368:
304:
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360:’ (1900–1930). The relatively limited but high quality educational opportunities that had been opened to indigenous peoples had produced a large and growing number of Western style educated indigenous people competing on the job market. Jobs that were traditionally occupied by Indos were more and more taken over by indigenous people. As Indos numbered only 0.3 percent of the 60 million native people inhabiting the Dutch East Indies they came under increasing threat of marginalisation. At the same time the educated indigenous elite was also developing an Indonesian nationalist political agenda.
27:
440:
and anti-Indo sentiments in general. Throughout the decade all Dutch language institutions for Indos continued to be eliminated. All schools, orphanages and retirement homes for Indos were closed by 1951. Widespread discrimination in the job market made it impossible for most Indos to pursue meaningful careers, while simultaneously the existing social security benefits were terminated by the
Republican government.
452:
and GIKI in
Indonesia have later merged to the GIKI foundation in 14 May 1961, later becoming inactive in the 80's. The foundation later split to Surabaya and East Java camps,. What remain in the Surabaya foundation becomes the SMA GIKI I and III, who similarly still uses the Indo Europeesch Verbond logo.
439:
In 1951 the IEV only accepted members that had chosen
Indonesian citizenship and changed its name to the Indonesian name: 'Gabungan Indo Untuk Kesatuan Indonesia' (GIKI). All signs of goodwill towards the Indonesian Republic however did not mitigate anti-Dutch regulations by the Republican government
315:
From its conception in 1919, the IEV’s first aim was to establish unity among all 3 social layers of the Indo-European community, and was founded under the appropriate motto: ‘One for All, All for One’. To secure the interests of the majority of its middle class it clearly set out to also protect and
451:
violence in mind, most Indos that had originally chosen
Indonesian citizenship revised their decision. Even IEV leaders that had previously advocated Indonesian citizenship now fled the country. By 1962 both the IEV and its constituency had practically disappeared from Indonesia. Remnants of the IEV
384:
calling for
Indonesian independence in 1936. It also advocated an Indies citizenship for all natives and the removal of the ban on Indos to own land. Simultaneously the IEV also continued attempts to build a class of Indo farmers as the economic crisis of the 1930s left Indos bereft of a network for
352:
During the economic crisis of the 1930s the organisation remained large however was not met with great enthousiasm by the colonial government. Democratic institutions in the colony were still infantile and the movement was kept on a string by the colonial government, unable to sufficiently reach out
363:
During the early '30s the IEV still mainly orientated itself on the colonial top layer of Dutch expatriates and settlers, striving for true equality between the Dutch ruling class and the Indo-Europeans and profiling themselves as exponents of
Western modernity in the Dutch East Indies. For a while
335:
With 10,000 members in 1922 and almost 15,000 members in 1929 it became the largest
European political movement of the early 20th century and put independence for the colonial Dutch East Indies on the agenda. Meanwhile, it also experimented with projects aimed to bring Indo Europeans from desk jobs
331:
The organisation started out as a social movement and only gradually entered the political arena. In 1924 it elaborated on its founding principles, by firstly stating an unfaltering trust in Dutch authority as a representation of both the achievements and the potential of
Western civilisation and
223:
Within the official
European legal class Indos could be found in all 3 social layers of European society. This European segment of society can be broadly divided into the following 3 social layers: 1) a small top layer of colonial and commercial leadership, including governors, directors, managers
215:
The Dutch East Indies had a non egalitarian and patriarchal social and legal system. Indo children were for instance only registered as
European if the European father decided to acknowledge his children with his indigenous partner. When this did not happen these Indo children would be assimilated
227:
Since 1870, none of these layers were allowed to own and work land and with the continued arrival of white Dutch expatriates, their social status in colonial times increasingly depended on their efforts to blend into the white upper class. Within the legal class of Europeans, therefore, there was
405:
Due to earlier hesitation and the Japanese occupation during World War II, the IEV had missed the attachment to the indigenous Independence movements and came into political disorientation. This ultimately contributed to the isolation of its Indo European followers during the Indonesian National
367:
319:
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Frustrated with what was perceived as Dutch apathy, negative sentiments towards the Dutch government started to prevail and by 1947 the IEV was advocating Indonesian citizenship for Indos. In 1949 the Netherlands officially ceded control to an independent Indonesian Republic.
417:
Disappointment in the inability of the Dutch government to provide security and civil order as well as its indifference towards the political and social position of Indos left the IEV bewildered. In 1946 sentiments of desperation were reflected in a cartoon by Indo artist
224:(ceo's), etc. Mostly consisting of expatriate Dutchmen; 2) a large middle class of mostly Indo civil servants; 3) lower income (to poor) layer solely consisting of Indo people that were legally European, but had a living standard close or similar to the indigenous masses.
396:
hit the Dutch East Indies the Indo emancipation process was cut short and all political activity ended with the incarceration of the IEV leadership by the Japanese occupiers, while the indigenous independence movement accelerated into the Indonesian revolution.
379:
In the second half the '30s the IEV already shifted its orientation towards the nationalist indigenous movements and now openly advocated restrictions to the arrival of Dutch expatriates. The IEV was blatantly critical of the Governor-General and supported the
272:' (1900–1930) Indos not only experienced the near impossible task of resisting pressure from the powerful Dutch authorities, but also from the rising numbers of the educated indigenous elite representing the massive majority of indigenous peoples.
406:
Revolution. Right after Japan's capitulation in 1945 IEV leaders started to reorganise and rebuild their organisation. Attempts were made to find common ground with Indonesian revolutionaries, but were overtaken by the chaotic violence of the
332:
modernisation. Simultaneously it also stated the aspiration to make that same authority redundant and endeavored to move control of the colony back to the Dutch East Indies, envisioning a self-sufficient and independent dominion.
247:
Moreover, the reality of plural colonial society composed of two main social orders (the European and Indigenous communities), living side by side, yet without mingling into one political, economic or cultural unit, pushed the
244:' (1830–1870). The start of the 20th century also saw continued and increasing pauperism among poor Indos increasingly dependent on charity, which created the mental specter of indivertible impoverishment.
732:
145:
Its vision was to retain an important position for the Indo European (Eurasian) segment of Indonesian society after obtaining independence from the Netherlands. Founding father of this organisation was
138:
It was one of the first and largest European organisations in the Dutch East Indies that formulated a desire for an independent nation albeit in relation with a Dutch dominion and supported the
303:
236:
The watershed moment initiating the political emancipation process of the Eurasian segment of colonial society occurred in the middle of the 19th century, when
189:
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they even allied with the far political right i.e. ‘Vaderlandsche Club’ and lobbied for incentives to persuade Dutch expatriates to settle in the colony.
208:. The colonial hierarchy consisted of 2 legal classes: 1) the European class; 2) the Indigenous class. In 1920 a third class: Foreign Easterners (Dutch:
707:
228:
clear social, cultural and mental distinction between the so-called expatriate ‘Totok’ (full blooded) European and native ‘Indo’ (mixed) European.
737:
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542:
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agricultural subsistence able to produce the basic supplies of sustenance. After more than 10 years of leading the IEV its popular president
102:
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continued his strategy of anti-western politics indirectly stimulating anti-Indo polarization. With the traumatic memory of the
568:‘Tussen onderdanen, rijksgenoten en Nederlanders: Nederlandse politici over burgers uit Oost en West en Nederland, 1945-2005.’
20:
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to agriculture as well as to establish more opportunities for education by building schools. It also elected members to the
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After the economic crisis of 1929 Indos were the first to truly comprehend the profound change initiated by the so-called ‘
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To distract attention from faltering economic progress and strengthen the fragile unity of the young Republic, President
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283:' (1912–1913) and the establishment of an infant form of a Dutch East Indies parliament, called the
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The Dutch East East Indies (1800–1949), nowadays known as Indonesia, was the largest colony in the
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period when IEV forerunner Ploegman was one of the first of almost 20,000 Indos to be killed by
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into their mothers’ indigenous community. The colonial saying to describe this phenomenon was
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massively protested the discriminatory provisions implemented with the introduction of the '
123:
was a social movement and only gradually also political organisation founded in 1919 by the
161:
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212:) was added. The Eurasians known as Indos made up almost 75% of the European headcount.
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535:‘De Privaatrechterlijke Toestand: Der Vreemde Oosterlingen Op Java En Madoera (1887).’
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218:“The (Indo) child would disappear into the kampung (English: native village)”
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Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600-1942), Part II by van Hoogevest, W.M.
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of 1936 that aimed for an independent status within a Dutch commonwealth.
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that fought for race equality and political say in late colonial
555:‘The Dutch East Indies: its government, problems and politics.’
150:, chief editor of one of the country's largest newspapers, the
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to the rising indigenous Indonesian independence movement.
16:
Social movement and political organization founded in 1919
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uplift the most vulnerable bottom layer of Indo society.
519:(Publisher: Association of Asian Studies, 1960) P.45-60
733:
Political organisations based in the Dutch East Indies
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Karel Zaalberg, journalist en strijder voor de Indo.
252:in a fundamental position of insecurity. From the
156:, and close friend to famous contemporaries like
327:with teachers working in the IEV funded schools.
171:Its main chairman and president (1929–1939) was
611:(Publisher Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) P.270
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8:
718:Website on Indonesian political development
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683:(Publisher Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004)
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585:‘Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.’
570:(Publisher: Rozenberg, Amsterdam, 2007)
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581:Hoog, Frederik Hermanus de (1881-1939)
557:(University of California Press, 1941)
7:
422:in the Dutch main monthly magazine '
533:and Cordes, Jan, Willem, Cornelis.
37:This article is part of a series on
30:Logo of the Indo Europeesch Verbond
681:In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.
609:In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.
587:ING - Institute for Dutch History
291:) in 1917, the IEV was founded by
14:
537:(Publisher” Bibiliobazaar, 2008)
311:(1929-1939) aka the Indo General.
697:(Publisher KITLV, Leiden, 1997.)
428:"Those about to die salute you."
268:. With the introduction of the ‘
513:"Eurasian dilemma in Indonesia"
135:during the early 20th century.
738:European diaspora in Indonesia
530:See online educational paper:
517:"The journal of Asian studies"
1:
748:Indonesian National Awakening
495:(COMT, Leiden, 1994) P.81,84
52:Indos in pre-colonial history
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182:
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262:Indos in colonial history
185:Indos in colonial history
57:Indos in colonial history
125:Indo-European (Eurasian)
19:Not to be confused with
210:id:Vreemde Oosterlingen
117:Indo Europeesch Verbond
658:www.smagiki3sby.sch.id
426:' headed by the text:
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153:Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad
121:Indo European Alliance
62:Indo European Alliance
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629:"SMA Giki 1 Surabaya"
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264:progressively became
254:pre-colonial position
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29:
713:Biography IEV leader
358:Dutch Ethical Policy
277:Ernest Douwes Dekker
196:brother and sister,
166:Ernest Douwes Dekker
633:smagiki1-sby.sch.id
461:Notes and citations
708:Short description.
553:Vandenbosch, Amry
515:Vol. 20, No. 1 in
511:Van Der Steur, P.
382:Soetardjo Petition
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242:Cultivation System
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140:Soetardjo Petition
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543:978-0-559-23498-9
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127:community of the
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293:Karel Zaalberg
281:Indische Party
270:Ethical Policy
266:"marginal men"
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275:Inspired by
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258:"middle men"
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743:Indo people
435:Final years
162:E.du Perron
43:Indo people
727:Categories
663:2024-06-25
652:mysch.id.
638:2024-06-25
456:References
420:Eppo Doeve
373:Buitenzorg
179:Background
654:"SEJARAH"
338:Volksraad
295:in 1919.
289:Volksraad
158:P.A. Daum
133:Indonesia
119:(IEV) or
424:Elsevier
287:(Dutch:
449:Bersiap
445:Sukarno
408:Bersiap
232:Prelude
67:Bersiap
687:
615:
541:
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412:Pemuda
200:, 1931
583:, in
238:Indos
685:ISBN
613:ISBN
539:ISBN
497:ISBN
260:the
164:and
115:The
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