484:
568:
406:
51:
143:
119:
95:
275:
155:
131:
107:
582:
1262:
820:
Universal
Geography, Or, A Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan, According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe: Improved by the Addition of the Most Recent Information, Derived from Various Sources : Accompanied with Analytical, Synoptical, and Elementary Tables,
331:
to describe the area's inhabitants and their languages in 1808. Scholarly opinions at the time regarding China's and India's historical influence over the area were conflicting, and the term was itself controversial—Malte-Brun himself later argued against its use in a later edition of his
1255:
1248:
745:
King Asoka in the third century BC is widely cited as the model monarch who organized networks of missionaries to preach the teachings of the Buddha outside India including to
Suvarnabhumi or mainland Southeast
2558:
2446:
2407:
1191:
358:(covering present-day Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam), use of the term became more restricted to the French colony, and today the area is usually referred to as Mainland Southeast Asia.
529:
The countries of mainland
Southeast Asia received cultural influence from both India and China to varying degrees. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand are all influenced by
4510:
1183:
4505:
526:: although belonging to several independent language families, they have converged over the course of history and share a number of typological similarities.
3329:
1230:
History of the mountain people of southern
Indochina up to 1945 (Bernard Bourotte, i.e. Jacques Méry), U.S. Agency for International Development, 195?
614:
523:
5341:
5336:
4873:
759:
4148:
1046:
986:
956:
3673:
3476:
1076:
4209:
4887:
1016:
897:
415:
The
Indochinese Peninsula projects southward from the Asian continent proper. It contains several mountain ranges extending from the
1540:
932:
873:
848:
801:
769:
1240:
5351:
5346:
1614:
1596:
641:
2270:
1834:
487:
1102:
382:
279:
304:("land of gold"), a toponym, that appears in many ancient Indian literary sources and Buddhist texts, but which, along with
483:
4500:
3322:
3996:
5196:
4188:
3121:
1524:
4685:
4488:
2744:
2302:
1552:
3759:
1161:
673:
2685:
711:
Kitiarsa, Pattana (2010). "Missionary Intent and
Monastic Networks: Thai Buddhism as a Transnational Religion".
498:, mainly through the division of largely land-based lifestyles in Indochina and the sea-based lifestyles of the
4799:
3315:
1980:
646:
511:
4318:
4192:
4155:
2052:
600:
507:
495:
472:
390:
263:
70:
5056:
4495:
4483:
3836:
3589:
2080:
2008:
619:
519:
515:
503:
499:
66:
4934:
4648:
4303:
4174:
3663:
3541:
2985:
2605:
1338:
444:
2553:
405:
4969:
4530:
4179:
3631:
3584:
3059:
2717:
2657:
2521:
2108:
2040:
1806:
1670:
685:
306:
300:
4525:
4478:
4473:
4342:
4325:
4313:
4291:
4164:
4011:
3594:
3373:
3357:
3091:
2180:
1952:
1568:
468:
220:
184:
1686:
1101:(Report). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. September 2008.
825:
680:
The Golden
Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
567:
313:
The origins of the name Indo-China are usually attributed jointly to the Danish-French geographer
5162:
5120:
5110:
4974:
4964:
4587:
4308:
4020:
3831:
3749:
3727:
3697:
3692:
3075:
3031:
2913:
2897:
1888:
1654:
1153:
736:
420:
394:
2441:
2402:
689:
234:) was coined in the early nineteenth century, emphasizing the historical cultural influence of
5088:
4902:
4897:
4831:
4767:
4668:
4597:
4468:
4159:
4006:
3878:
3851:
3799:
3739:
3680:
3621:
3611:
3531:
3521:
3368:
3019:
2477:
2386:
2164:
1940:
1494:
1145:
928:
869:
844:
797:
765:
728:
693:
636:
464:
432:
371:
314:
4712:
4270:
4107:
3917:
1474:
1038:
978:
948:
471:; the latter is variably considered part of Mainland Southeast Asia or separately as part of
5181:
5152:
5147:
5125:
5083:
4806:
4794:
4772:
4621:
4570:
4550:
4540:
4451:
4246:
4236:
3991:
3846:
3824:
3809:
3722:
3717:
3422:
2957:
2489:
2226:
2142:
1908:
1137:
1068:
720:
587:
378:
355:
243:
235:
31:
1734:
293:
5271:
5241:
5130:
5098:
5073:
4722:
4695:
4690:
4653:
4604:
4374:
4102:
4060:
3893:
3888:
3707:
3668:
3658:
3616:
3553:
3548:
3526:
3506:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3464:
3289:
3135:
3105:
2945:
2778:
1924:
1414:
1272:
1008:
889:
534:
460:
424:
416:
239:
818:
310:("island" or "peninsula of gold"), are also thought to refer to insular Southeast Asia.
5296:
5286:
5137:
5078:
4958:
4912:
4858:
4755:
4638:
4535:
4446:
4117:
3975:
3965:
3856:
3789:
3643:
3638:
3569:
3398:
3383:
2929:
2881:
2758:
2673:
2242:
2124:
2068:
1642:
1388:
678:
595:
530:
375:
188:
180:
50:
1718:
522:
languages (spoken in
Maritime Southeast Asia). The languages of the mainland form the
5330:
5103:
5068:
5034:
5029:
5009:
4984:
4816:
4717:
4680:
4626:
4614:
4580:
4389:
4384:
4352:
4337:
4275:
4169:
4092:
4050:
4045:
3970:
3953:
3922:
3866:
3841:
3819:
3814:
3754:
3744:
3685:
3469:
3452:
3047:
3001:
2973:
2024:
1868:
1626:
1580:
1219:
921:
423:
largely drained by three major river systems running in a north–south direction: the
346:
196:
5061:
4917:
4863:
4821:
4811:
4789:
4784:
4658:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4265:
4260:
4097:
4082:
4072:
3986:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3873:
3648:
3511:
3447:
3350:
2505:
2346:
2326:
2322:
2286:
1794:
1402:
1326:
409:
367:
192:
385:. It includes the native flora and fauna of all the countries above. The adjacent
274:
1098:
5315:
5191:
4989:
4892:
4826:
4762:
4740:
4707:
4663:
4643:
4520:
4463:
4458:
4419:
4251:
4241:
4123:
4055:
4039:
3794:
3734:
3606:
3516:
3457:
3410:
3388:
2826:
2798:
2637:
2350:
2258:
1512:
1426:
1312:
573:
324:
5221:
4868:
4565:
4555:
4436:
4364:
4357:
4285:
4231:
3960:
3932:
3769:
3626:
3501:
2370:
2290:
2214:
1996:
1454:
1376:
1364:
1350:
563:
1229:
1184:"The Minority Muslim Experience in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Different Path"
1149:
866:
The golden peninsula : culture and adaptation in mainland
Southeast Asia
732:
697:
5046:
4979:
4949:
4944:
4922:
4882:
4841:
4732:
4673:
4592:
4575:
4379:
4347:
4138:
3804:
3784:
3779:
3712:
3702:
3653:
3563:
3536:
3496:
3432:
3338:
2853:
2842:
2701:
2537:
2096:
1968:
286:
344:
had already gained traction and soon supplanted alternative terms such as
5246:
5231:
5211:
5176:
5115:
4702:
4424:
4256:
4219:
4197:
4035:
4001:
3982:
3903:
3774:
3437:
3393:
3378:
2869:
2621:
1774:
545:
452:
436:
247:
212:
200:
148:
124:
100:
17:
1157:
1125:
740:
5291:
5266:
5261:
5236:
5216:
5201:
5142:
5051:
5019:
4994:
4939:
4853:
4750:
4441:
4369:
4224:
4077:
4030:
4025:
3938:
3883:
3861:
3764:
3405:
2814:
549:
456:
428:
386:
255:
216:
208:
160:
136:
285:
In Indian sources, the earliest name connected with
Southeast Asia is
5281:
5186:
5167:
5157:
5093:
5024:
5004:
4999:
4954:
4609:
4560:
4545:
4429:
4414:
4404:
4332:
4133:
4087:
3948:
3579:
3442:
3427:
2576:
2425:
2196:
1822:
1702:
553:
538:
440:
242:
on the area. The term was later adopted as the name of the colony of
1221:
The art of Indochina: including Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
724:
541:
civilization that Vietnam conquered during its southward expansion.
336:, reasoning that it overemphasized Chinese influence, and suggested
1141:
5308:
5301:
5276:
5256:
5251:
5226:
5206:
5041:
5014:
4929:
4907:
4848:
4631:
4214:
4204:
3601:
3415:
3307:
1850:
624:
482:
404:
273:
794:
Architecturalized Asia : mapping a continent through history
4836:
4777:
4515:
4067:
3342:
1754:
868:(Pbk. reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 1.
448:
251:
204:
112:
30:"Indochina" redirects here. For the French colonial regime, see
3311:
1244:
1126:"Some Aspects of Malay-Muslim Ethnicity in Peninsular Malaysia"
298:. Another possible early name of mainland Southeast Asia was
537:
but still has minor influences from India, largely via the
354:. Later, however, as the French established the colony of
370:, the Indochinese bioregion is a major region in the
4731:
4284:
4116:
3931:
3562:
3349:
713:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
88:
80:
65:
57:
1218:
1075:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
1045:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
1015:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
985:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
955:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
920:
792:Vimalin Rujivacharakul; et al., eds. (2013).
677:
544:Overall, Mainland Southeast Asia is predominantly
4511:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
1099:2008 Report on International Religious Freedom
4506:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
3323:
1256:
393:countries, and straddles the Indomalayan and
8:
923:The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary Of Geography
518:(spoken in Mainland Southeast Asia) and the
318:
39:
506:, as well as the dividing line between the
3330:
3316:
3308:
1263:
1249:
1241:
796:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 89.
668:
666:
664:
662:
199:to the east. It includes the countries of
49:
27:The continental portion of Southeast Asia
1287:
841:The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919
761:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
658:
615:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
524:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
494:Mainland Southeast Asia contrasts with
38:
7:
4874:Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
1019:from the original on 1 December 2021
959:from the original on 15 October 2021
4149:Northern Triangle temperate forests
323:in 1804, and the Scottish linguist
1217:Bernard Philippe Groslier (1962).
1194:from the original on 27 April 2023
900:from the original on 15 March 2023
25:
1164:from the original on 1 April 2023
1079:from the original on 10 June 2021
1049:from the original on 10 June 2021
989:from the original on 10 June 2021
1105:from the original on 6 July 2019
580:
566:
533:, only Vietnam is influenced by
419:in the north, interspersed with
278:1886 map of Indochina, from the
179:) is the continental portion of
153:
141:
129:
117:
105:
93:
266:, is more commonly referenced.
3674:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
3477:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
919:Marion Severynse, ed. (1997).
890:"Biogeographic region – Fauna"
383:Oriental Paleotropical Kingdom
317:, who referred to the area as
280:Scottish Geographical Magazine
1:
4501:Meghalaya subtropical forests
3139:
3109:
3079:
2901:
2782:
2762:
2732:
2705:
2641:
2593:
2564:
2509:
2452:
2413:
2374:
2354:
2330:
2306:
2200:
2168:
2146:
1892:
1872:
1778:
1758:
1738:
1498:
1478:
1458:
1295: Chinese controlled-area
459:). To the south it forms the
5342:Peninsulas of Southeast Asia
927:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
5337:Geography of Southeast Asia
4686:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1130:Contemporary Southeast Asia
817:Malte-Brun, Conrad (1827).
758:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
352:Peninsula beyond the Ganges
5368:
864:Keyes, Charles F. (1995).
686:University of Malaya Press
490:of mainland Southeast Asia
29:
1284:
1188:Routledge & CRC Press
1124:SIDDIQUE, SHARON (1981).
839:Wesseling, H. L. (2015).
764:. New Age International.
609:Related regional concepts
61:243,201,036 (1 July 2019)
48:
4800:Greater and Lesser Tunbs
3997:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
2592:Early Laos city-states (
1981:Unfederated Malay States
1279:since the 1st century AD
647:Greater Mekong Subregion
391:Maritime Southeast Asian
40:Mainland Southeast Asia
5352:Names of places in Asia
5347:Southeast Asian studies
3294:Mainland Southeast Asia
2856:(1215-1479, 1484 -1495)
2464:Phitsanulok (1767-1770)
1303: Vietnamese states
1277:Mainland Southeast Asia
894:Encyclopedia Britannica
601:Maritime Southeast Asia
496:Maritime Southeast Asia
473:Maritime Southeast Asia
463:, located on which are
340:instead. Nevertheless,
264:Maritime Southeast Asia
260:Mainland Southeast Asia
191:and is bordered by the
171:(historically known as
169:Mainland Southeast Asia
84:$ 1.485 trillion (2022)
76:$ 2.877 trillion (2021)
5057:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
4496:Western Coastal Plains
4484:Eastern Coastal Plains
4210:Philippine Archipelago
4189:Indonesian Archipelago
3837:Central Mountain Range
3760:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
3590:Northeastern Japan Arc
2904:Early 4th century-369)
2009:Federated Malay States
824:. A. Finley. pp.
620:Southeast Asian Massif
516:Sino-Tibetan languages
504:Philippine archipelago
500:Indonesian archipelago
491:
488:Ethnolinguistic groups
412:
319:
282:
183:. It lies east of the
42:Indochinese Peninsula
4935:Eastern Mediterranean
4649:Trans-Karakoram Tract
4175:Greater Sunda Islands
3664:Northeast China Plain
3542:Trans-Karakoram Tract
3374:Greater Middle East
3296:since the 1st century
486:
445:Northeastern Thailand
408:
277:
240:Chinese civilizations
177:Indochinese Peninsula
4531:Little Rann of Kutch
4180:Lesser Sunda Islands
3632:Greater Central Asia
3585:Japanese Archipelago
3142:2nd century BC-1050)
3122:Restored Hanthawaddy
1761:Mid 5th-6th century)
327:, who used the term
195:to the west and the
4737:(not to be confused
4526:Great Rann of Kutch
4479:Indo-Gangetic Plain
4474:Indus Valley Desert
4343:Indian subcontinent
4165:Peninsular Malaysia
4012:Kamchatka Peninsula
3595:Sakhalin Island Arc
2567:1st century BC-958)
2303:Nakhon Si Thammarat
1953:Straits Settlements
1225:. Crown Publishers.
469:Peninsular Malaysia
395:Australasian realms
334:Universal Geography
258:). Today, the term
221:Peninsular Malaysia
185:Indian subcontinent
45:
5163:Absheron Peninsula
5121:Caucasus Mountains
5111:Armenian Highlands
5089:Iranian Azerbaijan
4975:Jordan Rift Valley
4588:High-mountain Asia
4144:Mainland/Indochina
3832:Hamgyong Mountains
3750:Northern Silk Road
3728:Hengduan Mountains
3698:High-mountain Asia
3693:Liaodong Peninsula
3112:1st century-1050s)
3082:3rd century-1050s)
2644:13th century-1893)
2416:10th-13th century)
2309:13th century-1782)
2217:(1st-15th century)
1655:French Cochinchina
1073:The World Factbook
1043:The World Factbook
1013:The World Factbook
983:The World Factbook
953:The World Factbook
492:
413:
283:
5324:
5323:
4903:Lower Mesopotamia
4898:Upper Mesopotamia
4832:Arabian Peninsula
4768:Mediterranean Sea
4669:Laccadive Islands
4598:Saltoro Mountains
4469:Indus River Delta
4160:Malay Archipelago
4007:Chukchi Peninsula
3879:Pearl River Delta
3852:Leizhou Peninsula
3740:Qinling Mountains
3681:North China Plain
3622:Mongolian Plateau
3612:Taklamakan Desert
3532:Taklamakan Desert
3522:Mongolian Plateau
3369:Roof of the World
3305:
3304:
2785:1st century-1479)
2731:Mon city-states (
2596:6th-13th century)
2455:6th-10th century)
2403:Phrip-phri (Thai)
1941:Malacca Sultanate
1895:5th century-1454)
1875:2nd century-1026)
1461:6th-11th century)
1443:
1442:
637:Golden Chersonese
465:Southern Thailand
443:(flowing through
376:phytogeographical
372:Indomalayan realm
315:Conrad Malte-Brun
262:, in contrast to
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
5359:
5182:Taurus Mountains
5153:Lankaran Lowland
5148:Kur-Araz Lowland
5126:Greater Caucasus
5084:Fertile Crescent
4965:Palestine region
4888:Tigris–Euphrates
4807:Al-Faw Peninsula
4795:Strait of Hormuz
4773:Zagros Mountains
4744:
4622:Gulf of Khambhat
4571:Gilgit-Baltistan
4551:False Divi Point
4541:Coromandel Coast
4452:Pir Panjal Range
4297:
4237:Gulf of Thailand
4127:
3992:Russian Far East
3942:
3847:Suzuka Mountains
3723:Qilian Mountains
3718:Kunlun Mountains
3573:
3423:Greater Khorasan
3362:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3290:sovereign states
3141:
3111:
3081:
3032:Restored Taungoo
2903:
2784:
2764:
2734:
2707:
2643:
2595:
2566:
2562:
2511:
2454:
2450:
2442:Phrip-phri (Mon)
2415:
2411:
2377:7th-9th century)
2376:
2356:
2332:
2308:
2203:2nd-7th century)
2202:
2170:
2149:5th-9th century)
2148:
1909:Pahang Sultanate
1894:
1874:
1781:300-Before 1480)
1780:
1760:
1741:4th-8th century)
1740:
1687:Việt Nam/Đại Nam
1500:
1480:
1460:
1437:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1273:sovereign states
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1226:
1224:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
945:
939:
938:
926:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
886:
880:
879:
861:
855:
854:
836:
830:
829:
814:
808:
807:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
755:
749:
748:
708:
702:
701:
684:. Kuala Lumpur:
683:
670:
590:
588:Geography portal
585:
584:
583:
576:
571:
570:
379:floristic region
356:French Indochina
322:
297:
244:French Indochina
159:
157:
156:
147:
145:
144:
135:
133:
132:
123:
121:
120:
111:
109:
108:
99:
97:
96:
53:
46:
32:French Indochina
21:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5131:Lesser Caucasus
5099:Iranian Plateau
5074:Sinai Peninsula
4738:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4723:Tibetan Plateau
4696:Nicobar Islands
4691:Andaman Islands
4654:Wakhan Corridor
4605:Siachen Glacier
4375:Carnatic region
4293:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4103:Outer Manchuria
3936:
3935:
3927:
3894:Wakhan Corridor
3889:Altai Mountains
3708:Tibetan Plateau
3669:Outer Manchuria
3659:Northeast China
3617:Greater Khingan
3567:
3566:
3558:
3554:Tibetan Plateau
3549:Siachen Glacier
3527:Western Regions
3507:Wakhan Corridor
3492:Pamir Mountains
3487:Altai Mountains
3482:Iranian Plateau
3465:Eurasian Steppe
3354:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3136:Pyu city-states
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:Konbaung Empire
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:Johor Sultanate
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:French Cambodia
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1269:
1239:
1216:
1213:
1211:Further reading
1208:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
947:
946:
942:
935:
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
888:
887:
883:
876:
863:
862:
858:
851:
838:
837:
833:
816:
815:
811:
804:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
772:
757:
756:
752:
725:10.1355/sj25-1e
710:
709:
705:
672:
671:
660:
655:
642:Golden Triangle
586:
581:
579:
572:
565:
562:
535:Chinese culture
481:
461:Malay Peninsula
417:Tibetan Plateau
403:
387:Malesian Region
364:
291:
272:
154:
152:
151:
142:
140:
139:
137:Myanmar (Burma)
130:
128:
127:
118:
116:
115:
106:
104:
103:
94:
92:
43:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5365:
5363:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5297:Biga Peninsula
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5138:South Caucasus
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5079:Arabian Desert
5076:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4918:Akkad (region)
4915:
4913:Nineveh Plains
4910:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4859:Eastern Arabia
4856:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4756:Hanish Islands
4747:
4745:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Gulf of Mannar
4636:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Deccan Plateau
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4447:Kashmir Valley
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4300:
4298:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3976:Ural Mountains
3968:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3857:Gulf of Tonkin
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3644:Outer Mongolia
3641:
3639:Inner Mongolia
3636:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:Sea of Galilee
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:Aralkum Desert
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:Toungoo Empire
3058:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2686:Luang Phrabang
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:
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2153:
2141:
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2139:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2123:
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2121:
2119:
2117:
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2107:
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2105:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:
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1900:
1887:
1886:
1885:
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1880:
1867:
1866:
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1860:
1857:
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1821:
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1817:
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1793:
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1773:
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1537:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1495:Tai Federation
1493:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:Western Colony
1421:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:Rakhine people
1383:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1237:External links
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1175:
1142:10.1355/CS3-1E
1116:
1090:
1060:
1030:
1000:
970:
940:
933:
911:
881:
874:
856:
849:
831:
809:
802:
784:
770:
750:
719:(1): 115–116.
703:
674:Wheatley, Paul
657:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
633:
632:
628:
627:
622:
617:
611:
610:
606:
605:
604:
603:
596:Southeast Asia
592:
591:
577:
561:
558:
548:with minority
531:Indian culture
480:
477:
402:
399:
363:
360:
271:
268:
189:Mainland China
181:Southeast Asia
164:
163:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5364:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
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5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
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5299:
5298:
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5288:
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5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
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5260:
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5210:
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5200:
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5178:
5175:
5169:
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5159:
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5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5104:Dasht-e Kavir
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Levantine Sea
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5035:Aram-Naharaim
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Syrian Desert
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Golan Heights
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
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4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
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4931:
4928:
4924:
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4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
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4901:
4899:
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4891:
4889:
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4884:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Gulf of Aqaba
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Tropical Asia
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Paropamisadae
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:Gulf of Kutch
4625:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4615:Bay of Bengal
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4581:Shigar Valley
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Eastern Ghats
4388:
4386:
4385:Western Ghats
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Kangchenjunga
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Greater India
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4276:Tropical Asia
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:Sunda Islands
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Bering Strait
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Yenisey Basin
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Khatanga Gulf
4049:
4047:
4046:Baraba steppe
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Extreme North
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3954:Arctic Circle
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:Tropical Asia
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Yenisey Basin
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:Yangtze Delta
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Japanese Alps
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Loess Plateau
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Hexi Corridor
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Sichuan Basin
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3686:Yan Mountains
3684:
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3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
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3650:
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3615:
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3610:
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3603:
3600:
3596:
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3575:
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3561:
3555:
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3540:
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3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:Kazakh Steppe
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Kazakh Steppe
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
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3414:
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3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
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3333:
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3321:
3319:
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3313:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3137:
3123:
3107:
3093:
3077:
3061:
3049:
3033:
3021:
3003:
2987:
2986:British Burma
2975:
2959:
2947:
2931:
2915:
2899:
2883:
2871:
2855:
2844:
2828:
2816:
2800:
2780:
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2719:
2703:
2687:
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2659:
2639:
2623:
2607:
2578:
2560:
2555:
2539:
2523:
2507:
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2479:
2448:
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2427:
2409:
2404:
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2352:
2348:
2328:
2324:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2272:
2260:
2244:
2228:
2216:
2198:
2182:
2166:
2144:
2126:
2110:
2098:
2082:
2070:
2054:
2042:
2026:
2025:Malayan Union
2010:
1998:
1982:
1970:
1954:
1942:
1926:
1910:
1890:
1870:
1869:Gangga Negara
1852:
1836:
1824:
1808:
1796:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1720:
1704:
1688:
1672:
1656:
1644:
1643:Tĩnh Hải Quân
1628:
1627:South Vietnam
1616:
1598:
1582:
1581:North Vietnam
1570:
1554:
1542:
1541:Liang dynasty
1526:
1514:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1438: Unknown
1433:
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1428:
1420:
1416:
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1396:
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1390:
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1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1357:
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1340:
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1314:
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1246:
1243:
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1223:
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1127:
1120:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
988:
984:
980:
974:
971:
958:
954:
950:
944:
941:
936:
934:0-395-86448-8
930:
925:
924:
915:
912:
899:
895:
891:
885:
882:
877:
875:9780824816964
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
850:9781317895060
846:
843:. Routledge.
842:
835:
832:
827:
823:
822:
813:
810:
805:
803:9789888208050
799:
795:
788:
785:
773:
771:9788122411980
767:
763:
762:
754:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
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718:
714:
707:
704:
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659:
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648:
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626:
623:
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616:
613:
612:
608:
607:
602:
599:
598:
597:
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593:
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569:
564:
559:
557:
556:populations.
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Austroasiatic
505:
501:
497:
489:
485:
478:
476:
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470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
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430:
426:
422:
418:
411:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
374:, and also a
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:Further India
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
321:
316:
311:
309:
308:
303:
302:
295:
290:
289:
281:
276:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Pacific Ocean
194:
190:
187:and south of
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
150:
138:
126:
114:
102:
91:
87:
83:
81:GDP (nominal)
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
37:
33:
19:
5062:Bekaa valley
4959:Syria region
4864:South Arabia
4822:Gulf of Aden
4812:Gulf of Oman
4790:Pirate Coast
4785:Persian Gulf
4713:Asia–Pacific
4659:Wakhjir Pass
4464:Indus Valley
4410:Pashtunistan
4400:Ganges Delta
4395:Ganges Basin
4319:Northwestern
4294:Subcontinent
4271:Asia–Pacific
4266:Ring of Fire
4261:Pacific Asia
4143:
4108:Asia–Pacific
4098:Ring of Fire
4083:Sikhote-Alin
4073:Yenisey Gulf
3987:Pacific Asia
3918:Asia–Pacific
3913:Ring of Fire
3908:Pacific Asia
3899:Wakhjir Pass
3874:Yellow River
3649:China proper
3512:Wakhjir Pass
3448:Kazakhstania
3356:
3293:
3288:Timeline of
2765:400 BC-1057)
2522:Rattanakosin
2506:Singhanavati
1795:Khmer Empire
1615:Tang dynasty
1515:(111 BC-501)
1403:Bamar people
1327:Khmer people
1276:
1271:Timeline of
1220:
1196:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1136:(1): 76–87.
1133:
1129:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
982:
973:
961:. Retrieved
952:
943:
922:
914:
902:. Retrieved
893:
884:
865:
859:
840:
834:
819:
812:
793:
787:
775:. Retrieved
760:
753:
744:
716:
712:
706:
679:
543:
528:
520:Austronesian
493:
414:
410:Mekong River
368:biogeography
365:
362:Biogeography
351:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:Indo-Chinese
328:
320:indo-chinois
312:
307:Suvarṇadvīpa
305:
301:Suvarṇabhūmi
299:
287:
284:
259:
231:
230:(originally
227:
225:
193:Indian Ocean
176:
172:
168:
167:
36:
5316:Alpide belt
5192:Paphlagonia
4990:Hula Valley
4970:Transjordan
4893:Mesopotamia
4827:Balochistan
4763:Caspian Sea
4741:Middle East
4708:Alpide belt
4664:Lakshadweep
4644:Palk Strait
4521:Bagar tract
4459:Thar Desert
4420:Balochistan
4252:Alpide belt
4242:East Indies
4124:East Indies
4056:Transbaikal
4040:Lake Baikal
3735:Tarim Basin
3607:Gobi Desert
3517:Mount Imeon
3458:Betpak-Dala
3411:Transoxiana
3389:Caspian Sea
3124:(1740-1757)
3094:(1287-1552)
3092:Hanthawaddy
3062:(1510-1599)
3034:(1599-1752)
3022:(1297-1313)
3004:(1313-1362)
2988:(1824-1948)
2976:(1482-1542)
2960:(1752-1885)
2948:(1315-1362)
2932:(1365-1555)
2916:(1430-1785)
2884:(1237-1430)
2829:(1215-1555)
2747:(1893-1953)
2745:French Laos
2735:573 BC-825)
2720:(1713-1904)
2688:(1707-1893)
2674:Haripuñjaya
2660:(1707-1828)
2624:(1353-1707)
2608:(1802-1899)
2579:(1292-1775)
2557: [
2524:(1782-1932)
2492:(1767-1782)
2480:(1238-1438)
2445: [
2428:(1767-1768)
2406: [
2389:(1351-1767)
2293:) (468-902)
2273:(1808-1916)
2259:Tambralinga
2245:(1457-1902)
2229:(1810-1902)
2183:(1946-1958)
2111:(1948-1963)
2109:Fed. Malaya
2083:(1946-1957)
2071:(1028-1347)
2055:(1946-1957)
2043:(1299-1398)
2027:(1946-1948)
2011:(1895-1946)
1999:(1222-1292)
1983:(1895-1946)
1971:(1293-1527)
1955:(1826-1946)
1943:(1400-1511)
1927:(1528-1855)
1911:(1470-1623)
1837:(1863-1954)
1689:(1804-1945)
1657:(1862-1949)
1629:(1955-1975)
1597:Sui dynasty
1583:(1945-1975)
1555:(1883-1950)
1527:(1883-1950)
1513:Western Han
1313:Cham people
1109:19 December
904:15 December
777:30 November
688:. pp.
631:Sub-regions
574:Asia portal
439:), and the
433:Chao Phraya
389:covers the
325:John Leyden
292: [
270:Terminology
5331:Categories
5222:Cappadocia
4869:Hadhramaut
4566:Aksai Chin
4556:Hindi Belt
4437:Marathwada
4365:Hindu Kush
4358:Nanda Devi
4304:Subregions
4232:Leyte Gulf
4068:Amur Basin
3961:Inner Asia
3815:Ordos Loop
3770:Liangguang
3627:Inner Asia
3502:Badakhshan
3358:The 'stans
3076:Sri Ksetra
3050:(849-1297)
2898:Dhanyawadi
2801:(568-1604)
2676:(629-1292)
2606:Chiang Mai
2540:(638-1292)
2371:Canasapura
2357:1000-1388)
2261:(970-1365)
2215:Langkasuka
2099:(671-1025)
1997:Singhasari
1889:Old Pahang
1797:(802-1431)
1705:(192-1832)
1673:(968-1804)
1501:16th-1955)
1481:10th-1432)
1455:Muang Then
1415:Pyu people
1377:Bai people
1365:Tai people
1351:Mon people
1083:24 January
1053:24 January
1039:"Cambodia"
1023:24 January
993:24 January
979:"Thailand"
963:24 January
949:"Malaysia"
653:References
342:Indo-China
338:Chin-India
232:Indo-China
58:Population
5047:Phoenicia
4980:Philistia
4950:Kurdistan
4945:Eber-Nari
4923:Babylonia
4883:Al-Sharat
4842:Al-Yamama
4674:Aminidivi
4593:Karakoram
4576:Baltistan
4380:Tamilakam
4348:Himalayas
4193:Nusantara
4139:Sundaland
4118:Southeast
3966:Northeast
3805:Zhongyuan
3785:Guanzhong
3780:Jianghuai
3713:Karakoram
3703:Himalayas
3654:Manchuria
3570:Northeast
3537:Karakoram
3497:Tian Shan
3433:Arachosia
3020:Myinsaing
2872:(370-818)
2817:(738-902)
2718:Champasak
2708:201-1099)
2702:Dvaravati
2658:Vientiane
2538:Ngoenyang
2512:658-1107)
2478:Sukhothai
2387:Ayutthaya
2333:903-1000)
2181:Singapore
2143:Kedah Tua
2127:(671-692)
2097:Srivijaya
2041:Singapura
1969:Majapahit
1825:(510-802)
1807:Kampuchea
1735:Simhapura
1721:(192-629)
1645:(939-968)
1617:(618-938)
1599:(602-618)
1571:(544-602)
1543:(502-544)
1475:Ngưu Hống
1367:'s states
1353:'s states
1329:'s states
1315:'s states
1150:0129-797X
1069:"Vietnam"
1009:"Myanmar"
733:0217-9520
698:504030596
512:Tai–Kadai
427:(serving
425:Irrawaddy
401:Geography
288:Yāvadvīpa
246:(today's
228:Indochina
226:The term
173:Indochina
89:Countries
44:Indochina
18:Indochina
5247:Lycaonia
5232:Corduene
5212:Bithynia
5197:Phasiane
5177:Anatolia
5116:Caucasus
4703:Maldives
4425:Gedrosia
4326:Southern
4314:Northern
4257:Far East
4220:Mindanao
4198:Wallacea
4156:Maritime
4036:Baikalia
4002:Beringia
3983:Far East
3904:Far East
3825:Shaanbei
3810:Shaannan
3800:Jiaozhou
3775:Jiangnan
3438:Khwarazm
3394:Dead Sea
3379:Aral Sea
2870:Waithali
2799:Möng Mao
2622:Lan Xang
2554:Kotrabun
2490:Thonburi
2171:300-700)
1853:(68-627)
1775:Quduqian
1671:Đại Việt
1569:Vạn Xuân
1417:'s state
1405:'s state
1391:'s state
1379:'s state
1341:' states
1192:Archived
1162:Archived
1158:25797648
1103:Archived
1077:Archived
1047:Archived
1017:Archived
987:Archived
957:Archived
898:Archived
821:Volume 2
741:41308138
676:(1961).
560:See also
546:Buddhist
453:Cambodia
437:Thailand
421:lowlands
350:and the
248:Cambodia
213:Thailand
201:Cambodia
149:Thailand
125:Malaysia
101:Cambodia
5292:Sophene
5267:Pisidia
5262:Galatia
5237:Chaldia
5217:Cilicia
5202:Isauria
5143:Shirvan
5052:Retjenu
5020:Samaria
4995:Galilee
4940:Mashriq
4854:Tihamah
4751:Red Sea
4489:Kalinga
4442:Kashmir
4370:Bactria
4309:Eastern
4247:Nanyang
4225:Visayas
4031:Siberia
4026:Tartary
3939:Siberia
3862:Yangtze
3790:Huizhou
3765:Lingnan
3406:Tartary
3351:Central
3339:Regions
3106:Tagaung
2946:Sagaing
2914:Mrauk U
2854:Mogaung
2843:Mogaung
2815:Nanzhao
2165:Pan Pan
2053:Malacca
1198:27 July
1168:27 July
479:Culture
457:Vietnam
431:), the
429:Myanmar
381:in the
256:Vietnam
217:Vietnam
209:Myanmar
175:or the
161:Vietnam
5309:Tuwana
5287:Speri
5282:Arzawa
5272:Pontus
5187:Aeolis
5168:Kartli
5158:Alborz
5094:Hauran
5025:Arabah
5005:Gilead
5000:Canaan
4955:Levant
4610:Bengal
4561:Ladakh
4546:Konkan
4430:Makran
4415:Punjab
4405:Guzgan
4333:Orient
4292:Indian
4134:Orient
4088:Kolyma
3949:Arctic
3580:Orient
3443:Sistan
3428:Ariana
2882:Laymro
2759:Thaton
2577:Lan Na
2426:Phimai
2243:Patani
2197:Chi Tu
2125:Melayu
2081:Penang
2069:Melayu
1823:Chenla
1809:(1945)
1719:Lâm Ấp
1703:Champa
1525:Tonkin
1436:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1347:
1339:Malays
1337:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1156:
1148:
931:
872:
847:
800:
768:
739:
731:
696:
692:–184.
550:Muslim
539:Champa
514:, and
441:Mekong
254:, and
236:Indian
219:, and
158:
146:
134:
122:
110:
98:
5302:Troad
5277:Mysia
5257:Lydia
5252:Lycia
5242:Doris
5227:Caria
5207:Ionia
5042:Negev
5015:Judea
4930:Suhum
4908:Sawad
4849:Hejaz
4739:with
4632:Halar
4286:South
4215:Luzon
4205:Timor
3933:North
3602:Korea
3416:Turan
3048:Pagan
3002:Pinya
2974:Prome
2638:Phuan
2561:]
2449:]
2410:]
2327:Khmer
2271:Setul
2227:Reman
1851:Funan
1553:Annam
1232:(PDF)
1154:JSTOR
746:Asia.
737:JSTOR
625:Zomia
554:Hindu
296:]
5030:Aram
4837:Najd
4778:Elam
4733:West
4516:Doab
4061:West
3971:Ural
3564:East
3343:Asia
3283:2200
3277:2100
3271:2000
3265:1900
3259:1800
3253:1700
3247:1600
3241:1500
3235:1400
3229:1300
3223:1200
3217:1100
3211:1000
2827:Shan
2779:Pong
2351:Thai
2347:Lavo
2323:Lavo
2287:Lavo
1755:Xitu
1200:2021
1170:2021
1146:ISSN
1111:2016
1085:2021
1055:2021
1025:2021
995:2021
965:2021
929:ISBN
906:2019
870:ISBN
845:ISBN
798:ISBN
779:2018
766:ISBN
729:ISSN
694:OCLC
552:and
502:and
467:and
455:and
449:Laos
435:(in
252:Laos
238:and
205:Laos
113:Laos
3341:of
3292:in
3205:900
3199:800
3193:700
3187:600
3181:500
3175:400
3169:300
3163:200
3157:100
2930:Ava
2353:) (
2329:) (
2291:Mon
1275:in
1138:doi
828:–3.
826:262
721:doi
690:177
366:In
71:PPP
67:GDP
5333::
4961:)
3795:Wu
3140:c.
3110:c.
3080:c.
2902:c.
2783:c.
2763:c.
2733:c.
2706:c.
2642:c.
2594:c.
2565:c.
2559:th
2510:c.
2453:c.
2447:th
2414:c.
2408:th
2375:c.
2355:c.
2331:c.
2307:c.
2201:c.
2169:c.
2147:c.
1893:c.
1873:c.
1779:c.
1759:c.
1739:c.
1499:c.
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1459:c.
1190:.
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1160:.
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715:.
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