.

2757: 2701: 2591: 2579: 2571: 2543: 2284: 2264: 2170: 2134: 2088: 2036: 2020: 1981: 1966: 1856: 1839:(1612–1626) policy, but their conversion attempts foundered on Mapuche leaders' 1810: 1806: 1799: 1668: 110:, development of Mapuche–Spanish diplomacy and trade since the mid-17th century. 5055:(in Spanish). Vol. I. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 4810:(4th ed.). New York, NY: University of California Press. pp. 331–333. 4433:

It is not known if the leader called Chillan by Rosales was Lobera's Panigualgo

3880: 2043: 5450: 5404: 5289: 3980: 3548: 2962: 2934: 2872: 2689: 2546:, who were now inspired by the previous successes of Lautaro to revolt again. 2499: 1697: 1053: 404: 2937:

ambushed Spanish reinforcements coming from Angol to the south under captain

2055:

On September 11, 1541, Michimalonco attacked the Spanish and carried out the

850: 5435: 5299: 5294: 4965:

Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile: the Struggle for Social Justice, 1535–1700

4816: 3962:; Daniel M., Stewart; Payàs, Gertrudis; Medianero, Francisco Javier (2021). 3660:. After that, the Spanish tactics varied from a "defensive war" proposed by 3560: 3401: 3344: 3335: 3330: 3326: 2899: 2595: 2198: 2166: 1755: 1709: 467: 422: 395: 345: 166: 5389: 2431:

With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at

2028: 62:

1546 – until the end of the 17th century; and sporadically the 18th century

4902:(in Spanish). Vol. IV. Paris, France: En casa del autor. p. 506. 472: 463: 454: 445: 436: 427: 418: 409: 400: 391: 382: 367: 350: 341: 326: 158: 6382: 5569: 5460: 5420: 5384: 5161:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ARTEHISTORIA REVISTA DIGITAL. Archived from 4337:

Contemporary sources have various numbers in his army: 3,000 men, Vivar,

3377: 3319: 3211: 2865: 2676: 2507: 2495: 2402: 2079: 2011: 2000: 1969:

rivers. The beginning of the war comes with the campaigns of conquest of

1721: 1658: 519: 107: 4770:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. II (1626–1787)

1961:'s expedition and a large group of Mapuches, near the confluence of the 5470: 5440: 5233: 5026:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. II)

4756:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. I (1542–1626)

4288: 3669: 3453: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3387:

Sotomayor rebuilt Purén in 1589 and built a new fort on the heights of

3366: 3287: 3283: 3189: 3103: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2782: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2559: 2432: 2398: 2309: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2225: 2191: 2182: 2138: 1881: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1818: 1791: 1685: 1653: 440: 162: 151: 5009:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. I)

4251:

was caused by the cannibalism. Lobera makes no mention of an epidemic.

2891:, attacked on two fronts against the forts of Los Infantes and Arauco 2700:

in which there was no day that some yanaconas or once in a while some

2680:

within, but he was betrayed instead and was badly defeated by Captain

1747:

and the war devolved to sporadic pillaging carried out by both sides.

5425: 4998:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. pp. 1, 006. 4955:

Compendio historial del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Reino de Chile

4287:

led a small band of horsemen from Santiago in crushing the revolt in

4240: 3661: 3652:

rose up against the Spaniards and pushed back the forces of governor

3369: 3050: 2740: 2622: 2491: 2095: 1832: 1717: 1700:. It subsequently evolved over time into phases comprising drawn-out 5158:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (1558)

4083:"La poligamia pervive en las comunidades indígenas del sur de Chile" 3310:

directly across the Bio Bio River, and in the upper reaches of the

2574:

hoping to establish himself there. However, the Spanish cavalry of

5752: 5369: 5344: 5314: 5304: 5080:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1625–1655)

5066:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

5052:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1425–1553)

4428:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

4385:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

3665: 3611: 2950: 2926: 2922: 2876: 2721: 2610: 2463: 2446: 2417: 2406: 2380: 2209: 2195: 2150: 2042: 1980: 1744: 1701: 1693: 458: 413: 87: 5721: 4856:(in Spanish). Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta del Comercio. pp. 3334:

Hernandez, where he was wounded and soon hunted down and killed.

5309: 4523:, Libro segundo, Parte segunda, Capítulo XXIII, calls the place 3062: 2555: 2522: 2252: 2110:, to reconnoiter the southwestern coast of South America to the 2060: 1754:, this conflict cost the largest number of Spanish lives in the 5725: 5206: 4913:

Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reino de Chile Vol. II

3789:

Vida fronteriza en la Araucanía: el mito de la Guerra de Arauco

3771:

El estado en el derecho indiano: época de fundación (1492–1570)

3322:

he also raised another fort, where he placed a small garrison.

1684:

was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the

854: 545: 100:

Spanish invasion of Araucanía permanently reversed around 1600.

4888:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 4709:(in Spanish). Vol. I–XVI. Santiago, Chile: Rafael Jover. 3683: 3422: 3072: 2751: 2655:, was left undefended and was captured soon after the battle. 2278: 1850: 4874:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 4784:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. III

4312:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

4267:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

4187:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

4132:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

3176:

Campaigns during the governorship of Melchor Bravo de Saravia

2666:

and continued to the south. There he established the city of

2554:

in his northward march. There he built a fortified camp near

541: 502:

Local detachments and recruits from other regions (1557–1604)

5143:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. pp. 2019:

To obtain its freedom, Michimalonco offers ownership of the

103:

Failure of the Spanish evangelization strategy in Araucanía.

4927:

Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575

4655:

Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile, Tomo II

4474:

Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575

2688:, sentenced to death by Alonso de Reinoso, and executed by 2235:

Leaving orders that the new troops should disembark on the

1727:

The Spaniards penetrated into Mapuche territory during the

1716:, and renewed Spanish attempts to secure lost territories. 5202: 5100:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real. Archived from 3818:"¿Un ejército profesional en Chile durante el siglo XVII?" 5039:

History of the Conquest of Mexico and History of the Peru

4840: 3365:

Meanwhile, Sotomayor had the distraction of an attack by

3229:

Campaigns of Rodrigo de Quiroga and Martín Ruiz de Gamboa

2542:

among subjugated Mapuche and the Promaucaes north of the

1805:

On the other hand, the Spanish, in particular those from

1786:. The Spanish designs for this region was to exploit the 3907:

Encina, Francisco, and Leopoldo Castedo, volume I, p. 36

3053:. Quiroga returned to find he was to be replaced by the 2181:. Along the way they had several battles with groups of 3700: 3339:

refused. He next challenged the commander of the fort,

3037:

in 1566. He accomplished the conquest of the island of

2420:" (wartime chief) an extraordinarily strong man called 1813:, came from an extremely violent society. According to 3944: 3942: 2868:

epidemic that ravaged the native population of Chile.

3648:

came on February 14, 1655, when Mapuche forces under

3585:

that eliminated all Spanish settlements south of the

2607:

Campaigns of Caupolicán and García Hurtado de Mendoza

2094:

In 1544, a naval expedition was sent, comprising the

4853:

Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile

6418: 6339: 6255: 6218: 6188: 6121: 6065: 5959: 5896: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5633: 5530: 5484: 5413: 5282: 5240: 3803:"La Guerra de Arauco (1550–1656) – Memoria Chilena" 2998:, blocking the road south to Concepción and in the 531:Mapuches, Pehuenches, Huilliches, Cuncos and other 4941:Desengaño y reparo de la guerra del Reino de Chile 3278:campaigns. In 1584, Sotomayor founded the fort of 3057:in August 1567. In September 1567, the king named 3013:War during the rule of the Real Audiencia of Chile 2639:of the Bio-Bio and another Mapuche army including 3893:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3867:insight of four chroniclers (17th century)]. 3791:(in Spanish). Editorial Andrés Bello. p. 35. 1957:, which occurred in 1536 between a detachment of 6549:Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire 3325:Opposing these moves by Sotomayor was the Toqui 2643:attempted to stop them in the open field in the 2616:García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete 4899:Historia física y política de Chile (1749–1808) 4885:Historia física y política de Chile (1638–1716) 4871:Historia física y política de Chile (1564–1638) 4603:. American Indian Publishers, Inc. p. 92. 2443:Campaigns of Caupolicán and Lautaro (1554–1557) 25: 2161:Founding of Concepción, Imperial, and Valdivia 1411:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 5737: 5218: 4076: 4074: 4072: 1401:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 866: 557: 8: 2122:, and made landings at what is now known as 4600:Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas 4108: 4106: 4104: 3654:Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona 2621:After the death of Jerónimo de Alderete in 6345: 6261: 6075: 6071: 5965: 5778: 5769: 5744: 5730: 5722: 5630: 5225: 5211: 5203: 4967:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4630:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. 4027:Revista Complutense de Historia de América 2529: 1977:Campaigns of Pedro de Valdivia (1540–1553) 873: 859: 851: 564: 550: 542: 22: 6544:History of the Captaincy General of Chile 4729:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur 3979: 3861: 3859: 3526:Campaigns of Martín García Óñez de Loyola 3513:Learn how and when to remove this message 3163:Learn how and when to remove this message 2842:Learn how and when to remove this message 2369:Learn how and when to remove this message 1941:Learn how and when to remove this message 5077:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5063:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5049:(1877). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 4992:Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile 4975:(1960). Fr. Bartolomé de Escobar (ed.). 4850:Eyzaguirre, José Ignacio Víctor (1850). 3593:. The viceroy of Peru hastily appointed 2153:and that would become the first site of 1953:An antecedent of the Arauco War was the 5094:Hechos de Don García Hurtado de Mendoza 5091:(1616). Enrique Suárez Figaredo (ed.). 4823:from the original on September 30, 2008 3758: 3551:near the confluence of the Bio-Bio and 3049:there, and pacify its inhabitants, the 2724:not far from the old fort of Confines. 4781:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 4767:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 4753:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 3886: 3845: 3834: 2708:, the Mapuches under their new toqui, 1758:, which is why it became known as the 82:region and surrounding regions of the 2748:Second Great Mapuche Rebellion (1561) 1396:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 7: 5998:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 4573:Historia general de España y América 4553:George Francis Scott Elliot (1907). 4341:, Cap. CXXVIII; 300 men, Marmolejo, 3451:adding citations to reliable sources 3419:Third Great Mapuche Rebellion (1598) 3182:Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor 3101:adding citations to reliable sources 3059:Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor 2780:adding citations to reliable sources 2530:Lautaro's campaigns against Santiago 2307:adding citations to reliable sources 2275:First Great Mapuche Rebellion (1553) 1879:adding citations to reliable sources 33:Spanish colonization of the Americas 5041:. New York, NY: The Modern Library. 5023:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5006:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 4910:(1889). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 4624:James Mahoney (February 15, 2010). 3664:missionaries, and parliaments with 3620:Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica 2722:San Andrés de Angol or Los Infantes 2074:In 1544 Michimalonco headed to the 907:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 5605:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 4046:"Misioneros y mapuche (1600–1818)" 2855:Campaigns of Francisco de Villagra 14: 6559:Spanish conquests in the Americas 5502:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes 4657:, Capítulo LXXV, LXXVI and LXXVII 4559:. C. Scribner's sons. p. 96. 4081:Rausell, Fuencis (June 1, 2013). 3748:Coastal defence of colonial Chile 3608:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 2483:end as the warriors demobilized. 2462:After the defeat at Tucapel, the 2393:Lautaro and the Battle of Tucapel 2261:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 2051:in defending the city of Santiago 5950: 5706: 5705: 5273: 4576:. Ediciones Rialp. p. 437. 4345:, Cap. XXII; 8,000 men, Lobera, 3687: 3427: 3261:Campaigns of Alonso de Sotomayor 3077: 2871:The toqui of the Arauco region, 2756: 2568:attacked the fortress at Peteroa 2283: 1855: 471: 462: 453: 444: 435: 426: 417: 408: 399: 390: 381: 375: 366: 349: 340: 334: 325: 312: 301: 290: 279: 268: 249: 238: 227: 216: 205: 198: 188: 157: 140: 127: 39: 4597:Jan Onofrio (January 1, 1995). 4245:Revista chilena de infectología 3589:with the exception of those in 3583:Destruction of the Seven Cities 3438:needs additional citations for 3088:needs additional citations for 3069:Campaigns between 1568 and 1598 2953:before marching to Concepción. 2929:defeated the troops of captain 2767:needs additional citations for 2294:needs additional citations for 2114:. The expedition set sail from 1866:needs additional citations for 1774:Causes of its origin and length 1737:destruction of the Seven Cities 1129:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 4570:Luis Suárez Fernández (1984). 4410:... Said to be 10,000 men 3883:(inactive September 12, 2024). 2907:Campaigns of Pedro de Villagra 2670:and explored southward to the 1991:During the early phase of the 1: 5512:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche 5089:Suarez de Figueroa, Cristobal 4815:Cruz Farias, Eduardo (2002). 4798:Historia de Chile (1492–1717) 4779:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 4765:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 4751:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 4456:Fuerte de San Felipe de Rauco 1817:, 17th-century Mapuche chief 1688:people, mostly fought in the 536:Spanish and mestizo renegades 6180:Comptroller General of Chile 5492:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 5185:(in Spanish). Archived from 5037:Prescott, William H (1843). 4922:Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de 4793:Córdoba y Figueroa, Pedro de 4690:Resources in other libraries 4651:Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche 4477:(in Spanish). Archived from 4469:Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de 4315:(in Spanish). Archived from 4270:(in Spanish). Archived from 4235:and that the Spanish called 4190:(in Spanish). Archived from 4056:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3925:. Springer. pp. 55–73. 3534:, famous for his capture of 3532:Martín García Óñez de Loyola 3055:Real Audiencia of Concepción 3000:Second Battle of Reinohuelén 2210:Concepción del Nuevo Extremo 1739:led to the establishment of 1587:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 256:Martín García Óñez de Loyola 6405:Water supply and sanitation 5600:Desert Campaign (1833–1834) 5575:Araucanization of Patagonia 5497:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 4845:(in Spanish). Eswikisource. 4163:Capítulo XCVII; Marmolejo, 4136:Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo 4117:Carta 15 de octubre de 1550 3816:Guerrero, Cristián (2013). 3738:Araucanization of Patagonia 3577:Destruction of Seven Cities 2514:, but these were put down. 1841:staunch defense of polygamy 58:Historiographic divergence: 6595: 4936:González de Nájera, Alonso 4506:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4451:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4405:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4365:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4148:Crónica del Reino de Chile 4011:Barros Arana 2000, p. 342. 3881:10.15691/07176864.2014.094 3718: 3637: 3612:San Andrés de Los Infantes 3574: 3298:enters the Bio Bio River, 3207:1570 Concepción earthquake 3027:Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado 2991:Pedro Hernández de Córdova 2914:Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado 2625:while returning to Chile, 1823:Real Audiencia of Santiago 1735:in 1598 and the following 1724:was common on both sides. 1443:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 884:Spanish colonial campaigns 147:Captaincy General of Chile 84:Captaincy General of Chile 6490: 6348: 6264: 6078: 6074: 5968: 5948: 5703: 5271: 5135:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín 4950:Jufré del Águila, Melchor 4908:Gómez de Vidaurre, Felipe 4808:The Epic of Latin America 4706:Historia Jeneral de Chile 4685:Resources in your library 4541:Historia General De Chile 4382:(1878). "B.II Ch. VIII". 4134:, Capítulo XCIV and XCV; 3981:10.29393/rh28-30mcjf50030 3948:Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253. 3045:to establish the city of 2875:, with a local army laid 2627:García Hurtado de Mendoza 1706:slave-hunting expeditions 1495:Spanish America (1808–33) 1490:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 892: 581: 484: 297:Francisco Laso de la Vega 223:García Hurtado de Mendoza 181: 119: 49: 38: 30: 4963:Korth, Eugene E (1968). 4731:(in Spanish). Santiago: 3726:Mapuche uprising of 1723 3721:1712 Huilliche rebellion 3640:Mapuche uprising of 1655 3634:Mapuche uprising of 1655 3571:Mapuche Uprising of 1598 3376:. When they anchored in 3316:San Jerónimo de Millapoa 3240:1575 Valdivia earthquake 2267:mines were found in the 1784:Cordillera de Nahuelbuta 1782:were the valleys around 1766:"), in reference to the 1664:Western Sahara (1973–76) 1592:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 1391:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 902:Canary Islands (1402–96) 5615:Occupation of Araucanía 4973:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4501:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4446:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4400:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 4360:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 2941:, at a crossing of the 2255:, under the command of 2177:, to the shores of the 2106:, under the command of 2057:Destruction of Santiago 1448:North America (1779–83) 1366:North America (1702–13) 1204:Philippines (1599-1600) 1144:Philippines (1565–1898) 5610:Conquest of the Desert 5595:Camino de los chilenos 4425:(1878). "B.II Ch. X". 4144:Pedro Mariño de Lobera 4022:Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 3923:The Teleoscopic Polity 3844:Cite journal requires 3341:Alonso García de Ramón 3302:near the mouth of the 3292:Santo Arbol de la Cruz 2965:was elected as Toqui. 2925:. After a brief fight 2710:Caupolicán the younger 2618: 2459: 2424:and as his vice toqui 2389: 2052: 1988: 812:18th century conflicts 319:Gabriel Cano de Aponte 275:Alonso García de Ramón 182:Commanders and leaders 6206:Investigations Police 5869:Presidential Republic 5845:Conservative Republic 5837:Republic Organization 5507:Mapuche football team 5183:Vi-E Educación al día 4806:Crow, John A (1992). 4481:on September 24, 2015 4167:Capítulo XI; Lobera, 3958:Zavala, José Manuel; 3869:Intus-Legere Historia 3628:San Felipe de Araucan 3595:Francisco de Quiñónez 3251:Martín Ruiz de Gamboa 3043:Martín Ruiz de Gamboa 2664:Cañete de la Frontera 2614: 2587:Francisco de Villagra 2510:in the valley of the 2502:in the valley of the 2473:Francisco de Villagra 2471:under the command of 2450: 2384: 2259:. There, the city of 2257:Francisco de Villagra 2137:and were attacked by 2108:Juan Bautista Pastene 2046: 1984: 1955:Battle of Reynogüelén 1669:Western Sahara (1975) 1622:Philippines (1896–98) 1577:Cochinchina (1858–62) 1478:Caribbean (1796–1802) 1339:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 1275:Philippines (1638-46) 1154:Philippines (1567–72) 1014:El Salvador (1524–39) 1009:Guatemala (1524–1697) 969:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 499:companies (1546–1557) 308:Pedro Porter Casanate 212:Francisco de Villagra 68:1550–1656 (106 years) 65:1550–1662 (112 years) 6569:Wars involving Spain 6564:Wars involving Chile 6175:Constitutional Court 6053:World Heritage Sites 5885:Democracy Transition 5485:Extant organizations 4987:Medina, José Toribio 4247:). Vivar claims the 4002:Bengoa 2003, p. 261. 3565:Disaster of Curalaba 3447:improve this article 3280:San Fabián de Conueo 3097:improve this article 3029:, who reconstructed 2939:Juan Perez de Zurita 2776:improve this article 2660:Battle of Millarapue 2645:Battle of Lagunillas 2632:Francisco de Aguirre 2303:improve this article 2241:Jerónimo de Alderete 2228:on the banks of the 2087:at the mouth of the 1875:improve this article 1714:punitive expeditions 1349:New Mexico (1680–92) 6574:Viceroyalty of Peru 6243:Ministry of Defence 5550:Battle of the Maule 5355:Rüxafe (silverwork) 5179:"Pedro de Valdivia" 4701:Barros Arana, Diego 3968:Revista de Historia 3646:last major uprising 3624:San Mateo de Osorno 3538:, was appointed as 3530:In September 1592, 3267:Alonso de Sotomayor 2996:Perquilauquén River 2970:Siege of Concepción 2601:Battle of Mataquito 2477:Battle of Marihueñu 2469:punitive expedition 2237:Tierras de Valdivia 2143:Battle of Quilacura 1827:slavery of Mapuches 1582:Morocco (1859–1860) 1572:Balanguingui (1848) 1540:Venezuela (1811–23) 1505:Argentina (1810–18) 1029:Yucatán (1527–1697) 1004:Chiapas (1523–1695) 245:Alonso de Sotomayor 6317:Telecommunications 5153:Vivar, Jerónimo de 5121:Valdivia, Pedro de 5107:on October 2, 2008 5021:Pérez García, José 5004:Pérez García, José 4837:Ercilla, Alonso de 4537:Diego Barros Arana 4307:Vivar, Jerónimo de 4262:Vivar, Jerónimo de 4182:Vivar, Jerónimo de 3785:Villalobos, Sergio 3699:. You can help by 3604:Santa Cruz de Coya 3591:Chiloé Archipelago 3557:Santa Cruz de Coya 3545:Santa Cruz de Oñez 3308:Santísima Trinidad 3235:Rodrigo de Quiroga 3033:, and repopulated 3023:Rodrigo de Quiroga 2861:Rodrigo de Quiroga 2727:In February 1561, 2619: 2558:in a place called 2460: 2390: 2203:Battle of Andalien 2112:Strait of Magellan 2053: 1989: 1733:Battle of Curalaba 1718:Abduction of women 1627:Puerto Rico (1898) 1597:Puerto Rico (1868) 1555:Colombia (1819–20) 1550:Colombia (1815–16) 1530:El Salvador (1811) 1515:Paraguay (1810–11) 1458:New Granada (1781) 1428:Philippines (1762) 1334:Porto Bello (1668) 1304:Philippines (1646) 1260:Philippines (1630) 1216:Philippines (1602) 1199:Puerto Rico (1598) 1189:Philippines (1596) 1184:Puerto Rico (1595) 1179:Cambodia (1593–97) 1069:Colombia (1537–40) 1019:Honduras (1524–39) 984:Mexico (1519–1821) 513:Indian auxiliaries 234:Rodrigo de Quiroga 6526: 6525: 6486: 6485: 6335: 6334: 6251: 6250: 6214: 6213: 6103:Political parties 6093:Foreign relations 6083:National Congress 6061: 6060: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5861:Parliamentary Era 5805:Spanish Discovery 5719: 5718: 5699: 5698: 5676:Las Canoas (1793) 5522:Weichán Auka Mapu 5189:on March 27, 2009 5075:Rosales, Diego de 5061:Rosales, Diego de 5047:Rosales, Diego de 4742:978-956-8303-02-0 4671:Library resources 4637:978-1-139-48388-9 4610:978-0-937862-28-5 4583:978-84-321-2104-3 4423:Rosales, Diego de 4380:Rosales, Diego de 4194:on April 28, 2012 4128:Jerónimo de Vivar 4113:Pedro de Valdivia 3932:978-3-319-03128-6 3717: 3716: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3497: 3414:Pedro de Viscarra 3272:Tasa de Santillán 3270:reinstituted the 3202:Battle of Catirai 3173: 3172: 3165: 3147: 2931:Francisco de Vaca 2852: 2851: 2844: 2826: 2686:Pedro de Avendaño 2682:Alonso de Reinoso 2651:, the gateway to 2585:In January 1557, 2564:Pedro de Villagra 2457:Historia de Chile 2437:Battle of Tucapel 2379: 2378: 2371: 2353: 1993:Conquest of Chile 1986:Pedro de Valdivia 1971:Pedro de Valdivia 1951: 1950: 1943: 1925: 1768:Eighty Years' War 1729:conquest of Chile 1677: 1676: 1659:Morocco (1957–58) 1654:Morocco (1920–26) 1649:Morocco (1911–12) 1612:Morocco (1893–94) 1560:Ecuador (1820–22) 1500:Bolivia (1809–25) 1433:Chile (1766–1767) 1381:Chile (1723–1726) 1314:Hispaniola (1655) 1221:Insulindia (1603) 1174:Insulindia (1585) 1169:Insulindia (1582) 1089:Chile (1546–1662) 979:Algeria (1517–18) 846: 845: 540: 539: 195:Pedro de Valdivia 115: 114: 106:Stabilization of 6586: 6506: 6499: 6346: 6302: 6262: 6076: 6072: 5966: 5954: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5853:Liberal Republic 5849: 5841: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5813:Spanish Conquest 5809: 5801: 5779: 5770: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5723: 5709: 5708: 5631: 5625:Mapuche conflict 5555:Spanish invasion 5277: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5148: 5140:Diego de Almagro 5130: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5084: 5070: 5056: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4968: 4959: 4945: 4931: 4917: 4903: 4889: 4875: 4861: 4846: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4811: 4802: 4788: 4774: 4760: 4746: 4720: 4658: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4503:(1960). "XVII". 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4356: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4281: 4279: 4258: 4252: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4178: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4078: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3960:Dillehay, Tom D. 3955: 3949: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3763: 3712: 3709: 3691: 3684: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3455: 3431: 3423: 3374:Thomas Cavendish 3168: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3105: 3081: 3073: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2784: 2760: 2752: 2714:Battle of Quiapo 2453:Alonso de Ovalle 2374: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2311: 2287: 2279: 2247:and established 2141:warriors in the 2120:bay of San Pedro 1959:Diego de Almagro 1946: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1883: 1859: 1851: 1847:Spanish conquest 1815:Diego de Rosales 1798:like the Andean 1750:In the words of 1741:a clear frontier 1565:Mexico (1821–29) 1520:Mexico (1810–21) 1423:Nicaragua (1762) 1084:Halmahera (1545) 1054:Brazil (1534-36) 989:Mexico (1519–21) 887: 885: 875: 868: 861: 852: 576: 566: 559: 552: 543: 475: 466: 457: 448: 439: 430: 421: 412: 403: 394: 385: 379: 370: 363: 353: 344: 338: 329: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 286:Alonso de Ribera 284: 283: 273: 272: 264: 254: 253: 243: 242: 232: 231: 221: 220: 210: 209: 202: 193: 192: 177:and other groups 161: 145: 144: 132: 131: 51: 50: 43: 23: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6554:Mapuche history 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6482: 6468:Public holidays 6433:Beauty pageants 6414: 6331: 6300: 6247: 6210: 6184: 6165:Law enforcement 6117: 6057: 6018:Natural regions 5955: 5938: 5892: 5887: 5879: 5877:Pinochet Regime 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5791: 5759: 5750: 5720: 5715: 5695: 5629: 5590:Guerra a muerte 5526: 5480: 5409: 5278: 5269: 5236: 5231: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5168: 5166: 5165:on May 26, 2008 5151: 5133: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5087: 5073: 5059: 5045: 5036: 5029: 5019: 5012: 5002: 4995: 4985: 4971: 4962: 4948: 4934: 4920: 4906: 4892: 4878: 4864: 4849: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4814: 4805: 4791: 4777: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4723: 4717: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4661: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4518: 4514: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4362:(1960). "LIV". 4358: 4357: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4319:on May 24, 2008 4305: 4304: 4300: 4277: 4275: 4274:on May 24, 2008 4260: 4259: 4255: 4241:epidemic typhus 4237:dolor de cabeza 4214: 4210: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4171:Capítulo XXXIII 4158: 4154: 4150:, Capítulo XXXI 4126: 4122: 4111: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4080: 4079: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4051:Memoria Chilena 4044: 4043: 4039: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3885: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3843: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3734: 3723: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3697:needs expansion 3682: 3642: 3636: 3579: 3573: 3540:Captain General 3528: 3519: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3456: 3454: 3444: 3432: 3421: 3263: 3231: 3225:or Alonso Diaz 3217:Battle of Purén 3178: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3106: 3104: 3094: 3082: 3071: 3019:Viceroy of Peru 3015: 2959:Battle of Angol 2909: 2857: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2785: 2783: 2773: 2761: 2750: 2609: 2552:Mataquito River 2532: 2512:Aconcagua River 2504:Mataquito River 2445: 2395: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2312: 2310: 2300: 2288: 2277: 2269:Quilacoya River 2245:Lake Villarrica 2218:Viceroy of Peru 2214:Battle of Penco 2163: 1979: 1947: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1884: 1882: 1872: 1860: 1849: 1790:of gold using 1788:placer deposits 1776: 1760:Flandes indiano 1678: 1673: 1545:Chile (1812–27) 1406:Portugal (1762) 1299:Valdivia (1643) 1236:Petén (1618–97) 888: 883: 881: 879: 849: 848: 847: 842: 809: 773:Las Cangrejeras 577: 572: 570: 535: 492: 491:Spanish forces: 479: 470: 461: 452: 443: 434: 425: 416: 407: 398: 389: 380: 365: 359: 348: 339: 321: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 277: 267: 266: 260: 248: 247: 237: 236: 226: 225: 215: 214: 204: 203: 187: 139: 126: 91: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6592: 6590: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:Stock Exchange 6304: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:National parks 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Extreme points 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5888:(1990–Present) 5882: 5874: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5785: 5783: 5776: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5691:Coz Coz (1907) 5688: 5683: 5681:Tapihue (1825) 5678: 5673: 5671:Negrete (1793) 5668: 5666:Negrete (1726) 5663: 5661:Malloco (1671) 5658: 5653: 5651:Quillín (1647) 5648: 5646:Quillín (1641) 5643: 5641:Paicaví (1612) 5637: 5635: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5414:Related groups 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5199: 5175: 5149: 5131: 5117: 5085: 5071: 5057: 5043: 5034: 5017: 5000: 4983: 4969: 4960: 4946: 4932: 4918: 4904: 4890: 4876: 4862: 4847: 4833: 4812: 4803: 4789: 4775: 4761: 4747: 4741: 4721: 4715: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4643: 4636: 4616: 4609: 4589: 4582: 4562: 4545: 4529: 4512: 4492: 4460: 4454:(in Spanish). 4448:(1960). "XI". 4437: 4431:(in Spanish). 4414: 4408:(in Spanish). 4402:(1960). "LV". 4391: 4371: 4351: 4330: 4298: 4253: 4239:identified as 4208: 4173: 4152: 4120: 4100: 4087:La Información 4068: 4054:(in Spanish). 4037: 4030:(in Spanish). 4013: 4004: 3995: 3974:(2): 138–168. 3970:(in Spanish). 3950: 3938: 3931: 3909: 3900: 3871:(in Spanish). 3855: 3846:|journal= 3808: 3794: 3776: 3767:Góngora, Mario 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3743:Chichimeca War 3740: 3733: 3730: 3715: 3714: 3694: 3692: 3681: 3678: 3638:Main article: 3635: 3632: 3575:Main article: 3572: 3569: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3435: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3304:Tavolevo River 3300:Espíritu Santo 3262: 3259: 3256:Tasa de Gamboa 3230: 3227: 3186:Tavolevo River 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3014: 3011: 2987:repartimientos 2943:Andalién River 2908: 2905: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2608: 2605: 2531: 2528: 2519:Real Audiencia 2444: 2441: 2394: 2391: 2385:Caupolican by 2377: 2376: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2230:Imperial River 2188:Andalién River 2162: 2159: 2118:, entered the 2049:Inés de Suárez 1995:, the Spanish 1978: 1975: 1949: 1948: 1863: 1861: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1775: 1772: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1644:Morocco (1909) 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617:Cuba (1895–98) 1614: 1609: 1607:Cuba (1879–80) 1604: 1602:Cuba (1868–78) 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1535:Uruguay (1811) 1532: 1527: 1525:Peru (1811–24) 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510:Florida (1810) 1507: 1502: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468:Algiers (1784) 1465: 1463:Algiers (1783) 1460: 1455: 1453:Peru (1780–82) 1450: 1445: 1440: 1438:Algiers (1775) 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1376:Bahamas (1720) 1373: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1354:Morocco (1689) 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329:Jamaica (1658) 1326: 1324:Jamaica (1657) 1321: 1319:Jamaica (1655) 1316: 1311: 1309:Tortuga (1654) 1306: 1301: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231:Morocco (1614) 1228: 1226:Tunisia (1605) 1223: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159:Tunisia (1574) 1156: 1151: 1149:Florida (1565) 1146: 1141: 1139:Morocco (1563) 1136: 1134:Algeria (1563) 1131: 1126: 1124:Tunisia (1560) 1121: 1119:Algeria (1558) 1116: 1114:Algeria (1556) 1111: 1109:Algeria (1555) 1106: 1101: 1099:Tunisia (1550) 1096: 1094:Algeria (1547) 1091: 1086: 1081: 1079:Algeria (1543) 1076: 1074:Algeria (1541) 1071: 1066: 1064:Tunisia (1535) 1061: 1059:Algeria (1535) 1056: 1051: 1049:Tunisia (1534) 1046: 1044:Peru (1532–72) 1041: 1039:Algeria (1531) 1036: 1034:Algeria (1529) 1031: 1026: 1024:Morocco (1525) 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999:Tunisia (1520) 996: 994:Algeria (1519) 991: 986: 981: 976: 974:Algeria (1516) 971: 966: 964:Tunisia (1510) 961: 959:Tripoli (1510) 956: 954:Algeria (1510) 951: 949:Algeria (1509) 946: 944:Morocco (1508) 941: 939:Algeria (1507) 936: 934:Algeria (1505) 930: 929: 925: 924: 922:Melilla (1497) 919: 917:Algeria (1497) 914: 909: 904: 898: 897: 893: 890: 889: 880: 878: 877: 870: 863: 855: 844: 843: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 814: 813: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 754: 753: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 691:3rd Concepción 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 626:2nd Concepción 623: 621:1st Concepción 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 587: 586: 582: 579: 578: 571: 569: 568: 561: 554: 546: 538: 537: 529: 528: 527: 525:Indios reyunos 522: 510: 509: 506:Army of Arauco 503: 500: 487: 486: 482: 481: 323: 184: 183: 179: 178: 155: 150: 149: 134:Spanish Empire 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 104: 101: 97: 93: 92: 78: 76: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 63: 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6591: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189:Public safety 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Supreme Court 6168: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5827: 5822: 5819: 5814: 5811: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5702: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686:Toltén (1869) 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:1881 uprising 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:1766 uprising 5583: 5581: 5580:1723 uprising 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5545:Inca invasion 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5103: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4716:9780598482358 4712: 4708: 4707: 4703:(1884–1902). 4702: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4509:(in Spanish). 4508: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4388:(in Spanish). 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4368:(in Spanish). 4367: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4309:. "CXXVIII". 4308: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4264:. "CXXVIII". 4263: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4219:. Marmolejo, 4218: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919:Dillehay, Tom 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3838: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3711: 3702: 3698: 3695:This section 3693: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587:Bio-Bio River 3584: 3578: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3517: 3514: 3506: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3464: – 3463: 3459: 3458:Find sources: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3436:This section 3434: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3382:South America 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3312:Culenco River 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3167: 3164: 3156: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: – 3113: 3109: 3108:Find sources: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3086:This section 3084: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3006:San Ildefonso 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2835: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2793: – 2792: 2788: 2787:Find sources: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2765:This section 2763: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:guerrilla war 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2672:Gulf of Ancud 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2636:La Quiriquina 2633: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2540:Bio Bio River 2537: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2517:In 1555, the 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2451:Picture from 2449: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2387:Nicanor Plaza 2383: 2373: 2370: 2362: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: – 2319: 2315: 2314:Find sources: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2292:This section 2290: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2179:Bío-Bío River 2176: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Bío-Bío River 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1945: 1942: 1934: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: – 1891: 1887: 1886:Find sources: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1864:This section 1862: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837:Defensive War 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Bío Bío River 1773: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1371:Chiloé (1712) 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1344:Panama (1671) 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1290:Taiwan (1642) 1288: 1286: 1285:Taiwan (1641) 1283: 1281: 1280:Brazil (1640) 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1270:Brazil (1638) 1268: 1266: 1265:Brazil (1631) 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1246:Taiwan (1626) 1244: 1242: 1241:Brazil (1625) 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1164:Brunei (1578) 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 927: 926: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 912:Guinea (1478) 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 895: 894: 891: 886: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 857: 856: 853: 839: 838:1792 uprising 836: 834: 833:1769 uprising 831: 829: 828:1766 uprising 826: 824: 823:2nd Río Bueno 821: 819: 818:1723 uprising 816: 815: 811: 810: 806: 803: 801: 800:1655 uprising 798: 796: 795:1st Río Bueno 793: 791: 790: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 768:Defensive War 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 751: 750: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721:1598 uprising 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 671:1562 uprising 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 606:1553 uprising 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 583: 580: 575: 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 547: 544: 534: 530: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 514: 508:(1604 onward) 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 493: 489: 488: 483: 478: 474: 469: 465: 460: 456: 451: 447: 442: 438: 433: 429: 424: 420: 415: 411: 406: 402: 397: 393: 388: 384: 378: 373: 369: 364: 362: 356: 352: 347: 343: 337: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 309: 304: 298: 293: 287: 282: 276: 271: 265: 263: 257: 252: 246: 241: 235: 230: 224: 219: 213: 208: 201: 196: 191: 186: 185: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 153: 148: 143: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 109: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 94: 89: 86:(present-day 85: 81: 77: 74: 73: 67: 64: 61: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 6358:Demographics 6279:Central Bank 6148:Human rights 6136:Constitution 5919:Expansionism 5829:Independence 5710: 5656:Boroa (1651) 5559: 5191:. 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LIV. 4343:Historia... 4323:January 18, 4278:January 18, 4249:pestilencia 4229:cannibalism 4217:pestilencia 4093:January 20, 4061:January 30, 3670:mestization 3658:Maule River 3616:La Imperial 3553:Laja Rivers 3536:Túpac Amaru 3408:Paillamachu 3396:Quintuguenu 3197:Llanganabal 2737:Illangulién 2702:encomendero 2692:in Cañete. 2580:Itata River 2572:Maule River 2544:Itata River 2265:placer gold 2226:La Imperial 2192:Araucanians 2171:Itata River 2135:Itata River 2089:Elqui River 2021:Marga Marga 1811:Extremadura 1632:Guam (1898) 1418:Cuba (1762) 1386:Oran (1732) 1194:Cuba (1596) 805:Curanilahue 731:La Imperial 706:2nd Catirai 696:Reinohuelén 676:1st Catirai 6539:Arauco War 6533:Categories 6478:Television 6463:Newspapers 6448:Literature 6388:Indigenous 6368:Healthcare 6301:(currency) 6131:Civil Code 6113:Ministries 6098:Government 5560:Arauco War 5451:Promaucaes 5290:Aillarehue 5258:Placenames 5253:Mapudungun 4676:Arauco War 4521:Crónica... 4347:Crónica... 4339:Crónica... 4285:Juan Jufré 4233:chavalongo 4198:January 4, 4184:. "CXVI". 4034:: 109–147. 3827:August 24, 3754:References 3719:See also: 3549:Rele River 3473:newspapers 3361:Fort Livén 3294:where the 3223:Paineñamcu 3123:newspapers 3041:, sending 2979:Valparaíso 2963:Paillataru 2947:investment 2935:Millalelmo 2873:Millalelmo 2802:newspapers 2729:Phillip II 2718:Peteguelén 2690:impalement 2500:Promaucaes 2422:Caupolicán 2329:newspapers 2175:Laja River 2155:Concepción 2124:Concepción 2116:Valparaíso 1901:newspapers 1731:until the 1692:region of 1682:Arauco War 1251:St. Kitts 746:Villarrica 651:Millarapue 646:Lagunillas 574:Arauco War 497:Conquerors 480:and others 450:Butapichón 405:Millalelmo 372:Caupolicán 322:and others 171:Huilliches 167:Pehuenches 26:Arauco War 6458:Mythology 6400:Squatting 6378:Languages 6363:Education 6327:Transport 6284:Companies 6228:Air Force 6108:President 6088:Elections 6043:Volcanoes 6023:Provinces 5961:Geography 5476:Tehuelche 5446:Pehuenche 5436:Mapochoes 5431:Huilliche 5335:Mythology 5300:Chemamull 5295:Butalmapu 5265:Tsesungún 5248:Huilliche 4733:Catalonia 4525:Levocatal 3990:245861173 3561:Pelantaro 3412:Governor 3402:Paillaeco 3389:Marihueñu 3345:Guanoalca 3336:Cadeguala 3331:Nangoniel 3327:Cayancaru 3265:Governor 3249:Governor 3233:Governor 3180:Governor 3065:in 1568. 2900:dysentery 2893:investing 2649:Andalicán 2641:Galvarino 2222:Araucanía 2199:Ainavillo 2145:near the 2100:San Pedro 2085:La Serena 2068:Aconcagua 2033:Cachapoal 1762:("Indian 1756:New World 1752:Philip II 1710:pillaging 1698:servitude 1690:Araucanía 763:2nd Purén 711:1st Purén 701:Tolmillán 656:Cayucupil 636:Mataquito 616:Marihueñu 591:Quilacura 520:Yanaconas 477:Curiñancu 468:Vilumilla 432:Anganamón 423:Pelantaru 396:Galvarino 346:Ainavillo 108:frontiers 80:Araucanía 6513:Category 6395:Religion 6294:Forestry 6220:Military 6158:Intersex 6067:Politics 5929:Maritime 5914:Economic 5909:Banditry 5897:By topic 5821:Colonial 5774:Timeline 5757:articles 5712:Category 5461:Picunche 5421:Boroanos 5400:Wenufoye 5385:Weichafe 5365:Textiles 5360:Religion 5340:Polygamy 5330:Military 5325:Medicine 5241:Language 5155:(1987). 5137:(1889). 5123:(1960). 4989:(1906). 4952:(1897). 4938:(1866). 4924:(1960). 4896:(1848). 4882:(1847). 4868:(1845). 4821:Archived 4795:(1862). 4727:(2003). 4471:. "XL". 4225:Chronica 4221:Historia 4165:Historia 4140:Historia 3787:(1995). 3769:(1951). 3732:See also 3650:Clentaru 3630:(1604). 3622:(1602), 3618:(1600), 3614:(1599), 3610:(1599), 3606:(1599), 3378:Quintero 3356:Janequeo 3212:Pailacar 2889:Colocolo 2866:smallpox 2677:yanakuna 2596:carrizal 2536:Santiago 2508:Picunche 2506:and the 2496:epidemic 2488:Santiago 2407:Confines 2271:valley. 2183:Mapuches 2128:Valdivia 2080:Diaguita 2012:Santiago 2001:Wallmapu 1764:Flanders 1722:war rape 789:San José 778:Picolhué 736:Valdivia 716:Curalaba 641:San Luis 596:Andalien 533:warriors 485:Strength 387:Colocolo 163:Mapuches 75:Location 6497:Outline 6443:Cuisine 6420:Culture 6341:Society 6322:Tourism 6257:Economy 6141:History 6028:Regions 6008:Islands 6003:Geology 5978:Climate 5782:Periods 5765:History 5565:Slavery 5532:History 5471:Ranquel 5456:Puelche 5441:Moluche 5405:Wünelfe 5283:Culture 5234:Mapuche 4291:on the 4289:Gualemo 4169:Crónica 4161:Crónica 4159:Vivar, 3921:(ed.). 3563:in the 3547:on the 3487:scholar 3370:pirates 3367:English 3314:, fort 3288:Catirai 3284:Coelemu 3190:Catirai 3137:scholar 2816:scholar 2560:Peteroa 2494:and an 2475:at the 2464:Spanish 2433:Tucapel 2426:Lautaro 2399:Tucapel 2343:scholar 2201:in the 2167:Mapocho 2139:Mapuche 2126:and at 2016:Mapocho 2014:in the 1915:scholar 1833:Jesuits 1819:Lientur 1807:Castile 1792:Mapuche 1712:raids, 1686:Mapuche 1295:Chiloé 631:Peteroa 611:Tucapel 441:Lientur 361:† 355:Lautaro 262:† 152:Mapuche 6518:Portal 6473:Sports 6438:Cinema 6383:People 6312:Mining 6289:Energy 6033:Rivers 5973:Cities 5924:Mining 5796:–1536 5755: 5540:Origin 5426:Cuncos 5390:Werkén 5126:Cartas 4739: 4713: 4673:about 4634: 4607: 4580: 3988: 3929: 3666:loncos 3662:Jesuit 3489: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3406:Toqui 3400:Toqui 3394:Toqui 3372:under 3351:Putaén 3221:Toqui 3195:Toqui 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3051:Cuncos 3047:Castro 3039:Chiloé 3035:Arauco 3031:Cañete 2818: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2741:Lumaco 2706:Quiapo 2668:Osorno 2653:Arauco 2623:Panama 2566:later 2492:famine 2411:Arauco 2409:, and 2345: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2249:a fort 2029:Concón 1917: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1745:lonkos 1702:sieges 741:Osorno 681:Arauco 666:Quiapo 661:Cañete 374: 357: 333: 258: 197: 175:Cuncos 154:allies 96:Result 6504:Index 6453:Music 6410:Women 6353:Crime 6299:Peso 6038:Lakes 5753:Chile 5570:Malón 5380:Wampu 5375:Ulmen 5345:Rehue 5320:Machi 5315:Lonko 5305:Kalku 5105:(PDF) 5098:(PDF) 5030:(PDF) 5013:(PDF) 4996:(PDF) 4860:–206. 3986:S2CID 3821:(PDF) 3494:JSTOR 3480:books 3320:Purén 3318:. In 3306:with 3144:JSTOR 3130:books 2927:Loble 2923:siege 2877:siege 2823:JSTOR 2809:books 2418:toqui 2403:Purén 2350:JSTOR 2336:books 2196:toqui 2151:Penco 2096:barks 2047:Doña 2037:Maipo 1967:Itata 1963:Ñuble 1922:JSTOR 1908:books 1694:Chile 758:Boroa 686:Angol 601:Penco 459:Alejo 414:Loble 88:Chile 6428:Arts 6238:Navy 6233:Army 6153:LGBT 5934:Wars 5466:Poya 5370:Toki 5350:Ruka 5310:Kuel 5195:2008 5171:2008 5113:2008 4829:2008 4737:ISBN 4711:ISBN 4632:ISBN 4605:ISBN 4578:ISBN 4487:2009 4325:2009 4280:2009 4200:2009 4095:2021 4063:2014 3927:ISBN 3895:link 3850:help 3829:2019 3644:The 3466:news 3116:news 3063:Lima 2795:news 2592:Lora 2556:Teno 2523:Lima 2322:news 2253:Peru 2173:and 2102:and 2061:Peru 1965:and 1894:news 1809:and 1800:mita 1720:and 1680:The 54:Date 6123:Law 5794:ACN 5145:122 4858:205 3976:doi 3877:doi 3703:. 3449:by 3282:in 3188:in 3099:by 3021:by 2778:by 2521:in 2486:In 2455:'s 2305:by 1877:by 6535:: 5798:AD 5181:. 4839:. 4819:. 4735:. 4653:, 4539:, 4282:. 4202:. 4146:, 4138:, 4130:, 4115:, 4103:^ 4085:. 4071:^ 4048:. 4032:19 3984:. 3972:28 3941:^ 3891:}} 3887:{{ 3858:^ 3841:: 3839:}} 3835:{{ 3728:. 3672:. 3567:. 3384:. 3290:, 3192:. 2479:. 2405:, 2401:, 2157:. 2098:, 2091:. 2035:, 1973:. 1770:. 1708:, 1704:, 515:: 173:, 169:, 165:, 5800:) 5792:( 5745:e 5738:t 5731:v 5226:e 5219:t 5212:v 5197:. 5173:. 5147:. 5115:. 4831:. 4745:. 4719:. 4640:. 4613:. 4586:. 4527:. 4489:. 4327:. 4243:( 4097:. 4065:. 3992:. 3978:: 3935:. 3897:) 3879:: 3873:7 3852:) 3848:( 3831:. 3805:. 3710:) 3706:( 3516:) 3510:( 3505:) 3501:( 3491:· 3484:· 3477:· 3470:· 3443:. 3166:) 3160:( 3155:) 3151:( 3141:· 3134:· 3127:· 3120:· 3093:. 2845:) 2839:( 2834:) 2830:( 2820:· 2813:· 2806:· 2799:· 2772:. 2372:) 2366:( 2361:) 2357:( 2347:· 2340:· 2333:· 2326:· 2299:. 1944:) 1938:( 1933:) 1929:( 1919:· 1912:· 1905:· 1898:· 1871:. 1297:· 1253:· 874:e 867:t 860:v 565:e 558:t 551:v 90:)

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