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agricultural knowledge and technology in the 18th century made them more commonplace. Because tenants, or even copyholders, had legally enforceable rights on the land, substantial compensation was provided to extinguish them; thus many tenants were active supporters of enclosure, though it enabled landlords to force reluctant tenants to comply with the process.
66:
636:"Enclosure" and "inclosure" are words that are frequently used interchangeably, but there is a fundamental difference between them: an "enclosure" is a physical boundary around a piece of land; "inclosure" is the legal term that refers to the conversion of common land into private land. All British acts of Parliament use the term "Inclosure".
331:
were often abused by landowners: the preliminary meetings where enclosure was discussed, intended to be held in public, often took place in the presence of only the local landowners, who regularly chose their own solicitors, surveyors and commissioners to decide on each case. In 1786 there were still
308:
Any individual might possess several strips of land within the manor, often at some distance from one another. Seeking better financial returns, landowners looked for more efficient farming techniques. Enclosure acts for small areas had been passed sporadically since the 12th century, but advances in
277:
by all manorial tenants. "Waste" was land without value as a farm strip – often very narrow areas (typically less than a yard wide) in awkward locations (such as cliff edges, or inconveniently shaped manorial borders), but also bare rock, and similar. "Waste" was not officially used by anyone, and so
339:– at the very moment new technological advances required large numbers of workers, a concentration of large numbers of people in need of work had emerged; the former country tenants and their descendants became workers in industrial factories within cities.
1144:
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Before the enclosures in
England, a portion of the land was categorized as "common" or "waste". "Common" land was under the control of the lord of the manor, but certain rights on the land such as
1109:
1229:
923:
The Act for the
Enclosure of Commons in England and Wales: With a Treatise on the Law of Rights of Commons, in Reference to this Act: and Forms as Settled by the Commissioners, Etc
293:, which exercised some collective control. What might now be termed a single field would have been divided under this system among the lord and his tenants; poorer peasants (
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The remaining land was organised into a large number of narrow strips, each tenant possessing a number of disparate strips throughout the manor, as would the
301:, depending on the era) were allowed to live on the strips owned by the lord in return for cultivating his land. The system facilitated common grazing and
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With legal control of the land, landlords introduced innovations in methods of crop production, increasing profits and supporting the
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c. 118) instituted the appointment of
Inclosure Commissioners, who could enclose land without submitting a request to Parliament.
1100:
313:
130:
38:
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134:
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An
Analytical Digest of the Reports of Cases Decided in the Courts of Common Law, and Equity, of Appeal, and Nisi Prius. By
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832:
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328:
156:
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998:
Parliamentary Papers, House of
Commons and Command, Volume 12. By Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons
335:
The tenants displaced by the process often left the countryside to work in the towns. This contributed to the
721:
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250,000 independent landowners, but in the course of only thirty years their number was reduced to 32,000.
145:
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316:; higher productivity also enabled landowners to justify higher rents for the people working the land.
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943:"Agriculture, Transportation and the Timing of Urbanization: Global Analysis at the Grid Cell Level"
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Boyle, James (2003). "The Second
Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain".
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https://libcom.org/files/Rocker%20-%20Anarcho-Syndicalism%20Theory%20and%20Practice.pdf
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771:
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1045:
1073:
Chambers, Jonathan D. "Enclosure and labour supply in the industrial revolution",
1122:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Rosemary Sweet, Murray Pittock & Mark Overton (
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921:
16:
Series of Acts that empowered enclosure of open fields and common land in
England
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A poem from the 18th century reads as a protest against the inclosure acts:
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Acts of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
941:
Motamed, Mesbah J.; Florax, Raymond J. G. M; Masters, William A. (2014).
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270:
907:
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were held variously by certain nearby properties, or (occasionally)
992:
The
Parliamentary Debates, Volume 80. By Great Britain. Parliament.
231:
created legal property rights to land previously held in common in
106:
59:
18:
1060:
Alienated tithes in appropriated and impropriated parishes.
936:. Vol. 12. H.M. Stationery Office. 1919. p. 588.
653:). Holdings described as waste or not in use paid no tax.
1140:
Lists of legislation by short title and collective title
1085:
The Magna Carta
Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All
1027:
The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields
820:
1007:Edinburgh Review, Or, Critical Journal, Volume 62.
247:public land were passed, affecting 28,000 km.
243:. Between 1604 and 1914 over 5,200 individual acts
137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1087:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
400:c. 109) was passed to tidy up previous acts. The
1110:Parliamentary enclosure – Surrey County Council
1048:. By Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company
1013:The Pictorial History of England, Volume 6. By
746:Clark, Gregory; Anthony Clark (December 2001).
344:
1230:Agriculture legislation in the United Kingdom
8:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
649:records various manors as waste (Latin:
376:Who steals the goose from off the common
362:Who take things that are yours and mine.
349:Who steals the goose from off the common
90:of all important aspects of the article.
741:
739:
665:
629:
590:Commonable Rights Compensation Act 1882
278:was often farmed by landless peasants.
1225:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1882
1220:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1879
1215:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1878
1210:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1876
1205:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1868
1200:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1859
1195:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1857
1190:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1854
1185:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1852
1180:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1851
1175:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1849
1170:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1848
1165:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1847
1160:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1846
1155:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1845
429:The Inclosure Acts 1845 to 1882 mean:
353:That steals the common from the goose.
86:Please consider expanding the lead to
865:
7:
1054:The Contemporary Review, Volume 67.
790:
788:
360:But leaves the lords and ladies fine
347:They hang the man and flog the woman
135:adding citations to reliable sources
371:Those who conspire to make the law.
1120:The Enclosures of the 18th Century
881:, section 2(1) and second schedule
821:Motamed, Florax & Masters 2014
748:"Common Rights to Land in England"
394:Inclosure (Consolidation) Act 1801
378:And geese will still a common lack
365:The poor and wretched don't escape
14:
1235:History of agriculture in England
618:Primitive accumulation of capital
546:Inclosure, etc. Expenses Act 1868
374:The law locks up the man or woman
367:If they conspire the law to break
358:When we take things we do not own
351:Yet let the greater villain loose
34:This article has multiple issues.
491:Inclosure Commissioners Act 1851
111:
64:
23:
1240:History of agriculture in Wales
1115:Archive details and description
980:. Thomson Reuters Practical Law
752:The Journal of Economic History
677:. Thomson Reuters Practical law
380:Till they go and steal it back.
369:This must be so but they endure
122:needs additional citations for
78:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
88:provide an accessible overview
1:
896:Law and Contemporary Problems
802:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
356:The law demands that we atone
568:Commons (Expenses) Act 1878
329:Parliament of Great Britain
1261:
950:Journal of Economic Growth
319:The powers granted in the
254:
962:10.1007/s10887-014-9104-x
764:10.1017/S0022050701042061
289:, it was administered by
926:. London: Owen Richards.
1075:Economic History Review
978:"Enclosure (Inclosure)"
800:Encyclopædia Britannica
724:. Hull Domesday project
675:"Enclosure (Inclosure)"
314:Agricultural Revolution
918:Cooke, George Wingrove
390:
879:Short Titles Act 1896
337:Industrial Revolution
255:Further information:
1103:3 March 2016 at the
1077:5.3 (1953): 319–343
933:Parliamentary Papers
846:"Enclosing the Land"
697:"Enclosing the Land"
613:List of short titles
131:improve this article
1015:George Lillie Craik
823:, pp. 339–368.
796:"open-field system"
1083:Linebaugh, Peter.
535:Inclosure Act 1859
524:Inclosure Act 1857
513:Inclosure Act 1854
502:Inclosure Act 1852
480:Inclosure Act 1849
469:Inclosure Act 1848
458:Inclosure Act 1847
447:Inclosure Act 1846
436:Inclosure Act 1845
419:Inclosure Act 1773
402:Inclosure Act 1845
321:Inclosure Act 1773
1098:Thesaurus of Acts
701:www.parliament.uk
594:45 & 46 Vict.
583:42 & 43 Vict.
572:41 & 42 Vict.
561:39 & 40 Vict.
550:31 & 32 Vict.
539:22 & 23 Vict.
528:20 & 21 Vict.
517:17 & 18 Vict.
506:15 & 16 Vict.
495:14 & 15 Vict.
484:12 & 13 Vict.
473:11 & 12 Vict.
462:10 & 11 Vict.
398:41 Geo. 3. (U.K.)
287:open-field system
233:England and Wales
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451:9 & 10 Vict.
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327:. c. 81) of the
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285:. Called the
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187:December 2023
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148: –
147:
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142:Find sources:
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120:This article
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96:December 2023
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1037:Henry Jeremy
982:. Retrieved
965:. Retrieved
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849:. Retrieved
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804:. Retrieved
799:
775:. Retrieved
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726:. Retrieved
716:
704:. Retrieved
700:
691:
679:. Retrieved
668:
651:vasta, wasta
650:
641:
632:
428:
412:List of acts
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129:Please help
124:verification
121:
93:
77:
75:lead section
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1124:In Our Time
967:12 December
851:12 December
806:12 December
777:12 December
706:12 December
299:copyholders
241:common land
237:open fields
1150:Enclosures
1134:Categories
888:References
866:Boyle 2003
157:newspapers
39:improve it
1046:The Fence
772:154462400
728:22 August
661:Citations
423:13 Geo. 3
387:Anonymous
325:13 Geo. 3
257:Enclosure
245:enclosing
80:summarize
45:talk page
1101:Archived
1079:in JSTOR
984:20 March
920:(1846).
908:20059171
835:, p. 36.
681:20 March
602:See also
425:. c. 81)
385:—
275:in gross
271:estovers
722:"Waste"
464:c. 111)
442:c. 118)
267:pannage
263:pasture
251:History
171:scholar
1056:p. 703
1022:p. 781
1009:p. 327
1003:p. 380
994:p. 483
906:
770:
596:c. 15)
585:c. 37)
574:c. 56)
563:c. 56)
552:c. 89)
541:c. 43)
530:c. 31)
519:c. 97)
508:c. 79)
497:c. 53)
486:c. 83)
475:c. 99)
453:c. 70)
173:
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159:
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1062:p. 38
1050:p. 21
1041:p. 40
1029:. By
946:(PDF)
904:JSTOR
768:S2CID
624:Notes
295:serfs
269:, or
178:JSTOR
164:books
986:2024
969:2013
877:The
853:2013
808:2013
779:2013
730:2019
708:2013
683:2024
645:The
588:The
577:The
566:The
555:The
544:The
533:The
522:The
511:The
500:The
489:The
478:The
467:The
456:The
445:The
434:The
417:The
392:The
239:and
227:The
150:news
1000:104
958:doi
760:doi
297:or
133:by
1136::
1039:.
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952:.
948:.
900:66
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798:.
787:^
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