51:
237:
115:
42:
70:
92:
733:
685:) has resulted in several cases of poisoning and at least one death. The practice of orally ingesting toad secretions has been referred to in popular culture and in the scientific literature as "toad licking" and has drawn media attention. Ken Nelson (under the pseudonym of Albert Most) published a booklet (illustrated by Gail Patterson) titled
392:
649:
toad toxins and eggs by humans has resulted in several reported cases of poisoning, some of which resulted in death. The first reported death associated with the ingestion of ch'an su was that of a young woman who consumed it as a prescribed (by a
Chinese herbalist) Chinese herbal remedy mixed into a
764:
toad in his possession, and charged with possession of a controlled substance after they determined he intended to use its secretions for recreational purposes. In
Arizona, one may legally bag up to 10 toads with a fishing license, but it could constitute a criminal violation if it can be shown that
2308:
Frost, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, JuliĂN; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, CĂLIO F.B.; De SĂ, Rafael O.; Channing, Alan; Wilkinson, Mark; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Raxworthy, Christopher J.; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Blotto, Boris L.; Moler, Paul; Drewes, Robert C.; Nussbaum, Ronald A.;
532:
The breeding season starts in July, when the rainy season begins, and can last up to August. Normally, 1â3 days after the rain is when toads begin to lay eggs in ponds, slow-moving streams, temporary pools or man-made structures that hold water. Eggs are 1.6 mm in diameter, 5â7 mm apart,
455:
and drainage ditches, and under water troughs. The
Colorado River toad is known to breed in artificial water bodies (e.g., flood control impoundments, reservoirs) and as a result, the distributions and breeding habitats of these species may have been recently altered in south-central Arizona. It
790:
is unlawful in those states. Collecting these toads is thought to cause stress to them, in particular during the process of "milking" where collectors rub the toads under the chin to cause it to secrete the poison in the form of a milky substance that is then scraped from the body of the toad.
382:
absorption across its abdomen. Toads in the family
Bufonidae have a region of skin known as "the seat patch", which extends from mid abdomen to the hind legs and is specialized for rapid rehydration. Most of the rehydration is done through absorption of water from small pools or wet objects.
650:
tea (an approximately 100ml bowl). Immediately upon ingesting the ch'an tea, the woman experienced vomiting, difficulty breathing, and gastric tenderness, which spurred her husband to take her to the emergency room, where she died two and a half hours after drinking the tea.
570:
When vaporized, a single deep inhalation of the poison produces strong psychoactive effects within 15 seconds. After inhalation, the user usually experiences a warm sensation, euphoria, and strong visual and auditory hallucinations, due to 5-MeO-DMT's high affinity for the
785:
Due to the rising popularity in collecting this toad, compounded with other threats such as motorists running over them, and predators such as raccoons eating them, U.S. states such as New Mexico and
California have listed them as "threatened" and collecting
776:
is clear about the law in
Arizona: "An individual shall not...export any live wildlife from the state; 3. Transport, possess, offer for sale, sell, sell as live bait, trade, give away, purchase, rent, lease, display, exhibit, propagate...within the state."
377:
have learned to pull a toad away from a pond by the back leg, turn it on its back and start feeding on its belly, a strategy that keeps the raccoon well away from the poison glands. Unlike other vertebrates, this amphibian obtains water mostly by
504:). Like many other toads, they are active foragers and feed on invertebrates, lizards, small mammals, and amphibians. The most active season for toads is MayâSeptember, due to greater rainfalls (needed for breeding purposes). The age of
1888:
744:, is often dried into crystals and smoked. It is considered illegal in the United States, and categorized as a Schedule 1 substance, though law enforcement is increasingly less likely to enforce the laws with its growing popularity.
358:
or ear drum. By the corner of the mouth there is a white wart and there are white glands on the legs. All these glands produce toxic secretions. Its call is described as, "a weak, low-pitched toot, lasting less than a second."
723:
that people should not handle or lick the toad. Despite the warning's wide coverage in media, the post was made humorously and the Park
Service has no records of people licking or otherwise harassing the toads in parks.
50:
798:
Efforts to breed the toads in large quantities to offset their losses in the wild are criticized as potentially attracting predators to these areas, and creating a disease vector for pathogens such as
1896:
1976:
802:, which can then spread to devastate more of them in the wild. Synthetic forms of the drug that collectors seek in the toad poison are fairly easy to produce and may offset overcollection.
753:
published an article about a
California teacher who became the first person to be arrested for possessing secretions of the toads. Bufotenin had been outlawed in California since 1970.
795:
interview, "Thereâs a perception of abundance, but when you begin to remove large numbers of a species, their numbers are going to collapse like a house of cards at some point."
2785:
2210:
1832:
601:) is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough quantities for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad secretion, containing bufotenin and other
2790:
1857:
2691:
350:). It has a smooth, leathery skin and is olive green or mottled brown in color. Just behind the large golden eye with horizontal pupil is a bulging kidney-shaped
2598:
2020:
2745:
1677:
Ko, R. J.; Greenwald, M. S.; Loscutoff, S. M.; Au, A. M.; Appel, B. R.; Kreutzer, R. A.; Haddon, W. F.; Jackson, T. Y.; Boo, F. O.; Presicek, G. (1996).
1431:
Ko, R. J.; Greenwald, M. S.; Loscutoff, S. M.; Au, A. M.; Appel, B. R.; Kreutzer, R. A.; Haddon, W. F.; Jackson, T. Y.; Boo, F. O.; Presicek, G. (1996).
2237:
1811:
772:
is or was indigenous – California, Arizona, and New Mexico – legally allows a person to remove the toad from the state. For example, the
2795:
2765:
2678:
2533:
1984:
342:
The
Colorado River toad can grow to about 190 millimetres (7.5 in) long and is the largest toad in the United States apart from the non-native
2704:
2559:
615:), which has been used medicinally for centuries in China, as a herbal remedy often illegally imported to the USA that can be prepared as a tea.
1919:
2780:
2274:
2255:
2175:
2041:
1661:
1291:
1568:
Brubacher JR, Ravikumar PR, Bania T, Heller MB, Hoffman RS (1996). "Treatment of toad venom poisoning with digoxin-specific Fab fragments".
2775:
964:
Shibata, Yuki; Takeuchi, Hiro-aki; Hasegawa, Takahiro; Suzuki, Masakazu; Tanaka, Shigeyasu; Hillyard, Stanley D.; Nagai, Takatoshi (2011).
2750:
2218:
1220:
948:
2006:
773:
692:
Among the notable people who have spoken publicly about their experiences with the psychoactive agents in the poison are boxer
99:
1865:
2481:
1187:
2709:
2564:
2486:
890:
1951:"'Flip or Flop' star Christina Haack said smoking toad venom made her less egotistical and prepared her for a relationship"
1950:
1342:
Krebs-Thomson, Kirsten; Ruiz, ErbertM.; Masten, Virginia; Buell, Mahalah; Geyer, MarkA. (December 2006). "The roles of 5-HT
1237:
2760:
226:
2128:
2397:
2066:
550:
533:
and encased in a long single tube of jelly with a loose but distinct outline. The female toad can lay up to 8,000 eggs.
1044:
Gergus, Erik W. A.; Malmos, Keith B.; Sullivan, Brian K. (1999). "Natural hybridization among distantly related toads (
2494:
749:
2146:
864:
320:
2603:
1104:. Boulder City, Nevada: Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program. September 2008. pp. 330â342.
626:
secretions have been known in
Mesoamerica for many years; however, others doubt that this art provides sufficient
591:
Bufotenin is a chemical constituent in the secretions and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the genus
114:
2770:
2327:
2310:
512:, ranged from 2 to 4 years; other species of toad have a lifespan of 4 to 5 years. The taxonomic affinities of
509:
1808:
2234:
261:
2408:
564:
2499:
2446:
2346:"The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (
2717:
757:
716:
209:
1307:
Weil, Andrew T.; Davis, Wade (January 1994). "Bufo alvarius: a potent hallucinogen of animal origin".
2520:
2455:
1096:
2291:
2096:
1927:
1115:
Sullivan, Brian K.; Malmos, Keith B.; Movin, T. (1994). "Call variation in the Colorado River Toad (
497:
59:
2590:
2271:
2252:
2379:
2332:
1489:
1413:
1375:
1152:
1136:
1073:
1001:
842:
602:
355:
244:
109:
2722:
1977:"Christina Haack Revealed She Smoked Psychedelic Toad Venom â But What Is It? A Doctor Explains"
1761:
2696:
1781:
2755:
2665:
2624:
2507:
2371:
2171:
2165:
2104:
1833:"The Story Behind a 1984 Hallucinogenic Pamphlet From Denton Is Just as Trippy as Its Subject"
1744:
1700:
1657:
1634:
1585:
1524:
1454:
1367:
1350:
receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats".
1324:
1287:
1264:
1216:
1212:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1144:
993:
944:
642:
481:
451:
areas throughout its range. It is semiaquatic and is often found in streams, near springs, in
448:
440:
1019:
2629:
2361:
2322:
1719:
Aphrodisiacs through the Ages: The Discrepancy Between Loversâ Aspirations and Their Desires
1690:
1624:
1616:
1577:
1516:
1481:
1444:
1405:
1359:
1316:
1256:
1128:
1065:
985:
902:
837:
611:
489:
236:
41:
2577:
791:
Robert Villa, who serves as president of the Tucson Herpetological Society, said in a 2022
2611:
2460:
2278:
2259:
2241:
1815:
799:
709:
705:
697:
579:
1732:
2097:"Demand for This Toad's Psychedelic Toxin Is Booming. Some Warn That's Bad for the Toad"
1920:"Demand for This Toad's Psychedelic Toxin Is Booming. Some Warn That's Bad for the Toad"
1733:"Deaths associated with a purported aphrodisiacâNew York City, February 1993 â May 1995"
1718:
653:
Contemporary reports indicate that bufotenin-containing toad toxins have been used as a
2366:
2345:
1695:
1678:
1629:
1604:
1449:
1432:
572:
546:
408:
351:
1889:"Chelsea Handler Talks Cannabis Brand, Smoking Toad Venom, Marijuana Facials and More"
622:
art", which some authors have interpreted as indicating that the effects of ingesting
2739:
2572:
2191:
1493:
1417:
1320:
1260:
1205:
1005:
828:
819:
585:
404:
79:
74:
2383:
2336:
1605:"Toad venom poisoning: resemblance to digoxin toxicity and therapeutic implications"
1379:
1156:
965:
2512:
627:
619:
331:
2670:
2431:
17:
2585:
2546:
2468:
2440:
1520:
1098:
Species Accounts for the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program
682:
658:
654:
563:
genus of toads); both of these chemicals belong to the family of hallucinogenic
1409:
1363:
693:
473:
428:
424:
416:
412:
2656:
2108:
1581:
1472:
Kennedy AB (1982). "Ecce Bufo: The Toad in Nature and in Olmec Iconography".
966:"Localization of water channels in the skin of two species of desert toads,
741:
740:
A substance found among the toxins the toad excretes when it is threatened,
701:
554:
542:
457:
343:
176:
156:
126:
2375:
1638:
1620:
1371:
997:
765:
one is in possession of this toad with the intent to smoke its secretions.
732:
2616:
1748:
1704:
1589:
1528:
1458:
1328:
1268:
1148:
2650:
2425:
2025:
1174:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
720:
469:
186:
146:
2683:
2538:
2309:
Lynch, John D.; Green, David M.; Wheeler, Ward C.; et al. (2006).
1140:
1132:
1077:
989:
906:
638:
436:
420:
379:
370:
324:
2551:
2473:
1789:
1396:
Davis W, Weil A (1992). "Identity of a New World Psychoactive Toad".
444:
432:
316:
136:
2402:
1069:
391:
2007:"National Park Service issues unusualâbut funâwarning about a toad"
1485:
2042:"The National Park Service wants humans to stop licking this toad"
731:
516:
remain unclear, but immunologically, it is similarly close to the
452:
390:
369:) that have attacked toads have suffered paralysis or even death.
327:
689:
in 1983 which explained how to extract and smoke the secretions.
1236:
Erspamer, V.; Vitali, T.; Roseghini, M.; Cei, J.M. (July 1967).
926:
National Audubon Society: Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians
899:
Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
681:(a related toad toxin preparation used as an aphrodisiac in the
605:
compounds, have been used in some traditional medicines such as
593:
559:
312:
166:
2525:
2406:
1858:"Mike Tyson Says He 'Died' From Smoking Psychedelic Toad Venom"
1654:
The Cane Toad: The History and Ecology of a Successful Colonist
1765:
362:
354:. Below this is a large circular pale green area which is the
1203:
Phillips, Steven J.; Wentworth Comus, Patricia, eds. (2000).
2192:"'Toad Smoking' Uses Venom From Angry Amphibian to Get High"
1679:"Lethal Ingestion of Chinese Herbal Tea Containing Ch'an Su"
1782:"Bufo avlarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert"
2328:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2
2292:"Title 14. Division 1. Subdivision 1. Chapter 5., § 40(a)"
2167:
Brothers & beasts: an anthology of men on fairy tales
1731:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1995).
687:
Bufo alvarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert
645:, and ingestion of the poison can be fatal. Ingestion of
541:
The toad's primary defense system is glands that produce
943:. Shrewsbury, England: Swan Hill Press. pp. 93â94.
2344:
Pauly, G. B.; Hillis, D. M.; Cannatella, D. C. (2004).
1284:
Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America
665:, and as a psychedelic, by smoking or orally ingesting
1433:"Lethal Ingestion of Chinese Tea Containing Ch' an Su"
1542:
Ragonesi DL (1990). "The boy who was all hopped up".
818:
Geoffrey Hammerson, Georgina Santos-Barrera. (2004).
545:
that may be potent enough to kill a grown dog. These
747:
The toads received national attention in 1994 after
2640:
2415:
2067:"No, people aren't licking toads in national parks"
2315:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2170:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 157â159.
1204:
1171:
2398:Arizona: Tucson Herpetological Society â pictures
2230:
2228:
1656:. Westbury Academic & Scientific Publishing.
1178:. Knopf; 1 edition (November 12, 1979). pp.
1238:"5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxyindoles in the skin of
431:. In Mexico, the toad is found in the states of
407:, the Colorado River toad is found in the lower
1809:How âbout them toad suckers? Ainât they clods?
1119:): behavioral and phylogenetic implications".
456:often makes its home in rodent burrows and is
2129:"Missionary for Toad Venom Is Facing Charges"
1507:Hitt M, Ettinger DD (1986). "Toad toxicity".
8:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
843:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54567A11152901.en
508:individuals in a population at Adobe Dam in
2403:
1211:. University of California Press. p.
235:
90:
68:
49:
40:
31:
2365:
2326:
1694:
1628:
1448:
1020:"Sonoran Desert Toad - Incilius alvarius"
841:
415:catchment areas, in extreme southwestern
2791:Biological sources of psychoactive drugs
2147:"Couple Avoid Jail In Toad Extract Case"
1391:
1389:
934:
932:
1207:A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert
939:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995).
810:
2090:
2088:
2086:
901:. American Museum of Natural History.
715:On October 31, 2022 the United States
618:The toad was "recurrently depicted in
330:from glands within its skin that have
323:. It is well known for its ability to
2786:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
1856:Gastelum, Andrew (17 November 2021).
251:
7:
2211:"Drug sweep yields weed, coke, toad"
2209:Shelton, Natalie (7 November 2007).
1887:Schmidt, Ingrid (10 February 2019).
1603:Gowda RM, Cohen RA, Khan IA (2003).
2746:IUCN Red List least concern species
2021:"Well that's toad-ally terrifyingâŠ"
1762:The Dog Who Loved to Suck on Toads.
829:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2367:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x
1286:. New York: Haworth Herbal Press.
25:
1788:. Illustrated by Gail Patterson.
768:None of the U.S. states in which
661:, ingested orally in the form of
774:Arizona Game and Fish Department
113:
2796:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
2766:Amphibians of the United States
2198:. Kansas City. 3 December 2007.
1918:Romero, Simon (20 March 2022).
1683:The Western Journal of Medicine
1437:The Western Journal of Medicine
630:evidence to support the claim.
597:, but the Colorado River toad (
1975:Chubb, Hannah (12 July 2021).
315:species found in northwestern
1:
2065:Blevins, Jason (2022-11-18).
2781:Amphibians described in 1859
2311:"The Amphibian Tree of Life"
2095:Romero, Simon (2022-03-20).
1321:10.1016/0378-8741(94)90051-5
1309:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1282:Repke DB, Torres CM (2006).
1261:10.1016/0006-2952(67)90147-5
551:5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine
423:. It is considered possibly
2776:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
2040:Kim, Juliana (2022-11-06).
1949:LĂłpez, Canela (July 2021).
1814:September 28, 2011, at the
1652:Lever, Christopher (2001).
1521:10.1056/NEJM198606053142320
756:In November 2007, a man in
750:The New York Times Magazine
708:, and motivational speaker
468:The Colorado River toad is
2812:
2751:NatureServe secure species
865:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
704:, television personality
633:In addition to bufotenin,
567:. Bufotenin can be toxic.
557:(which is named after the
321:southwestern United States
2164:Bernheimer, Kate (2007).
1737:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
1410:10.1017/s0956536100002297
1364:10.1007/s00213-006-0566-1
968:Anaxyrus (Bufo) punctatus
889:Frost, Darrel R. (2021).
760:, was discovered with an
657:; that is, as a supposed
250:
243:
234:
215:
208:
110:Scientific classification
108:
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1770:Accessed on May 6, 2007.
1582:10.1378/chest.110.5.1282
1249:Biochemical Pharmacology
972:Incilius (Bufo) alvarius
869:explorer.natureserve.org
669:toad secretion or dried
637:secretions also contain
510:Maricopa County, Arizona
387:Distribution and habitat
1821:Accessed on May 6, 2007
1721:. ehealthstrategies.com
1544:Contemporary Pediatrics
1056:) in Central Arizona".
1024:www.californiaherps.com
736:Toad at night in Tucson
609:(probably derived from
280:â Frost et al., 2006
1893:The Hollywood Reporter
1621:10.1136/heart.89.4.e14
1091:"COLORADO RIVER TOAD (
737:
400:
2718:Paleobiology Database
836:: e.T54567A11152901.
758:Kansas City, Missouri
735:
717:National Park Service
419:and much of southern
394:
307:), also known as the
288:â Frost et al., 2006
2761:Amphibians of Mexico
2221:on 14 December 2007.
1819:Smoky Mountain News.
1474:Current Anthropology
1170:Behler, J.L (1979).
719:posted a warning on
399:in the United States
35:Colorado River toad
27:Species of amphibian
2281:. nmcpr.state.nm.us
2262:. nmcpr.state.nm.us
2135:. 20 February 1994.
1899:on 18 November 2021
1868:on 17 November 2021
1398:Ancient Mesoamerica
502:Anaxyrus woodhousei
443:. It lives in both
309:Sonoran Desert toad
299:Colorado River toad
269:Phrynoidis alvarius
60:Conservation status
2277:2012-09-10 at the
2258:2016-03-04 at the
2240:2008-01-11 at the
2151:The New York Times
2133:The New York Times
2101:The New York Times
2009:. 7 November 2022.
1924:The New York Times
1862:Sports Illustrated
1831:Rodrigue, Daniel.
1743:(46): 853â5, 861.
1352:Psychopharmacology
1133:10.1007/BF00690963
990:10.2108/zsj.28.664
978:Zoological Science
907:10.5531/db.vz.0001
781:Threatened species
738:
673:skins. The use of
643:cardiac glycosides
599:Incillius alvarius
586:serotonin receptor
494:Anaxyrus punctatus
401:
2733:
2732:
2625:Open Tree of Life
2487:Incilius-alvarius
2461:Incilius_alvarius
2447:Incilius alvarius
2417:Incilius alvarius
2409:Taxon identifiers
2360:(11): 2517â2535.
2215:KC Community News
2177:978-0-8143-3267-2
1663:978-1-84103-006-7
1293:978-0-7890-2642-2
893:Incilius alvarius
822:Incilius alvarius
537:Psychotropic uses
486:Anaxyrus cognatus
482:Great Plains toad
397:Incilius alvarius
304:Incilius alvarius
295:
294:
289:
281:
277:Cranopsis alvaria
273:
265:
219:Incilius alvarius
103:
83:
18:Incilius alvarius
16:(Redirected from
2803:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2404:
2387:
2369:
2340:
2330:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2217:. Archived from
2206:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2071:The Colorado Sun
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1930:on 20 March 2022
1926:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:. Archived from
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1864:. Archived from
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1717:Rodrigues, R.J.
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1533:
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1504:
1498:
1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1255:(7): 1149â1164.
1246:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1210:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1112:
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1103:
1088:
1082:
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1016:
1010:
1009:
961:
955:
954:
936:
927:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
845:
815:
612:Bufo gargarizans
553:(5-MeO-DMT) and
498:Woodhouse's toad
490:red-spotted toad
367:Canis familiaris
287:
279:
271:
256:
239:
221:
201:I. alvarius
118:
117:
97:
94:
93:
77:
72:
71:
53:
44:
32:
21:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2771:Causes of death
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2612:Observation.org
2610:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
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2467:
2459:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2411:
2394:
2343:
2307:
2304:
2302:Further reading
2299:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2279:Wayback Machine
2270:
2266:
2260:Wayback Machine
2251:
2247:
2242:Wayback Machine
2233:
2226:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2145:
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2140:
2127:
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2122:
2113:
2111:
2094:
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2084:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1987:on 12 July 2021
1981:People Magazine
1974:
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1957:
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1931:
1917:
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1912:
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1886:
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1871:
1869:
1855:
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1841:
1839:
1837:Dallas Observer
1830:
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1816:Wayback Machine
1807:
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1555:
1541:
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1506:
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1501:
1471:
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1425:
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1387:
1349:
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1336:
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1301:
1294:
1281:
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1276:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1070:10.2307/1447473
1054:Bufo woodhousii
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
963:
962:
958:
951:
938:
937:
930:
925:
921:
911:
909:
895:(Girard, 1859)"
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
817:
816:
812:
808:
783:
730:
728:U.S. state laws
710:Anthony Robbins
706:Christina Haack
698:Chelsea Handler
628:ethnohistorical
583:
576:
547:parotoid glands
539:
530:
466:
389:
348:Rhinella marina
340:
285:Ollotis alvaria
230:
223:
217:
204:
112:
104:
95:
91:
84:
73:
69:
62:
28:
23:
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2799:
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2793:
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2608:
2595:
2582:
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2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
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2413:
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2407:
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2400:
2393:
2392:External links
2390:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
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2245:
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2012:
1998:
1967:
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1910:
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1823:
1801:
1772:
1754:
1723:
1710:
1669:
1662:
1644:
1595:
1553:
1534:
1515:(23): 1517â8.
1499:
1486:10.1086/202831
1464:
1423:
1385:
1358:(3): 319â329.
1347:
1343:
1334:
1299:
1292:
1274:
1228:
1221:
1195:
1188:
1162:
1127:(2): 146â156.
1107:
1083:
1064:(2): 281â286.
1036:
1011:
984:(9): 664â670.
956:
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928:
919:
881:
856:
809:
807:
804:
800:chytrid fungus
793:New York Times
782:
779:
729:
726:
581:
574:
538:
535:
529:
526:
474:spadefoot toad
465:
462:
409:Colorado River
388:
385:
375:Procyon lotor)
352:parotoid gland
339:
336:
293:
292:
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272:â Cope, 1862
266:
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2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2642:Bufo alvarius
2639:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
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2312:
2306:
2305:
2301:
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2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:19.35.10 NMAC
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
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2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
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2153:. 1 May 1994.
2152:
2148:
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2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
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2072:
2068:
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2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1921:
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1890:
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1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
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1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1791:
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1783:
1780:Nelson, Ken.
1776:
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1614:
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1480:(3): 273â90.
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1240:Bufo alvarius
1232:
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1222:0-520-21980-5
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1154:
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1126:
1122:
1121:Herpetologica
1118:
1117:Bufo alvarius
1111:
1108:
1100:
1099:
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1093:Bufo alvarius
1087:
1084:
1079:
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1050:Bufo cognatus
1047:
1046:Bufo alvarius
1040:
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950:1-85310-740-9
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561:
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549:also produce
548:
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405:United States
398:
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314:
310:
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278:
275:
270:
267:
263:
260:
255:
254:Bufo alvarius
252:
249:
246:
242:
238:
233:
228:
222:
220:
214:
211:
210:Binomial name
207:
203:
202:
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190:
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185:
182:
181:
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172:
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132:
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101:
87:
81:
76:
75:Least Concern
65:
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43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2641:
2416:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2318:
2314:
2286:
2267:
2253:19.33.6 NMAC
2248:
2219:the original
2214:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2100:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2024:
2015:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1892:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1861:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1826:
1818:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1764:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1713:
1689:(1): 71â75.
1686:
1682:
1672:
1653:
1647:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1573:
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1547:
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1512:
1509:N Engl J Med
1508:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1443:(1): 71â75.
1440:
1436:
1426:
1401:
1397:
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1351:
1337:
1315:(1â2): 1â8.
1312:
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1283:
1277:
1252:
1248:
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1198:
1173:
1165:
1124:
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1116:
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1086:
1061:
1057:
1053:
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1027:. Retrieved
1023:
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898:
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847:. Retrieved
833:
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787:
784:
769:
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761:
755:
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746:
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700:, podcaster
691:
686:
678:
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666:
662:
652:
646:
634:
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623:
620:Mesoamerican
617:
610:
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517:
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505:
501:
493:
485:
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402:
396:
374:
366:
361:
347:
341:
334:properties.
332:psychoactive
308:
303:
302:
298:
296:
284:
276:
268:
258:
253:
218:
216:
200:
199:
187:
29:
2586:NatureServe
2547:iNaturalist
2469:AmphibiaWeb
2441:Wikispecies
788:I. alvarius
770:I. alvarius
762:I. alvarius
696:, comedian
683:West Indies
659:aphrodisiac
655:street drug
565:tryptamines
514:I. alvarius
506:I. alvarius
338:Description
100:NatureServe
2740:Categories
2114:2022-08-25
2076:2022-11-18
2051:2022-11-08
1842:2023-10-20
1795:2007-08-12
1189:0394508246
912:21 October
849:20 October
806:References
694:Mike Tyson
679:love stone
588:subtypes.
478:Scaphiopus
429:California
425:extirpated
417:New Mexico
413:Gila River
2432:Q10534901
2354:Evolution
2321:: 1â370.
2235:AZGFD.gov
2109:0362-4331
1991:14 August
1960:14 August
1934:14 August
1903:14 August
1872:14 August
1494:143698915
1418:162875250
1006:207287044
742:5-MeO-DMT
702:Joe Rogan
603:bioactive
555:bufotenin
522:valliceps
472:with the
470:sympatric
458:nocturnal
449:semi-arid
441:Chihuahua
395:Range of
344:cane toad
195:Species:
177:Bufonidae
133:Kingdom:
127:Eukaryota
2756:Incilius
2697:10586898
2651:Wikidata
2591:2.104462
2426:Wikidata
2384:10281132
2376:15612295
2337:86140137
2275:Archived
2256:Archived
2238:Archived
2196:FOX News
2026:Facebook
1812:Archived
1639:12639891
1404:: 51â9.
1380:23396616
1372:17013638
1346:and 5-HT
1157:22694946
998:21882955
721:Facebook
663:châan su
607:châan su
543:a poison
528:Breeding
524:groups.
411:and the
371:Raccoons
356:tympanum
319:and the
264:, 1859
245:Synonyms
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