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998:). The animals eat ripe coffee cherries and their digestive process removes the outer layers of the fruit. The remaining coffee beans are collected and washed. Coffee experts believe that the unique flavour of kopi luwak comes, at least in part, from the extraction of naturally occurring potassium salts from the beans during the digestive process. This results in a smooth, mild cup, with a sweet after-taste. Kopi luwak is very rare, and can retail for more than $ 600 per kilogram.
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conditions, product quality, post-harvest processing, and value chain structures. This distinctive geography poses challenges for logistics, for supporting improved technologies, and for developing cohesive industry organizations. Common to most of the coffee-producing regions are circumstances of low yields, weak farmer organization, and limited government supportâas coffee has hitherto not been regarded as a crop of strategic importance.
147:
253:. Today, in the Kota area of Jakarta, one can find echoes of the seagoing legacy that built the city. Sail driven ships still load cargo in the old port. The Bahari Museum occupies a former warehouse of the VOC, which was used to store spices and coffee. Menara Syahbandar (or Lookout Tower) was built in 1839 to replace the flag pole that stood at the head of wharves, where the VOC ships docked to load their cargos.
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Indonesia's coffee industry is represented by three associations. The
Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters (AICE), also known by its Indonesian acronym "AEKI", is composed of Arabica and Robusta coffee exporters. AICE was founded in 1979 and was responsible for managing export quotas under the
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and wet processed at farm level. Coffee from Flores is known for sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. A traditional style of processing, known as pulped natural, where parchment coffee is dried in its mucilage without fermentation, produces a floral coffee that has been found to be highly sought
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Unlike other parts of
Indonesia, such as Sumatra, Bali coffee has a single harvest season each yearâtypically around July to September. Coffee production in Bali, much as Indonesia, is mainly performed by smallholders. Coffee production in Bali lacks significant backing from the government at either
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The
Indonesian coffee sector is large, internally diverse and scattered. Production is dominated by an estimated 2 million smallholders living in often remote villages located right across the archipelagoâwith different coffee regions showing variations in terms of production systems, environmental
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Certain estates age a portion of their coffee for up to five years, normally in large burlap sacks, which are regularly aired, dusted, and flipped. As they age, the beans turn from green to light brown, and their flavour gains strength while losing acidity. Aged coffees can display flavours ranging
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Plateau, at the eastern end of Java, at an altitude of more than 1,400 meters. The coffee is primarily grown on large estates that were built by the Dutch in the 18th century. The five largest estates are Blawan (also spelled
Belawan or Blauan), Jampit (or Djampit), Pancoer (or Pancur), Kayumas and
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are known for smooth, sweet body that is balanced and intense. Depending on the region, or blend of regions, the flavours of the land and processing can be very pronounced. Notes of cocoa, tobacco, smoke, earth and cedar wood can show well in the cup. Occasionally, Sumatran coffees can show greater
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per kilogram in
Amsterdam. Since annual incomes in Holland in the 18th century were between 200 and 400 Guilders, this was equivalent to several hundred dollars per kilogram today. By the end of the 18th century, the price had dropped to 0.6 Guilders per kilogram and coffee drinking spread from the
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Robusta is grown on small farms that average one hectare. The crop is harvested by stripping off all the fruit on the branch, resulting in a mix of ripe and green cherries. Farmers dry the coffee cherries whole, for up to three weeks. After the drying, the dry cherries are hulled. Farmers sell the
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coffees are clean and sound in the cup. They generally display nutty or warm spice notes, like cinnamon or cardamom. Hints of black pepper are sometimes found. Their sweetness, as with most
Indonesian coffees, is closely related to the body of the coffee. The after-taste coats the palate on the
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period, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is geographically and climatologically well-suited for coffee plantations, near the equator and with numerous interior mountainous regions on its main islands, creating well-suited microclimates for the growth and
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Mawardi S., Yusianto, R. Hulupi, Khalid and A. Marsh. (2008). Evaluation of
Variety Cupping Profile of Arabica Coffee Grown at Different Altitudes and Processing Methods in Gayo Highland of Aceh (Sumatra). Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Coffee Science, Ass. Sci. and Inf. on Coffee (ASIC), Campinas,
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Most farmers on
Sulawesi, Sumatra, Flores, and Papua use the "giling basah" (or wet hulling) process. In this technique, farmers remove the outer skin from the cherries mechanically, using rustic pulping machines. The coffee beans, still coated with mucilage, are then stored for up to a day.
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These estates transport ripe cherries quickly to their mills after harvest. The pulp is then fermented and washed off, using the wet process, with rigorous quality control. This results in coffee with good, heavy body and a sweet overall impression. They are sometimes rustic in their flavour
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Most of
Sulawesi's coffee is grown by smallholders, with about 5% coming from seven larger estates. The people of Tana Toraja build distinctively shaped houses and maintain ancient and complex rituals related to death and the afterlife. This respect for tradition is also found in way that
416: â This cross between arabica and robusta has a reputation for poor flavour. However, there are numerous types of Catimor, including one that farmers have named "Ateng-Jaluk". On-going research in Aceh has revealed locally adapted Catimor varieties with excellent cup characteristics.
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and abbreviated VOCâreaching 2,000 pounds shipped in 1717. Coffee arriving in
Amsterdam sold for high prices, 1 kg (2 lb) costing nearly one per cent of the average annual income. Indonesia was the first place, outside of Arabia and Ethiopia, where coffee was widely cultivated.
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Neilson, J. (2012). Coffee (Indonesia): 1900 to present: East and Southeast Asia. In A. Stanton, E. Ramsamy, P. Seybolt, & C. Elliott (Eds.), Cultural sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An encyclopedia. (pp. III240-III242). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
404: â These include Rambung and Abyssinia, which were brought to Java in 1928. Since then, they have been brought to Aceh as well. Another group of Ethiopian varieties found in Sumatra are called "USDA", after an American project that brought them to Indonesia in the 1950s.
277:, as well as in West Sumatra, South Sulawesi and the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi. This corrupt system, which diverted labor from rice production and caused great hardship for farmers, was immortalized through an influential novel by Eduard Douwes Dekker (pen name:
269:(Cultivation system). Production of export crops were delivered to government warehouses instead of taxes. Coffee, along with sugar and indigo, was one of the main crops produced under this highly exploitative colonial system. Cultuurstelsel was applied to coffee in the
1111:, and WWF predicts that these species will be extinct in a decade should the clearing and farming continue. These claims were further supported by the use of remote sensing imagery in the region. WWF states that the illegal coffee is sold to Western companies such as
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is rugged, with numerous active and inactive volcanoes. Ash from these volcanoes has created especially fertile Andosols, ideal for organic coffee production. Arabica coffee is grown at 1,200 to 1,800 meters on hillsides and plateaus. Most of the production is grown
1059:(SCAI) formed in 2008. SCAI members focus exclusively on the production, export and marketing of Indonesia's arabica coffees. This includes farmers' cooperatives with 8,050 members, exporters, roasters, importers and coffee retailers in the Arabic coffee industry.
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Coffee from this region is generally processed at farm-level, using traditional wet methods. Due to the giling basah processing, Gayo Mountain coffee is described as higher toned and lighter bodied than Lintong and Mandheling coffees from further east in
538:. This large lake is one of the deepest in the world, at 505 meters. The coffee production area is a high plateau, known for its diversity of tree fern species. This area produces 15,000 to 18,000 tons of arabica per year. A neighbouring region, called
1954:
Marsh, A., Yusianto, Mawardi, S. (2010). The Influence of Primary Processing Methods on the Cup Taste of Arabica Coffee from the Indonesian Island of Flores. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Coffee Science, Bali, October 3â8, 2010.
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The coffee trade was very profitable for the VOC, and for the Dutch East Indies government that replaced it in 1800, but was less so for the Indonesian farmers who were forced to grow it by the colonial government from 1830 to around 1870 under the
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is a traditional way to prepare coffee in Bali. It consists of finely ground coffee powder steeped in water and left to settle. Once the powder has settled the coffee is drunk while trying to avoid drinking the 'mud' from the bottom of the glass.
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A small number of Arabica farmers in Sulawesi, Flores and Bali, and almost all Robusta farmers across Indonesia, use the most traditional method of all, dry processing. The coffee cherries are dried in the sun, and then de-hulled in a dry state.
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Today, more than 90% of Indonesia's coffee is grown by smallholders on farms averaging around one hectare. Some of this production is organic and many farmersâ cooperatives and exporters are internationally certified to market organic coffee.
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All arabica coffee in Indonesia is picked by hand, whether it is grown by smallholders or on medium-sized estates. After harvest, the coffee is processed in a variety of ways, each imparting its own flavours and aromas to the final product.
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By the mid-1870s the Dutch East Indies expanded arabica coffee-growing areas in Sumatra, Bali, Sulawesi and Timor. In Sulawesi the coffee was thought to have been planted around 1850. In North Sumatra highlands coffee was first grown near
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is the second largest island in the world. The western half of New Guinea is part of Indonesia. The Indonesian half of the island was formerly called "Irian Jaya". Today, it is known as Papua, and it is divided into six provinces â
285:: Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. This book helped to change Dutch public opinion about the "Cultivation System" and colonialism in general. More recently, the name Max Havelaar was adopted by one of the first
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Dutch-owned plantations on Java were nationalized in the 1950s, soon after independence. and are now managed as state-owned plantations under PTPN, Perusahaan Terbatas Perkebunan Nusantara, and revitalized with new varieties of
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Collectors and processors then hull the coffee in a semi-wet state, which gives the beans a distinctive bluish-green appearance. This process reduces acidity and increases body, resulting in the classic Indonesian cup profile.
233:) in 1696. The first seedlings failed due to flooding in Batavia. The second shipment of seedlings was sent in 1699 with Hendrik Zwaardecroon. The plants grew, and in 1711 the first exports were sent from Java to Europe by the
388: â This variety, which is also called "Tim Tim", is a natural cross between Arabica and Robusta. This variety originated likely from a single coffee tree planted in 1917â18 or 1926. The HDT was planted in Aceh in 1979.
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760:". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people and the environment. This philosophy, specifically 'happiness with the environment' favors the production of
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Indonesia produced an estimated 660,000 metric tons of coffee in 2017. Of this total, it is estimated that 154,800 tons were slated for domestic consumption in the 2013â2014 financial year. Of the exports, 25% are
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elite to the general population. The East Indies were the most important coffee supplier in the world during this period and it was only in the 1840s that their stranglehold on supply was eclipsed by Brazil.
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Paerels, B. H. (1927). Agronomische beschrijving van de koffiecultuur in de zuidelijke Toradjalanden Mededeelingen van de Afdeeling Landbouw No. 11., Departement van Landbouw, nijverheid en Handel, Batavia.
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As of 2015 Java's old colonial-era plantations provide just a fraction of the coffee grown on the island; they produce primarily the higher-valued Arabica variety. The Paniis coffee planters cooperation in
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cherries to collectors, who sell them to both exporters and for sale on the domestic market. The exporters dry the crop to 12 to 13% moisture, and it is then sorted and graded. Exports are usually made in
779:, including the Subak Abian, have created Indonesia's first Geographic Indication (G.I.). Issued in 2008, the G.I. establishes legal protection for coffee produced in the Kintamani region under the name
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around Kerinci around 1915, and then spread quickly across southern Sumatra during the 1920s, where production soon eclipsed Java. The region remains the most important producing region by volume today.
487:" (wet hulling) processing technique they use. At the green bean stage, coffee from this area has a distinctive bluish colour, which is attributed to processing method and lack of iron in the soil.
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2015-12-03 at the Portuguese Web Archive; Rodrigues C. J.; Mayer Gonçalves, M.; VĂĄrzea, V.M.P.; "ImportĂąncia do HĂbrido de Timor para o territĂłrio e para o melhoramento da cafeicultura mundial";
2002:
WWF (2007). Gone in an Instant: How the trade in legally grown coffee is driving the destruction of Rhino, Tiger and Elephant Habitat Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Sumatra, Indonesia. WWF
182:. In general, Indonesia's arabica coffee varieties have low acidity and strong bodies, which make them ideal for blending with higher-acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa.
2012:
Gaveau, D. L.; Linkie, M.; Levang, P.; Leader-Williams, N. (2009). "Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: effects of coffee prices, law enforcement and rural poverty".
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Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes.
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Market and Support Activity (AMARTA) conducted research on the effectiveness of the Brocap Trap technology in Toraja, Sidikilang and Gayo. This trap is designed to catch the
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trees. Farmers in Papua use a wet hulled process. Chemical fertilizer pesticide and herbicide are unknown in this origin, which makes this coffee both rare and valuable.
561:, at the northern tip of Sumatra, in the region of Aceh. The altitude in the production area averages between 1,110 and 1,600 meters. The coffee is grown by smallholders
912:, which will significantly improve incomes. The area is extremely remote, with most coffee-growing areas inaccessible by road and nearly untouched by the modern world.
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Together, these areas produce about 230 tons of coffee per year. This is set to rise, as new companies are setting up buying and processing operations. One of them is
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from cedar to spices such as cinnamon or clove, and often develop a thick, almost syrupy body. These aged coffees are called Old Government, Old Brown or Old Java.
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342:) was introduced to East Java in 1900 as a substitute, especially at lower altitudes, where the rust was particularly devastating. Robusta coffee was introduced to
52:
317:, but from different root stocks. The coffee in Eastern Indonesia was not affected to the same degree by rust, and even today, it is believed that some coffee in
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De Landbouw in de Indische Archipel / uitgegeven onder redactie van C.J.J. van Hall en C. van de Koppel, 's-Gravenhage : Uitgeverij W. Van Hoeve, 1946-50.
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Cramer, P. J. S. (1957). A Review of Coffee Literature in Indonesia, published by Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica
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coffee, or at least the use of organic fertilizers and the lack of use of agrochemicals. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of
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swept through Indonesia. However, both the Bergandal and Sidikalang varieties of Typica can still be found in Sumatra, especially at higher altitudes.
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and other manufactured products. The domestic market consumes about 150,000 metric tons of robusta annually. The main markets are the United States,
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Neilson, J (2004) âEmbedded geographies and quality construction in Sulawesi coffee commodity chainsâ, PhD. University of Sydney. Available from:
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profiles, but display a lasting finish. At their best, they are smooth and supple and sometimes have a subtle herbaceous note in the after-taste.
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USDA GAIN (2014). Indonesia Coffee Annual 2014, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Available at:
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Coffee from this westernmost island in Indonesia is intriguing and complex, due to the large number of small-holder producers and the unique "
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1960:
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593:, formerly called the Celebes, lies to the east of Borneo island. The primary region for high altitude Arabica production covers the
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Larger processing mills, estates and some farmers' cooperatives on Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Bali produce "fully washed" coffee.
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or commonly known in Indonesia as Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica. These companies are assisting farmers to obtain organic and
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394: â This is a group of varieties was originally developed in India, from the Bourbon cultivar. The most common are S-288 and
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acidity, which balances the body. This acidity takes on tropical fruit notes and sometimes an impression of grapefruit or lime.
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accounting for 50% of total national coffee production and up to 75% of Robusta production. Smaller volumes are also grown in
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1042:, a French agricultural research institute. Brocap traps have been extensively adopted by coffee farmers in Central America.
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1576:"The Influence of Certificaton of Gayo Coffee Geographical Indication Against Value Added of Coffee In Gayo Highlands, Aceh"
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249:). There has been a port at the mouth of Ciliwung River since 397 AD, when King Purnawarman established the city he called
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Neilson, J (2007). "Institutions, the Governance of Quality and On-Farm Value Retention for Indonesian Specialty Coffee".
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in the 1950s. These varieties were also adopted by smallholders through the government and various development programs.
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Neilson, J (2008). "Global private regulation and value-chain restructuring in Indonesian smallholder coffee systems".
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378: â this is the original cultivar introduced by the Dutch. Much of the Typica was lost in the late 1880s, when
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783:. It also serves as a marketing tool to differentiate Kintamani coffee from coffees produced in other regions.
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901:. Both areas lie at altitudes between 1,400 and 2000 meters, creating ideal conditions for Arabica production.
752:, between the volcanoes of Batukaru and Agung, is the main coffee-growing area on Bali. Many coffee farmers on
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small-holders process their coffee. Sulawesi farmers use a unique process called "giling basah" (wet hulling).
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1795:, ESTABLISHMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION PROTECTION SYSTEM IN INDONESIA, CASE IN COFFEE, Mawardi, 2009, p. 2
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Mackie, J. A. C. "Indonesiaâs Government Estates and their Masters". Pacific Affairs, (v34/4, 1961), 337-360.
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de Jong Boers, Bernice (1995). "Mount Tambora in 1815: A volcanic eruption in Indonesia and its aftermath".
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up until 1989. A second association, Gabungan Eksportir Kopi Indonesia (GAEKI) was established in 2011. The
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in the world in 2014. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia began in the late 1600s and early 1700s, in the early
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are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of "
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1909:"Characteristics of Quality Profile and Agribusiness of Robusta Coffee in Tambora Mountainside, Sumbawa"
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Following this waiting period, the mucilage is washed off and the coffee is partially dried for sale.
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http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-14-2014.pdf
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A small portion of the crop is harvested and processed was washed coffee as with Arabica coffee.
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island. Coffee production in the region goes back to at least the early 19th century, before the
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613:(further to the south near Makassar), also produce Arabica, although they are less well known.
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the provincial or national level and is therefore in need of support and professionalization.
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Plateau in eastern Java. However, disaster struck in the 1876, when the coffee rust disease,
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coffee production because the Subak organizes smallholders, which is often a requirement of
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657:) in the 17th century. Agricultural systems in Java have changed considerably over time. A
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This coffee is prized as one component in the traditional "Mocha Java" blend, which pairs
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Seattle, Atlas Coffee 201 N. 85th St; Accessibility, WA 98103701-5211652-4880652-4881.
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1698:"Arabica Producing Regions of Indonesia - Speciality Coffee Association of Indonesia"
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In the late 1800s, Dutch colonialists established large coffee plantations on the
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Lintong coffee is grown in the District of Lintong Nihuta, to the south-west of
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Research on coffee diseases and identification of resistant planting material
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was the region where the earliest coffee plantations were established by the
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being grown commercially in Indonesia. They fall into six main categories:
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The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) is located in
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plague in the late 1880s killed off much of the plantation stocks in the
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and Japan, although demand from emerging markets such as Russia, China,
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455: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cesa/Jornadas%20Timor-vers%E3o%20final..pdf
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blends, where it adds characteristic flavours and the all important
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Caturra is a mutation of Bourbon coffee, which originated in Brazil.
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There are two main coffee-growing areas in Papua. The first is the
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605:, which is a well-known brand of specialty coffee. The regions of
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to its south, where coffee is commonly traded through the town of
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145:
136:
130:
649:. The Dutch began cultivation and exportation of coffee trees on
3115:
1549:"Indonesia's Gayo Arabica Coffee Awarded Protected Status by EU"
1164:
1020:
Farmer training on improved production and processing techniques
829:
776:
753:
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523:
325:
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2132:
1831:"Strategy to Improving Smallholder Coffee Farmers Productivity"
245:
The coffee was shipped to Europe from the port of Batavia (now
424:
305:
in 1924. Coffee at the time was also grown in East Indonesia:
28:
2091:
135:
An old man is peeling coffee near megalithic stones at Bena,
986:
The most unusual form of coffee processing in Indonesia is "
522:. Mandheling coffee comes from Northern Sumatra, as well as
256:
In the 18th century, coffee shipped from Batavia sold for 3
398:, which are found in Lintong, Aceh, Flores and other areas.
221:
The Dutch governor in Malabar (India) sent arabica coffee (
1824:
1822:
1038:(CBB) insect, a major pest in coffee. It was developed by
693:
can produce 15 tonnes, 2.5 tonnes of them are produced as
681:(a tough, but somewhat unpalatable coffee) and later with
2128:
1989:
1014:
Land mapping to identify new areas for coffee production
809:
in Sanggar peninsula is the main coffee-growing area in
1356:
1354:
506:
is a trade name, used for arabica coffee from northern
1913:
Elita Perkebunan (A Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal)
1883:"Kopi tubruk | Local Coffee (Beverage) From Indonesia"
1580:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
736:
Kopi tubruk; traditional preparation of coffee in Bali
697:. Java's arabica coffee production is centred on the
553:
is a region on the hillsides surrounding the town of
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At least one U.S. manufacturer, soft drink producer
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702:Tugosari, and they cover more than 4,000 hectares.
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2047:http://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1672
1867:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1222:Robusta is also an important part of traditional
1026:Supply of coffee processing and testing equipment
1023:Supply of coffee seedlings for improved varieties
1829:Sarirahayu, Kartika; Aprianingsih, Atik (2018).
1374:. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 168.
225:) seedlings from Yemen to the Dutch governor of
1659:http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/9222
1143:is the largest producer, with the provinces of
1528:, 2004. Vol. XXVII, NĂșmero(s) 2/4. pp 203â216.
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2144:
1747:
1745:
8:
1393:
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1087:crop in Indonesia and, in January 2007, the
1926:10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i2.1
1777:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1439:
1437:
1099:. The protected park is home to endangered
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3257:
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2151:
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585:Sulawesi (Toraja, Kalosi, Mamasa and Gowa)
1924:
1693:Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia
1599:
1291:
1289:
1057:Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia
471:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3183:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
1574:Triska Damayanti; Hafid Setiadi (2019).
321:can be traced back to the 18th century.
3590:History of the Dutch East India Company
2953:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1625:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
1418:. Indonesia-tourism.com. Archived from
1285:
1203:Most of Indonesia's robusta is used in
893:. The second is the Kamu Valley in the
673:. The Dutch responded by replacing the
3544:List of countries by coffee production
2237:List of countries by coffee production
1860:
1835:Asian Journal of Technology Management
1770:
1275:List of countries by coffee production
510:. It was derived from the name of the
1445:"Food-Info.net> History of coffee"
1372:The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition
7:
453:adding citations to reliable sources
367:There are more than 20 varieties of
150:Coffee being roasted at Toko Aroma,
57:adding citations to reliable sources
3549:List of countries by coffee exports
1093:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
990:". This coffee is processed by the
906:Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica
161:was the fourth-largest producer of
3132:United States Barista Championship
2118:Manufacture of coffee in Indonesia
514:people, who produce coffee in the
25:
2071:International Coffee Organization
1907:Aklimawati, Lya (1 August 2014).
1135:is grown at lower altitudes than
815:eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815
724:was named after the Java coffee.
573:in Indonesia, the EU and the UK.
565:. Gayo coffee is registered as a
3453:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3403:
3231:
3230:
3217:
2111:
1645:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2007.00290.x
1254:
1240:
889:region, surrounding the town of
542:, also produces arabica coffee.
429:
239:Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
68:"Coffee production in Indonesia"
33:
1806:"Kintamani | karatercoffee.com"
1053:International Coffee Agreements
620:finish and is smooth and soft.
597:highlands, and the district of
440:needs additional citations for
44:needs additional citations for
1849:(inactive 13 September 2024).
1601:10.1088/1755-1315/338/1/012028
1489:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.005
1063:Current status of the industry
952:, coffee seeds from faeces of
1:
2583:Single-serve coffee container
2067:"Indonesian Trade statistics"
3575:Coffee production by country
2034:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.024
1979:. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
1729:Remarkable Indonesian Coffee
1526:Revista de CiĂȘncias AgrĂĄrias
1270:List of Indonesian beverages
609:(to the west of Toraja) and
1083:Coffee is often grown as a
781:Kopi Arabica Kintamani Bali
3611:
3137:World Barista Championship
2563:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1404:10.4135/9781452218458.n553
1089:World Wide Fund for Nature
996:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
713:with beans grown in Java.
3398:
3211:
1847:10.12695/ajtm.2018.11.1.1
1714:. Retrieved 8 August 2008
1553:Indonesia Investments.com
1175:Production and processing
1071:Making coffee by hand in
941:Harvesting and processing
722:Java programming language
665:area before spreading to
589:The Indonesian island of
204:United East India Company
3570:Agriculture in Indonesia
2189:International Coffee Day
1672:"Antara Jawa Barat News"
1370:Hoffmann, James (2018).
910:fair trade certification
235:Dutch East India Company
200:Dutch East India Company
2983:Historical coffeehouses
2014:Biological Conservation
1592:2019E&ES..338a2028D
748:The highland region of
567:Geographical Indication
3523:United States (Hawaii)
3193:Coffee vending machine
2417:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1758:Atlas Coffee Importers
1230:on top of the coffee.
1076:
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842:after by some buyers.
805:The western slopes of
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386:Hibrido de Timor (HDT)
218:
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178:beans; the balance is
170:production of coffee.
155:
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2998:Viennese coffee house
2529:Karlsbad coffee maker
2056:, accessed 3 May 2015
1674:. Antarajawabarat.com
1070:
948:
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735:
635:
301:highland (Aceh) near
297:in 1888, followed in
213:Coffee plantation in
212:
193:
149:
134:
3580:Economy of Indonesia
3158:Coffee and doughnuts
2761:Indian filter coffee
2194:Single-origin coffee
2124:Indonesian Coffee UK
2120:at Wikimedia Commons
1704:on 14 September 2008
1182:break bulk shipments
956:, Lampung, Indonesia
887:Jayawijaya Highlands
449:improve this article
53:improve this article
3595:Coffee in Indonesia
3198:Used coffee grounds
2026:2009BCons.142..597G
1973:Meet our superfruit
1637:2007SJTG...28..188N
1422:on 18 February 2013
1046:Coffee associations
3312:Dominican Republic
3203:Sustainable coffee
2900:Organization lists
2861:RĂŒdesheimer Kaffee
2641:Café com cheirinho
2230:Sustainable coffee
2225:Shade-grown coffee
2052:2015-04-29 at the
1887:www.tasteatlas.com
1328:"Trade Statistics"
1314:2015-12-08 at the
1215:, South Korea and
1077:
1036:coffee berry borer
958:
885:, in the central
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408:Caturra cultivars:
331:Hemileia vastatrix
219:
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156:
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3585:Indonesian drinks
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3421:Other cultivators
3280:Coffee production
3246:
3245:
3224:Coffee portal
3142:World Brewers Cup
2766:Ipoh white coffee
2247:Coffee wastewater
2215:Coffee production
2199:Third-wave coffee
2116:Media related to
1961:978-2-900212-22-6
1586:(12028): 012028.
1477:World Development
1416:"Jakarta history"
1381:978-1-78472-429-0
1184:, rather than in
1095:on the island of
839:under shade trees
832:. The terrain of
655:Dutch East Indies
636:Coffee plantation
571:Kopi Arabika Gayo
563:under shade trees
481:
480:
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281:) in 1860 titled
215:Dutch East Indies
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18:Indonesian coffee
16:(Redirected from
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3367:Papua New Guinea
3290:producers (2014)
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3237:Category: Coffee
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3173:Coffee leaf rust
3046:Dandelion coffee
2912:Coffee companies
2751:Gassosa al caffĂš
2519:Espresso machine
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1139:. The island of
992:Asian palm civet
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380:coffee leaf rust
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2801:Latte macchiato
2671:CaffĂš macchiato
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2242:Coffee roasting
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876:Southwest Papua
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772:certification.
758:Tri Hita Karana
744:Balinese coffee
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217:circa 1870â1900
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2020:(3): 597â605.
2004:
1995:
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1965:
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1919:(2): 159â180.
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1133:Coffea robusta
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1123:Robusta coffee
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3484:
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3474:
3471:
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3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
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3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3411:Coffee portal
3406:
3401:
3393:
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3380:
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3220:
3214:
3213:
3210:
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3201:
3199:
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3189:
3188:Canned coffee
3186:
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3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Cereal coffee
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Barley coffee
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Coffee palace
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:CaffĂš sospeso
2941:
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2934:
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2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
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2913:
2910:
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2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:White Russian
2879:
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2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
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2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Frappé coffee
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
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2709:
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2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:CĂ phĂȘ sữa ÄĂĄ
2629:
2627:
2626:Black Russian
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Beaten coffee
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2593:Coffee drinks
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
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2574:
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2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Brewed coffee
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Arabic coffee
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
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2292:Blue Mountain
2290:
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2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
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2258:
2257:Home roasting
2255:
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2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
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1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
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1933:
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1555:. 24 May 2017
1554:
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1262:Coffee portal
1257:
1252:
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1187:
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1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:South Sumatra
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:Growing areas
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:forest margin
1081:
1074:
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929:
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923:
918:
913:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
895:Nabire Region
892:
888:
884:
883:Baliem Valley
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:Central Papua
861:
857:
852:
845:
843:
840:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
807:Mount Tambora
800:
798:
795:
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707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
686:
684:
680:
677:firstly with
676:
672:
669:and parts of
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:(part of the
652:
648:
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541:
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529:
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505:
498:
496:
493:
490:Coffees from
488:
486:
475:
472:
464:
454:
450:
444:
443:
438:This section
436:
432:
427:
426:
420:
415:
414:Catimor lines
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
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373:
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262:
259:
254:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
211:
205:
201:
197:
196:East Indiaman
192:
185:
183:
181:
177:
171:
168:
164:
160:
153:
148:
142:
138:
133:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: â
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3346:
3229:
3215:
3125:Competitions
3111:Tasse à café
2948:Coffee break
2917:Coffeehouses
2907:Bakery cafés
2876:White coffee
2866:Tenom coffee
2771:Irish coffee
2651:Café de olla
2636:Café au lait
2578:Vacuum maker
2546:Coffee syrup
2536:French press
2402:Caffeic acid
2371:
2364:
2350:
2345:Charrieriana
2343:
2279:
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2042:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1863:cite journal
1838:
1834:
1809:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1787:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1734:14 September
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1665:
1653:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1533:
1525:
1514:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1410:
1371:
1365:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1322:
1303:
1221:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1178:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1082:
1078:
1049:
1032:Agribusiness
1029:
1005:
995:
985:
982:
978:
971:
967:
963:
959:
932:
926:
920:
914:
903:
880:
849:
824:
804:
792:
788:
785:
780:
774:
747:
720:The popular
719:
715:
708:
704:
687:
667:Central Java
641:
639:
622:
615:
588:
575:
570:
549:
533:
502:
489:
485:giling basah
482:
467:
458:
447:Please help
442:verification
439:
413:
407:
401:
391:
385:
375:
368:
366:
362:
352:
349:
344:smallholders
339:
335:
329:
323:
314:
291:
283:Max Havelaar
263:
255:
251:Sunda Kelapa
244:
238:
222:
220:
172:
157:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3513:Puerto Rico
3508:Philippines
3352:Ivory Coast
3322:El Salvador
3178:Coffee wars
3008:Substitutes
2978:Coffeehouse
2791:Kopi tubruk
2756:Iced coffee
2736:Frappuccino
2706:Café Cubano
2696:Coffee milk
2676:CaffĂš mocha
2666:CaffĂš crema
2524:French drip
2492:Drip coffee
2475:Coffeemaker
2432:Preparation
2412:Coffee bean
2317:Maracaturra
1708:9 September
1117:Kraft Foods
1075:, Indonesia
917:shade grown
872:South Papua
794:Kopi tubruk
711:Mocha beans
359:Cultivation
336:C. canephor
154:, Indonesia
3564:Categories
3493:Martinique
3463:Guadeloupe
3458:East Timor
3307:Costa Rica
3163:Coffee bag
3082:Coffee cup
3021:Barley tea
2846:Raf coffee
2826:Marocchino
2816:Long black
2786:Kopi luwak
2726:Flat white
2716:Egg coffee
2681:Cappuccino
2656:Café Touba
2568:Percolator
2470:Chorreador
2390:Components
2322:Maragogipe
2208:Production
2179:Fair trade
1977:Bai Brands
1892:7 February
1841:(1): 1â9.
1811:7 February
1763:7 February
1670:Sapto HP.
1296:Production
1281:References
1190:C. arabica
1186:containers
1157:Kalimantan
988:kopi luwak
954:palm civet
950:Kopi luwak
922:Calliandra
860:West Papua
851:New Guinea
770:fair trade
766:fair trade
695:kopi luwak
540:Sidikalang
518:region of
512:Mandailing
504:Mandheling
499:Mandheling
319:East Timor
315:C. arabica
307:East Timor
287:fair trade
273:region of
237:âformally
79:newspapers
3528:Venezuela
3518:Sri Lanka
3362:Nicaragua
3347:Indonesia
3332:Guatemala
3282:by region
3099:Demitasse
3026:Barleycup
2993:Latte art
2988:Kopi tiam
2958:CoffeeCon
2926:Lifestyle
2891:Yuenyeung
2856:Ristretto
2686:Carajillo
2606:Americano
2512:ristretto
2480:Cold brew
2440:AeroPress
2297:Bonifieur
2272:varieties
2174:Economics
2076:12 August
1942:Indonesia
1855:1978-6956
1610:213518344
1559:31 August
1497:154633511
1330:. Ico.org
1105:elephants
928:Erythrina
899:Moanemani
750:Kintamani
671:East Java
643:West Java
536:Lake Toba
461:July 2010
295:Lake Toba
279:Multatuli
275:West Java
159:Indonesia
109:July 2010
3503:Paraguay
3443:Cameroon
3382:Thailand
3377:Tanzania
3337:Honduras
3327:Ethiopia
3302:Colombia
3056:Maya nut
2831:Mazagran
2721:Espresso
2601:Affogato
2558:Moka pot
2553:Knockbox
2497:Espresso
2407:Caffeine
2397:Cafestol
2366:Racemosa
2352:Liberica
2050:Archived
1944:: 37â60.
1773:cite web
1695:(2008):
1522:Archived
1426:7 August
1334:7 August
1312:Archived
1234:See also
1224:espresso
1217:Malaysia
1188:as with
1161:Sulawesi
1153:Bengkulu
691:Sumedang
679:Liberica
663:Sukabumi
617:Sulawesi
599:Enrekang
591:Sulawesi
555:Takengon
516:Tapanuli
271:Preanger
258:Guilders
3478:Jamaica
3433:Bolivia
3392:Vietnam
3317:Ecuador
3288:Top 20
3041:Chicory
2933:Barista
2851:Red eye
2836:Moretta
2701:Cortado
2621:Bicerin
2422:Kahweol
2373:Robusta
2327:Molokai
2302:Bourbon
2287:Benguet
2281:Arabica
2267:Species
2184:History
2022:Bibcode
1633:Bibcode
1588:Bibcode
1538:Brazil.
1298:ico.org
1199:Markets
1145:Lampung
1141:Sumatra
1097:Sumatra
1073:Sumatra
934:Albizia
811:Sumbawa
801:Sumbawa
762:organic
683:Robusta
675:Arabica
579:Sumatra
530:Lintong
520:Sumatra
508:Sumatra
492:Sumatra
421:Sumatra
392:Linie S
340:robusta
247:Jakarta
231:Jakarta
227:Batavia
198:of the
186:History
180:robusta
176:arabica
152:Bandung
93:scholar
3498:Panama
3428:Angola
3387:Uganda
3357:Mexico
3297:Brazil
3235:
3087:sleeve
3061:Postum
2841:Oliang
2746:Garoto
2502:doppio
2460:Chemex
2450:Jebena
2358:Barako
2337:Sagada
2307:Geisha
2167:Topics
2160:Coffee
2092:"Home"
1990:"ICEA"
1959:
1853:
1754:"Bali"
1725:"Java"
1678:5 June
1608:
1495:
1451:5 June
1378:
1213:Taiwan
1169:Flores
1113:Nestlé
1109:rhinos
1101:tigers
1008:Jember
919:under
891:Wamena
874:, and
834:Flores
826:Flores
821:Flores
607:Mamasa
603:Kalosi
595:Toraja
376:Typica
311:Flores
163:coffee
141:Flores
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
3537:Lists
3483:Kenya
3473:Haiti
3438:China
3342:India
3151:Misc.
3104:spoon
3094:Cezve
3066:Qishr
2821:Lungo
2806:Latte
2776:Karsk
2741:GalĂŁo
2507:lungo
2485:nitro
2465:Cezve
1606:S2CID
1493:S2CID
1228:crema
1040:CIRAD
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