338:(1936), The theory she developed was that the Earth consisted of 3 shells: the mantle, outer core and inner core. Lehmann inferred that the core wasn't homogeneous; rather, there is a smaller core that exists that is surrounded by the outer core. She deduced that waves travel faster in the smaller core, but the waves can be reflected off if it arrived tangentially. Her theory allows for another wave deflection at the extra boundary and this accounts for the direction and location in which the waves emerge. Other leading seismologists of the time, such as
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248:. There, Lehmann faced gender-based adversities, not being allowed to fully participate in her studies, nor to achieve higher positions of education. As a result, Lehmann had a mental breakdown during her first year in 1911, and in 1912 returned to Denmark. She developed good computational skills in an actuary office she worked in for a few years until she resumed her studies at Copenhagen University in 1918. She completed the
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324:, both unexpected locations. They were unexpected locations due to the theory that S-waves and some P-waves are deflected by the core creating a shadow area in which waves are not able to pass through. The waves seemed to pass through that area to reach Russia. This led to her discovering that there is a spherical core of solid material at the Earth's centre.
33:
309:'s seismological department the same year. In this position, she was responsible for overseeing the operation of three seismographic observatories, two of which were in Greenland. She personally operated the one in Copenhagen, producing reports based on its readings. Though it was not part of her job, Lehmann also engaged in research at the facility.
225:
Alfred Georg Ludvik
Lehmann (1858–1921). The Lehmann family had its roots in Bohemia; the Danish branch included barristers, politicians and engineers. Inge Lehmann's paternal grandfather laid out the first Danish telegraph line (1854) and her great-grandfather was Governor of the National Bank. Her
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She retired from her position as head of the Geodætisk
Institut's seismological department in 1953, giving her more time to conduct research over the following decades. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Lehmann traveled to North America several times and visited different seismological observatories
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Lehmann had a younger sister, Harriet, who became an actress. Inge
Lehmann lived by herself all her adult life. She broke off an engagement in March 1917 and decided to remain unmarried, in order to pursue an academic career, which was not an unusual choice at the time.
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who is known for her discovery in 1936 of the solid inner core that exists within the molten outer core of the Earth. The seismic discontinuity in the speed of seismic waves at depths between 190 and 250 km is named the
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noted that the "Lehmann discontinuity was discovered through exacting scrutiny of seismic records by a master of a black art for which no amount of computerization is likely to be a complete substitute."
396:. During this work, she discovered another seismic discontinuity, which is a step-change increase in the speed of seismic waves at depths between 190 and 250 km. This discontinuity was named the
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which struck on the South Island of New
Zealand. She analyzed the seismic data from the earthquake and noticed that there were waves of significant amplitude recorded in the Russian cities of
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Lehmann once complained to her nephew Niels Groes about the incompetence of her male colleagues, and wrote him: "You should know how many incompetent men I had to compete with—in vain."
350:, adopted this interpretation within two or three years, but it took until 1971 for the interpretation to be shown correct by computer calculations. She continued her work during
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At age 18, Lehmann achieved a first rank mark in the entrance exam for
Copenhagen University. In 1907, she started her studies in mathematics, chemistry and physics at the
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Lehmann received her school education at Fællesskolen, a remarkably progressive high school that taught women and men the same subjects together. This school was led by
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287:-waves in the Earth near the surface in three tectonic provinces: TNA = Tectonic North America SNA = Shield North America and ATL = North Atlantic.
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was named in
Lehmann's honour. In 2015, a species of beetle was named after her on the hundredth anniversary of women's suffrage in Denmark:
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704:"Intellectually gifted but inherently fragile – society's view of female scientists as experienced by seismologist Inge Lehmann up to 1930"
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to honour "outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core."
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degree in physical science and mathematics in two years, graduating in 1920. After a short period of time, studying mathematics at the
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295:. She took an interest in his field, and she began studying it on her own. She was chosen as a delegate for Denmark to attend the
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Lehmann, I. (1936): P', Publications du Bureau
Central Seismologique International, Série A, Travaux Scientifique, 14, 87–115.
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237:'s aunt. According to Lehmann, her father and Adler were the most significant influences on her intellectual development.
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Lehmann received many honours for her scientific achievements, among them the Harry Oscar Wood Award in 1960, the
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mother's father, Hans Jakob
Torsleff, belonged to an old Danish family with a priest in every generation.
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in 1927—a role she filled another eight times over the next forty years. By 1928, Lehmann obtained a
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after her. Lehmann is considered to be a pioneer among women and scientists in seismology research.
1090:"A New Species of Globicornis (Hadrotoma) (Coleoptera, Dermestidae, Megatominae) From Baltic Amber"
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in 1964 and from the
University of Copenhagen in 1968, as well as numerous honorific memberships.
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throughout the United States and Canada. She became a prominent member of the community at the
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Medal in 1964, the Gold Medal of the Danish Royal
Society of Science and Letters 1965, the
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481:. In the same year, on the 127th anniversary of her birth, Google dedicated its worldwide
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arrivals as reflections from an inner core. She published her findings in a paper titled
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244:. She continued her studies of mathematics in Cambridge from 1910 to 1911 at
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1160:"Skulptur på Frue Plads i København er et minidrys feministisk retfærdighed"
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852:"Inge Lehmann - A Small Solid Core in the Innermost Part of the Earth"
813:"How Inge Lehmann used earthquakes to discover the Earth's inner core"
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872:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102, Figure 8.6.
1244:"Inge Lehmann's work materials and seismological epistolary archive"
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In 1925, Lehmann was assigned to be the assistant of seismologist
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1269:"Inge Lehmann and the rise of international seismology 1925_1970"
1429:. Purdue University. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016
459:
Because of her contribution to geological science, in 1996, the
1121:"New Google Doodle Honors Pioneering Seismologist Inge Lehmann"
361:
visited her station in 1951, he invited Lehmann to work at the
884:; Original figure attributed to Grand and Helmberger (1984)
508:
Publications du Bureau Central Séismologique International
977:"How Inge Lehmann Discovered the Inner Core of the Earth"
1385:
Headstrong: 52 women who changed science – and the world
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Memorial to Lehmann in Copenhagen (by Elisabeth Toubro)
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While in the United States, Lehmann collaborated with
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
661:"Inge Lehmann: Discoverer of the Earth's Inner Core"
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Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
192:(13 May 1888 – 21 February 1993) was a Danish
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1427:"WiP: Herstory: Spotlight Scientist: Inge Lehmann"
1383:Swaby, Rachel (2015). "Inge Lehmann (1888-1993)".
1040:[Inge Lehmann and the core of the Earth].
759:"WiP: Herstory: Spotlight Scientist: Inge Lehmann"
436:in 1938 and 1967, her election as a Fellow of the
354:, though international collaboration was limited.
488:A memorial dedicated to Lehmann was installed on
408:Lehmann was also involved in the creation of the
1447:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1421:Inge Lehmann: Discoverer of Earth's Inner Core
1387:. New York: Broadway Books. pp. 161–164.
305:in seismology, and she was appointed head the
297:International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
8:
1191:"Inge Lehmann. 13 May 1888-21 February 1993"
948:Episodes Journal of International Geoscience
638:. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008
635:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
452:. She was awarded honorary doctorates from
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369:, and she studied there for some of 1952.
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20:
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942:Kölbl-Ebert, Martina (1 December 2001).
1354:Swirles, Lady Jeffreys, Bertha (1994).
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448:in 1977. She received the Medal of the
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1271:. Carlsberg Foundation. Archived from
975:Rousseau, Christiane (November 2013).
655:
653:
260:, the professor of actuarial science.
213:Inge Lehmann was born and grew up in
7:
1526:20th-century Danish women scientists
1496:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1491:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
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1242:Hjortenberg, Erik (December 2009).
944:"Inge Lehmann's paper: " P'"(1936)"
761:. Purdue University. Archived from
492:in Copenhagen in 2017, designed by
327:Lehmann was the first to interpret
708:History of Geo- and Space Sciences
665:American Museum of Natural History
410:International Seismological Centre
377:, one of her most frequent stops.
375:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1036:Dahlmann, Jan (23 January 2005).
811:Stomberg, Joseph (13 May 2015).
450:Seismological Society of America
446:Seismological Society of America
1501:University of Copenhagen alumni
1309:"Seismology in the Days of Old"
1146:"Inge Lehmann's 127th Birthday"
1119:Kevin McSpadden (13 May 2015).
1038:"Inge Lehmann og Jordens kerne"
1001:10.4169/college.math.j.44.5.399
993:10.4169/college.math.j.44.5.399
981:The College Mathematics Journal
961:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/007
560:The Royal Society: Past Fellows
173:Geodetical Institute of Denmark
16:Danish seismologist (1888–1993)
1511:20th-century Danish physicists
444:in 1971, and the Medal of the
279:A modern understanding of the
1:
1356:"Inge Lehmann: Reminiscences"
1290:Inge Lehmann og Jordens kerne
363:Lamont Geological Observatory
312:In 1929, Lehmann studied the
1536:University of Hamburg alumni
536:Timeline of women in science
506:Lehmann, Inge (1936). "P'".
556:"Lehmann; Inge (1888–1993)"
416:Awards, honours, and legacy
1552:
1521:Scientists from Copenhagen
1335:10.1029/EO068i003p00033-02
1292:(in Danish). Polyteknisk.
461:American Geophysical Union
1288:Kousholt, Bjarne (2004).
479:(Hadrotoma) ingelehmannae
388:on investigations of the
178:
147:
107:55.8705722°N 12.5044472°E
30:
1166:(in Danish). 8 July 2017
357:When American geologist
242:University of Copenhagen
209:Early life and education
127:University of Copenhagen
1486:Danish women geologists
1267:Jacobsen, A. Lif Lund.
1189:Bolt, Bruce A. (1997).
869:New Theory of the Earth
866:Don L Anderson (2007).
864:Figure patterned after
729:10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022
463:established the annual
434:Tagea Brandt Rejselegat
131:University of Cambridge
1416:Royal Society citation
1307:Lehmann, Inge (1987).
1207:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0016
788:. UCLA. Archived from
702:Jacobsen, Lif (2022).
425:
288:
283:: velocity of seismic
112:55.8705722; 12.5044472
531:List of geophysicists
423:
398:Lehmann discontinuity
281:Lehmann discontinuity
278:
254:University of Hamburg
203:Lehmann discontinuity
1466:Danish geophysicists
1341:on 19 September 2013
1248:Annals of Geophysics
526:Richard Dixon Oldham
314:Murchison earthquake
302:magister scientiarum
250:candidata magisterii
1516:Women geophysicists
1506:Danish centenarians
1372:1994QJRAS..35..231W
1327:1987EOSTr..68...33L
1094:amber-inclusions.dk
1067:, pp. 298–299.
720:2022HGSS...13...83J
606:1994PhT....47a..61B
454:Columbia University
442:William Bowie Medal
412:from 1961 to 1967.
367:Columbia University
141:William Bowie Medal
103: /
75:Copenhagen, Denmark
1531:Women centenarians
1229:on 4 January 2001.
1100:on 3 February 2016
566:on 21 January 2019
465:Inge Lehmann Medal
426:
307:Geodætisk Institut
293:Niels Erik Nørlund
289:
1394:978-0-553-44679-1
1275:on 4 January 2018
879:978-0-521-84959-3
615:10.1063/1.2808386
182:
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149:Scientific career
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1374:. Archived from
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1096:. Archived from
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1021:
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765:on 26 March 2016
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588:(January 1994).
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562:. Archived from
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500:Key publications
494:Elisabeth Toubro
472:5632 Ingelehmann
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68:21 February 1993
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1378:on 6 July 2008.
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1235:Further reading
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630:"Lehmann, Inge"
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365:that he ran at
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344:Charles Richter
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258:J.F. Steffensen
246:Newnham College
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123:Alma mater
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838:"Inge Lehmann"
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169:Institutions
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70:(1993-02-21)
25:Inge Lehmann
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1481:1993 deaths
1476:1888 births
1201:: 287–301.
1046:(in Danish)
1006:11 December
743:11 December
670:11 December
477:Globicornis
400:after her.
386:Frank Press
231:Hanna Adler
110: /
53:13 May 1888
1460:Categories
1433:15 October
1366:(2): 231.
1183:References
1043:Ingeniøren
796:15 October
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738:2658089366
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490:Frue Plads
318:Sverdlovsk
235:Niels Bohr
219:Copenhagen
163:geophysics
159:Seismology
57:Copenhagen
49:1888-05-13
1279:2 October
1258:2 October
1215:0080-4606
1164:Politiken
1077:Bolt 1997
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685:Bolt 1997
600:(1): 61.
59:, Denmark
1443:cite web
734:ProQuest
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329:P-wave
271:Career
155:Fields
143:(1971)
137:Awards
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542:Notes
1449:link
1435:2013
1389:ISBN
1347:2008
1294:ISBN
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